Uploaded by bakprint

EJ1154566

advertisement
Effects of Mental Health on Student
Learning
5HQ9DQGHU/LQG7H[DV6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\
$EVWUDFW
/HDUQLQJFDQEHKLQGHUHGE\VWXGHQWV·PHQWDOKHDOWK*LYHQ
WKHLQFUHDVHGUHSRUWVRI PHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVDPRQJFROOHJH
VWXGHQWVLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDWZHXQGHUVWDQGKRZEHVWWRSURYLGH
VXSSRUWVWRWKLVSRSXODWLRQWRKHOSWKHPOHDUQDQGVXFFHHG7KLVLV
SDUWLFXODUO\VLJQLÀFDQWJLYHQWKHERG\RI UHVHDUFKWKDWGHPRQVWUDWHV
KRZPHQWDOLOOQHVVPD\QHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWVWXGHQWVXFFHVVDQGGHJUHH
SHUVLVWHQFH,QRUGHUWREHVWVHUYHWKLVJURZLQJSRSXODWLRQWKHUHDUH
SRVVLEOHVXSSRUWVWKDWFDQEHSURYLGHGLQWKHFODVVURRPHPEHGGHG
LQWRFXUUHQWSUDFWLFHVDQGOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUDOOVWXGHQWV
DFURVVWKHERDUG7KLVDUWLFOHDGGUHVVHVWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQ
OHDUQLQJDQGPHQWDOKHDOWKSUDFWLFDOWDNHDZD\VIRUSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQG
GLUHFWLRQVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK
(IIHFWVRI 0HQWDO+HDOWKRQ6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ
0HQWDOKHDOWKDOWKRXJKQRWDQHZFRQFHUQKDVEHFRPH
LQFUHDVLQJO\DFFHSWDEOHWRGLVFXVVLQUHFHQW\HDUV$JURZLQJERG\RI UHVHDUFKDERXWFROOHJHVWXGHQWV·PHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVXQGHUOLQHV
WKHQHHGIRUHGXFDWRUVWRFRQVLGHUKRZPHQWDOKHDOWKPLJKWDIIHFW
VWXGHQWVDQGZKDWFRXUVHVRI DFWLRQDUHDYDLODEOH7KLVLVLPSHUDWLYH
JLYHQKRZPHQWDOLOOQHVVPD\KLQGHUVWXGHQWVXFFHVV %UHVODX/DQH
6DPSVRQ .HVVOHU&UDQIRUG(LVHQEHUJ 6HUUDV
(OLRQ:DQJ6ODQH\ )UHQFK.H\HV(LVHQEHUJ3HUU\'XEH
.URHQNH 'KLQJUD7KRPSVRQ&RQQHO\7KRPDV-RQHV (JJHUW (YHQWKRXJKPHQWDOKHDOWKVXSSRUWVH[LVWRQPDQ\
FDPSXVHVUHVHDUFKVKRZVWKDWWKHVHDUHRIWHQLQVXIÀFLHQWWRPHHWWKH
GHPDQGVRI WKHVWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQ 5HHW]%DUU .U\ORZLF]
1RYRWQH\ _7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
1RUHVHDUFKH[LVWVRQWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVLQ
GHYHORSPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQDQGPHQWDOKHDOWKWKLVLVSUREOHPDWLF
JLYHQWKHULVLQJQXPEHUVRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVUHSRUWLQJPHQWDOKHDOWK
FRQFHUQVVRPHWKLQJWKDWPD\KLQGHUWKHVXFFHVVRI VWXGHQWVSODFHG
LQWRGHYHORSPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQ1RQHWKHOHVVWKHUHH[LVWOLQNVEHWZHHQ
OHDUQLQJDQGPHQWDOKHDOWKWKDWVKRXOGEHH[SORUHGLQGHWDLOWREHWWHU
XQGHUVWDQGKRZLQVWUXFWLRQFDQEHQHÀWVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOLOOQHVV
7KHUHDUHOHDUQLQJUHODWHGVXSSRUWVVXFKDVPHWDFRJQLWLRQ
WKDWFDQEHWDXJKWLQFODVVURRPV7KLVODUJHFRQVWUXFWHQFRPSDVVHV
VNLOOVSURFHVVHVDQGDZDUHQHVVUHODWHGWRKRZRQHWKLQNV 'LQVPRUH
$OH[DQGHU /RXJKOLQ(FFOHV :LJÀHOG3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ %\OHDUQLQJKRZWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZ
RQH·VPLQGZRUNVLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFLQJLVVXHVRI PHQWDOKHDOWKFRXOGEHQHÀWIURPOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGWKHRULHVWKDW
LQWHJUDWHPHWDFRJQLWLRQ 0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ3DUN(GPRQGVRQ
/HH6LURQLF 5HHYH9DQ1JX\HQ/DRKDVLULZRQJ
6DHQJVXZDQ7KLQNKDPURS :ULJKW:DONHU:LQJDWH2EDVL
-RLQHU )RULQVWDQFHEXLOGLQJPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVFRXOG
EHSDUWRI OHDUQLQJDERXWRQH·VOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRQH·VOHDUQLQJ
RULHQWDWLRQDQGVHOIUHJXODWLRQ (FFOHV :LJÀHOG'LQVPRUH
HWDO1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ (DFKRI WKHVHSUHVHQWVD
SRVVLEOHZD\IRUVWXGHQWVZKRVWUXJJOHZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKWREXLOG
EHWWHUFRSLQJVWUDWHJLHV
%HIRUHH[DPLQLQJKRZOHDUQLQJWKHRU\FDQEHLPSOHPHQWHG
WREHQHÀWFROOHJHVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVLWLV
LPSRUWDQWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLPSHWXVEHKLQGWKLVDUHDRI UHVHDUFK
7REXLOGVXFKDIRXQGDWLRQWKHSUHVHQWFRQGLWLRQRI PHQWDOKHDOWK
LQSRVWVHFRQGDU\LQVWLWXWLRQVZLOOEHH[SOLFDWHG7KHQSKHQRPHQD
UHODWHGWRWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGFROOHJHGHPDQGV
ZLOOEHH[SORUHGSRWHQWLDOVROXWLRQVIRUHGXFDWRUVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG
DQGVXJJHVWLRQVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG
7KH6WDWHRI 0HQWDO+HDOWKLQ&ROOHJHV
3RVWVHFRQGDU\VWXGHQWVDUHUHSRUWLQJDYDULHW\RI PHQWDOKHDOWK
FRQFHUQV $PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ&HQWHUIRU
&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK1RYRWQH\ $VVKRZQLQ7DEOH
DQ\ZKHUHIURPWRRI DUDQGRPVDPSOHRI FROOHJH
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
VWXGHQWVUHSRUWHGVRPHNLQGRI PHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQGXULQJWKH
VSULQJVHPHVWHURI $PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ
2I PRVWFRQFHUQPLJKWEHWKHSHUFHQWDJHRI VWXGHQWVZKR
UHSRUWIHHOLQJKRSHOHVVRYHUZKHOPHG ZLWKRUZLWKRXWDQ[LHW\ DQG
VRGHSUHVVHGWKH\VWUXJJOHWRIXQFWLRQWKHVHQXPEHUVUHSUHVHQW
