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SAT Worksheet 101
Sentence Structure & Combining Sentences:
How to Combine Independent and Dependent Clauses
Big Picture Background
Of the 44 grammar problems on the SAT, approximately 6 will challenge you on your
knowledge of clauses (that’s over 13% of the problems!). Indeed, your ability to identify these
problems and know how to execute on them will significantly impact your score. Please don’t
worry if you are unfamiliar with independent and dependent clauses—if you complete this
worksheet and review with your tutor, you will be an expert in no time.
Essentials
An independent clause (IC) can stand alone as a sentence. It has a subject, verb, and
completes the thought/idea of the sentence.
Example: Jon ran.
A dependent clause (DC) also possesses a subject and verb; however, it does not complete
the thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Example: Although Jon ran,
A coordinating conjunction (CC) is one of seven words with the ability to join two
independent clauses when following a comma. The seven words are referred to as
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Example: Beth practiced, so she did well.
A comma splice remains one of the SAT’s favorite types of errors. The test creators present
problems that attempt to combine, or splice together, two independent clauses with just a
comma—this is always wrong!
Incorrect (comma splice): Layla drove her car into London, she could not find parking.
Correct: Layla drove her car into London. She could not find parking.
Correct: Layla drove her car into London; she could not find parking.
Correct: Layla drove her car into London, and she could not find parking.
Correct: Layla regretted her decision to drive her car into London: she could not find
parking.
As demonstrated in the example above, there are only 4 ways (no alternatives) to combine two
independent clauses, and you will be tested on all 4, so you want to be sure to learn them:
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1)
2)
3)
4)
IC. IC
IC; IC
IC, CC/FANBOYS IC
IC: IC, DC, or List
After a colon, the second part further clarifies the assertion made by the IC before
the colon. The second part need not be an IC. It can be a DC, list, or anything else.
Example: My brother has an extraordinary talent: he can juggle.
Example: My brother has an extraordinary talent: juggling
The Role of Transition Words with Independent Clauses: 3 Different Transitions
Type
Examples
Properties
Incorrect Use
Correct Use
Coordinating
Conjunction
(CC) aka
FANBOYS
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
The CCs are
powerful: a CC
with a comma
can hold up two
independent
clauses. IC,
FANBOYS IC
Gerald needed
petroleum; so
he pulled over
at the next
station.
*CCs don’t
work with
semicolons
Gerald needed
petroleum, so
he pulled over at
the next station.
Conjunctive
Adverbs
*The majority of
transition
words: however,
nonetheless, for
example,
additionally,
thus, in fact...
Conjunctive
adverbs have
zero powers.
These
transitions
cannot hold up
two ICs with just
a comma—a
semicolon is
needed to do
that work.
Linda loves fast
food,
however, she
does not like
drive thrus.
Linda loves fast
food; however,
she does not like
drive thrus.
Subordinating
Conjunctions
because,
although, if,
since, despite,
when, unless,
while
These
transitions turn
an IC into a DC.
Because
Reemus is
violent, so he
cannot have
scissors.
Because
Reemus is
violent, he
cannot have
scissors.
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Review Exercise
Exercise 1: Apply your knowledge from above to these eight problems.
punctuate the following sentences with commas, colons, and semicolons.
Where needed,
1. I wish I played a musical instrument I regret giving up the piano as a child.
2. Punctuation is a powerful linguistic tool used correctly it is one of the hallmarks of good
writing.
3. She didn’t want to go there again the last time she visited it bored her to tears.
4. The South Bank is one of the best places in London to get a dose of the capital’s culture
within 100 meters you can find the British Film Institute the National Theatre and the Royal
Festival Hall.
5. Although I never thought I’d like my engineering course I took to the program like a duck to
water.
6. Scientists have made huge advances in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma in recent
years however twenty years ago the survival rate was as low as 40%.
7. No one could blame him for feeling nervous his play the culmination of nine months’ work
was about to open on Broadway.
8. Many African civil wars are a legacy of their colonial administrators conflicts have often
erupted in states whose boundaries were drawn up without consideration for tribal territories.
Exercise #1 Answers
1. I wish I played a musical instrument; I regret giving up the piano as a child.
2. Punctuation is a powerful linguistic tool; used correctly, it is one of the hallmarks of good writing.
3. She didn’t want to go there again: it reminded her of that dreadful day.
4. The South Bank is one of the best places in London to get a dose of the capital’s culture: within 100 meters you
can find the British Film Institute, the National Theatre, and the Royal Festival Hall.
