EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
Examples of ABC drug desciptions MF3 2023
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
1. Mucolytic
2. Antidote
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Depolymerisation of mucoproteins. Secretolytic effect.
Restore glutathione storage in case of paracetamol
overdose.
1.
Acetylcysteine
2.
Acetylsalicylic acid
1. Antiplatelet;
2. NSAID
3.
Acyclovir
Antiinfective
Antiviral agent
Antiplatelet – irreversible COX1 inhibition, inhibition of
thromboxane A2 synthesis; blockade of platelet
activation in aggregation phase, antithrombotic effect
NSAID - COX2 inhibition,
analgesic, anti-fever, anti-inflammatory action
Antimetabolite, analogue of guanosine, inhibition of viral
DNA polymerase, virustatic action
4.
Adrenaline
(Epinephrine)
Non-selective
adrenomimetic
5.
Alendronic acid
Bisphosphonate
6.
Allopurinol
Anti-gout agent
7.
Alteplase
Thrombolytic
Direct stimulation of alfa1&2 and beta 1&2
adrenoreceptors.
“+” ino, “+” batmo, “+” dromotropic effects, local
haemostatic action.
Antianaphylaxis action, cardiotonic action,
bronchodilatation and vasoconstriction
Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, inhibit of
activation of osteoclasts,, antiresorbtive action
Inhibits enzyme xanthine oxidase,
blockade of synthesis of uric acid
uricostatic action
Activator of plasminogen. Fibrinolytic effect
Indications (C)
1.Acute or chronic
bronchitis with productive
cough
2. Intoxication with
paracetamol
1. Secondary prophylaxis of
cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular thrombosis
2. Pain, fever
Herpes zoster and Herpes
simplex virus infections
Varicella zoster infections
Systemic use: anaphylaxis,
cardiopulmonary
reanimation (AV blockade)
Local use: in combined
preparations with local
anesthetics
Osteoporosis
Oncogenic hypercalciemia
Comments
NSAID – nonsterpoidal antiinflammatory drug
In osteoporosis prophylaxis of
vertebral and nonvertebral fractures
Gout
Management of malignancy
associated hyperuricaemia
Acute coronary syndrome.
stroke
1
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
8.
Amiodarone
9.
Amitriptyline
10.
Amoxicillin (A.)
+ clavulanic acid (C.)
11.
Aripiprazole
Pharmacological
group (A)
Antiarrhythmic
Agent (Class III)
Non-selective
monoamine reuptake
inhibitor, tricyclic
antidepressant
Antiinfective
Beta-lactam
antibiotics,
Penicillins (3rd
generation)
Atypical
antipsychotic drugs
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Phase 0 of AP: blockade of sodium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes, extending QRS complex;
Phase 3 of AP: blockade of potassium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes, prolonging QT interval’
Phase 2 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes.
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels
in SA and AV nodes.
Iodine in structure can influent action of thyroid gland
antiarrhytmic action
Non-selective inhibition of reuptake of monoamines
(norepinephrine, serotonine), anticholinergic activity
psychomotor weighing down, sedative action, coanalgetic action
A. Blockade of bacterial cell wall synthesis, inhibition of
transpeptidase,
C. inhibitor of beta lactamase
A.+C. broad spectrum
bactericidal action
5-HT2A antagonist, D2 partial agonist
Influence on serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors
of brain cortex and limbic system
Antipsychotic and mood stabilizing action
Indications (C)
Comments
Supraventicular (e.g. atrial
fibrillation) and ventricular
arrhythmias
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
Depression
Neuropatic pain
Treatment of infections
caused by Gr+ and Grbacteria that are sensitive to
this antibacterial agent
Some examples: pneumonia,
acute otitis, sinusitis, cystitis
Psychiatric diseases
Example:schizophrenia,
bipolar disorder
2
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
Hypolipidemic
agents
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Inhibition of hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A
(HMG-CoA) reductase, blockade of synthesis of
cholesterol precursor – mevalonic acid in liver, increases
the number of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
receptors on the cell-surface to enhance uptake and
catabolism of LDL, thus lowering plasma lipoprotein and
cholesterol levels, hypolipidemic, pleiotropic (e.g.
enhancing the stability of atherosclerotic plaques) effects
Indications (C)
Comments
12.
