Video 1
1. Why the scientific method is a myth?
⚫ Science is a circle process
⚫ Observe
⚫ Question
A. Plausible answer
a. Prediction (expected observation) What
b. Hypothesis (plausible explanation) why
⚫ Experiment
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Evaluate hypothesis
a. Independent variable (自變項 唯一可改變的 解釋為因): variable isn’t
changed by others factors
b. Dependent variable (應變項 測量比較的項目 解釋為果): variable changes,
depending on the independent variable
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c. Control: experimental group used to establish a baseline measurement
d. Date: record observations
Draw conclusions
Good:
a. Scientists test ideas with evidence
Bad:
a. Oversimplified
b. It implies one experiment can answer a research question.
c. Science is not really linear.
d. It implies science is an independent effort.
e. Where’s the creativity, intuition, serendipity and imagination?
f. Ignores technology and society.
2. Distinguish elements of scientific explanation
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Prediction: A scientific prediction suggests the data that are consistent with
the hypothesis and thus can pertain to future and past experimental
outcomes.
Hypothesis: an explanation of phenomena or something could be tested. (a possible
explanation for something)
Theory: An explanation through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and
confirmed through observation and experimentation.
Law: a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some
phenomenon of nature. (use math to explain why and happening)
3. How science work?
4. The culture of science
⚫ Ideas are subjected to scrutiny
⚫ Honesty and integrity in reporting findings.
⚫ Attribution- give credit where it is due
⚫ Ethics
5. A valid scientific argument
⚫ Hypothesis/theory → expected results/observations = or X= actual
results/observations
6. Misunderstanding
The theory is proven = law
Video2
1. Key element of experiment
Ex: your friend claims that burying dead fish in the garden will increase the yield
compared to commercial fertilizer. You’re pretty sure this is just an excuse for her
spend more time fishing, so you set up an experiment before planting tomatoes: one
garden plot gets buried fish, the other gets MiracleGro Fertilizer. The plots are
otherwise identical (sun/shade, water, soil chemistry, etc.) You record the total yield
(pounds of tomatoes) in each plot.
A. Dependent variable- total yield (pounds of tomatoes)
B. Independent variable- the type of the fertilizer in the garden
C. Experimental group- burying fish in the garden
D. Control group- commercial fertilizer
E. Controlled variable- sun/shade, water, soil chemistry
F. What other variables should be controlled? Keep rabbits out and bugs out
G. How to reduce bias? Invite someone to record the tomatoes
2. Role of experiments in Test ideas
A.
3. Scientists test ideas using experimental and non-experimental approaches
A. Experiment
a. Allow us to infer whether one variable causes the other
b. Manipulates one variable changing it systematically
B. Non-experimental studies
a. No manipulation
b. Use when ethical or practical reasons prevent manipulation
4. How can we distinguish between chance and real outcomes?
A. Sample size- larger
B. Statistical analysis- result → no random effect
Video3
1. Endosymbiotic theory and its supporting evidence
a. Mitochondrion 粒線體 is from obligate aerobe 好氧細菌(專性須氧微生物)
b. Chloroplast 葉綠體 is from cyanobacteria 藍綠菌
c. Mitochondrion 粒線體 has DNA.
d. Mitochondrion and chloroplast were independent cells because some reasons, they
get into other cells to produce energy. After long time later, every cell has one
mitochondrion or chloroplast.
2. Properties of life
A. Have organized structures
B. Respond to stimuli
C. Reproduce
D. Evolve through adaptation by natural selection
E. Grow and develop
F. Maintain homeostasis
G. Process energy
3. Biology organization
A. Atom- the smallest and the most fundamental unit of matter
B. Molecule- a molecule is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held
together by a bond. DNA is an example of molecule.
C. Macromolecule- many molecules that are biologically important are
macromolecules, which are large molecules that are typically formed by monomers.
D. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community,
ecosystem, biosphere
E. (smallest to largest): species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
4. Different between prokaryote and eukaryote
Prokaryotes
Both
Eukaryotes
Oldest cell type
Have DNA
Evolved from prokaryotes
Small and simple
Have ribosomes(核醣體)
Larger and more complex
No nucleus
Have cytoplasm (細胞質)
Contain nucleus
Lack organelles
Have plasma membrane(細胞膜)
Contain organelles(細胞器)
Single-celled
Single-celled or multicellular
Single circular
chromosome
Multiple linear chromosomes
A. Prokaryote 原核生物:
a. It is a single-celled organism which does not have nucleus.
b. Appear before eukaryote.
c. There is no chromosome (染色體) in the cell.
d. Has RNA
e. DNA could be found in a coiled loop floating the cytoplasm in region called the
nucleoid.
f. It does not have Mitochondrion or chloroplast.
g. A lot smaller than Eukaryote
h. Reproduce very quickly
i. Has cell wall and cytoplasm (細胞質)
j. Has flagella used for moving (鞭毛)
B. Eukaryote 真核生物:
a. It has nucleus.
b. Has organelle (細胞器是細胞質基質內具有的一定型態)
c. DNA could be found nucleus.
d. Appear after prokaryote
e. It has Mitochondrion
f. A lot bigger than prokaryote
5. Protists, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom plantae, Kingdom Animalia
A. Protists:原生生物(單細胞生物)
B. Kingdom Fungi(真菌)
a. Heterotrophic: different feeding
b. Cell walls made of chitin
c. Examples: mushrooms
d. Reproduce: asexual and sexual
C. Kingdom plantae
a. Autotrophic- they make their own foods.
b. Cell walls made of cellulose(纖維素)
c. 4 divisions
1. Mosses 苔癬
2. Seedless 蕨類
3. Gymnosperms 裸子植物
4. Flowering plants (angiosperms)有花的植物
D. Kingdom Animalia
a. Multicellular 多細胞
b. Reproductive methods
1. Sexually
2. Hermaphroditic
i.