5. Although I never thought I’d like my engineering course, I took to the program like a duck to water.
6. Scientists have made huge advances in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma in recent years; however,
twenty years ago the survival rate was as low as 40% for some variants of the diseases.
7. No one could blame him for feeling nervous: his play, the culmination of nine months’ work, was about to open
on Broadway.
8. Many African civil wars are a legacy of their colonial administrators: conflicts have often erupted in states whose
boundaries were drawn up without consideration for tribal territories.
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Combining Sentences: Questions 43-64 in this packet
You can expect to be asked twice a test “Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?” This question is testing you on two things: 1) grammar 2)
concision or economy of language. The test makers want the answer that expresses the main
idea of the two sentences most succinctly and without any grammatical errors. You can read
into this that less is generally best. Also, the incorrect answers are often grammatically flawed
in addition to being redundant or wordy.
Why is brevity preferred? Well, consider the prompt. You have two independent clauses
separated by a period, and the prompt is asking you to “effectively combine” them into one
sentence. Although it’s not explicitly stated, the question very likely does not want to
express the idea in two full independent clauses anymore. Thus, the answer that
can express the idea in less than two independent clauses (usually by turning one into a
dependent clause or a phrase) is generally the most succinct, and thus the one that fulfills the
prompt’s demands.
There are rare exceptions to this rule—getting two independent clauses down to one
independent clause—that will be explained shortly. But first let’s look at an example of this
rule in action. Below are three grammatically correct answers, but one of them better fulfills
the prompt than the other two.
Example: Ronald Mc switched to a vegan diet. He made this decision because he watched a
documentary on the industrialization of meat production and animal cruelty.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
a) Ronald Mc switched to a vegan diet; he made this decision because he watched a
documentary on the industrialization of meat production and animal cruelty.
Incorrect
b) Ronald Mc switched to a vegan diet, for he watched a documentary on the
industrialization of meat production and animal cruelty.
Incorrect
c) Having watched a documentary on the industrialization of meat production and
animal cruelty, Ronald Mc switched to a vegan diet.
Correct
Again, although there are no grammatical errors with both option “a” and “b”,
“c” is correct because it “most effectively combines” the two sentences by
reworking the sentences down from two independent clauses to a dependent and
independent clause. As a result, “c” expresses the idea most concisely.
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*The correct answer on this type of question is often not—but not always—the
one with two independent clauses.*
Rarely will the test still want two independent clauses on this type of question, but when it
does, it’s almost always because the correct answer adeptly uses the colon (see the
second page of this worksheet or E13 in your SAT Course Materials Workbook for a refresher
on the colon).
Example: Within failure lies the secret to success. Make mistakes and learn from them.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
a) Within failure lies the secret to success: make mistakes and learn from them.
Correct
“a” is the definition of colon use, and, therefore, it is more streamlined than the period.
Whereas any sentence can follow a period, a further explanation of the previous sentence
must follow a colon. With the colon, the reader knows that the second independent clause will
elaborate on or further explain the “secret to success”—this is not a given with the period. So,
although the answer consists of two independent clauses, it does effectively combine the two
sentences.
What types of grammatical errors can make an answer wrong?
Incorrect answers on these problems make the following errors:
1) Ambiguous pronouns
2) Misplaced modification
3) Redundancy
4) Using redundant phrases like “is why”; “is because”; and “being”.
5) Scramble the original idea of the two sentences
Example: 1-MCP lengthens storage life by three to four times when applied to apples. This
extended life allows producers to sell their apples in the off-season, months after the apples
have been harvested.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
a) When applied to apples, 1-MCP lengthens the storage life by three to four times,
allowing producers to sell their apples in the off-season, months after the apples have
been harvested.
Correct
b) Producers are allowed to sell their apples months after they have been
harvested—in the off-season—because 1-MCP, when applied to apples, lengthens their
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storage life by three to four times.
Incorrect: Scramble the original idea—it makes it seem as though 1-MCP
has granted the producers permission to sell their apples. The producers
do not need permission to sell their apples.
c) 1-MCP lengthens storage life, when applied to apples, by three to four times, allowing
producers to sell their apples months after the apples have been harvested in the
off-season.
Incorrect: Modification—the apples have not been harvested in the
off-season.
d) Months after apples have been harvested, producers are allowed to sell their apples, in
the off-season, because 1-MCP lengthens storage life when applied to apples by three
to four times.
