DISASTER READINESS AND
RISK REDUCTION
LESSON 1: CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER
RISK
 The Philippine archipelago lies in a region that is
predisposed to natural hazards
 It is located at the western edge of the Pacific
Ocean where most of the tropical cyclones of the
world form
 Isa tayo sa mga bansa na sumasalo sa mga
namumuong sama ng panahon
 Philippines is also a part of the so called “circum
pacific seismic” belt where 80% of the world’s
annual earthquakes occur
 This belt is also the cause of several destructive
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions experienced
in the country
 The Philippines has experienced all types of
disasters caused by typhoons, floods, storn
surges, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, etc
 The biggest number of disasters and economic
losses worldwide are due to floods and
windstroms (typhoons)
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CONCEPT OF DISASTER
Republic Act No 10121 (Philippine Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010)
- Section 3, RA. No. 10121
“Disaster” – a serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds
the ability of the affected community or society to
cope using its own resources. Disasters are often
described as a result of the combination of: the
exposure to a hazard; the conditions of
vulnerability that are present; and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the
potential negative consequences, Disaster
impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease
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and other negative effects on human, physical,
mental and social well-being, together with
damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of
services, Social and economic disruption and
environmental degradation.1avvphi
“Hazard” – a dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or condition that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihood and services,
social and economic disruption, or environmental
damage
DISASTER VS HAZARD
DISASTER
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Disrupts normal human
activities
Inflicts loss of life,
injury and bad effects
on health and wellbeing
Destroys or damages
private and public
properties, critical
facilities and other
essential services
Exceeds the ability of
the affected community
or society to cope with
its own resources
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HAZARD
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Dangerous
phenomenon
Substance
Human activity
Condition
DISASTER is the result of HAZARD if it affects
human life, and property
LESSON 2: DISASTER RISK
Disaster Risk - The potential loss of life, injury or
destroyed or damaged assests which could occur
to as system, society or a community in a specific
period of time, determined probabilistically as a
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function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and
capacity (UNDRR)
o Expressed as a function of hazard,
exposure, and vulnerability. It seeks not
only to express the chance of the disaster
happening but also to quantify the impact
o The magnitude of the disaster depends
on:
- Severity of the natural event
- The quantity of exposure of the
elements at risk which includes lives
and properties
- Vulnerability level or quality of
exposure
VULNERABILITY
extent to which a community’s structure, services,
or environment are likely to be damaged or
disrupted by the impact of a hazard
EXPOSURE
the number of people, property, systems or other
elements present in hazard zones that are
thereby subject to potential loss
NATURE AND EFFECTS OF DISASTER
Disaster often result from the failure to anticipate
the timing and enormity of natural hazards
1. Medical Effects - include traumatic injuries,
emotional stress, epidemic disease, and
indigenous disease
2. Damage to critical facilities - widespread
disasters can destroy or damage facilities that
may be critical not only in maintaining a safe
environment and public order, but also in
responding to the disaster. (Communication
installation, electrical generating, and
transmission facilities, hospitals etc.
3. Disruption of transportation - During the initial
stages of a disaster, almost all surface means of
transportation within a community are disrupted
by broken bridges and roads and streets that are
rendered impassable by landslides or floods. The
restricted mobility of vehicles makes rescue and
other emergency operations difficult.
4. Economic Impact - as a result of the destruction
and damage to critical facilities, especially to
transportation and communication facilities,
disasters disrupt economies as normal business
operations and other economic activities are
curtailed
5. Global Environmental Change - There is
increasing evidence of a global climatic change
brought about by both human activity and
disasters. Although the long-range consequences
are hard to predict, more severe cyclonic storms
and increase in both flooding and drought, and a
trend towards desertification cannot be ruled out.
The changes could result in a wide range of more
hazards such as wildfires and mudslides, reduced
productivity in the oceans and weakened immune
systems of people and animals
6. Social and Political Impacts - as a large
segment of the population in developing countries
the poor, who are the most valuable whenever a
disaster strikes, these counties are most affected.
The poor are the most prone to disasters because
of the structures they live in which are
unreinforced and poorly built
EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
 Vulnerabilty - the degree of loss to a given
element at risk
1. Physical Vulnerability - It refers to the buildings,
infrastructure, critical facilities, and agriculture.
o Vulnerability of buildings — affected by
the site, design, shape, materials used,
construction techniques, maintenance
and proximity of building to others.
o Vulnerability of infrastructures —
group into transport system (roads,
railways, bridges, airports, pod facilities),
utilities (water, electricity, sewerage), and
telecommunications.
o Vulnerability of critical facilities — vital
functioning of societies in disaster
situations (hospitals, emergency services,
etc.)