WKHPRVWFRPPRQO\VWXGLHGPHQWDOLOOQHVVHVLQFROOHJHVWXGHQWV
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\ %UHVODXHWDO&DVWUR 5LFH
&UDQIRUG(LVHQEHUJ6HUUD(OLRQHWDO*QLONDHWDO
+DPGL ,DFRQR6FKULFNHWDO6HUUDVHWDO Table 1
College Students’ Self-reported Mental Health Symptoms
9DULDEOHa
Male (%) )HPDOH +RSHOHVVQHVV
)HHOLQJRYHUZKHOPHG
9HU\ORQHO\
9HU\VDG
'LIÀFXOW\IXQFWLRQLQJGXHWRGHSUHVVLRQ 2YHUZKHOPLQJDQ[LHW\
&RQVLGHUHGVXLFLGH
$WWHPSWHGVXLFLGH
E
(QJDJHGLQ6,%
Note.'DWDUHSUHVHQWDUDQGRPVDPSOHRI XQGHUJUDGXDWHVIURPVFKRROV
N $GDSWHGIURP´8QGHUJUDGXDWH5HIHUHQFH*URXS([HFXWLYH
6XPPDU\6SULQJµE\$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ
a
6HOIUHSRUWHGDVSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHSDVWPRQWKVE6HOILQMXULRXV
EHKDYLRU
$FFRUGLQJWRUHSRUWVE\WKH$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK
$VVRFLDWLRQ $&+$ &HQWHUIRU&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK &&0+ DQGWKH$VVRFLDWLRQIRU8QLYHUVLW\DQG&ROOHJH&RXQVHOLQJ&HQWHU
'LUHFWRUV $8&&&' VWDWLVWLFVVXFKDVWKHVHKDYHEHHQVWHDGLO\
LQFUHDVLQJ 1RYRWQH\ $VPRUHSRVWVHFRQGDU\VWXGHQWV
JUDSSOHZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVJUHDWHUGHPDQGVDUHSODFHGRQ
FDPSXVVHUYLFHVSDUWLFXODUO\FRXQVHOLQJVHUYLFHVLQ$8&&&'
UHSRUWHGWKDWDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHWKLUGRI VXUYH\HGFRXQVHOLQJFHQWHUV
QHHGHGZDLWLQJOLVWVGXHWRWKHYROXPHRI VWXGHQWVVHHNLQJVHUYLFHV
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
5HHW]%DU .U\ORZLF] $FFRUGLQJWRWKH&&0+
UHSRUWFROOHJHVWXGHQWVUHFHLYLQJRQFDPSXVFRXQVHOLQJDWWHQGHGDQ
DYHUDJHRI ÀYHDSSRLQWPHQWV$FURVVWKHLQVWLWXWLRQVRI KLJKHU
HGXFDWLRQVXUYH\HGWKLVDGGHGXSWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRWDO
LQGLYLGXDOFRXQVHOLQJDSSRLQWPHQWV &&0+ VRPHWKLQJWKDW
GRHVQ·WLQGLFDWHDQHFHVVDULO\RYHUZKHOPLQJQXPEHURI DSSRLQWPHQWV
SHUFRXQVHOLQJFHQWHUEXWWKHLPSHWXVEHKLQGWKHQHHGIRUZDLWOLVWV
VWLOOUHPDLQV'DWDIURP$8&&&'DQG&&0+HPSKDVL]HWKHQHHG
IRUFDPSXVPHQWDOKHDOWKVHUYLFHVWRDGGUHVVWKHLQFUHDVLQJQHHGVRI VWXGHQWV
Table 2
College Students’ Self-reported Mental Health Diagnoses
a
9DULDEOH
Male (%) )HPDOH $Q[LHW\
%LSRODU'LVRUGHU
'HSUHVVLRQ
,QVRPQLD
3DQLF$WWDFNV
6FKL]RSKUHQLD
'HSUHVVLRQDQG$Q[LHW\
Note.'DWDUHSUHVHQWDUDQGRPVDPSOHRI XQGHUJUDGXDWHVIURPVFKRROV
N $GDSWHGIURP´8QGHUJUDGXDWH5HIHUHQFH*URXS([HFXWLYH
6XPPDU\6SULQJµE\$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ
a
6HOIUHSRUWHGDVSUHVHQWZLWKLQWKHSDVWPRQWKV
$VVHHQLQ7DEOH$&+$·VVSULQJUHSRUWRI VWXGHQWV·
VHOIUHSRUWHGPHQWDOKHDOWKGLDJQRVHVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHSUHYDOHQFH
RI DQ[LHW\DQGGHSUHVVLRQRI PDOHVDQGRI IHPDOHV
UHSRUWHGDGLDJQRVLVRI ERWKDQ[LHW\DQGGHSUHVVLRQ $&+$ 7KLVHTXDWHVDOPRVWFROOHJHVWXGHQWVGLDJQRVHGZLWKLQWKH
FDOHQGDU\HDUSULRUWRVSULQJVHPHVWHU $&+$ DQXPEHU
WKDWLVVWDJJHULQJZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKH1RI VWXGHQWVGRHV
QRWHYHQEHJLQWRUHSUHVHQWKRZPDQ\FROOHJHVWXGHQWVPLJKWEH
GLDJQRVHGLQDJLYHQ\HDUDFURVVWKHQDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWKH&&0+
UHSRUWVKRZHGLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUVRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVUHSRUWLQJ
KDYLQJDWWHQGHGFRXQVHOLQJWDNHQPHGLFDWLRQRUEHHQKRVSLWDOL]HG
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
IRUPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVEHWZHHQWKHDQG
DFDGHPLF\HDUV7KH\DOVRIRXQGDQLQFUHDVHDFURVVUHSRUWHGVHOI
LQMXULRXVEHKDYLRUVXLFLGHLGHDWLRQDQGVXLFLGHDWWHPSWV &&0+
0RVWQRWDEO\WKHUHZDVDQLQFUHDVHLQVXLFLGHLGHDWLRQ
&&0+ 'DWDIURP&&0+ DOVRLQGLFDWHVDVPDOOHU
LQFUHDVHLQVXLFLGHDWWHPSW IURPWR DQGVHOILQMXULRXV
EHKDYLRU WR $OWKRXJKWKHVHLQFUHDVHVDUHPDUJLQDO
WKH\VWLOOGHPRQVWUDWHDVWHDG\ULVHLQVXLFLGHDWWHPSWVDQGVHOI
LQMXULRXVEHKDYLRULQFROOHJHVWXGHQWVVRPHWKLQJWKDWVKRXOGEH
PHGLDWHGDVWKHVHDUHVHULRXVLVVXHV7KHIXOOFRPSOHPHQWRI GDWDLV
SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
Table 3
College Students’ Self-reported Mental Health Concerns
2010-2011 (%) 2012-2013 (%) % increase
a
$WWHQGHGFRXQVHOLQJ a
7DNHQPHGLFDWLRQ
a
+RVSLWDOL]HG
E
6,% ZLWKRXWVXLFLGDO intent
6XLFLGHLGHDWLRQ
6XLFLGHDWWHPSW
Note.'DWDIRUWKHDFDGHPLF\HDUUHSUHVHQWDVDPSOHRI LQVWLWXWLRQVZLWKFRXQVHOLQJFOLHQWVGDWDUHSUHVHQWDVDPSOH
RI LQVWLWXWLRQVZLWKFRXQVHOLQJFOLHQWV$GDSWHGIURP´&HQWHU
IRU&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK$QQXDO5HSRUWµE\&HQWHUIRU&ROOHJLDWH
0HQWDO+HDOWK
a
7KHVHLWHPVDUHVSHFLÀFDOO\IRUPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVE6HOILQMXULRXV
EHKDYLRU
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG$FDGHPLF6XFFHVV
0HQWDOLOOQHVVKDVEHHQIRXQGWRUHODWHWRGHFUHDVHGDFDGHPLF
VXFFHVVDQGGHJUHHFRPSOHWLRQ %UHVODXHWDO&UDQIRUGHWDO
(OLRQHWDO.H\HVHWDO7KRPSVRQHWDO 7KHPRVWIUHTXHQWO\VWXGLHGPHQWDOLOOQHVVHVVWXGLHGLQFRQQHFWLRQ
WRDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVDUHGHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\RIWHQDVPHGLDWHG