Incorrect: Modification— “by three to four times” should follow and
modify “storage life”. Scramble the Idea—the order of each statement
does not effectively express the idea
Before Starting: Please review E7-E13 in your UES SAT Course Materials Workbook
Practice: All of the following are real problems from past SATs. Good luck!
1. As long as companies continue to demand
long hours from workers, and managers
should champion napping as a means to
keep employees happy, healthy, and
functional.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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NO CHANGE
workers; managers
workers, managers,
workers, managers
2. Some farmers have resorted to renting
hives from beekeepers to pollinate their
crops; when there is a shortage of bees this
being an expensive proposition.
a) NO CHANGE
b) crops, this is an expensive
proposition when there is a shortage
of bees.
c) crops, an expensive proposition
when there is a shortage of bees.
d) crops; an expensive proposition
when there is a shortage of bees.
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3. Each year, many species of shorebirds
migrate from locations in the Southern
Hemisphere to their breeding grounds in
the Arctic. A journey of thousands of
kilometers that requires frequent stops to
fuel up.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
Arctic, a
Arctic; a
Arctic; which is a
4. The risk of death is significant, and the
Arctic is an inhospitable region for most of
the year, yet the shorebirds never failing to
make their annual pilgrimage.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
year, the shorebirds never fail
year, yet the shorebirds never fail
year; yet the shorebirds never failing
5. One exception to this trend is Cleveland,
Ohio; a great place for young artists.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
is: Cleveland, Ohio, a
is Cleveland, Ohio—a
is Cleveland, Ohio (a
6. These specific word choices suggested
that Madison, not Hamilton, to be the true
author of the papers.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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was
being
Delete the underlined portion.
7. On the day of the eruption, Pliny the
Elder was initially just curious to see the
strange cloud from the volcano, but upon
receiving word that a friend was in danger,
he sailed toward Pompeii to try to rescue
her.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
NO CHANGE
danger, and sailing
danger, sailing
DELETE the underlined portion.
Pliny the Elder, we will never forget
your attempt at heroics
8. She socialized with the luminaries of her
time: painters, writers, and scientists. Many
of whom sat for her camera in her Isle of
Wight studio, where she created some of the
era’s most iconic portraits.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
scientists, many
scientists, but many
scientists: many
9. Some take a scientific approach,
consulting carefully screened focus groups
to help them decide which voice best suits
their population.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
approach; consulting
approach, they consult
approach; and consult
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10. The messages themselves may be quite
perfunctory and provide little scope for
dramatic interpretation; but they still must
be read with just the right intonation and
emphasis.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
interpretation, but they
interpretation, however they
interpretation; but
11. The changing balance of life on a reef has
attracted the attention of scientists. Who are
concerned with the important role reefs play
in protecting our shorelines.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
scientists who are concerned with
scientists: who are concerned with
scientists; concerning
12. Extracts of the sponge species Dysidea
etheria and Ectyoplasia ferox deterred the
growth of all three competitors that were
tested Tedania ignis, Lissodendoryx
isodictialis, and Haliclona hogarthi.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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tested,
tested;
tested:
13. However, because there is no official
definition of artisan food, a number of
corporations have begun to exploit the
term’s prestige by using the term
indiscriminately, one national restaurant
chain did in 2011 when it promoted its mass
market “Artisan Pizza.”
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
indiscriminately, as
indiscriminately. While
indiscriminately, to which
14. Although some consumers and farmers
feel that the certification process is not
rigorous
enough:
organic
labeling
regulations allow consumer groups and
small organic producers to bring challenges
when they believe the label has been
misused.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
enough. Organic
enough; organic
enough, organic
15. Serious plots were reserved for dramatic
productions, these always lacked music.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
productions, which
productions; that
productions of which
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16. When he learned that the frame was
actually a cart used to train sled dogs;
Melville had a stroke of inspiration: he
could rescue stray dogs in Jamaica and train
them to pull carts like the one he had just
ripped over.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
dogs,
dogs.
