ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REACTIONS
Functional Group
Alkanes
Reaction
Reactants
Conditions
Products
Cracking
Long-chain Alkane
Al2O3 & heat
Alkane, Alkene
CO2 + H2O
Combustion
Alkane, Oxygen
Supply of O2
Alkane
Hydrogenation
Alkene, Hydrogen
Heat, Ni catalyst
Haloalkane, HCl
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Free-Radical
Substitution
Hydrogenation
Alkane, Halogen
UV light
Alkene, Hydrogen
Heat, Ni catalyst
Alkane
Elimination of
Haloalkane
NaOH, Haloalkane
NaOH (ethanolic)
NaOH (aq)
[Alkene, H2O, NaX]
[Alcohol, NaX]
Dehydration of
Alcohol
Alcohol
Al2O3 / conc. acid
& heat
Alkene + H2O
Cracking
Long-chain Alkane
Al2O3 & heat
Alkene
Electrophilic
Addition
[H2]
[H2O]
[HBr]
[Halogens]
[Ni catalyst, heat]
[H3PO4, heat]
[Room Temp.]
-
Alkane
Alcohol
1-Haloalkane
Di-Haloalkane
Oxidation
[Alkene, H2O & O]
[C bonded to 1 H]
[C bonded to 0 H]
Cold Dilute KMnO4
Diol
Hot Conc. KMnO4 Aldehyde -> C.Acid
Hot Conc. KMnO4
Ketone
Addition
Polymerisation
Many Alkenes
-
Poly(alkene)
Unsaturation
Free-Radical
Substitution
Bromine, alkene
Room temp.
Orange - colourless
Alkane, Halogen
UV Light
Haloalkane, HCl
Electrophilic
Addition
Alkene, HX
Alkene, X2
-
2nd- Haloalkane
Di-Haloalkane
Alcohol, HX
Alcohol, PCl3
Ethanol, PCl5
Ethanol, SOCl2
KBr + H2SO4
Heat
-
Haloalkane, H2O
Haloalkane, H3PO3
C2H5Cl, HCl, POCl3
C2H5Cl, HCl, SO2
Haloalkane, NaOH
Haloalkane, KCN
Haloalkane, NH3
Aqueous NaOH
Ethanolic, Reflux
NH3 Ethanolic, Heat
Alcohol, NaX
Nitrile, KX
Alkylamine, HX
Hydrolysis
Haloalkane, H2O
AgNO3, Reflux
Alcohol, HBr
Elimination
Haloalkane, NaOH
NaOH (ethanolic)
Alkene, NaBr, H2O
SN1
SN2
Tertiary Haloalkane
Primary Haloalkane
-
Alcohol
Alcohol
Tests
Haloalkane, AgNO3
& NH3
Dilute AgNO3 &
Dilute NH3
AgCl – white, AgBr –
cream, AgI - yellow
Electrophilic
Addition
Alkene, Steam
H3PO4, heat
Alcohol
Oxidation
Alkene, H2O
Cold dilute KMnO4
Diol
Nucleophilic
Substitution
Haloalkane, NaOH
Aqueous, heat
Alcohol, NaX
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic Acid
LiAlH4
LiAlH4
LiAlH4 / H2 Ni Heat
Primary Alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
Primary Alcohol
Hydrolysis
Ester, H2O, H2SO4
Ester, NaOH
Dilute acid
-
Alcohol, C. Acid
Alcohol
Combustion
Alcohol, O2
Heat
CO2, H2O
Substitution
Alcohol, HX
Alcohol, PCl3
Ethanol, PCl5
KBr + H2SO4
Heat
-
Haloalkane, H2O
Haloalkane, H3PO3
C2H5Cl, HCl, POCl3
Substitution of
Alcohols
Nucleophilic
Substitution
Alcohols
Reduction
Carbonyl
Compounds
Carboxylic Acids
Ethanol, SOCl2
-
C2H5Cl, HCl, SO2
Na reaction
Alcohol, Na
-
Na Alkoxide, H2
Oxidation
Primary Alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7
KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7
Aldehyde -> C.Acid
Ketone
Dehydration
Alcohol
Al2O3, Heat
Alkene, H2O
Esterification
C.Acid, Alcohol
H2SO4, Heat Reflux
Ester + Water
Synthesis
Primary Alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
Heat, KMnO4
Heat, KMnO4
Aldehyde, H2O
Ketone, H2O
Reduction
Aldehyde
Ketone
LiAlH4
LiAlH4
Primary Alcohol
Secondary Alcohol
Nucleophilic
Addition
Aldehyde, HCN
Ketone, HCN
KCN catalyst, heat
KCN catalyst, heat
Hydroxynitrile
Hydroxynitrile
2,4-DNPH Test
2,4-DNPH, Carbonyl Compare ppt. with
literature values
Deep-Orange ppt
Fehling’s Test
Aldehyde, Cu2+ ions
Alkaline solution,
warm, no ketone
Clear blue -> Red
Tollens’ Test
Aldehyde, AgNO3
Excess ammonia,
warm, no ketone
Ag+ -> Ag,
Silver mirror
Tri-iodomethane
Aldehyde, I2, NaOH
Alk solution of I2
Oxidation
Primary Alcohol
Aldehyde
KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7
KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7
CHI3 (yellow ppt.),
sodium salt
Aldehyde -> C.Acid
Carboxylic Acid
Hydrolysis
Nitrile, H2O
Nitrile, H2O
Ester, H2O
Ester, NaOH
HCl
NaOH, Acidification
H2SO4 catalyst
Heat, Acidification
C. Acid, NH4Cl
Carboxylate, NH3
C. Acid, Alcohol
Carboxylate, Alc.
Redox
Neutralisation
Carbonates
Metal, C. Acid
C. Acid, Base
C.Acid, Carbonate
-
Salt + Hydrogen
Salt + Water
Salt + CO2 + H2O
Esterification
C. Acid + Alcohol
H2SO4 catalyst
Ester + H2O
Reduction
C. Acid
LiAlH4
Primary Alc, H2O
Esterification
C.Acid + Alcohol
H2SO4
Ester + H2O
Hydrolysis
Ester + H2O
Ester + NaOH
H2SO4
Heat, Acidification
C. Acid + Alcohol
Carboxylate, Alc
Nucleophilic
Substitution
Haloalkane + NH3
Ethanolic NH3,
Heat, Pressure
Amine + HBr
Haloalkane + KCN
Ethanolic KCN,
Heat under Reflux
Nitrile + HBr
Carbonyl + HCN
-
Hydroxynitrile
Nitrile + H2O
Nitrile + H2O
HCl
NaOH, Acidification
C. Acid + NH4Cl
Carboxylate, NH3
Esters
Nitrogen
Compounds
Hydrolysis