E\SHUIHFWLRQLVPPHDQLQJWKHUHLVDQLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQW\SHVRI _7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
SHUIHFWLRQLVPGHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\7KHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQZLOO
DGGUHVVWKHVHLVVXHVLQIHPDOHVLWLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWWKHH[WDQW
OLWHUDWXUHKDVQRWH[SORUHGWKLVLVVXHLQPDOHV
'HSUHVVLRQDQ[LHW\DQGSHUIHFWLRQLVPLQZRPHQ
3HUIHFWLRQLVPGHÀQHGLQDPXOWLWXGHRI ZD\VPD\OHDGWRERWK
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDQ[LHW\LQZRPHQRI DOOHWKQLFUDFLDOJURXSVZKR
DWWHQGFROOHJH &DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHWDO*QLOND$VKE\
1REOH6FKULFN6KDUS=YRQNRYLF 5HLIPDQ:DONHU
:LQJDWH2EDVL -RLQHU $OWKRXJKZRPHQDFURVVHWKQLFLWLHV
DQGUDFHVPD\IHHOSUHVVXUH³HLWKHULQWHUQDORUH[WHUQDO³WRSUHVHQW
SHUIHFWLRQLVPWKHFRRFFXUUHQFHRI SHUIHFWLRQLVPDQGGHSUHVVLRQ
RUDQ[LHW\YDULHVDPRQJWKHVHJURXSV &DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHW
DO*QLONDHWDO6FKULFNHWDO6WRHEHUHWDO
:DONHUHWDO ,QSDUWLFXODU$IULFDQ$PHULFDQDQG$VLDQ
$PHULFDQZRPHQWHQGWRZDUGVPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPDWJUHDWHU
UDWHVWKDQ(XURSHDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQ &DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHW
DO:DONHUHWDO 0DODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPWKHUHOXFWDQFHRULQDELOLW\WRDFFHSW
WKDWRQHFDQQRWDOZD\VDFKLHYHSHUIHFWLRQUHODWHVWRGHSUHVVLRQDQG
VXLFLGHLGHDWLRQLQ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWK
DFFXOWXUDWLYHVWUHVVVRPHWKLQJIDFLQJUDFLDOHWKQLFPLQRULWLHVZKR
KDYHWREDODQFHKRPHFXOWXUHZLWKDFDGHPLF LHPRUH:KLWH FXOWXUH
(OLRQHWDO3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD:DONHUHWDO
)RUERWK$IULFDQ$PHULFDQDQG$VLDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQ
PDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPUHODWHVWRGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGHLGHDWLRQ
LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKGHVLUHWRSOHDVHRWKHUVVXFKDVIDPLO\PHPEHUV
&DVWUR 5LFH 7KHVHÀQGLQJVKDYHDGGLWLRQDOO\EHHQOLQNHGWR
ORZHUHQJDJHPHQWDQGDFDGHPLFSHUIRUPDQFHDVPHDVXUHGE\*3$
&DVWUR 5LFH(OLRQHWDO*QLONDHWDO5HQVKDZ
&RKHQ6FKULFNHWDO6WRHEHUHWDO $OWKRXJKWKHVHPHDVXUHVGRQRWFDSWXUHWKHQXDQFHRI WKH
SDUWLFLSDQWV·HGXFDWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHVWKH\DUHLQGLFDWLYHRI WKH
SRWHQWLDOLVVXHVDVXESRSXODWLRQRI IHPDOHVWXGHQWVFRXOGHQFRXQWHU
&RQFHUQLQJPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPLQSDUWLFXODUOLQNVFDQEH
GUDZQWROHDUQLQJWKHRU\YLDOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGDWWULEXWLRQ
WKHRU\KHUHUHIHUULQJWRZKDWYDULDEOHVVWXGHQWVDWWULEXWHWKHLU
VXFFHVVRUODFNWKHUHRI WR$VWXGHQW·VOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGH
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
YDULDEOHVVXFKDVLQWHOOLJHQFHOHDUQLQJDELOLW\LQWHUHVWDQGVWUHVV
DQGWLPHPDQDJHPHQW %UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\+ROVFKXKQG1LVW
2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK LWFDQEHSRVLWHGWKDWPDODGDSWLYH
SHUIHFWLRQLVWVPD\H[KLELWORZLQWHUHVWLQWKHIDFHRI DFDGHPLF
DGYHUVLW\DVWKLVLVDFRPPRQV\PSWRPRI PHQWDOLOOQHVVHVOLNH
GHSUHVVLRQDVZHOODVSRRUVWUHVVDQGWLPHPDQDJHPHQWVNLOOV 0LOOHU
0DUNKDP3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO $QRWKHUFRPSRQHQWWKDWFRXOGIXQFWLRQWREHQHÀWRU
EHGHWULPHQWDOWRVWXGHQWOHDUQLQJDQGVXFFHVVLVDWWULEXWLRQ
WKHRU\ZKLFKLQFOXGHVSDUWRI OHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV (FFOHV :LJÀHOG+ROVFKXK1LVW 2OHMQLN=LPPHUPDQ
$WWULEXWLRQWKHRU\H[SODLQVWKHVWHSVLQYROYHGLQVWXGHQWV·
DWWULEXWLRQVIRUWKHLUUHODWLYHDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVWKRVHZKRDWWULEXWH
WKHLUVXFFHVVRUIDLOXUHWRH[WHUQDOXQFRQWUROODEOHIRUFHVVXFKDV
WHDFKHUVRUOXFNLQVWHDGRI LQGLYLGXDOHIIRUWDQGDELOLW\DUHOHVVOLNHO\
WRVWULYHHLWKHUWRPDVWHUPDWHULDORUSHUIRUPZHOO (FFOHV :LJÀHOG
+ROVFKXKHWDO 0DODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVWKURXJKWKHLU
SXUVXLWRI DQDSSHDUDQFHRI FRPSOHWHFRQWURODQGVXFFHVV &DVWUR
5LFH&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO*QLOND$VKE\
1REOH6FKULFNHWDO6LURQLF 5HHYH6WRHEHU
HWDO:DONHUHWDO VHHPXQOLNHO\WRKDYHDPDVWHU\
OHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQDVWKLVUHTXLUHVDVWXGHQWWRZLVKWRLPSURYH
UHJDUGOHVVRI JUDGH (FFOHV :LJÀHOG=LPPHUPDQ 7KHOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQSHUKDSVVHHQPRVWSUHGRPLQDQWO\LQWKHVH
VWXGHQWVLVSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK LHOHDUQLQJWRSHUIRUPZHOO
RQDVVLJQPHQWVQRWOHDUQLQJWRPDVWHUDVXEMHFW DOWKRXJKWKLVKDV
QRWEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKFRXOGDSSO\EHFDXVH
VWXGHQWVZLWKWKLVRULHQWDWLRQVWULYHWRSURYHWKHPVHOYHVDFDGHPLFDOO\
WRRWKHUV LHLQRUGHUWRLPSUHVV DGGLQJWRWKHRXWZDUGDSSHDUDQFH
RI SHUIHFWLRQFRXOGH[SODLQWKLVDSSURDFKWROHDUQLQJ (FFOHV :LJÀHOG=LPPHUPDQ 6HOIUHJXODWLRQDVSDUWRI WKHFROOHJHWUDQVLWLRQ
6HOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVSURFHVVHVRQHFDQXVHWRZRUNWRZDUGVD
JRDO HJEHKDYLRUDOFRJQLWLYHPHWDFRJQLWLYH FDQEHDSSOLHGLQVLGH
