EDU401
Define positive peace.
Positive peace refers to a society with justice and equality, not just the absence of direct violence.
Positive peace involves tackling the root causes of violence through reforms to address
inequality, promote human rights, and meet basic human needs.
Relationship between quality education and environment education.
There is an important relationship between quality education and environmental education.
Environmental education teaches students about environmental issues and sustainability. It
promotes critical thinking skills to find solutions to environmental problems. Quality education
aims to provide students with the knowledge and competencies needed for life. By integrating
environmental education into quality education, students gain the awareness and
problem-solving abilities to create a more sustainable world.
Demand side pressure.
Demand-side pressures are one factor driving privatization in education. There is excess demand
- parents want more education than governments can provide. There is also differentiated
demand - parents want alternative types of education than standardized public schools offer. As
demand rises, privatization emerges to meet consumer desires.
Systematic research and population studies.
Systematic research involves carefully planned investigative studies to add to the knowledge
base. Population studies look at demographic factors like birth, death, migration rates to
understand population trends. Research helps design effective population education programs
tailored to community needs.
Forms of privatization.
Three main forms of privatization in education are:
1) Private provision - private schools and universities,
2) Private funding - financing from tuition fees rather than government,
3) Private regulation - accountability to parents rather than government rules.
Privatization shifts control from state to private hands.
Privatization policies.
Privatization Policies:
● Educational vouchers - Families get funds to choose any school, public or private
● Public school liberalization - Reducing regulations on public schools to increase
flexibility
● Private contracting - Hiring private companies to provide school services like transport
● Tuition credits/deductions - Tax advantages for private education expenditures
● Subsidies for private schools - Government assistance grants to lower private school fees
● Competition among schools - Choice and competition to improve quality
What is Madrasa education?
● Madrasas are Islamic religious schools in Muslim countries
● Provide instruction in Islamic subjects like Quran, Hadith, Fiqh (jurisprudence)
● Also teach secular subjects like math, science, language, history
● Classification: Five types from informal local madrasas to advanced Islamic universities
● Increased in dominance and enrollment in Pakistan since the 1980s
● Issues like radicalization, lack of modern curriculum, and gender inequality exist
● Reforms proposed: Register madrasas, add secular subjects, improve teacher training
Characteristics of informal learning.
Characteristics of Informal Learning:
● Not provided by an educational institution
● Typically does not lead to certification
● Not structured in terms of learning objectives, time or support
● Intentional from the learner's perspective
● Acquired through daily activities related to work, family or leisure
Terms used for Attitude.
Terms for Attitude:
● Affective domain, values, feelings, motivations, interests, perceptions
Why population education is necessary:
● Helps people understand population dynamics and trends
● Equips them to make informed decisions as individuals, families, and communities
● Addresses contemporary economic, social, and political issues related to population
● Aims to promote equity, social justice, independence, and self-determination
Three sources of internal efficiency:
1. Greater competition between education providers
2. Superior ownership and managerial structures
3. Enhanced accountability and incentive systems
Why privatization happens:
● Demand-side pressures like excess and differentiated demand
● Supply-side pressures like declining public school quality
● General pressures like globalization and encouragement by aid agencies
Madrassa Reform 2006:
● Registration of madrassas with education boards
● Expanding curriculum to add formal subjects like math, science
● Improving teacher qualifications
● Increasing access to formal education and vocational training
Conflict Positive:
● Seeing conflict as an opportunity for growth and positive change
● Addressing root causes of conflicts through open dialogue
● Building understanding between groups and finding mutually beneficial solutions
● Developing conflict resolution skills like empathy, compromise, nonviolence
What role do environment-friendly schools play for climate change?
Environment-friendly schools teach students about taking care of the environment. They help
students learn how to deal with climate change problems like droughts, floods, and pollution.
Students do projects to reduce waste, save energy and water. They plant trees and gardens. The
schools are designed to be sustainable. Students lead the way in making their schools green!
Assimilation and pluralistic models:
The assimilation model is when minority students are taught only in the main national language.
This makes them assimilate or absorb the culture of the majority group.
The pluralistic model respects the home language and culture of minority students. They are
taught in their mother tongue in early grades. Multiple languages and cultures are accepted. This
model values diversity more.
What is social cohesion?
Social cohesion means people in a society feel a sense of belonging. They share values and work
for the common good. Schools can promote social cohesion by teaching students to be
responsible citizens.
Note on Livingstone:
Livingstone said there are three types of learning - formal, non-formal, and informal. Formal
learning happens in schools with a set curriculum. Non-formal learning is organized but out of
school, like in adult classes. Informal learning happens by daily life activities, not in classrooms.
Productive efficiency:
Productive efficiency means getting the maximum benefit from the resources you have.