Atorvastatin
Dislipidemias
Prophylaxis of
cardiovascular diseases
(primary, secondary)
Atropine
M-cholinoblocker
Non-selective blockade of M cholinoreceptors, „+” crono
and dromotropic effects, spasmolytic, secretolytic,
prolonged mydriatic actions.
Bevacizumab
Antineoplastic agent,
Recombinant
humanized
monoclonal IgG1
antibody
Binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and
inhibits the interaction of VEGF to receptors on the
surface of endothelial cells. In the process, it prevents the
proliferation of endothelial cells and formation of new
blood vessels, anti-blastic action
systemic use:
a) symptomatic sinus
bradycardia, blockade of
AV node
b) preoperative – to reduce
secretion of salivary glands
c)antidote in case of
poisoning with muscarinecontaining mushrooms and
anticholinesterase inhibitors
local use (in eye drops):
mydriasis and cycloplegia
for ophthalmic
investigations
Neoplasms, e.g. colorectal
cancer, breast cancer, lung
cancer, renal carcinoma
Cholesterolindependent or
“pleiotropic” effects
of statins involve
improving
endothelial function,
enhancing the
stability of
atherosclerotic
plaques, decreasing
oxidative stress and
inflammation, and
inhibiting the
thrombogenic
response
Mydriatic action is
very long (≈7 days)
in comparison with
tropicamide (≈6-7
hours).
13.
14.
Age-related macular
degeneration
3
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
Chemical irritating
stimulant laxative
Vitamins
Vitamin D
biologically active
form
Antiepileptic agent
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Directly enhances peristaltic of intestines; additionally
has osmotic effect in the colon, laxative effect
Nonselective D vitamin receptor (intracellular) agonist.
Provides calcium absorption in the GIT and reabsorption
from kidney. Regulates Ca2+ homeostasis
Indications (C)
15.
Bisacodyl
16.
Calcitriol
17.
Carbamazepine
Blocks neuronal voltage-gated sodium (calcium)
channels and decreases the excitation. Anticonvulsant
action, mood stabilization, analgesic action
Ciprofloxacin
Synthetic
antiinfective
Quinolone
(fluorquinolone)
Inhibition of DNA gyrase, inhibition of synthesis of
nucleic acids, bactericidal action
19.
Clarithromycin
Antiinfective
macrolide antibiotic
Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis. Broad
spectrum
Bacteriostatic effect
20.
Clindamycin
Antiinfective
lincozamide
antibiotic
Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis. Broad
spectrum
Bacteriostatic effect
Grand mal epileptic
seizures,
bipolar disorder,
neuropathic pain
Treatment of infections
caused by Gr+ and Gr(mostly Gr-) bacteria that is
sensitive to this antibacterial
agent
Examples: pyelonephritis,
bacterial traveller diarrhea
Treatment of infections
caused bacteria that are
sensitive to this antibacterial
agent
Examples: H. pylori
infection, legionellosis
Treatment of infections
caused bacteria that are
sensitive to this antibacterial
agent
Examples: osteomyelitis,
Acne vulgaris, bacterial
vaginose
Arterial hypertension,
Coanalgesia
18.
Side effect: pseudomembranous colitis
21.
Clonidine
Central α2
adrenoreceptor and
imidazoline receptor
agonist
Central presynaptic and postsynaptic α2 receptora and
imidazoline receptor stimulation, peripheral blood vessel
dilation. Hypotensive effect.
