CALING, DELA CRUZ, FRANCISCO, HIPONA, QUINTELA
ICCT COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
“ANALYZING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING HOMICIDE AND
MURDER CASES IN THE MARIKINA CITY”
A research study presented to:
The College Faculty of ICCT Colleges Cainta
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Research Study
Presented By:
Raymond Caling
Christian Villanueva Dela Cruz
Conrado Macabani Francisco
Hipona Caporado Don Cedrick
Amiel Chavez Quintela
Presented to:
Mr. Rommel M. Dasalla
Research Adviser
June 2023
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CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
In recent years, concerns surrounding public safety and crime rates have
become increasingly significant, prompting researchers, policymakers, and law
enforcement agencies to delve deeper into understanding the underlying factors
that contribute to criminal activities. Homicide and murder, as the most severe
and devastating forms of violence, demand special attention in such endeavors.
Among the cities grappling with the challenges of combating violent crimes,
Marikina City stands as a critical case study, warranting an in-depth
investigation into the factors influencing homicide and murder cases within its
boundaries.
Marikina City, located in the Philippines, has experienced rapid
urbanization and population growth in the past few decades. This transition,
while contributing to its economic development and urban landscape, has also
introduced new complexities in maintaining public safety and curbing crime
rates. As such, it is imperative to comprehensively examine the contextual
factors that may play a role in fostering an environment conducive to violent
incidents.
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The overarching goal of this research study is to conduct a systematic
and evidence-based analysis of the factors influencing homicide and murder
cases in Marikina City. By employing a multidisciplinary approach, we seek to
shed light on the interplay of various social, economic, demographic, and
environmental variables that may contribute to the occurrence and persistence
of these grave crimes.
Theoretical Framework
Figure 1: Social Disorganization Theory (Shaw and McKay, 1942)
This figure shows Social Disorganization Theory is a relevant and
effective theoretical framework for studying crime causation, particularly in
urban settings. It emphasizes the impact of neighborhood characteristics, social
structures, and community dynamics on crime rates.
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This theory recognizes that crime is influenced by various factors at the
community level and explores the breakdown of social control and the
weakening of community bonds as contributors to criminal behavior. Social
Disorganization Theory's applicability is not limited to any specific geographic
location or type of crime but extends to various urban contexts and different
types of offenses. Its emphasis on community-level factors and exploration of
root causes of crime make it a valuable framework for understanding crime in
complex social environments. The theory's empirical basis and policy
implications add to its strength as a comprehensive lens through which to
analyze crime. Researchers and policymakers can draw from Social
Disorganization Theory to inform evidence-based strategies for crime
prevention and intervention, fostering safer and more resilient communities.
While Social Disorganization Theory offers valuable insights into crime
causation, it is essential to recognize that crime is a multifaceted phenomenon
influenced by a combination of individual, social, economic, and environmental
factors. As such, an integrated approach that combines multiple theories and
perspectives can provide a more comprehensive understanding of crime in
various contexts.
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Social Disorganization Theory's relevance, empirical support, and policy
implications contribute to its general effectiveness as a theoretical framework for
studying crime, offering valuable guidance to researchers, policymakers, and
communities aiming to address and prevent criminal behavior.
Conceptual Framework
F
Figure 1.1: Factors influencing homicide and murder cases in Marikina
City
Figure 1.1 shows the conceptual framework for analyzing the factors
influencing homicide and murder cases in Marikina City is built upon an
integration of several criminological theories. At the core of the framework lies
the central theme, "Homicide and Murder Cases in Marikina City." Surrounding
this central box are individual factors, social factors, economic factors,
environmental factors, general strain, drug-related activity, law enforcement and
community factors, and spatial analysis.
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Each factor is represented by a separate box connected to the central
theme through arrows, symbolizing their influence on crime causation.
Theoretical underpinnings include Social Disorganization Theory, Routine
Activities Theory, and General Strain Theory, among others. This framework
highlights the interplay of individual attributes, community characteristics, and
environmental factors, providing a comprehensive view of how these elements
collectively contribute to the occurrence of violent offenses in Marikina City.
The connections between factors emphasize the complexity of crime
causation and underscore the need for a multidimensional approach to address
the issue effectively. The conceptual framework serves as a guide to analyze
the intricacies of homicide and murder cases, aiding in the formulation of
evidence-based policies and interventions to foster a safer community in
Marikina City.
Statement of the Problem
The occurrence of homicide and murder in Marikina City raises important
questions:
1. What qualifies this case as a murder and homicide?
2. What can be done to prevent homicide and murder?
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This study aims to investigate the characteristics that qualify a case as
murder or homicide, particularly focusing on the influence of drugs, mental
health issues, liquor, and domestic violence as potential contributing factors. By
understanding the complex interactions between these variables, the research
seeks to shed light on the underlying reasons behind the commission of these
violent offenses, with the goal of informing strategies for effective prevention
and intervention.