Privatizing education may increase productive efficiency. Private schools may compete more,
have better management, and be more accountable. This can improve education quality.
Ways to evaluate privatization:
We can evaluate privatization by looking at 1) Choice - do families have more options? 2)
Quality - are outcomes and results better? 3) Fairness - is access to education equitable? 4) Social
impact - does it affect the sense of community?
Literacy rate in Pakistan:
The total literacy rate in Pakistan is around 57%. For men it is 69% and for women it is 45%. So
the literacy rate is medium, and women's literacy is lagging behind.
Demand-side pressure:
Demand-side pressure means parents want more education than what the government provides.
There is high demand. Also parents want different types of schools. This demand pushes
privatization.
Supply-side pressure:
Supply-side pressure happens when public schools are seen as poor quality. Resources are
insufficient and classrooms overcrowded. The public system has limited supply. So privatization
emerges.
Demands of Madrassa Reforms:
● Modernization of curriculum - Add math, science, computer science to develop skills
● Teacher training - Improve teacher qualifications beyond just religious education
● Registration - Require madrassas to register with education boards for better regulation
● Expand access - Provide formal education and vocational training especially for girls
● Address extremism - Prevent radicalization by teaching tolerant and progressive Islam
Non-Formal Learning:
● Structured and organized learning outside formal school system
● Short-term, voluntary, flexible schedules
● Leads to certification but not formal degrees
● Example: Adult education classes, vocational skills training
Purpose of Peace Education:
● Teach attitudes, values, knowledge to promote a culture of peace
● Nurture skills for nonviolent conflict resolution
● Foster understanding between groups
● Create responsible global citizens who reject war and violence
Elements of Peace Education Philosophy:
● Reverence for life
● Commitment to social justice and human rights
● Belief in the fundamental goodness of human beings that can be nurtured
● faith in the power of love and nonviolence
● Hope for transformation and belief in moral progress
Direct Violence and Positive Peace:
● Direct violence is physical, verbal, psychological harm done directly
● Positive peace is more than absence of direct violence
● It is a society with justice, equality and meeting of basic human needs
● Requires tackling root causes like inequality through reforms
Levels of Literacy:
There are four levels of literacy:
1. Functional Literacy
● Ability to read and write for daily needs
● Read bus schedules, bills, newspaper headlines
2. Communicative Literacy
● Can extract information from texts and apply it
● Read novels, letters, manuals
3. Critical Literacy
● Critically analyze and evaluate texts
● Understand biases, power structures, motivations
4. Proficient Literacy
● Highest level, fully skilled reading and writing
● Read academic texts, synthesize information
Literacy as Social Practice:
● Literacy is used in everyday social practices like shopping, visiting doctor, paying bills
● Culturally accepted ways to engage in practices vary across cultures and over time
● Literacy helps us participate meaningfully in different social contexts
Transcend approach:
The transcend approach aims to transform relationships between groups in conflict. It focuses on
forgiveness, trust, and understanding others' needs. Dialogue helps find solutions. It is based on
meeting human needs to reduce violence.
Billett's views:
Billett said there is no informal learning. He felt all learning happens in organized social groups
with rules. The distinction between formal and informal learning is problematic.
Financing in privatization:
Privatization shifts the funding of education from government to private sources. This includes
tuition fees paid by families. Tax incentives like credits also encourage private spending.
Eraut on learning:
Eraut differentiated between formal education and non-formal learning. He saw non-formal
learning as structured but not by traditional schools. It does not lead to qualifications.
Colley and Hodkinson on formal and informal learning:
Formal learning is teacher-controlled, assessed, and aimed at the status quo. Informal learning is
empowering, context-specific, and learner-driven. It arises from learner interests and is
collaborative.
Beckett's views on informal learning:
Beckett believes informal learning is more common and effective than formal learning. It
involves the whole person - mind, emotions, values. It is centered on the learner's needs and
interests. It happens naturally in life, not classrooms. It is collaborative with others.
Three student migration strategies:
1. Rural-urban migration - Students move from villages to cities for school.
2. Public-private migration - Students switch from government to private schools.
3. Brain drain - Talented students migrate abroad for higher education.
Features of formal learning:
● Teacher-led instruction
● Planned curriculum
● Certification
● School premises
● Fixed schedules
Role of culture in population education:
Culture shapes people's beliefs about family, gender roles, marriage, etc. Population education
should help students examine their cultural norms and how they affect choices.
Persuasion and prescription:
Persuasion is when schools promote specific behaviors, like small families. Prescription is when
the curriculum sets goals aligned with government policy. But this can limit open inquiry.
Landslide prevention at schools:
● Plant shrubs and trees to stabilize soil
● Build retaining walls for support
● Improve drainage to reduce erosion
● Relocate at-risk buildings to safer areas
Migrant trends:
● Rural to urban migration is increasing as people move to cities for jobs.