dogs, then
17. A study published in the Journal of
Travel Research highlights this shift, it
shows that between 2007 and 2012, while
the use of the Internet as a source of
information for booking travel remained
generally constant, the use of traditional
travel agencies increased by more than 25
percent.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
this shows
shows
showing
18. This problem was solved in 2006, when
researchers at British Antarctic Survey, the
environmental research center leading the
United Kingdom’s scientific activities in the
Antarctic, announced a major innovation in
ornithology: geolocators small enough to be
used for tracking the travel paths of small
migratory birds.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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ornithology, geolocators:
ornithology, geolocators—
ornithology; geolocators
19. Some commentators are concerned that
the existing agri-environmental schemes
will not be sufficient to protect these insects;
as human development continues to put
their habitats at risk.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
insects as
insects—as
insects. As
20. At the poles, the charged particles
(mostly electrons) accelerate along magnetic
field lines until they enter the atmosphere
and collide with atoms and molecules of
oxygen and nitrogen, creating light.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
lines; until
lines. Until
lines until then
21. The color of the light depends, on two
factors, the altitude at which the collisions
occur and the type of element—oxygen or
nitrogen—with which the electron particles
collide.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
depends on two factors: the
depends on two factors. The
depends on two factors; the
22. From Eatonville, Walker then traveled
to For Pierce, and this is where Hurston had
lived in a welfare home during her last year
of life.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
where Hurston had lived
Hurston had lived there
this was where Hurston lived
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23. For example, in a 2008 survey of 216
college students who used emoticons when
instant messaging. Respondents indicated
that emoticons enabled them to clarify the
meaning and tone of ambiguous statements
and convey information more quickly.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
messaging; respondents
messaging, respondents
messaging and respondents
24. The group, in as short a time as seven
months, was able to announce to the world
that it had done something remarkable; it
had found a lost king.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
remarkable,
remarkable—because—
remarkable; because
25. Living buildings have numerous
environmental advantages over both
traditional buildings, and less stringently
certified green buildings.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
buildings, and,
buildings and
buildings; and
26. This text managed to add another layer
of humanity to each of the photos, the
cumulative result of this is a poignant
tapestry of youth and aging, achievement
and misfortune, wealth and poverty, and
love and loss.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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of it
of which
DELETE the underlined portion
27. Six deer immediately grouped below my
window, they watched me as I began to
write.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
they were watching
and watching
watching
28. Many offer the one resource artists find
so elusive yet so necessary for focused work;
freedom from the Internet.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
work; and that is
work, but
work:
29. Providing a bridge between specialists
and general audiences medical writers play
an important social role.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
audiences;
audiences,
audiences:
30. Inspired by this movement, some
teachers and educational administrators
established gardening programs in schools,
they believed that the hands-on activities of
gardening would benefit students in many
ways.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
schools they believed
schools; and believed
schools, believing
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31. The oculus brings the sky into the
structure so on a sunny day, a circle of light
travels slowly across the interior; on a rainy
day, viewers inside the installation may get
wet; if a bird flies overhead, it becomes part
of the artwork.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
structure
structure, because
structure:
32. In 1900, 90 out of every 100 American
workers were farmers today the figure is
closer to 1 out of 100, according to Farm
Aid, a nonprofit organization supporting
family farming.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
farmers; today
farmers, today,
farmers: today—
33. From 1855 to 1863, Afanasyev compiled
and published Russian Fairy Tales. An
immense collection containing over 600
tales.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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Tales, it was an
Tales, an
Tales; being an
That’s child’s play Afanasyev. My
great-great-uncle published over
700 Bulgarian fairy tales.
34. What Afanasyev chose to include:
ultimately distinguished his tales from those
of other European folklorists of the time.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
include
include,
include;
35. MLMP organizers observe similar
positive results among the project’s
participants, many of whom report pride in
their accomplishments.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
participants, many of them
participants and many of whom
participants; many of whom
36. The FAA’s new safety standards also
mandate longer rest periods between flights
for pilots. Which means airlines need to
increase their staff to maintain the same
volume of air traffic.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
pilots, which means
pilots; which means
pilots. Meaning
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37. Centered primarily in Northern Ireland,
where Heaney was raised, the Troubles
spanned three decades of sectarian violence
between: two main factions those who
wanted to remain under British rule as part
of the United Kingdom and those who
wanted to be independent from the United
Kingdom and merge with the Republic of
Ireland into one unified country.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
between two main factions:
between: two main factions,
between two main factions;
38. The practice of tipping does not just
benefit patrons economically, though, it also
ensures that patrons receive better service
by providing an incentive to tip-dependent
restaurant employees who wait on them.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
economically though,
economically, though;
economically—though,
39. They exhibit what scientists call vocal
learning; and this is the ability to refer to an
object or individual using a learned sound.