The study aims to explore various approaches that can be implemented
to prevent homicide and murder in Marikina City. The research will investigate
the potential effectiveness of strict policies on alcohol consumption, educational
and awareness programs, rehabilitation and reintegration initiatives for
offenders, and the role of youth programs and mentorship in fostering positive
behaviors. By examining the impact of these preventive measures, the study
endeavors to provide valuable insights into developing comprehensive and
evidence-based interventions to reduce the occurrence of homicide and murder
and enhance community safety and well-being.
Hypotheses
Exploratory
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The study will explore the perceptions and definitions of participants
regarding the classification of cases as murder or homicide. The hypothesis
suggests that participants will provide diverse perspectives on the distinguishing
elements and legal criteria that qualify a case as murder or homicide. Through
their narratives, the study aims to identify common themes and factors that
contribute to the classification of violent incidents.
Legal Understanding
The study hypothesizes that there will be a significant correlation
between participants' legal knowledge and their ability to accurately identify and
differentiate murder and homicide cases. It is expected that participants with a
higher understanding of legal definitions and principles will demonstrate greater
accuracy in classifying cases.
Stakeholder Perspectives
The study will explore the perspectives of key stakeholders, including law
enforcement, community leaders, policymakers, and social workers, on
effective prevention strategies. The hypothesis suggests that stakeholders will
provide diverse insights into the potential measures and interventions to prevent
homicide and murder incidents in Marikina City
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Community Engagement
The study hypothesizes that a higher level of community engagement
and participation in crime prevention programs will be associated with lower
homicide and murder rates in Marikina City hrough a survey of community
members, the study aims to identify the relationship between community
involvement and crime reduction.
Effectiveness of Rehabilitation
The
study
hypothesizes
that
individuals
who
have
undergone
rehabilitation and reintegration programs are less likely to be involved in
homicide and murder cases. By comparing the experiences and criminal
histories of participants who have undergone rehabilitation with those who
haven't, the study aims to assess the effectiveness of such interventions in
preventing repeat offenses.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Scope
The scope of the study is to analyze the factors influencing homicide and
murder cases in Marikina City.
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The research will investigate the qualifications that define a case as
murder or homicide, including the potential influence of drugs, mental health
issues, liquor, and domestic violence. Additionally, the study aims to explore
preventive measures that can be implemented to reduce the occurrence of
homicide and murder incidents in the specified area. It will employ a mixedmethods approach, combining qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys to
gather comprehensive insights from various stakeholders.
Limitation
The limitations of this study include potential sample size constraints,
recall bias in qualitative data, challenges in data collection due to the sensitive
nature of the topic, difficulties in establishing causation versus association, and
potential subjectivity in interpreting qualitative data. Moreover, the study may be
influenced by external factors beyond its scope, and data availability and
accuracy might pose challenges in the quantitative analysis.
Despite these limitations, the research aims to provide valuable insights into the
complex nature of homicide and murder cases in Marikina City.
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By recognizing and addressing these limitations, the study aims to
contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies for crime prevention
and intervention in the specified area, enhancing public safety and well-being
for the community.
Significance of the Study
The significance of the study on analyzing the factors influencing
homicide and murder cases in Marikina City is multifaceted and holds relevance
at various levels:
1. Public Safety and Well-being
Understanding the underlying factors contributing to homicide and
murder cases is crucial for enhancing public safety and well-being in the
community. By identifying the key elements that qualify a case as murder or
homicide and exploring preventive measures, the study can contribute to the
development of targeted interventions and policies to reduce violent crimes.
2. Crime Prevention Strategies
The insights gained from the study can inform evidence-based crime
prevention strategies. By identifying the specific influence of drugs, mental
health issues,
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liquor, domestic violence, and other factors, law enforcement and policymakers
can tailor interventions to address these root causes effectively.
3. Policy Development Policymakers
Can use the research findings to develop and implement policies that
tackle the complex issues surrounding homicide and murder. By understanding
the impact of strict policies on alcohol, education and awareness programs,
rehabilitation and reintegration initiatives, and youth programs, policymakers
can create comprehensive approaches to reduce violent crimes.
4. Community Empowerment
Involving various stakeholders, such as community members, law
enforcement, social workers, and policymakers, in the research process can
foster community engagement and empowerment. This can lead to a greater
sense of ownership and collaboration in tackling crime issues, making the study
a catalyst for community-driven solutions.
5. Criminal Justice System Improvement
The research can contribute to improving the criminal justice system's
responsiveness to homicide and murder cases. By examining participants' legal
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understanding and perceptions of the classification of such cases, the study can
shed light on areas where legal education and awareness may be enhanced.
6. Academic Contribution
The study will add to the existing body of knowledge on crime causation
and prevention. It may offer new perspectives, insights, and patterns related to
homicide and murder cases, contributing to the academic discourse in
criminology and related fields.
7. Public Awareness and Education
Findings from the study can be disseminated to raise public awareness
about the complexities of homicide and murder cases. This can foster a betterinformed society that understands the multifaceted nature of violent crimes and
encourages collective efforts towards prevention.
