《复习提纲》August 17, 2023
Lesson 29 Protection of environment 保护环境
• Business activity that damages the environment: 商业活动破坏环境：
A wide range of business activity has the potential to damage the environment. However, heavy industry, such as
chemical processing, oil refining, mining, power generation and steel production, in particular, can have a harmful
impact on the environment. Some examples of the way certain business activity damages the environment are
described below: 广泛的商业活动有可能破坏环境。而重工业，如化学加工、炼油、采矿、发电和钢铁生产，
尤其会对环境产生有害影响。以下是某些商业活动破坏环境的一些例子：
1.
MINING 采矿业
One problem is that many of the minerals and other useful materials that are mined are only available in very
small quantities. This means that huge quantities of earth and rock have to be extracted from a site and then
processed. This often involves crushing rocks, which may release harmful materials, such as radioactive
elements, asbestos-like minerals and metallic dust. 开采的许多矿物和其他有用材料的数量非常少。这意
味着必须从一个地方提取大量的泥土和岩石，然后进行处理。这通常涉及破碎岩石，岩石可能会释放
有害物质，如放射性元素、石棉类矿物和金属粉尘。
2.
POWER GENERATION 发电厂
This is particularly the case when it is produced by burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. A wide range of
harmful environmental impacts can result from fossil fuel power plants, such as emissions, the release of hot
water, climatic and visual impacts from cooling towers, solid waste disposal, coal ash disposal, and noise.
Owing to the need for large amounts of steam, power plants need to use huge quantities of water and then
return that water to its source. It the water is dirty and too warm, it can damage wildlife in water systems. 当
发电是通过燃烧煤炭和石油等化石燃料生产的时候，污染更严重。化石燃料发电厂可能会产生广泛的
有害环境影响，如排放、热水的释放、冷却塔的气候和视觉影响、固体废物处理、煤炭灰烬处理和噪
音。由于需要大量的蒸汽，发电厂需要使用大量的水，然后将水送回水源。如果水又脏又暖，就会破
坏水系中的野生动物。
3.
CHEMICAL PROCESSING 化学加工业
a) Some refineries and chemical processing plants release hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). 一些炼油厂和
化学加工厂释放有害空气污染物。
b) Some chemical processes release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as ethylene and propylene,
into the atmosphere. Contact with VOCs and ozone may result in increased rates of asthma, lung and
respiratory infections and heart problems. 一些化学过程会将乙烯和丙烯等挥发性有机化合物释放
到大气中。接触挥发性有机物和臭氧可能导致哮喘、肺部和呼吸道感染以及心脏问题的发生率增
加。
4.
AGRICULTURE 农业
a) One of the main problems results from the use of pesticides and fertilisers. After heavy rainfall fertilizers
always ends up in rivers, lakes and the sea where it can kill aquatic life. Also, some fertilisers can starve
soil and so the soil cannot hold sufficient water. 主要问题之一是杀虫剂和化肥的使用。强降雨后，肥
料总是流入河流、湖泊和大海，在那里它会杀死水生生物。此外，一些化肥会使土壤缺水，因此
土壤无法容纳足够的水分。
b) Farming can also contribute to global warming. One reason is because factory farming generates about
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《复习提纲》August 17, 2023
37% of global methane emissions. 农业也会导致全球变暖。工厂化农业产生的甲烷排放量约占全球甲烷
排放量的 37%。
5.
CONSTRUCTION 建筑业
a) Construction activities such as land clearing, operation of diesel engines, demolition, burning and
b)
c)
working with toxic materials contribute to air pollution. 土地清理、柴油机操作、拆除、焚烧和使用有
毒材料等建筑活动都会造成空气污染。
Water pollution can also result from construction. 施工也可能造成水污染。
Most businesses use electricity. If this is generated by burning fossil fuel, environmental damage will be
caused. Most businesses also produce waste. If it cannot be reused or recycled, it might be burnt, which
will cause emissions. 大多数企业都用电。如果这是由燃烧化石燃料产生的，将对环境造成破坏。大
多数企业也会产生废物。如果不能重复使用或回收，它可能会被燃烧，从而导致排放。
• Ways businesses damage the environment: 生产商污染环境的途径：
1. visual pollution, including litter 视觉污染，包括扔垃圾
This is where business activity results in something physical that looks very unattractive. The sight of smoke
flowing from power stations, giant office blocks, advertising hoardings, bright illuminated signs advertising
products and businesses, wind farms, electricity pylons, slag heaps, overflowing skips next to construction
2.
3.
4.
sites, disused factories and smog. Finally, most people would also regard litter as visual pollution. 商业活动
会导致一些看起来很讨厌的可视性效果。烟雾从发电站、巨大的办公楼、广告牌、明亮的产品和企业
广告牌、风电场、输电塔、矿渣堆、建筑工地旁溢出的垃圾桶、废弃的工厂和烟雾中弥漫。最后，大
多数人也会认为垃圾是视觉污染。
noise pollution 噪音污染
air pollution 空气污染
water pollution 水污染
• Government intervention to protect the environment: 政府对环保的干预政策：
1. taxation 向污染生产商征税
2. subsidy 补贴无污染或少污染生产商
3. regulation 政府制定环保相关法律法规
4. fines 对污染生产商进行罚款
5. pollution permits 颁发污染许可证
The pollution permit is a document issued that gives a business the right to discharge a certain quantity of
pollutes into the environment. Those businesses that pollute a lot must pay high prices to get the permits
while those that produce a little pollution are eligible to sell their permits to others. 污染许可证是授予企业，
向环境排放一定量污染物的权利的文件。那些污染严重的生产商必须支付高昂的价格才能从少量污染
的生产商处买得许可证，而那些产生少量污染的生产商则有资格将许可证出售给污染严重的生产商。
6.
government provision of parks 政府建设国家公园
The national parks, often very large areas of land, aim to preserve and protect areas of outstanding natural
beauty. They may contain wildlife, historic sites, beautiful scenery and areas of special interest. 国家公园通
常是大片的土地，旨在保护和保护自然美景突出的地区。它们可能包含野生动物、历史遗迹、美丽的
风景和特别需要保护的地区。
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