DQGRXWVLGHRI WKHFODVVURRPPXFKOLNHPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVV
RI OHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQV 'LQVPRUHHWDO
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ ,QWKHRU\LI VWXGHQWV
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
EXLOGVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVDQGXVHWKHPVWUDWHJLFDOO\WKH\ZLOOOHDUQ
PRUHRSWLPDOO\DQGH[SHULHQFHJUHDWHUVXFFHVVWKDQLI WKH\GLGQRW
VHOIUHJXODWHUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHLQYHVWLJDWHGKRZVHOIUHJXODWLRQUHODWHV
WRFROOHJHVWXGHQWPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGFROOHJHDGMXVWPHQW %HOFK
&URFNHUHWDO0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ3DUNHWDO9DQ
1JX\HQHWDO=LPPHUPDQ $OWKRXJKUHVXOWVKDYHQ·W
EHHQLGHQWLFDODFURVVVWXGLHVJLYHQWKHYDU\LQJUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQG
GHVLJQVWKHUHLVDQLQGLFDWLRQWKDWWKHXVHRI VHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOV
DVVLVWVLQERWKDUHDV %HOFK3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
)RUH[DPSOH9DQ1JX\HQ/DRKDVLULZRQJ6DHQJVXZDQ
7KLQNKDPURSDQG:ULJKW IRXQGDVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLÀFDQW
QHJDWLYHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQGHSUHVVLRQDQGVWXGHQWVHOIHIÀFDF\
KHOSVHHNLQJDQGPHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVUHJDUGLQJRSWLPDOVWXG\
WLPHVDQGDUHDV,WLVSRVVLEOHWKRXJKQRWGHÀQLWLYHWRGUDZWKH
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVDUHEHQHÀFLDOWRVWXGHQWPHQWDO
KHDOWKZKHQLPSOHPHQWHG &URFNHUHWDO0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ
3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO $VLPLODUFRQFOXVLRQ
UHJDUGLQJVXFFHVVIXOWUDQVLWLRQWRFROOHJHFDQEHGUDZQIURP3DUN
(GPRQGVRQDQG/HH·V VWXG\DVWKH\IRXQGDVWDWLVWLFDOO\
VLJQLÀFDQWFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQXVHRI VHOIUHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHVDQG
DGMXVWPHQWWRFROOHJHKHUHGHÀQHGDVSRVLWLYHPHQWDOKHDOWK HJORZ
OHYHOVRI VWUHVVRUDQ[LHW\KLJKVHOIHVWHHPQRLVVXHVZLWKDFDGHPLF
SHUIRUPDQFH PDLQWDLQHGRYHUWKHÀUVW\HDURI FROOHJH
*LYHQWKDWVHOIUHJXODWLRQFRPSULVHVXVLQJIRUHWKRXJKW HJ
VHWWLQJJRDOV VHOIREVHUYDWLRQDQGVHOIUHÁHFWLRQ 'LQVPRUHHWDO
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ LWLVQRWVXUSULVLQJ
WKDWWKHVHVNLOOVDUHLPSRUWDQWWRDVXFFHVVIXOWUDQVLWLRQWRFROOHJH
$OOVWXGHQWVQRWOLPLWHGWRWKRVHZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVFDQ
EHQHÀWIURPDSSOLFDWLRQRI WKHVHVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOVSDUWLFXODUO\DV
LWUHODWHVWRWKHLUVWUHVVWLPHPDQDJHPHQWDQGDELOLW\WREHÁH[LEOH
WRPHHWWKHGHPDQGVRI YDU\LQJVLWXDWLRQV %UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\
+ROVFKXKQG1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK
3DUNHWDO3LQWULFK9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
=LPPHUPDQ 7KHVHVNLOOVFDQEHXVHGWRVXFFHHGLQ
DFDGHPLFVDVDZD\RI PDNLQJWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDFWLYHHIIHFWLYH
DQGFRQWLQXDO %UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\+ROVFKXKQG1LVW 0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
+ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ ,I DSSOLHGRXWVLGHRI WKHFODVVURRP³WR
VLWXDWLRQVOLNHWKRVHVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOLOOQHVVPLJKWIDFHVXFK
DVEXLOGLQJDSRVLWLYHVHOILPDJH³VHOIUHJXODWRU\SURFHVVHVFRXOG
SURYHIUXLWIXOLQPDQDJLQJHYHU\GD\FRQFHUQVWKDWFRXOGLQWHUIHUH
ZLWKOHDUQLQJ %HOFK&URFNHUHWDO3DUNHWDO9DQ
1JX\HQHWDO 8QLWLQJ/HDUQLQJ7KHRU\DQG0HQWDO+HDOWK
6XJJHVWLRQVIRU3UDFWLFH
,QDQGRI LWVHOIPHQWDOKHDOWKLVVXHVFDQQRWEHHUDGLFDWHG
FROOHJHVWXGHQWVZLOOOLNHO\FRQWLQXHWRHQFRXQWHUVRPHNLQGRI PHQWDOLOOQHVVGLDJQRVHGXQGLDJQRVHGORQJWHUPRUWHPSRUDU\
$&+$%HOFK%UHVODXHWDO&&0+
1RYRWQH\5HHW]HWDO *LYHQLWVSUHYDOHQFHLQFROOHJH
VWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQVVWXGHQWPHQWDOLOOQHVVLVDSUREOHPHGXFDWRUV
PD\QHHGWREHSUHSDUHGWRIDFHDQGVWUDWHJLFDOO\LQWHJUDWLQJOHDUQLQJ
VWUDWHJLHVDQGWKHRULHVLQWRWKHFODVVURRPPD\SURYLGHVWXGHQWVZLWK
VRPHWRROVWKH\FDQXVH &URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO0LOOHU
0DUNPDQ3DUNHWDO3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD
9DQ1JX\HQ:DONHUHWDO 7KLVOHDUQLQJSURFHVV
ZLOOUHTXLUHZLOODQGHIIRUWRQWKHSDUWRI WKHVWXGHQWDVZHOODVWKH
HGXFDWRU 1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK ,I VWXGHQWVFDQ
OHDUQWKHVHVWUDWHJLHVWUDQVIHUWKHPIURPDFDGHPLFWRQRQDFDGHPLF
LHPHQWDOLOOQHVVUHODWHG VHWWLQJVDQGDGDSWWKHPWRVSHFLÀF
VLWXDWLRQVWKH\KDYHWKHDELOLW\WRDSSO\OHDUQLQJWKHRU\WROHDUQLQJ
DERXWDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVZHOODVÁH[LEOHWRROVIRU
VWXGHQWVWRXVHLQWKHFODVVURRP &RPPLWWHHRQ'HYHORSPHQWVLQWKH
6FLHQFHRI /HDUQLQJ3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ 7KHRYHUDUFKLQJWKHPHZLWKLQWKHP\ULDGWKHRULHVDQG
VWUDWHJLHVVWXGHQWVFDQXVHWRDPHOLRUDWHWKHHIIHFWVRI PHQWDOLOOQHVV
RQDFDGHPLFSHUIRUPDQFHLVPHWDFRJQLWLRQ &URFNHUHWDO
(OLRQHWDO5HQVKDZ &RKHQ6LURQLF 5HHYH