a)
b)
c)
d)
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learning, this
learning; which
learning. This
40. When they are separated, a pair of
bottlenose dolphins from the same pod will
not simply call out their own signature
whistles, hoping to be recognized, instead,
each will call out the other’s signature
whistle—just as two humans would call out
each other’s names if they were separated in
a crowd.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
recognized; instead,
recognized instead;
recognized instead
41. It is not known how many of these
signature whistles a dolphin can remember
and use, but research has shown that
individuals do retain signature whistles in
long-term memory.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
remember and use, but,
remember and use but,
remember, and use but,
42. Thanks to the Internet, we are more
interconnected now; than at any point in
our history.
a)
b)
c)
d)
NO CHANGE
interconnected, now
interconnected, now,
interconnected now
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Combining Sentences (Concision)
43. The shorebirds risk their own survival
by flying farther. Their offspring have a
better chance of survival because fewer
predators invade the nests.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
a) Although the shorebirds risk their
own survival by flying farther, their
offspring have a better chance of
survival because fewer predators
invade nests.
b) The shorebirds risk their own
survival because they fly farther; in
addition, their offspring have a
better chance of survival because
fewer predators invade the nests.
c) Flying farther and risking their own
survival is what the shorebirds do,
and this gives their offspring a better
chance of survival because fewer
predators invade the nests.
d) The shorebirds’ offspring have a
better chance of survival, fewer
predators invade their nests, and
they risk their own survival by flying
farther.
44. Physical therapists practice this
important work in many different settings.
They assist a diverse population of clients.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
© DJE
settings, assisting
settings—assistants to
settings, but they assist
settings: assistance for
45. The researchers found an obvious
correlation between eating nuts and not
developing certain illnesses. These illnesses
include heart disease, cancer, and various
respiratory conditions.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
a) The researchers found an obvious
correlation between eating nuts and
not developing certain illnesses,
including heart disease, cancer, and
various respiratory conditions.
b) A correlation between eating nuts
and not developing certain illnesses,
including heart disease, cancer, and
various respiratory conditions, is
what the researchers found, and it
was obvious.
c) Between eating nuts and not
developing
certain
illnesses,
including heart disease, cancer, and
various
respiratory
conditions,
researchers found an obvious
correlation.
d) Not developing certain illnesses,
including heart disease, cancer, and
various respiratory conditions, was
found by researchers to be obviously
correlated with eating nuts.
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46. After complex statistical analyses, Juola
and Millican came to the same conclusion.
Galbraith was surely Rowling.
48. She manipulated light so that it might
fall on only half a face. Her manipulation of
light revealed the shadows beneath the eyes.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
a) conclusion; they also believed that
Galbraith
b) conclusion: Galbraith
c) conclusion and agreed that Galbraith
d) conclusion, for Galbraith
a) Her way of manipulating light was
that it might fall on only half a face;
this would reveal the shadows
beneath the eyes.
b) She manipulated light in such a way
that this manipulation might cause
the light to fall on only half a face;
that would reveal the shadows
beneath the eyes.
c) Manipulating light so that it might
fall on only half a face, she was
revealing the shadows beneath the
eyes.
d) She manipulated light so that it
might fall on only half a face,
revealing the shadows beneath the
eyes.
47. But Pliny’ s two letters are still here.
They offer a powerful and lasting testament
to all the horror and heroism associated
with the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
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here, offering
her in order to offer
here because they offer
here as a result of offering
15
49. The recorded announcements were then
published as audio files. They were
published on the newspaper’s website.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
a) The recorded announcements were
then published as audio files, and
they were published on the
newspaper’s website.
b) The
recorded
announcements,
published as audio files, were then
published on the newspaper’s
website.
c) The recorded announcements were
then published as audio files on the
newspaper’s website.
d) The newspaper’s website then
published the audio files, which were
what the announcements were
recorded as.
50. Successful songs in this conventional
style featured witty lyrics that bore the
lyricist’s stamp. It didn’t matter which
character sang them.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) stamp, but which character sang
them did not matter.
b) stamp, and this allowed for any
character being able to sing them.
c) stamp no matter which character
sang them.
d) stamp, this meaning that any
character could sing them.