The significance of the study lies in its potential to bring about positive
social change by providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors
influencing homicide and murder cases in Marikina City Through evidencebased strategies and community engagement, the research aims to contribute
to a safer and more secure environment, benefiting the residents and
stakeholders of the specified area.
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Definition of Terms
Homicide- Homicide refers to the act of one person causing the death of
another person, whether intentionally, negligently, or during the commission of
a crime. It is a broader legal term encompassing all instances of killing,
including murders, manslaughter, and justifiable homicides.
Murder- Murder is a specific type of homicide that involves the
intentional and unlawful killing of another person with malice aforethought.
Malice aforethought denotes the perpetrator's intent to cause death or serious
harm, displaying a reckless disregard for human life.
Drugs- In the context of this study, drugs refer to controlled substances
or narcotics that are illicitly used, distributed, or abused, which may have a
potential influence on criminal behavior, including acts of homicide and murder.
Mental Health Issues- Mental health issues encompass a wide range of
psychological and emotional conditions that may affect an individual's thoughts,
feelings, or behaviors. The study explores how these conditions might interact
with violent behavior, particularly in homicide and murder cases.
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Liquor-Liquor refers to alcoholic beverages, including beer, wine, and
spirits, which are consumed for recreational purposes. The study investigates
how excessive alcohol consumption may play a role in violent crimes.
Domestic Violence-Domestic violence involves abusive behavior,
physical or psychological, that occurs within intimate relationships or family
settings. The study examines the link between domestic violence and violent
offenses like homicide and murder, specifically in the context of Marikina City.
Preventive Measures- Preventive measures refer to actions, policies,
and programs implemented to mitigate or reduce the occurrence of homicide
and murder cases. These measures can include law enforcement efforts,
community-based interventions, educational initiatives, rehabilitation programs,
and strict policies on alcohol.
Community Engagement- Community engagement involves active
involvement and participation of community members, organizations, and
stakeholders in identifying, addressing, and solving local issues, including crime
prevention.
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Mixed-Methods- A mixed-methods approach combines both qualitative
and quantitative research methods to gather comprehensive data and provide a
deeper understanding of the research topic.
Causation vs. Association- Causation refers to the relationship
between cause and effect, where one variable directly influences the
occurrence of another. Association, on the other hand, signifies a statistical
relationship between two variables, but it does not necessarily imply causation.
The study distinguishes between factors that may be associated with homicide
and murder cases versus those that can be causally linked to these crimes.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Local Literature
1. Torregoza, H. L. (2023). Verdict on cop in Carl Arnaiz, 'Kulot' slay
case a partial victory - Hontiveros. Manila Bulletin.
The article discusses the conviction of a police officer for two counts of
murder, shedding light on law enforcement practices and the criminal justice
system's role in handling homicide cases. Additionally, the victims' profiles,
being young individuals and neighbors, provide insights into potential
demographics and interpersonal dynamics that might influence violent crimes in
Marikina City. Moreover, the social impact and community effects of such
incidents are highlighted, illustrating how violent crimes can significantly affect
neighborhoods and communities.
The context of the Duterte administration's war on drugs further emphasizes
the broader impact of anti-drug campaigns on crime rates and law enforcement
actions in areas surrounding Marikina City. While the article directly focuses on
Caloocan, its relevance to Marikina City lies in the shared proximity and
potential interconnectedness of crime dynamics in neighboring areas, making it
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valuable for researchers studying factors influencing homicide and murder
cases in Marikina City and its environs.
2. Servallos, N. J., Romero, A., Villanueva, R. E., Cabrera, R., Felipe, C.
S., Romero, P., Crisostomo, S. (2022). Lapid case: Murder raps filed
vs Bantag, others. Philippine Star.
The relevance of this article lies in its discussion of murder complaints filed
against individuals, including the suspended Bureau of Corrections chief Gerald
Bantag and other inmates, for the killing of radio broadcaster Percy Lapid. The
article reveals a timeline of events and a conspiracy involving various
individuals, providing insights into potential factors that may influence homicide
and murder cases in other areas, including Marikina City.
Specifically, the article highlights issues related to law enforcement practices,
criminal justice, and corruption within the prison system. It describes a chain of
command involving law enforcement officials and inmates, which resulted in the
killing of the broadcaster. This aspect can be relevant to understanding how
factors like abuse of power, organized crime within prisons, and the influence of
inmates on criminal activities may impact homicide and murder cases.
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3. Reyes, V. (2019). Global borderlands: Fantasy, violence, and empire
in Subic Bay, Philippines. Stanford University Press.
The passage discusses Victoria Reyes' argument about Subic Bay, a former
U.S. military base in the Philippines that is now a Freeport Zone. Reyes argues
that Subic Bay elicits multiple meanings for different people, representing both
imperialism and inequality for some, and utopian visions of wealth and status
for others. Drawing on archival and ethnographic data, Reyes examines the
everyday experiences of people in Subic Bay and introduces the concept of
"global borderlands" – foreign-controlled, semi-autonomous zones of
international exchange with common features.