3DUNHWDO3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD9DQ1JX\HQHW
DO:DONHUHWDO &RPLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGRQH·VOHDUQHU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGRULHQWDWLRQDORQJVLGHKRZWRVHOIUHJXODWHOHDUQLQJ
DOOLQYROYHDUHTXLVLWHDPRXQWRI VHOIDZDUHQHVVDOOWKUHHQHFHVVLWDWH
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
DWWHQWLRQWRWKHVHOISDUWLFXODUO\KRZRQHIXQFWLRQVDQGWKLQNV
'LQVPRUHHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG0XLV )UDQFR
DE1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ 7KLVIRUPVDVWDUWLQJ
SRLQWIRUWHDFKLQJWUDQVIHUUDEOH LHDFDGHPLFWRWKHDFDGHPLF
PHQWDOKHDOWKLQWHUDFWLRQ ÁH[LEOHVNLOOVWRVWXGHQWV0HWDFRJQLWLYH
DZDUHQHVVKRZHYHUVHHPVPRVWSURPLVLQJDVDZD\WRLPSURYH
KRZVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFHPHQWDOLOOQHVVDFURVVYDULRXVVHWWLQJVZKHQ
PHWDFRJQLWLRQEHFRPHVRQHSDUWRI DODUJHUSLFWXUHRI OHDUQLQJDQG
VHOIPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHV &URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO
6LURQLF 5HHYH3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
:DONHUHWDO 5HJDUGOHVVRI WKHDSSURDFKLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDW
LQVWUXFWRUVDUHH[SOLFLWLQWKHLUH[SODQDWLRQVRI KRZVHOIUHJXODWRU\
DQGPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVFDQWUDQVIHUIURPDFDGHPLFWRQRQDFDGHPLF
FRQWH[WV
7KH5ROHRI 0HWDFRJQLWLYH$ZDUHQHVVLQ/HDUQLQJDQG0HQWDO
+HDOWK
0HWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVWKLQNLQJDERXWRQH·VWKLQNLQJ
XQGHUJLUGVDOORI WKHVHOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV &RPPLWWHH
'LQVPRUHHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG)ODYHOODVFLWHG
E\'LQVPRUHHWDO1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ %HFDXVHLW
HQFRPSDVVHVDZDUHQHVVRI RQHVHOIKRZRQH·VPLQGZRUNVDQGZKDW
VWUDWHJLHVZRUNEHVWIRUWKDWLQGLYLGXDO 0XLV )UDQFRDE
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ PHWDFRJQLWLRQLVDSULPH
H[DPSOHRI DSRWHQWLDOVWUDWHJ\DSSOLFDEOHWRWKHLVVXHRI FROOHJH
VWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVVDQGWKHLUOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV
,I WKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVGHOLYHUHGLQDQRWKHDYLO\FRQWH[WXDOL]HG
PDQQHUVWXGHQWVFDQEHVKRZQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI KRZLWFDQDSSO\
WRWKHLUHYHU\GD\OLYHVDQGSRWHQWLDOO\PDNHWKDWFRJQLWLYHWUDQVIHU
&RPPLWWHH=LPPHUPDQ ,I VWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVDUHDEOHWRWUDQVIHU
PHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVWRWKHLUHYHU\GD\OLYHVWKH\KDYHWRROVWRERWK
DVVLVWWKHPLQDFDGHPLFVDQGWKHLUSHUVRQDOOLYHV &URFNHUHWDO
(OLRQHWDO6LURQLF 5HHYH3DUNHWDO3RODQFR
5RPDQHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO:DONHUHWDO 7KLVGHSHQGVXSRQWZRFRQGLWLRQV D HIIHFWLYHLQVWUXFWLRQDERXW
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
PHWDFRJQLWLRQDQG E VWXGHQWV·OLNHOLKRRGRI DSSO\LQJLWRXWVLGH
RI DFDGHPLFFRQWH[WV &RPPLWWHH1LVW +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ (IIHFWLYHLQVWUXFWLRQLQOHDUQLQJWKHRULHVRUVWUDWHJLHVVXFKDV
PHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVUHTXLUHVWKDWERWKWKHLQVWUXFWRUDQGVWXGHQW
WDNHDQDFWLYHDSSURDFKWRZDUGVWKHPDWHULDO 3LQWULFK 6XFK
LQVWUXFWLRQVKRXOGEHH[SOLFLW³H[SOLFDWLQJZKDWPHWDFRJQLWLRQLV
DQGKRZVWXGHQWVFDQXVHLWLQGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV &RPPLWWHH
1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ ,WVKRXOG
DOVREHFRQGXFLYHWRVWXGHQWV·GHYHORSPHQWRI WUDQVIHUDELOLW\RI NQRZOHGJHWRRWKHUFRQWH[WVOLNHWKHHYHU\GD\ &RPPLWWHH ,Q
RUGHUWRDFFRPSOLVKWKLVLQVWUXFWRUVOLNHO\QHHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHKRZ
PHWDFRJQLWLRQDSSOLHVDFURVVVLWXDWLRQVEHFDXVHVWXGHQWVPLJKWQRW
PDNHWKHFRJQLWLYHOHDSWKHPVHOYHVDVQRYLFHOHDUQHUV &RPPLWWHH
0XLV )UDQFRDE1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ 7KLVSUDFWLFHVKRXOGIXUWKHUDVVLVWVWXGHQWV
LQWKHWUDQVIHUSURFHVVEHFDXVHRI LWVODFNRI SUHFLVHFRQWH[WZKHQ
LQIRUPDWLRQLVWRRKLJKO\FRQWH[WXDOL]HGVWXGHQWVDUHOHVVOLNHO\WREH
DEOHWRWUDQVIHULWWRRUPRGLI\LWIRUGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV &RPPLWWHH
0XLV )UDQFRDE1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ 3DUWRI WKLVH[SOLFLWLQVWUXFWLRQLQWUDQVIHUULQJWKHVWUDWHJ\
FRXOGEHKRZLWDSSOLHVWRFRPPRQLVVXHVOLNHVWUHVV*LYHQWKH
VWLJPDDWWDFKHGWRDQGWKHVHQVLWLYHQDWXUHRI PHQWDOLOOQHVVLW
ZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWRFRXFKLWVDSSOLFDELOLW\LQWHUPVRI DV\PSWRP
DOOVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFHVWUHVV$JDLQWRNHHSWKHLGHDRI ÁH[LELOLW\
RSHQWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQZRXOGQHHGWREHSUHVHQWHGDVRQHXVHQRWWKH
GHÀQLWLYHXVH &RPPLWWHH ,I DSSOLHGLQPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQWH[WVVWXGHQWV·PHWDFRJQLWLYH
DZDUHQHVVFRXOGDVVLVWWKHPLQVHHLQJWKHLUOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
WKHLUOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVDQGWKHLUVHOIUHJXODWRU\VNLOOV %HOFK
&URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO3DUNHWDO
3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD6LURQLF 5HHYH:DONHUHW
DO9DQ1JX\HQ 7KLVFRXOGEHWKHÀUVWVWHSWRZDUGV
HIIHFWLQJFKDQJHLQRQH·VDSSURDFKWROHDUQLQJDQGIXQFWLRQLQJ
RSWLPDOO\LQWKHFRQWH[WRI H[SHULHQFLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVV6WXGHQWV
FRXOGFRPHWRGHÀQHWKHLUOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKURXJKFDUHIXO
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
REVHUYDWLRQDQGUHÁHFWLRQSDUWLFXODUO\WLPHDQGVWUHVVPDQDJHPHQW
SHUKDSVOHDGLQJWKHPWRFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUWKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUH
FKDQJHDEOHDVZHOODVKRZWKH\FRXOGEHFKDQJHG %HOFK
&URFNHUHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG+ROVFKXK1LVW
2OHMQLN0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ0RRUH1LVW +ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ ,I VWXGHQWVDUHDEOHWRDSSO\WKHVHWKHRULHV
WRWKHLUPHQWDOKHDOWKFRQFHUQVLWVHHPVSRVVLEOHWKH\FRXOGGLVFRYHU
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRI KHOSVHHNLQJLQWKLVVLWXDWLRQSHUKDSVOHDGLQJ
WKHPWRXWLOL]HFDPSXVUHVRXUFHV %HOFK&URFNHUHWDO
0LOOHU 0DUNPDQ3DUNHWDO9DQ1JX\HQHWDO
=LPPHUPDQ 8VHRI PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVFRXOGDOVR
SURYRNHVWXGHQWWKRXJKWDERXWKRZFROOHJHVWXGHQWVZLWKPHQWDO
LOOQHVVYLHZWKHPVHOYHV%\FRQVLGHULQJRQH·VSHUVRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
DQGDXWRQRP\RUDJHQF\LQFUHDWLQJFKDQJHLQWKHPSHUKDSVDEHOLHI LQDJHQF\FRXOGEHVSDUNHG (FFOHV :LJÀHOG0RRUH
1LVW +ROVFKXK=LPPHUPDQ )XUWKHUPRUHZKHQYLHZHGLQERWKDFDGHPLFDQGQRQDFDGHPLF
FRQWH[WVH[DPLQLQJRQH·VOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFRXOGIRUPDEULGJH
WRGLVFXVVLQJDQGHYDOXDWLQJRQH·VOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQ,QWKHFDVHRI SHUFHLYHGQHHGIRUSHUIHFWLRQLVPDPRQJZRPHQ (OLRQHWDO
3RODQFR5RPDQ 0LUDQGD6LURQLF 5HHYH:DONHUHW
DO WKHOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVSUHVHQWDUHOLNHO\SHUIRUPDQFH
DSSURDFKLQPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDQGPDVWHU\DSSURDFKLQ
DGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWV (FFOHV :LJÀHOG=LPPHUPDQ 0DODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVVHHPOHVVDSWWRPRGLI\WKHLUEHKDYLRUVLQ
UHVSRQVHWRDGYHUVLW\WKXVWKH\PD\VWULYHWRVXFFHHGEHFDXVHWKH\
ZDQWYDOLGDWLRQ &URFNHUHWDO(OLRQHWDO3RODQFR
5RPDQ 0LUDQGD:DONHUHWDO=LPPHUPDQ 7KLVPHDQVVWXGHQWVZKRDUHPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDUHPRUH
OLNHO\WRWDNHDSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKLQWKHFODVVURRPVHHNLQJRQO\
WRLPSUHVVDQGSHUIRUPZHOOZKHUHDVDGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDUH
PRUHDSWWRDGDSWWKHLUOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVZLWKDJRDORI PDVWHU\
OHDUQLQJ7KHNH\KHUHLVWKDWDGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDVRSSRVHG
WRPDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRHQJDJHLQGHHSHU
OHDUQLQJ
$VZLWKOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVVKRXOGEH
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
GLVFXVVHGLQGHWDLOWRIRVWHULQWHUQDOL]LQJWKHFRQFHSW &RPPLWWHH
1LVW +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ ,QGLYLGXDORULHQWDWLRQVFRXOGEHGHÀQHGDQGDFFRPSDQLHGE\JHQHUDO
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGRUDVFHQDULRWRSURYLGHDJHQHUDOEDVLVIRUWDONLQJ
DERXWOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQV,WZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWRDVNVWXGHQWV
WRVSHQGWLPHUHÁHFWLQJSHUKDSVZLWKJXLGHGTXHVWLRQVRQWKHLU
OHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQV &RPPLWWHH1LVW +ROVFKXK
3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ $SRWHQWLDOO\HIIHFWLYHWRRO
WRGHHSHQVWXGHQWV·UHTXLUHGWKLQNLQJDQGDSSOLFDWLRQFRXOGEHDVNLQJ
VWXGHQWVWRFRQVLGHULIZKHUHWKHLUOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVGLIIHU7KLV
FRXOGGHPRQVWUDWHKRZFRQWH[WLQIRUPVOHDUQLQJDSSURDFKHV,I LQWHUQDOL]HGDQGWUDQVIHUUHGIURPDFODVVURRPWRHYHU\GD\VLWXDWLRQ
EHLQJDZDUHRI KRZRQHDSSURDFKHVOHDUQLQJFRXOGLQÁXHQFH
PDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVWVWRFRQVLGHUWKHLUOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVDQG
SHUKDSVKRZDQGZKHQWKH\DUHEHQHÀFLDORUGHWULPHQWDO &RPPLWWHH
&URFNHUHWDO(FFOHV :LJÀHOG(OLRQHWDO
+ROVFKXKHWDO0RRUH1LVW +ROVFKXK6LURQLF
5HHYH:DONHUHWDO=LPPHUPDQ $ODUJHUV\VWHPHQFRPSDVVLQJWKHWZRSUHYLRXVFRQVWUXFWVLV
VHOIUHJXODWLRQ (FFOHV :LJÀHOG3LQWULFK=LPPHUPDQ
%RWKOHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGOHDUQLQJRULHQWDWLRQVIDOO
XQGHUWKHIRUHWKRXJKWSKDVHRI VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJDVGHÀQHG
E\=LPPHUPDQ =LPPHUPDQ·VIRUHWKRXJKWSKDVHLQFOXGHV
WKHFRQVWUXFW´OHDUQLQJJRDORULHQWDWLRQµ S DQRWKHUZD\RI SKUDVLQJKRZRQHDSSURDFKHVOHDUQLQJ HJDVDSHUIRUPDQFH
DSSURDFKRUPDVWHU\DSSURDFKVWXGHQW ,WDOVRLQFOXGHVVWXGHQWV·
EHOLHIVDERXWWKHLUVHOIHIÀFDF\ZKDWWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHRXWFRPHZLOO
EHDQGWKHLULQWHUHVWOHYHOIRUWKHWDVNDWKDQGZKLFKDUHFRPSRQHQWV
RI OHDUQHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV %UDQVIRUGDVFLWHGE\+ROVFKXKQG1LVW
+ROVFKXK1LVW2OHMQLN +ROVFKXK3LQWULFK
=LPPHUPDQ 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU5HVHDUFK
$OWKRXJKOLWHUDWXUHH[LVWVZKHUHUHVHDUFKHUVKDYHH[SORUHG
WKHOLQNEHWZHHQPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGFROOHJHSHUIRUPDQFHPRUH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQLVQHHGHGEHFDXVHWKLVLVQRWDFXUDEOHLVVXHWKDWZLOO
GLVDSSHDU&ROOHJHVWXGHQWPHQWDOKHDOWKZLOOOLNHO\UHPDLQSDUWRI WKHFRQYHUVDWLRQDERXWWKHFKDOOHQJHVWKDWVWXGHQWVIDFH6RPH
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
UHVHDUFKHUVDFWLYHO\VHHNDSSURDFKHVWRDPHOLRUDWHWKHSUREOHPV
SRVHGE\PHQWDOLOOQHVVIURPDQLQVWLWXWLRQDORUFXOWXUDODSSURDFKEXW
QRWIURPDOHDUQLQJFHQWHUHGDSSURDFK(GXFDWRUVDQGVWXGHQWVDOLNH
FRXOGEHQHÀWIURPDGGLWLRQDOUHVHDUFKLQWHUPVRI KRZWRSUHVHQW
VROXWLRQVLQVLGHWKHFODVVURRP
%HFDXVHRI WKHFKDQFHWKDWPHQWDOLOOQHVVZLOOH[WHQGEH\RQG
RQHVHPHVWHUDVVXPLQJWKHLQGLYLGXDOKDVVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWHUQDOL]HG
DQGLQWHJUDWHGZKDWWKH\OHDUQHGDERXWOHDUQLQJRXWVLGHRI WKH
FODVVURRPLWZRXOGEHQHÀWDOOSDUWLHVLI ORQJLWXGLQDOUHVHDUFKZDV
FRQGXFWHG7KLVFRXOGH[SORUHKRZZHOOWKHVWUDWHJLHVWDXJKWDUH
UHWDLQHGDQGXVHGE\VWXGHQWVLQQRQDFDGHPLFVHWWLQJV&RQGXFWLQJ
VXFKUHVHDUFKZRXOGVHUYHWZRSXUSRVHVWRHYDOXDWHWKHHIÀFDF\RI WHDFKLQJKRZWKHVHPHWDFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVDSSO\RXWVLGHRI FODVVDQGWR
LQYHVWLJDWHKRZORQJWKHVWUDWHJLHVDUHUHWDLQHGDQGZKHWKHUWKH\·UH
VXFFHVVIXOO\DSSOLHG
%HIRUHUHFRPPHQGLQJWKDWLQVWUXFWRUVDFURVVWKHERDUG
LPSOHPHQWOHDUQLQJWKHRU\LQVWUXFWLRQDLPHGDWWUDQVIHUULQJ
NQRZOHGJHWRRXWVLGHRIVFKRROVLWXDWLRQVLWZRXOGEHQHFHVVDU\
WRWHVWWKHK\SRWKHVLVWKDWVXFKNQRZOHGJHLVEHLQJWUDQVIHUUHGDQG
DSSOLHG,I WKHWRROVSUHVHQWHGWRVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFLQJPHQWDOLOOQHVV
DUHQRWEHLQJXVHGWKHQLQVWUXFWLRQZRXOGQHHGWREHUHFDOLEUDWHG
DQGLWVHIIHFWVUHVHDUFKHGDJDLQ
7KHQLI WKHUHOLDELOLW\DQGYDOLGLW\RI WKHLQVWUXFWLRQZDV
HVWDEOLVKHGLWZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWRH[DPLQHLWVHIIHFWVRYHUPXOWLSOH
VHPHVWHUVSHUKDSVVWDUWLQJZLWKWKHÀUVW\HDURI FROOHJH'XULQJ
WKHÀUVW\HDUVWXGHQWVPD\QHHGWRPDNHVXEVWDQWLDODGMXVWPHQWVWR
VXFFHHG %HOFK3DUNHWDO 7HDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQJWKH
HIÀFDF\RI PHWDFRJQLWLYHDZDUHQHVVDVDSSOLHGWRPHQWDOKHDOWKFRXOG
SURYLGHLQVLJKWLQWRKRZOHDUQLQJWKHRU\FDQEHXVHGWRKHOSVWXGHQWV
IXQFWLRQDQGGHYHORSLQWKHQRQDFDGHPLFUHDOPDVZHOODVLQWKH
FODVVURRP
References
$PHULFDQ&ROOHJH+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ American College
Health Association National College Health Assessment II spring 2014
reference group executive summary5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZ
DFKDQFKDRUJGRFV$&+$1&+$,,B5HIHUHQFH*URXSB
([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\B6SULQJSGI
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
%HOFK+$ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI VWXGHQWVZLWK
SV\FKLDWULFGLVDELOLWLHV$IRXQGDWLRQIRUFUHDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRI VXSSRUWDQGVXFFHVVNew Directions for Student Services, 134
%UDQVIRUG-' Human cognition: Learning, understanding, and
remembering%HOPRQW&$:DGVZRUWK
%UHVODX1/DQH06DPSVRQ1 .HVVOHU5& 0HQWDO
KHDOWKGLVRUGHUVDQGVXEVHTXHQWHGXFDWLRQDODWWDLQPHQWLQD86
QDWLRQDOVDPSOHJournal of Psychiatric Research, 42
&DVWUR-5 5LFH.* 3HUIHFWLRQLVPDQGHWKQLFLW\
,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUGHSUHVVLYHV\PSWRPVDQGVHOIUHSRUWHG
DFDGHPLFDFKLHYHPHQWCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority
Psychology, 9 GRL
&HQWHUIRU&ROOHJLDWH0HQWDO+HDOWK Center for Collegiate Mental
Health 2013 annual report5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVLWHVSVX
HGXFFPKZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVVLWHVB
&&0+B5HSRUWSGI
&RPPLWWHHRQ'HYHORSPHQWVLQWKH6FLHQFHRI /HDUQLQJ /HDUQLQJDQGWUDQVIHUHow people learn SS &UDQIRUG-$(LVHQEHUJ' 6HUUDV$0 6XEVWDQFHXVH
EHKDYLRUVPHQWDOKHDOWKSUREOHPVDQGXVHRI PHQWDOKHDOWK
VHUYLFHVLQDSUREDELOLW\VDPSOHRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVAddictive
Behaviors, 34GRLMDGGEHK
&URFNHU-2OLYLHU0$ 1XHU1 6HOILPDJHJRDOVDQG
FRPSDVVLRQDWHJRDOV&RVWVDQGEHQHÀWVSelf and Identity, 8 'LQVPRUH'/$OH[DQGHU3$ /RXJKOLQ60 )RFXVLQJ
RQWKHFRQFHSWXDOOHQVLQPHWDFRJQLWLRQVHOIUHJXODWLRQDQG
VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJEducational Psychology Review, 20
GRLV
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
(FFOHV-6 :LJÀHOG$ 0RWLYDWLRQDOEHOLHIVYDOXHVDQG
JRDOVAnnual Review of Psychology, 53
(OLRQ$$:DQJ.76ODQH\5% )UHQFK%+ 3HUIHFWLRQLVPLQ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQVWXGHQWV5HODWLRQVKLS
WRUDFLDOLGHQWLW\*3$VHOIHVWHHPDQGGHSUHVVLRQCultural
Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18 GRL
D
)ODYHOO-+ 0HWDFRJQLWLRQDQGFRJQLWLYHPRQLWRULQJ$QHZ