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o Vulnerability of agriculture — this
includes major crops, trees, livestock and
fisheries.
2. Social Vulnerability - Focuses on special
categories of vulnerable groups, livelihoods,
perception of risk. local institutions, poverty, etc.
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Key variables explaining variations of impact are the
following:
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Class (differences in wealth)
Occupation
Caste (system of hierarchical social classes, or a
specific social class of people)
Ethnicity
Gender
Disability and health status
Age
Nature and extend of social netwoks
LESSON 3: BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD

Poverty levels - The poorer you are, the higher the
exposure to everyday risks and the less concerned you
are with infrequent hazards.
-
As a rule, the poor suffer more from hazards than
the rich.
Poorer population groups do not always have a
choice of where to locate, thus they might have to
live in risky areas. for example, on a muddy
hillside or a flood plain.(Blaikie et al.. 1994)
3. Economic Vulnerability - Measures the risk of
hazards causing losses to economic assets and
processes.
It focuses on evaluating the following:
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Direct Loss potential — production of goods and
services, cost of damage or destruction of
physical and social infrastructure and its repair or
replacement.
Indirect Loss potential — impact on lost
production, employment, vital services and
income-earning activities.
Economic damage potential — anything
concrete that affects the economy of a region and
can be damaged by a hazard.
Environmental Vulnerability - also knwon as
ecosystem vulnerability or fragility
- It can be seen as “the inability of an
ecosystem to tolerate stressor over
time and space.” (William and
Kaputska, 2000)
1.
2.
3.
4.
HAZARD
a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human
activity, or condition that may cause loss of life,
injury or other healt impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihood, and services, social and
economic disruption or environmental damage
(RA. No 10121)
TYPES OF HAZARD
Natural Hazards - hazards that results from
Earth’s natural processes (eg. Volcanic eruption,
earthquakes
Secondary Hazards - are hazards that resulted
or consequence of other hazards (Eg. landslides,
tsunamis)
Technological Hazards - man made hazards
(eg. radiation leaks, toxicity of land due to
pesticides )
Quasi-natural Hazards - hazards that results
from the interaction of natural processes and
human activities (smog, desertification)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HAZARD
1. GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Earthquakes
 Vibration
 Ground Rupture
 Liquefaction
 Earthquake-induced landslides
 Tsunami
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 Volcanic Eruption
 Lava Flow
 Volcanic Gas
 Pyroclastic Flow
 Tephra Fall
 Lahar
 Volcanic Debris
 Avalanache
 Rainfall induced landslides
 Rapid sediment movement
 Subsidence
 Sinkhole formation
 Impacts with space objects
2. HYDROLOGIC HAZARDS
 Floods
 Wave action
 Drought
 Rapid glacier avalanche
3. ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
 Typhoons or Hurricanes
 Thuderstorms
 Excessive rainfalls
 Tornadoes
 Heavy snowfalls
 Hail
 Blizzards
 Glaze storm
 Freezing rain
 High wind speeds
 Extreme temperature
 Lightnings
4. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 Epidemic in humans
 Epidemic in plants
 Epidemic in animals
 Locusts
5. MAN-MADE HAZARDS
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Transportation accidents
Industrial explosions and fires
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Accidental release of toxic chemicals,
radiological material, biological material,
oil etc
Nuclear accidents
Collapse of public buildings
Weapons of mass destructions
Computer viruses
IMPACTS OF HAZARD
o The impacts of hazards are the likely outcome of
disaster, the exposed elements will initianlly
receive all the negative impacts. In some cases,
however, not all the impacts of hazards are
adverse
o Some natural hazards result in changes that may
be beneficial or supportive of the other existing
elements:
- Physical Elements
- Socioeconomic Elements
- Environmental elements
LESSON 4: EARTHQUAKE
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EARTHQUAKE
It is a vibration of the ground produced by a
sudden release of energy due to the disturbance
of the stability of the rock masses beneath the
Earth's surface.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
1. Tectonic - Earthquake produces by sudden
movement along faults and plate boundaries
2. Volcanic - Earthquakes produces by movement
of magma beneath volcanoes.
3. Explosion — Man — made (technological)
earthquakes produced by detonation of high
explosives like nuclear bomb.
WAYS OF DESCRIBING THE STRENGTH OF AN
EARTHQUAKE
1. Intensity - perceived strength of an earthquake
based on relative effect to people and structures;
generally higher near the epicenter.