Regulates subcortical activity in the brain. Decreases
pain impulse transmission in the brain co-analgetic effect
Comments
Constipation
Rickets, osteoporosis
prophylaxis
Renal osteodystrophy
GIT –gastrointestinal
tract
4
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
22.
Clopidogrel
Pharmacological
group (A)
antiplatelet agent
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
ADP (P2Y12 type) receptor antagonist, blocks
thrombocyte activation in aggregation phase
antithrombotic effect
Folate antagonist.
T. –dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, S. –
dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, PABA antagonist
Bactericidal effect
23.
Co-trimoxazole
(combination of
sulfamethoxazole (S.)
and trimethoprim (T.))
Combined synthetic
antimicrobal agent
Sulphonilamide +
trimetoprim
24.
Dabigatran
Direct oral
anticoagulant
(DOAC)
Competitive, direct thrombin (II a coagulation factor)
inhibitor, antithrombotic action
25.
Desmopressin
Neurohypophyseal
hormone, analog of
antidiuretic hormone
26.
Dextrometorphan
Central acting
antitussive
27.
Diazepam
Anxiolytics of
benzodiazepine
group
Vasopressine-2 (V2) receptor agonist, analog of
antidiuretic hormone that affects conservation of water in
the kidneys, Antidiuretic action
Increasing plasma levels of factor VIII activity in
hemophilic individuals and patients with von
Willebrand's disease.
Antihemorrhagic action
NMDA receptor antagonist, sigma 1,2 non-opioid
receptor agonit, depress activity of cough center in
medulla oblongata
antitussive action
GABA A allosteric modulator.
Non-selective binding to alpha subunit (BZD receptors),
enhance affinity of GABA-A receptor to endogenous
ligand - GABA, hyperpolarization of cell membrane.
long action,
anxiolytic, myorelaxant, anti-seizure and hypnotic action
Long-term use cause dependence
Indications (C)
secondary prophylaxis of
cerebrovascular and
cardiovascular thrombosis
Treatment of infections
caused bacteria that are
sensitive to this antibacterial
agent
Examples: urethritis,
cystitis, acute otitis
Prophylaxis and treatment
of deep vein thrombosis
(DVT) and pulmonary
thromboembolism (PATE)
1. Diabetes insipidus,
nocturnal enuresis
2. Hemophilia A, von
Willebrand disease
Comments
PABA –paraaminobenzoic acid
Non-productive cough
Psychiatric and
psychoneurotic diseases,
e.g. anxiety,
For sedation,
Seizures
GABA –gamma
aminobutyric acid
BDZbenzodiazepine
5
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
28.
Diclofenac
29.
Digoxin
30.
Diltiazem
Pharmacological
group (A)
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
COX1 and COX2 inhibitor (more selewctive against
COX2)
inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, including
thromboxane A2 inhibition in platelet
antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action
Indications (C)
1. Antiarrhythmic
agent (Class, V)
2. Cardiotonic agent
Cardiac glycosides –
digitalis glycosides
Na+/K+ ATPase (pump) inhibitor, Na+/Ca2+ ion exchange
pump (NCX) inhibitors
Reflectory increases n. vagus tonuss (due to increased
heart output) that cause:
Negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects (inhibit
AV transmission). Antiarrhytmic action
Positive inotropic effect, because in the myocardial cell
increases the calcium ion concentration (due to
inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ ion exchange)
Cardiotonic action
Phase 2 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes, reduce calcium influx ("-"
inotropic effect in high doses)
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels
in SA node – reduce heart rate (("-" chronotropic effect);
Reduce afterload - reduce oxygen demand in myocard.
Dilatate coronary blood vessels – increase oxygen supply
to myocard, antianginal action.