These global borderlands, which can include overseas military bases and
tourist resorts, offer insights into broader economic and political relations, legal
ambiguity consequences, and the evolving identities of their inhabitants. The
presence of the U.S. military in the Philippines is a reminder of the country's
colonial past, challenging the notion that colonialism is solely a historical
backdrop and highlighting its continued relevance in the modern world.
Reyes' case study of Subic Bay encourages critical examination of similar
spaces worldwide, where foreign powers exert influence and control, impacting
local communities and shaping their identities. By understanding global
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borderlands, scholars and policymakers can gain a deeper understanding of
how globalization, economic relations, and political dynamics interact in these
unique contexts. This analysis opens the door to reevaluating colonial legacies,
power dynamics, and the implications of foreign presence in semi-autonomous
zones across the globe.
4. Tan, C. F. C., Guinto, G. G., & Tan, E. A. (2018). An inquiry into the
role of deterrence, economic, and sociological factors on crime in
the Philippines: An analysis of regional crime in the years 20002008. School of Economics, University of the Philippines Diliman.
The passage provides an overview of a study that analyzes the factors
influencing crime in the Philippines at a regional level. It acknowledges crime as
a serious issue in the country, particularly with one of the highest murder rates
in Southeast Asia. The study focuses on potential offenders' decision-making
process, considering the costs and benefits they face when contemplating
committing a crime. These costs include the severity and probability of
punishment, as well as foregone legal income opportunities, while benefits
encompass higher illegal income opportunities.
The research aims to identify the factors that impact crime rates in the
Philippines by examining various variables. These factors include deterrence,
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legal and illegal income opportunities, education, inequality, poverty,
demographic variables, urbanization, and internal migration. By analyzing these
factors, the study aims to understand how they influence the occurrence of
crime across different regions in the country.
5. Damicog, J. G. (2023). Orders filing of 2 murder cases vs Bantag,
others in Percy Lapid killings. Manila Bulletin.
The report highlights how the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed murder
complaints against suspended BuCor Director General Gerald Bantag and
other individuals linked to the death of Mabasa. It discusses the process of
charging the alleged mastermind and provides details on the motivations behind
the murder, such as the victim's critical exposés against Bantag on his show,
"Lapid Fire." The case also involves other key figures, including the BuCor
Deputy Security Officer Ricardo Zulueta, and several persons deprived of liberty
(PDLs).
In the context of the study on analyzing factors influencing homicide and
murder cases, this news report serves as an illustration of a real-life murder
case in the Philippines. It showcases the involvement of law enforcement
agencies, the criminal justice system, and key figures in the Bureau of
Corrections, which are all relevant to understanding the dynamics of crime and
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its investigation in the country. By examining such specific cases and the
factors involved, researchers can gain insights into the broader patterns and
dynamics of crime and murder cases in Metro Manila and other regions,
including Marikina City.
Foreign Literature
1. Shier, A., & Shor, E. (2016, July 9). “Shades of Foreign Evil.”
Violence Against Women; SAGE Publishing.
The article examines the media representation of murder cases labeled
as "honor killings" and "family/spousal murders" in Canadian news media.
The researchers conducted a systematic qualitative content analysis of 486
articles from major Canadian newspapers between 2000 and 2012. The
goal was to explore how boundaries are constructed between these two
types of murders in the media.
The analysis revealed that "honor killings" were framed in terms of culture
and ethnic background, emphasizing a dichotomy between South Asian/Muslim
cultures and Western values. This framing tends to highlight cultural factors,
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such as honor and shame, as influencing the perpetrators' actions. On the other
hand, articles presenting cases as "family/spousal murders" focused more on
the perpetrators' personalities or psychological characteristics, often
downplaying or ignoring cultural and patriarchal factors.
2. Dino, A. (2022, February 11). Violence against Women and Femicide:
an analysis on the murders of foreign women in Italy.
This paper presents research on the representations of femicide in the
judicial field in Italy, focusing on the use of the term "femicide" and its social and
political implications. The study employs Bourdieu's "juridical field" model to
examine how the term is used in the normative process and to understand its
social meanings.
The research then presents the findings of an empirical study based on
quantitative data from 93 verdicts of femicide cases involving foreign or migrant
victims in Italy between 2010 and 2016. Additionally, qualitative data from
expert interviews and narratives of violence against women in verdicts' j
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judgments are analyzed. This comprehensive approach helps shed light on the
phenomenon of femicide, which often suffers from a lack of data.
The study emphasizes the significance of narratives produced in the judicial
field for understanding femicide, despite potential distortions that may occur. By
examining these narratives, the research provides valuable insights into the
complexities of the issue and its societal implications.