2. Magnitude - based on instrumentally derived
information and correlated strength with the
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amount of total energy released at the
earthquake's point of origin.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Ground shaking or Ground motion
Ground surface rapture
Liquefaction
Tsunami
Earthquake induced landslide
GROUND SHAKING (VIBRATION)
It refers to what we feel when energy built up by
the application of stress to the lithosphere is
released by faulting during earthquake.
Technically, it refers to the disruptive up and
down and sideways motion experienced during an
earthquake.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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HOW GROUND SHAKING IS MEASURED
The strength of ground shaking is measured in terms of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Velocity
Acceleration
Frequency content of shaking
Duration (How long the shaking continues)
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GROUND RAPTURE
The creation of new or the renewed movement of
old fractures, oftentimes with two blocks on both
side moving in opposite direction.
LIQUEFACTION
takes place when loosely packed, water-logged
sediments at or near the ground surface lose their
strength in response to strong ground shaking
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
Why Landslide Occur?
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A change in the stability of a slope can be caused
by a number of factors acting together or alone.
1. Removal of Support — at the based of a
slope which may be due to erosion at the toe of
a slope by rivers or ocean waves.
2. Groundwater (pore water) pressure — during
sudden changes in he water level of bodies of
water adjacent to a slope also acts to
destabilize it.
Volcanic Eruption - Bulging of slopes and the
force of volcanic material ejection or emission
may also contribute to slope instability.
Intense rainfall
Snowmelt
Human Intervention
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
TSUNAMI
A term which originated from the Japanese "tsu",
which means harbor. and "name", which means
wave.
It is a series of waves generated when an oceanic
body of water is rapidly disturbed because of an
underwater earthquake. volcanic eruption,
landslide or underwater explosion.
SIGNS OF IMPENDING TSUNAMI
Drawback - when the ocean recedes drastically or
the water level falls unusually along the shoreline.
Change in Animal Behavior
Sound similar to incoming train
LESSON 5: VOLCANIC HAZARDS
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VOLCANO
The term volcano, signifies a mountain, hill or
simply a vent, through which molten or hot pieces
of rocks and gaseous materials are ejected from a
reservoir below the surface of the earth.
Formed over weak spots or breaks in the Earth’s
crust through which molten materials and gases
move up to the surface when the pressure of gas
and magma becomes too great to be contained
by the magma chamber or reservoir. Thus,
volcano eruption may be defined as a process
during which volcanic materials such as molten or
hot fragmented rock and gas are ejected, usually
violently, from a volcano.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Lahar – Lahar is an Indonesian term that
describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock
fragments flowing down the slopes of a volcano
and river valleys
Ash Fall – a rain or airborne ash resulting from a
volcanic eruption. It ca have serious detrimental
effects on agricultural crops and livestock
depending mainly on ash thickness, the type of
growing condition of a crop, the presence of
soluble fluoride on the ash, and timing and
intensity of subsequent rainfall
Pyroclastic Flow – are heavier than air gas
particle emulsions that across the ground at
velocities ranging from 10m/sec to 300 m/sec.
Then can attain temperature of over 1000 c.
Ballistic Projectiles – are rocks that an erupting
volcano may hurl into the air. These blocks and
bombs travel like cannon balls and usually land
within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as
5km, or even further, if the eruption is very
explosive)
Volcanic Gases – sulfur compounds, chlorine
and fluorine react with water to form poisonous
acids damaging to the eyes, skin and respiratory
systems of animals even in very small
concentration
Lava Flow – it rarely threaten human life because
kava usually moves slowly- a few centimeters a
few centimeters per hour
to face whatever circumstances the eruption may
bring
2. Prepare all necessary things such as food, water,
light sources, masks and batteries so bring once
evacuation is needed
3. Prioritize safety of kids before other things
DURING:
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6.
Avoid all low-lying place
Seek cover in case of ash falls and rock falls
Use masks and cover your mouth
]close all doors and windows
Always stay indoors/evacuation center
Keep watchful eye on the kids
AFTER:
1. Go back to your house but leave the kids
2. Clean everything around and check all the
damages incurred
3. Use masks while cleaning ash and other debris
4. Wait for further announcements
5. Make sure that your house is still safe for all of
you
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1. Increase of seismic activity
2. Deformation of volcano
3. Gases that come out of fumaroles
4. If plants nearby die suddenly, if the color of any
lakes or ponds nearby changes
5. Changes in thermal images of volcanic areas
APPROPRIATE MEASURES/INTERVENTIONS
BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER A VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
BEFORE:
1. Each one should be aware of the dangers that
volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be prepared
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