1. Supraventricular rhythm
disorders (for example atrial
fibrillation/flutter)
Calcium channel
blocker –
nondihydropyridines
Antiarrhythmic agent
(Class, IV)
Comments
Muscoloskeletal system
diseases, e.g. rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis,
Short-term mild to moderate
acute pain
2. Chronic heart failure
Arterial hypertension,
Stable angina
Vasospastic or Prinzmetal's
angina
Supraventricular rhythm
disorders (for example atrial
fibrillation)
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
Blockade of calcium channels in peripheral blood vessels
smooth muscles, reduce peripheral resistace (after load)
and reduce blood pressure, antihypertensive effect
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels
in AV node – cause "-" dromatropic effect); antiaarhytmic
effect (only in high doses)
6
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
31.
Dobutamine
32.
Dopamine
Cardiotonic agent
Adrenomimetic
agent
33.
Doravirine
34.
Dorzolamide
35.
Doxazosin
Non-nucleoside
RNA-dependent
DNA polymerase or
reverse transcriptase
inhibitor (NNRTIs)
Carbonanhidrase
inhibitor
Alpha1
adrenoblocker
36.
Doxorubicine
Pharmacological
group (A)
Cardiotonic agent
Adrenomimetic
agent
Antineoplastic agent
Chemotherapy agent
Anthracycline
antitumor antibiotic
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Beta1 adrenoreceptor agonist
+" Inotropic effect because of increasing of calcium ion
concentration in myocardial cells.Moderate "+"
chronotropic effect. Possesses weak beta2 and alpha1
adrenomimetic effect - reduces peripheral vascular
resistance (afterload, systolic pressure does not change or
increases (increases the cardiac volume)
Cardiotonic action
Dopamine receptor agonists, beta1, alpha1 adrenoceptor
agonist.
Effect is dose-dependent (in low doses improves renal
microcirculation, in moderate doses cause “+” inotropic
effect, in high doses – mostly is vasopressor effect)
Cardiotonic effect
NNRTI of HIV-1 and inhibits HIV-1 replication by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
Does not inhibit the human cellular DNA polymerases
alpha, beta and mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma
Indications (C)
Inhibition of carbonanhidrase, decrease intraocular fluid
synthesis, reduce IOP. Antiglaucoma effect
Blockade of alpha 1B- adrenergic receptors lead to
venous and arterial smooth muscle relaxation reduces
peripheral resistance (afterload), increase venous
capacity (preload) and reduce blood pressure,
antihypertensive action
Glaucoma
Blockade of alpha 1A- adrenergic receptors decreases
smooth muscle tone in the prostate, its capsule and
bladder, facilitates urination, Urodynamic action
Intercalant, topoisomerase II inhibition un free radicals
formation break down DNA
cytotoxic effect
Comments
Acute heart failure
(myocardial
heart attack, heart surgery or
septic and cardiogenic
shock)
Acute heart failure
(myocardial
infarction, heart surgery and
septic
cardiogenic shock)
HIV infection
IOP –intraocular
pressure
Arterial hypertension
Symptomatic treatment of
benign prostatic hyperplasia
Various treatment of
neoplasia
(e.g. breast cancer, acute
lymphocytic leukemia, etc.)
7
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
37.
Doxycycline
38.
Enoxaparine
39.
Ethynylestradiol
Pharmacological
group (A)
Antiinfective
Antibiotic,
Tetracycline
Anticoagulant
Low molecular
weight heparin
(LMWH)
Female sex hormone,
semisynthetic
estrogen
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
inhibiting ribosomal bacterial protein synthesis, broad
spectrum
bacteriostatic activity
side effect: photosensitivity
Forms a complex with antithrombin III, increases
antithrombin III activity,
Indirect inhibition of coagulation factors Xa and IIa
antithrombotic effect
Alpha and beta estrogen receptor agonist
1. Replaces endogenous hormones
estrogen substitution
2. Gonadotropins LH and FSH release feedback
inhibition, inhibit follicule maturation and ovulation.