3. Murdoch, D., & Ross, D. (2020, January). Alcohol and Crimes of
Violence: Present Issues. International Journal of the Addictions,
25(9), 1065–1081.
This article sheds light on current issues surrounding alcohol-related
violence by examining correlational studies between alcohol consumption and
violent crime. The research indicates that there is a significant association
between alcohol and violent crime, with the link being stronger than chance and
higher compared to nonviolent crime. Key findings from the correlational studies
reveal that heavy drinking and verbal arguments often precede violent acts, and
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both the victim and the offender are equally likely to initiate the altercation.
However, the individual who triggers the altercation is more likely to be
intoxicated.
The relationship between alcohol and aggression is notably stronger than
expected, especially among violent offenders who demonstrate
psychopathological tendencies. Additionally, the research shows that marital
violence is linked to alcohol, independent of other marital issues. Despite the
strong correlation between alcohol and violent crime, the nature of the evidence
prevents establishing a causal link definitively. Methodological challenges, such
as the lack of appropriate comparison groups, make it challenging to draw clear
conclusions in this area.
4. Paget´s disease of bone in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. (2021).
International Journal of Case Reports, 196.
This research highlights the significant impact of criminal activities on
society and the country in Malaysia, with foreign workers being identified as
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contributors to the crime rate. The study aims to determine the ranking of
factors influencing foreign workers to commit crimes, as understanding these
factors is crucial for effectively addressing crime rates.
Using the Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference with Similarity to Ideal
Solution (TOPSIS), the researchers ranked the factors of committing crimes by
foreign workers. The identified factors include lack of facilities, poverty, wage
discrimination, fraud by employment agents, alcohol and drug abuse, and poor
education level.
The findings of this research can be beneficial to various stakeholders,
including employers who hire foreign workers. Understanding the factors
associated with crime among foreign workers can help employers mitigate risks
and create a safer working environment. Measures such as monitoring
employee movements through security cameras and treating employees fairly
to keep them motivated may be implemented to prevent criminal cases.
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5. Fischbach, R. L., & Herbert, B. (2017, October 1). Domestic violence
and mental health: Correlates and conundrums within and across
cultures.
Gender-based violence is a significant and pervasive global issue that has
severe consequences for women's physical and psychological well-being
across different cultures. Intimate partner violence, in particular, leads to
profound physical and psychological effects on women. The manifestation of
domestic violence often varies depending on cultural context, with distinct
threats such as dowry deaths, honor murder, sati, and higher vulnerability to
HIV/AIDS affecting women in specific regions. More universally recognized
forms of violence against women include abuse, battering, marital rape, and
murder.
Recent human rights analysis has shed light on the unique challenges faced
by women in different cultural contexts, and a new lexicon has emerged to
describe these threats. Domestic violence is now understood as a global issue
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with both culturally specific and globally relevant implications. Research has
shown a growing link between domestic violence and mental health issues in
women, including depression, stress-related syndromes, chemical dependency,
substance abuse, and suicide.
Various social, legal, medical, and educational strategies are being
developed to address domestic violence, tailored to the specific cultural
contexts in which they are implemented. These strategies aim to promote social
change and elevate the status of women within their societies. The ubiquity and
gravity of domestic violence underscore the need for further research to better
recognize, intervene, and prevent such violence, taking into account the
nuances of different cultures. This comprehensive approach can be both locally
specific and globally instructive in tackling the problem of domestic violence and
its impact on women's lives.
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Local Studies
1. Kreuzer, P. (2018, May 15). Excessive Use of Deadly Force by Police
in the Philippines Before Duterte. Journal of Contemporary Asia,
48(4), 671–684.
Under President Duterte's administration, the Philippine National Police
(PNP) has been involved in the killings of thousands of suspects in what are
labeled as legitimate encounters. While there has been media attention and
scientific research on this issue, earlier instances of police violence remain
relatively unexplored. This article aims to address this knowledge gap by
providing indicators for measuring lethal police violence and mapping the
regional and sub-regional patterns of armed police encounters from 2006 to
2015.
The study reveals that lethal police violence in the Philippines is
characterized by a tendency to shoot to kill suspects rather than incapacitate
them. While actual levels of deadly police violence have been relatively low in
some provinces and cities, the PNP's approach to encounters almost always
results in fatalities. The research also demonstrates significant variation over
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time and among different sub-national units, but the levels of lethality do not
seem to be directly related to the threat levels faced by police officers.
2. CVA,K.(2017).https://www.medwinpublishers.com/Journal of
Orthopedics & Bone Disorders, 1(7).
This project focuses on developing a management system for crime records
that incorporates predictive crime analytics to predict future crime incidents. The
system utilizes machine learning algorithms, which are a key component of
artificial intelligence, to be integrated into computer systems for effective
forecasting.
The researchers successfully developed a management information system
capable of forecasting crime using predictive crime analytics and the software
development life cycle. They designed a predictive model using multinomial
logistic regression, which achieved an accuracy rate of 86.60% and
demonstrated high prediction confidence. The study shows that regression
performs better than other classification algorithms in predicting crime
occurrences.