● Skilled migration also rises as workers with education and talent migrate abroad.
● This "brain drain" deprives developing countries of human capital.
Immersion and national language models:
The immersion model starts instruction in the national language. Some teaching in students'
home language is allowed.
The national language model only uses the national language for instruction. No home languages
are used.
Freedom of choice for parents:
With privatization, parents have more freedom to choose the school they feel is best for their
child. They are not limited to just public schools.
Characteristics of informal learning by Beckett and Hager:
● Holistic, involves whole person
● Contextualized learning
● Learner-driven based on needs and interests
● Collaborative
● Learning is not the main goal
Privatization:
Privatization transfers control of education from government to private groups like businesses,
non-profits, religious institutions etc. This can apply to provision, funding, and regulation.
Innovation and renovation:
Innovation means introducing new methods and content like population education. Renovation
means improving existing education systems through reforms. Population education can
contribute to innovation and renovation.
Food and population:
Rapid population growth increases food demand. Feeding the growing population is a challenge,
especially in developing countries. Population education addresses this issue.
Healthcare and population:
Developing countries focus on reducing infant mortality and infectious diseases. Developed
nations tackle issues like pollution and urban stress. Different health priorities shape population
trends.
Human rights:
Access to education and healthcare are human rights. Population education promotes rights like
empowering women through education to make informed choices about their lives.
Climate change and children:
Climate change harms children through extreme weather, drought, disease etc. It can prevent
access to schooling. Environment education helps give them skills to adapt to climate impacts.
Challenges in environmental education:
● Lack of teacher knowledge and training
● Need for locally relevant and culturally suitable programs
● Integrating it into crowded curricula
● Limited resources and materials
Integration:
Some see population education as integrated into broader approaches like environmental or
development education. But population education has distinct goals like understanding
demographic factors.
Challenges implementing mother tongue instruction:
● Practical only where students speak the same language
● Lack of textbooks and teacher training in many languages
● Concerns that students won't learn official languages well
● Political issues preferring dominant language
Decision making:
Most people make decisions based on their family, peer, and community influences. Population
education aims to increase individuals' understanding of these influences and their options.
Private payments:
Many families pay private tutors or coaching centers to supplement schooling. This privatized
spending is common in competitive exam systems. It increases educational inequity.
Vouchers:
Educational vouchers are funds given to parents to choose any school for their child, including
private schools. This promotes school choice and competition.
Billett's view on informal learning:
Billett rejected the idea of informal learning. He said all learning happens in structured social
contexts like workplaces. The distinction between formal and informal learning is problematic.
Levels and grades of madrassas:
There are 5 levels of madrassas in Pakistan:
1. Mosque school - Basic Quran lessons
2. Primary - 5 years study of Quran, Islamiyat, Nazira
3. Middle - 8 years, adds subjects like math, English
4. Secondary - 10 years total, leads to university
5. Advanced - Islamic universities offering specialization
Contemporary concern of population education:
Population education helps people understand factors affecting population growth, decline,
movement etc. It aims to equip them to make informed decisions on issues like family planning.
Liberalization:
In education, liberalization means reducing regulations on schools to make them more flexible
and efficient at meeting student needs. For example, creating charter schools with fewer rules.
Two assumptions of peace education:
1. Peace is possible if nurtured through values education
2. Wars are not inevitable parts of human nature
Problems in literacy:
● Gender gap - Women have much lower literacy
● Rural access - Fewer facilities in villages
● Low investment - Under 2% of budget on education
● Radicalization - Biased curriculum in some madrassas
Formal and Informal Learning (Colley, Hodkinson and Malcom)
FORMAL - teacher control, examinations, fixed curriculum INFORMAL - learner-driven,
context-specific, empowering
What is Article 37B?
Article 37B was added to the Pakistani constitution in 2010. It made education a fundamental
right for all children 5-16 years old. The government must provide free and compulsory
education.
Strategies for developing accessible curricula:
● Identify and remove barriers to participation in curriculum
● Consult students with disabilities in design process
● Add assistive technologies and accommodations
● Train teachers on flexibility and adaptation
● Monitor accessibility and make ongoing improvements
Importance of EE in environment-friendly schools:
Environmental education teaches kids to take care of nature. They learn to solve problems like
pollution and climate change. EE lets students do green projects in school like recycling, saving
energy, and gardening. It helps them build skills to protect the environment.
Implementing EE:
● Integrate EE into all subjects
● Give teachers training on EE
● Raise awareness through campaigns
● Do EE projects in communities
● Make school facilities green
EE in environment-friendly schools:
● Teach about environmental issues
● Make buildings sustainable - natural light, renewable energy
● Grow school gardens for learning and nutrition
● Have students lead sustainability improvements
● Partner with community environmental groups