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51. Melville had always been an animal lover
and was aware of the serious problems
Jamaica was facing. These problems were
with stray dog populations.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
facing and the problems
facing that included ones
facing
facing, and those were
52. However, the transmitters weighed
about 15 grams. They were too heavy for
many migrating birds, such as songbirds.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) Transmitters weighted about 15
grams, that being
b) Transmitters—their weight being
about 15 grams—were
c) Transmitters, weighing in at about
15 grams in weight, were
d) transmitters, which weighed about
15 grams, were
53. A new industry focusing on aurora tours
and cruises has sprung up in Norway. There,
the northern lights are visible almost every
night.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Norway, which is where
Norway, seeing as how
Norway, where
Norway since it is known that
16
54. Hurston was a trained anthropologist
and writer. She had been one of the key
contributors to the Harlem Renaissance
cultural movement.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
a) Hurston, a trained anthropologist
and writer, had been one of the key
contributors
to
the
Harlem
Renaissance cultural movement.
b) Hurston
was
a
trained
anthropologist and writer, being one
of the key contributors to the
Harlem
Renaissance
cultural
movement besides that.
c) Hurston
was
a
trained
anthropologist and writer, and
additionally she had been one of the
key contributors to the Harlem
Renaissance cultural movement.
d) Hurston had been one of the key
contributors
to
the
Harlem
Renaissance cultural movement, and
she also trained as an anthropologist
and was a writer.
55. The mystery was solved. The lost king
had been found.
Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
a) The mystery was solved, and yet the
lost king had been found.
b) Because the mystery was solved, the
lost king had been found.
c) The mystery was solved; the lost
king had been found.
d) While the mystery was solved, the
lost king had been found.
© DJE
56. Living buildings do have one drawback.
That drawback is a high price.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) drawback:
b) drawback; that is
c) drawback, which can be summed up
as
d) drawback, and that drawback is
57. Cullinan interprets quantitative data
from research studies. He does this so that
he
can
summarize
the
function,
effectiveness, and, if necessary, risks of a
particular drug.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) studies in order to summarize
b) studies for the summary of
c) studies; by doing this, he is able to
summarize
d) studies, and the purpose of this is to
summarize
17
58. The closest thing to framed artwork in
this stand-alone installation is the piece of
sky exposed by the oculus. This is a circular
hole in the ceiling.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) exposed by the oculus, a circular
hole
b) exposed by a hole that is circular and
known as an oculus
c) that the oculus, a circular hole,
exposes
d) that is exposed in a circular shape by
a hole called an oculus
59. Salamanders are typically small,
measuring only a few inches and weighing
less than an ounce. They have voracious
appetites: a salamander eats, on average,
the equivalent of twenty ants, one beetle,
and two beetle larvae per day.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
© DJE
ounce, but they have
ounce after they have
ounce because they have
ounce, which leads to having
60. The couple left jobs in computer science
and the arts to pursue “guerrilla farming.”
This is a set of practices designed to
facilitate
self-sustaining
agriculture,
promote public health, and encourage
environmental stewardship.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) “guerrilla farming,” a set of practices
b) “guerilla farming,” which, as a set of
practices, is
c) “guerilla farming”; this is a set of
practices
d) a set of practices—otherwise known
as “guerrilla farming”—
61. He was deeply interested in Russian
culture and history. This was at a time in
Russia when oral storytelling traditions
were in decline.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
history in Russia
history at a time
history, and this was
history: at the time in Russia, this
was
18
62. In the former, he explores the cyclical
roots of violence throughout history. He
explores the cyclical roots of violence not as
an exclusively Irish or English problem but
as a human one.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) history, and does it
b) history,
c) history, exploring the cyclical roots
of violence
d) history; this is
63. A friend challenged Russel to show what
the original ending of the tapestry might
have looked like. This spurred Russel on to
start working with a local artist, Pauline
Black, in 2012.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a) Russell was challenged by a friend to
show what the original ending of the
tapestry might have looked like, and
this challenge spurred her on to start
b) Challenged by a friend to show what
the original ending of the tapestry
might have looked like, Russell was
spurred on by this challenge to start
c) Spurred on by a friend who
challenged her to show what the
original ending of the tapestry might
have looked like, Russell started
d) A friend’s challenge to Russell was
for her to show what the original
ending of the tapestry might have
looked like; this spurred Russell on
and she started
© DJE
64. Scientists at the University of Saint
Andrews have conducted two major
experiments on the subject. They think that
this ability to identify other individuals by
“name” helps dolphin pods stay together in
the wild.
Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
a)
b)
c)
d)
subject; they also think
subject to think
subject and think
subject by thinking