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Furthermore, the research highlights that among all the barangays (local
administrative units) in Calauan, Laguna, Dayap is the most vulnerable to
various index crimes, such as rape, murder, robbery, theft, homicide, and illegal
drugs.
3. Patalinghug, M. (2017, August 3). Implemented Crime Prevention
Strategies of PNP in Salug Valley, Zamboanga Del Sur, Philippines.
This study focused on evaluating the effectiveness of various crime
prevention strategies implemented by the Salug Valley Philippine National
Police (PNP). The strategies included the Police Integrated Patrol System,
Barangay Peacekeeping Operation, Anti-Criminality Operation, Integrated Area
Community Public Safety services, Bantay Turista, and School Safety Project.
The evaluation was conducted through surveys involving 120 inhabitants and
138 PNP officers from four municipalities in Salug Valley, Zamboanga del Sur.
Stratified random sampling was used to select the respondents.
The research utilized a descriptive method and a self-made questionnaire to
collect data. The data analysis involved various statistical tools, such as
frequency count, percentage, mean computation, Kruskal Wallis Analysis of
Variance, and simple correlation.
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The findings of the study indicated that the crime prevention strategies
implemented in the four municipalities were perceived as "much effective" by
the 158 participants, including the Integrated Patrol System, Barangay
Peacekeeping Operations, Anti-Criminality Operations, Integrated Area
Community Public Safety Services, Bantay Turista, and School Safety Project,
the study revealed a significant relationship between the crime prevention
strategies employed by the PNP and the index crime rate, suggesting that these
strategies had an impact on reducing criminal activities in the Salug Valley area.
4. State Killing, Denial, and Cycles of Violence in the Philippines on
JSTOR. (n.d.).
This article delves into the cyclical nature of violence in the context of the
Philippine War on Drugs and proposes potential pathways to break this cycle. It
specifically examines how media portrayals of violence can play a crucial role in
ending the violence.
Amid the cycle of violence, the deaths of innocent individuals can trigger
increased media coverage, public discourse, and awareness. This heightened
attention can lead to public identification with the victims and fear for the safety
of their own communities and families.
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The article presents case studies of two killings that sparked mass public
engagement at the national level: the death of Filipino teenager Kian delos
Santos and Korean expatriate businessman Jee Ick Joo. By analyzing these
cases through a comparative narrative approach, the article examines how
media representations and public responses can influence the trajectory of
violence.
5. Dio, R. V., Apostol, S. M. G., & Madrazo, A. L. (2019). Drug
Surrenderers and Crime Statistics During the Implementation of
Project Double Barrel (PDB) in the Philippines. International Journal
of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(1), 31–43.
This study focuses on the impact of illegal drug-related criminality and
the implementation of Project Double Barrel in the Province of Sorsogon,
Philippines. The research aimed to analyze the profile of drug surrenderers
and the crime statistics during the implementation of the project.
The study found that a significant number of drug surrenderers were
from marginalized sectors, including informal workers, construction workers,
and the jobless. This indicates that drug abuse and addiction affect various
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segments of the community, particularly those with limited economic
opportunities.
During the implementation of Project Double Barrel, there was a notable
decrease in crime volume incidents in the province. This suggests that the
project may have had some level of success in reducing drug-related criminal
activities in the area.
However, despite the decrease in crime volume, the study revealed that the
crime solution efficiency (CSE) did not show a significant difference from the
previous year. This lack of improvement in CSE may be attributed to constraints
in the number of available police personnel.
The study also provides insights into the types of crimes prevalent in the
province. Physical injury and theft were among the highest recorded index
crimes, while non-index crimes were mainly related to vehicular traffic incidents
and violations of street laws.
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Foreign Studies
1. Petersen, N. (2015, August 4). Neighbourhood context and unsolved
murders: the social ecology of homicide investigations. Policing and
Society, 27(4), 372–392.
This study delves into the impact of neighborhood demographics on
homicide investigations, aiming to shed light on the role of the neighborhood
context in shaping the outcomes of such investigations. Prior research has
already established that victim and crime characteristics play a significant role
in shaping homicide investigations, but the influence of neighborhood
demographics remains less explored.
Using multiple theoretical perspectives, the study focuses on the
neighborhood context of homicide investigations in Los Angeles County,
California. Multilevel logistic regressions are employed to analyze the effects of
various covariates at the agency, neighborhood, and individual levels on
clearance outcomes of homicide cases.
The study reveals that, aside from non-racial factors, the racial composition
of the neighborhood also plays a crucial role in determining clearance outcomes.
Specifically, homicides occurring in areas with larger Black and
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Latino populations are less likely to be cleared compared to other
neighborhoods This suggests that the neighborhood racial composition has a
distinct influence on homicide investigations, beyond the effects of victim race.
2. Chopin, J., Beauregard, E., & Bitzer, S. (2020, November 1). Factors
influencing the use of forensic awareness strategies in sexual
homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice; Elsevier BV.