DUHDRI FRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWDOLQTXLU\American Psychologist, 34
*QLOND3%$VKE\-6 1REOH&0 $GDSWLYHDQG
PDODGDSWLYHSHUIHFWLRQLVPDVPHGLDWRUVRI DGXOWDWWDFKPHQW
VW\OHVDQGGHSUHVVLRQKRSHOHVVQHVVDQGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQJournal
of Counseling & Development, 91 GRLM
[
+DPGL15 ,DFRQR:* /LIHWLPHSUHYDOHQFHDQG
FRPRUELGLW\RI H[WHUQDOL]LQJGLVRUGHUVDQGGHSUHVVLRQLQ
SURVSHFWLYHDVVHVVPHQWPsychological Medicine, 44GRL
6
+ROVFKXK-31LVW6/ 2OHMQLN6 $WWULEXWLRQVWR
IDLOXUH7KHHIIHFWVRI HIIRUWDELOLW\DQGOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJ\XVH
RQSHUFHSWLRQVRI IXWXUHJRDOVDQGHPRWLRQDOUHVSRQVHVReading
Psychology, 22
.H\HV&/0(LVHQEHUJ'3HUU\*6'XEH65.URHQNH
. 'KLQJUD66 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSRI OHYHORI SRVLWLYHPHQWDOKHDOWKZLWKFXUUHQWPHQWDOGLVRUGHUVLQ
SUHGLFWLQJVXLFLGDOEHKDYLRUDQGDFDGHPLFLPSDLUPHQWLQFROOHJH
VWXGHQWVJournal of American College Health, 60 GRL
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
0LOOHU$. 0DUNPDQ.' 'HSUHVVLRQUHJXODWRU\
IRFXVDQGPRWLYDWLRQPersonality and Individual Differences, 43 0RRUH5 &RXUVHSHUIRUPDQFHORFXVRI FRQWURODQG
DFDGHPLFPRWLYDWLRQDPRQJGHYHORSPHQWDOHGXFDWLRQVWXGHQWV
Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, 24
0XLV.5 )UDQFR*0 D (SLVWHPLFEHOLHIV6HWWLQJWKH
VWDQGDUGVIRUVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJContemporary Educational
Psychology, 34GRLMFHGVSV\FK
0XLV.5 )UDQFR*0 E (SLVWHPLFSURÀOHVDQG
PHWDFRJQLWLRQ6XSSRUWIRUWKHFRQVLVWHQF\K\SRWKHVLV
Metacognition Learning, 5GRLV
1LVW6/ +ROVFKXK-3 3UDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVRI WKH
UHVHDUFKRQHSLVWHPRORJLFDOEHOLHIV,Q5+RGJHV0/
6LPSVRQ 16WDKO (GV Teaching study strategies in developmental
education: Readings on theory, research, and best practice SS 1LVW2OHMQLN6 +ROVFKXK-3 $FWLYHOHDUQLQJ:KDW·VLQLW
IRU\RX",QCollege success strategies WKHGSS 1RYRWQH\$ 6WXGHQWVXQGHUSUHVVXUHMonitor on Psychology,
45
3DUN&/(GPRQGVRQ' /HH- 'HYHORSPHQWRI VHOI
UHJXODWLRQDELOLWLHVDVSUHGLFWRUVRI SV\FKRORJLFDODGMXVWPHQW
DFURVVWKHÀUVW\HDURI FROOHJHJournal of Adult Development, 19
GRLV]
3LQWULFK35 $FRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUNIRUDVVHVVLQJ
PRWLYDWLRQDQGVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJLQFROOHJHVWXGHQWV
Educational Psychology Review, 16
_7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
3LQWULFK35 7KHUROHRI PHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJHLQ
OHDUQLQJWHDFKLQJDQGDVVHVVLQJ,Q5+RGJHV0/6LPSVRQ
16WDKO (GV Teaching study strategies in developmental education:
Readings on theory, research, and best practice SS 3RODQFR5RPDQ/ 0LUDQGD5 &XOWXUDOO\UHODWHGVWUHVV
KRSHOHVVQHVVDQGYXOQHUDELOLW\WRGHSUHVVLYHV\PSWRPVDQG
VXLFLGDOLGHDWLRQLQHPHUJLQJDGXOWKRRGBehavior Therapy, 44 GRLMEHWK
5HHW]'5%DUU9 .U\ORZLF]% The Association for
University and College Counseling Center Directors annual survey
5HWULHYHGIURP$8&&&'ZHEVLWHKWWSÀOHVFPFJOREDOFRP
$8&&&'B0RQRJUDSKB3XEOLFBSGI
5HQVKDZ7 &RKHQ$ /LIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDVDGLVWLQJXLVKLQJ
LQGLFDWRURI FROOHJHVWXGHQWIXQFWLRQLQJ)XUWKHUYDOLGDWLRQ
RI WKHWZRFRQWLQXDPRGHORI PHQWDOKHDOWKSocial Indicators
Research, 117 GRLV
6FKULFN%+6KDUS($=YRQNRYLF$ 5HLIPDQ$ 1HYHUOHWWKHPVHH\RXVZHDW6LOHQFLQJDQGVWULYLQJWRDSSHDU
SHUIHFWDPRQJ86FROOHJHZRPHQSex Roles, 67 GRLV
6HUUDV$6DXOHV..&UDQIRUG-$ (LVHQEHUJ' 6HOILQMXU\VXEVWDQFHXVHDQGDVVRFLDWHGULVNIDFWRUVLQDPXOWL
FDPSXVSUREDELOLW\VDPSOHRI FROOHJHVWXGHQWVPsychology of
Addictive Behaviors, 24 GRLD
6LURQLF$ 5HHYH5$ 0RUHHYLGHQFHIRUIRXU
SHUIHFWLRQLVPVXEJURXSVPersonality and Individual Differences,
53 6WRHEHU-6FKQHLGHU1+XVVDLQ5 0DWWKHZV. 3HUIHFWLRQLVPDQGQHJDWLYHDIIHFWDIWHUUHSHDWHGIDLOXUH$Q[LHW\
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDQJHUJournal of Individual Differences, 3 GRLD
0HQWDO+HDOWKDQG6WXGHQW/HDUQLQJ_
7KRPSVRQ($&RQQHOO\&'7KRPDV-RQHV' (JJHUW//
6FKRROGLIÀFXOWLHVDQGFRRFFXUULQJKHDOWKULVNIDFWRUV
6XEVWDQFHXVHDJJUHVVLRQGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGDOEHKDYLRUV
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 26GRL
MFDS
9DQ1JX\HQ+/DRKDVLULZRQJ:6DHQJVXZDQ-7KLQNKDPURS
% :ULJKW3 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKHXVHRI VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGGHSUHVVLRQDPRQJPHGLFDO
VWXGHQWV$QDFFHOHUDWHGSURVSHFWLYHFRKRUWVWXG\Psychology,
Health, & Medicine, 20 :DONHU5/:LQJDWH/52EDVL(0 -RLQHU7(-U $QHPSLULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRI DFFXOWXUDWLYHVWUHVVDQGHWKQLF
LGHQWLW\DVPRGHUDWRUVIRUGHSUHVVLRQDQGVXLFLGDOLGHDWLRQLQ
FROOHJHVWXGHQWVCultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology,
14 GRL
=LPPHUPDQ%- %HFRPLQJDVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQHU$Q
RYHUYLHZ,Q5+RGJHV0/6LPSVRQ 16WDKO (GV Teaching study strategies in developmental education: Readings on theory,
research, and best practice SS _7/$59ROXPH1XPEHU
Download