Eggs and sperm(精子)
ii.
Asexually
c. Tissues(組織) usually they have different tissues performing different types of
functions within the same organism.
d. Most animals have specialize tissues.
6. Asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction
A. Asexual reproduction
a. Vegetative
b. Cloning
c. Offspring are genetically identical to parents
B. Sexual reproduction
a. Union of gametes
b. Sperm (精子)
c. Egg/ovum(卵子)
d. Fertilization (授精)
e. Offspring are genetically unique
7. Homeostasis: Maintenance of an internal balance of variables at a set point, despite
changing external environment.
Video 4
1. Why was Mendel’s work so important to our understanding of inheritance?
The fundamental principles of heredity were revealed.
2. Blending & Mendelian models
a. Blending theory proposes that blending of parent characters give rise to an
independent and average characteristic in progeny (紅花白花會生出粉紅花)
b. Mendelian inheritance theory explains that there is complete dominance of traits
received from the parents. (紅花白花只會生出白花或紅花)
3. Gene, allele, genotype, phenotype
a. Gene:
1. It’s a region of DNA that conveys inheritance information for a particular
characteristic
2. The basic physical and functional unit of heredity
3. Made up of DNA
b. Allele:
1. Dominant: Y 顯性
2. Recessive: y 隱性
c. Genotype
1. Homozygote recessive (yy)
2. Homozygote dominant (YY)
3. Heterozygote (Yy)
d. Phenotype: The way to observe
4. Exceptions to Mendelian inheritance
Neither allele is 100% dominant, so the phenotype is mix(兩個基因不是 100%顯性，所
以外表是混和的)(Yy or yy)
5. Genetic and epigenetic inheritance
A. Genetic inheritance(change): The parent passed their DNA to offspring. DNA
changed.
B. Epigenetic Inheritance(change): It is an unconventional finding. Inheritance is not
only through the DNA code which passes from parent to offspring. It means a
parent’s experience, in the form of epigenetic tags, can be passed down to future
generations.
Video 4
1. Mechanisms of evolution
A. Natural selection:
a. Genetic variation in a population (phenotype variation)
b. Differential reproduction
c. Heredity
d. Change across generations in:
1. Gene pool
2. Phenotypes
3. Population’s mean fitness
B. Mutation:
a. A change in DNA
b. Causes:
1. Error in DNA replication
2. Mutagens
c. Must be in sperm or egg to be passed on
d. Consequences
1. Neutral- no changes in phenotype
2. Beneficial- increased fitness
3. Negative- decreased fitness
e. All the genetic variation we observe in population originally arose through a
mutation
C. Genetic Drift: Do it random thing, pressure select that
D. Gene flow: movement of alleles between populations 活不下去的遷徙到別處
2. Allele frequencies
A. 50% of alleles in this population are for brown fur
B. 50% of alleles in this population are for white fur
C. NOTE
1. Frequency in the population doesn’t care about dominant or recessive
2. Brown is always dominant over white, no matter their allele frequencies.
3. Allopatric speciation & Sympatric Speciation
A. Allopatric speciation
a. Populations become geographic separated
b. Gene flow is interrupted
c. Genetic and phenotypic changes accumulate
d. Reproduction becomes less and less likely, and eventually impossible → two
species
B. Sympatric Speciation
When a parasite’s host specificity gives rise to new species
4. Phylogenies
A. It traces patterns of shared ancestry between lineages.
B. Each lineages has a part of its history that unique to alone and parts that are shared
with others lineages.
5. Lines of evidence
A. Fossil Evidence
a. Transitional forms
B. Morphological homology
a. Tetrapod forearm example
b. Vestigial traits: Present and functional in ancestor. X longer functional in the
modern species.
C. Molecular homology: organisms that are closely related to each other share DNA
sequences that are more alike.
D. Distribution of organisms/fossil in time and space: on the globe provides information
about the past histories of both living things and the surface of the earth.
E. Chronology: or the science of dating fossils, also corroborates all these other
findings.
6. Misconceptions
Misconceptions
Corrections
Evolution is just a theory
Theory= broad explanations. Supported
many lines of evidence
Individual organisms can evolve
Evolutionary change is based on changes
in the genetic make up of populations
over time, not individuals.
Evolution explains the origin of life
Evolutionary theory does encompass idea
and evidence regarding life’s origins.
Most evolutionary biology deals wit how
life changed after its orign.
Organisms evolve on purpose of if they
are smart enough
Natural selection leads to the adaptation
of species over time, nut the process does
not involve effort, trying or wanting.
Evolution is controversial among
scientists
**debate many details of how evolution
occurs and in different circumstances.
Scientists accept evolution is the best
explanation for life’s diversity.
Because multiple lines of evidence
supporting it
Other theories should be taught
Equal time doesn’t make sense when the
two sides are not equal.
Religion and science were very different
endeavors and religious views don’t
belong in a science classroom at all.
Evolution and religion are incompatible
Some individuals and groups stridently
declaring their beliefs. It’s easy to get the
impression that science which includes
evolution and religion are at war.
X contradiction between science and
religion
Science- natural causes/phenomena
Religion- beliefs beyond the natural world