The text provides an in-depth analysis of the use of forensic awareness
strategies (FAS) by sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) to avoid police detection.
The study adopts a rational choice approach, which suggests that criminals
make decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis. The research examines
factors that may influence SHOs' decisions to use FAS, including criminal
expertise, situational aspects of the crime, and crime characteristics.
The study's findings suggest that criminal expertise and experience with the
criminal justice system may play a role in SHOs' use of FAS. Offenders with
more experience and exposure to the criminal justice system may be more
forensically aware and take precautions to remove evidence from crime scenes.
Additionally, situational characteristics such as crime location and victim
vulnerability may influence the use of FAS.
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3. Everly, G. S. (2015). Five factors of human resilience. International
Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17(02).
The study aims to shed light on these major crimes and their potential
psychopathological aspects. The researchers used panel data spanning 44
years and analyzed the figures using statistical software.
The study emphasizes the seriousness of the rape and carnal abuse
phenomenon, and suggests that these crimes have a lasting
psychopathological impact. The study calls for a comprehensive approach to
understanding and addressing these issues, not only from a criminological
perspective but also considering mental health matters and related
psychopathological aspects.
4. DeLisi, M., Piquero, A. R., & Cardwell, S. M. (2015, October 7). The
Unpredictability of Murder. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice,
14(1), 26–42.
The research presented in this study aims to investigate the characteristics
that differentiate youth who commit murder from other juvenile offenders. The
researchers utilized data from the Pathways to Desistance study, which
includes 1,354 serious youthful offenders. Out of this sample, only 18 (1.33%)
youth were charged with a homicide offense.
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The study examined eight demographic characteristics and 35 risk
factors to identify potential distinctions between youth charged with homicide
and those not charged with any type of homicide. Among the predictors, age,
intelligence quotient (IQ), exposure to violence, perceptions of community
disorder, and prevalence of gun carrying were found to be significantly different
across the two groups.
Using rare-events logistic regression, which allows for the analysis of
infrequent occurrences, the researchers simultaneously investigated the
relationship between the five significant risk factors and their ability to
distinguish between the two groups. The results indicated that lower IQ and
greater exposure to violence were the only significant factors in distinguishing
youth charged with homicide from others.
5. Weerakoon, H. L. A., & Chandrasekara, N. V. (2023, July 5).
Identification of Reasons for Culpable Homicides and Attempted
Murders: A Case Study for the Kelaniya Police Division. Sri Lankan
Journal of Applied Statistics, 24(1), 31–45.
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Culpable homicides and attempted murders are extremely serious
crimes with significant societal consequences beyond the loss of human life.
Given the complexity of investigating such crimes and their unpredictable
nature, the objective of this study was to develop an appropriate statistical
model to identify the reasons behind these offenses.
The four data mining models were fitted separately using the bagging
technique, which is a method of aggregating multiple models to improve
accuracy. The performance of the models was compared using confusion
matrices and rates of misclassifications of the critical classes.
The identified model can serve as a valuable decision support tool for
crime investigators and relevant authorities, aiding in making informed and wise
decisions related to such serious criminal offenses. By understanding the
reasons behind these crimes, law enforcement and other authorities can take
appropriate actions to prevent similar incidents in the future and address
underlying societal issues.
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Synthesis
The synthesis of related literature and studies on criminal activities and
violence offers valuable insights into the complexities and factors influencing
these crimes. Studies have explored various aspects, including crime
prevention strategies, forensic awareness strategies, and the impact of media
portrayals on public attitudes towards crime. The research has also delved into
distinguishing characteristics of youth offenders involved in homicides and the
influence of social and cultural context on crime rates.
Data analysis and modeling techniques have been utilized to identify
patterns and risk factors associated with criminal behaviors, contributing to
informed decision-making by law enforcement and relevant authorities. The
global perspective of these studies has allowed for a broader understanding of
crime dynamics across different societies, shedding light on the urgent need for
evidence-based approaches to address criminal activities. It highlights the
multidimensional nature of violent crimes and the significance of comprehensive
research in devising effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
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Torregoza, H. L. (2023). Verdict on cop in Carl Arnaiz, 'Kulot' slay case a
partial victory - Hontiveros. Manila
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Servallos, N. J., Romero, A., Villanueva, R. E., Cabrera, R., Felipe, C. S.,
Romero, P., Crisostomo, S. (2022). Lapid case: Murder raps filed vs Bantag,
others. Philippine Star. https://www.onenews.ph/articles/lapid-case-murderraps-filed-versus-bantag-others
Luci, C. M. (2019). Transfer of Batocabe murder case to Manila court
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Tan, C. F. C., Guinto, G. G., & Tan, E. A. (2018). An inquiry into the role
of deterrence, economic, and sociological factors on crime in the Philippines:
An analysis of regional crime in the years 2000-2008. School of Economics,
University of the Philippines Diliman. https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP99796217613075952
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Reyes, V. (2019). Global borderlands: Fantasy, violence, and empire in
Subic Bay, Philippines. Stanford University Press.
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Shier, A., & Shor, E. (2016, July 9). “Shades of Foreign Evil.” Violence
Against Women; SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215621176
Dino, A. (2022, February 11). Violence against Women and Femicide: an
analysis on the murders of foreign women in Italy.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-022-10018-1
Murdoch, D., & Ross, D. (2020, January). Alcohol and Crimes of
Violence: Present Issues. International Journal of the Addictions, 25(9), 1065–
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Paget´s disease of bone in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. (2021).
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Fischbach, R. L., & Herbert, B. (2017, October 1). Domestic violence and
mental health: Correlates and conundrums within and across cultures.
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Kreuzer, P. (2018, May 15). Excessive Use of Deadly Force by Police in
the Philippines Before Duterte. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 48(4), 671–684.
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Orthopedics & Bone Disorders, 1(7). https://doi.org/10.23880/jobd-16000139
Patalinghug, M. (2017, August 3). Implemented Crime Prevention
Strategies of PNP in Salug Valley, Zamboanga Del Sur, Philippines.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3012996
State Killing, Denial, and Cycles of Violence in the Philippines on JSTOR.
(n.d.). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26905842
Dio, R. V., Apostol, S. M. G., & Madrazo, A. L. (2019). Drug
Surrenderers and Crime Statistics During the Implementation of Project Double
Barrel (PDB) in the Philippines. International Journal of Social and
Administrative Sciences, 4(1), 31–43.
https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.136.2019.41.31.43
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Petersen, N. (2015, August 4). Neighbourhood context and unsolved
murders: the social ecology of homicide investigations. Policing and Society,
27(4), 372–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2015.1063629
Chopin, J., Beauregard, E., & Bitzer, S. (2020, November 1). Factors
influencing the use of forensic awareness strategies in sexual homicide. Journal
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Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17(02).
https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.s1.001
DeLisi, M., Piquero, A. R., & Cardwell, S. M. (2015, October 7). The
Unpredictability of Murder. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 14(1), 26–42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204014551805
Weerakoon, H. L. A., & Chandrasekara, N. V. (2023, July 5).
Identification of Reasons for Culpable Homicides and Attempted Murders: A
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Statistics, 24(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljastats.v24i1.8092
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CHAPTER III
Methodology
Research Design
The research design used in this study is a qualitative approach, aiming
to analyze and explore the factors influencing homicide and murder cases in
Marikina City, Philippines. This qualitative design allows for an in-depth
examination of the complex and contextual factors that contribute to the
occurrence of these serious crimes within the specific setting of Marikina City.
Population and Sampling
The population of interest in this qualitative study comprises homicide
and murder cases that have occurred in Marikina City over a defined period. A
purposive sampling technique is employed to select specific cases that are
deemed relevant and representative of the different factors and circumstances
surrounding these crimes. The selection of cases is based on criteria such as
the severity of the crime, the availability of information, and diversity in the types
of cases.
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Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this qualitative study include various key
stakeholders with knowledge and expertise relevant to homicide and murder
cases in Marikina City. They may consist of law enforcement officers involved in
investigating the crimes, forensic experts who analyze evidence, victims' family
members, witnesses who observed the incidents and community members who
can provide insights into the social and environmental factors influencing the
crimes.
Research Instrument
The primary research instrument used in this qualitative study is a semistructured interview guide. The guide is designed to elicit in-depth responses
from the respondents and explore various aspects related to the factors
influencing homicide and murder cases. The questions are open-ended,
allowing for participants to share their experiences, perspectives, and insights
freely. Additionally, relevant documents such as police reports and court
records are also used as secondary sources of information.
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Data Gathering Procedures
Qualitative data is collected through semi-structured interviews with the
selected respondents. The interviews are conducted in person or through virtual
platforms, providing opportunities for open and detailed discussions about the
factors that contribute to homicide and murder cases in Marikina City. The
interviews are audio-recorded, with the consent of the participants, to ensure
accurate data capture.
In addition to interviews, relevant documents and records related to the
selected cases are gathered and analyzed. These documents provide
supplementary information and context to support the findings from the
interviews.
Data Analysis
Qualitative data analysis involves transcribing and organizing the
interview recordings and collating information from the documents. Thematic
analysis is employed to identify patterns, themes, and commonalities in the data.
The researcher carefully examines the responses and documents to categorize
information into themes, which represent the factors influencing homicide and
murder cases in Marikina City.
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The findings are presented in a narrative format, providing a
comprehensive and coherent account of the identified factors and their
implications for understanding and addressing homicide and murder cases in
the specific urban context of Marikina City. Direct quotes and specific examples
from the interviews and documents are used to illustrate and support the
themes identified in the analysis. The research aims to contribute to the
knowledge and awareness of the complexities surrounding these serious
crimes in the local community.