Hormonal suppression effect
Indications (C)
Active against Gr+ and Grmicroorganisms
Boreliosis, chlamidiosis
Treatment and prevention of
venous thromboembolic
disease
As mono-drug in
replacement therapy (after
ovarectomy) if there is a
primary estrogen hormone
deficient or related disorders
(vasomotor symptoms
caused by menopause)
Component of combined
oral contraception (COC)
40.
Etoricoxib
41.
Fluconazole
42.
Fludrocortisone
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Antiinfective
Antimycotic agents
azole derivatives
(2nd
generation - triazole
derivatives)
Mineralocorticoid
selective COX2 inhibitor
inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis without
thromboxane A2 synthesis inhibition of platelet (no
effect COX1 the enzyme)
antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action
Demethylase inhibition; inhibits biosynthesis of
ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell wall
membrane and altering its permeability
Fungistatic effect
Agonist to mineralcorticoid receptors, cause sodium and
water reabsorption in distal nephron tubules.
Restore electrolyte and water homeostasis.
Comments
If women has uterus,
estrogens could be
used only together
with progesterone to
reduce risk of
endometrial cancer.
LH – luteinizing
hormone
FSH – follicle
stimulating hormone
Muscoloskeletal system
diseases, e.g. rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis,
inflammatory symptoms of
acute
gouty arthritis
Dermatophytes and Candida
(type of yeast) fungal
infection of the nails, skin,
genital mucous membrane
Chronic adrenal gland
failure (Addison disease)
8
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
Anti-tumor
(antineoplastic) agent
Chemotherapy agent
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Pyrimidine antagonist, antimetabolite
Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis in cell cycle S phase
Cytotoxic effect
43.
Fluorouracil
44.
Indications (C)
Furosemide
Loop diuretics
High-ceiling diuretic
Potassium wasting
diuretics
Inhibition of Na+/K+/2Cl- transportier (NKCC2)
short acting
Promote excretion of sodium, potassium, cloride,
magnesium, calcium; reduce excretion of uric acid,
acting in ascending part of loop of Henle
Diuretic effect
Diuretics lower blood pressure initially by reducing
plasma and extracellular fluid volume, reduce blood
vessels sensitivity to circulating catacholamines.
Hypotensive effect
+ see comments!
45.
Gabapentin
Antiepileptic agent
Gammaaminobutyric acid
(GABA) analogue
Voltage-gated N-type Ca2+ channels inhibition
anticonvulsant, analgesic effect
Partial seizure
Peripheral neuropathic pain
(diabetic neuropathy,
postherpetic neuralgia)
46.
Gentamycin
Anti-infective drug
Aminoglycoside
antibiotic
Inhibition of ribosomal proteīns, broad spectrum,
bacteriocidal action.
Side effects: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
47.
Gliclazide
Antidiabetic agent
Sulphonylureas
derivate
ATP-dependent potassium channel blocker.
By binding to the SUR1 subunit atATP-sensitive (ATPdependent) K+ channel multimer complex, induces K+
channel inhibition. Further depolarization of the beta cell
membrane causes Ca2+ channel opening and ↑Ca2+
concentration → ↑insulin secretion (stimulation of
secretion is independent of glucose concentration)
Hypoglycemic effect
Treatment of infections
caused by Gr+ and Grbacteria that are sensitive to
this antibacterial agent
Examples: sepsis, peritonitis
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Neoplasms, eg. breast
cancer, carcinoma of
pancreas, colorectal and
gastric cancer
Chronic heart failure
Edema caused by renal
failure or liver diseases
Pulmonary, burns and
cerebral edema
Arterial hypertension
Comments
Dose depending
effect: “ceiling” dose
shows max Na+
excretion; if dose is
higher than “ceiling”
dose only moderate
additional effect is
observed. Additional
“ceiling” dose
administration is
more effective then
just increasing of
dose
9
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
48.
Glyceryl trinitrate
49.
Goserelin
50.
Haloperidol
51.
Hydrochlorothiazide
Pharmacological
group (A)
organic nitrates
Gonadotropin
releasing hormone
analogue. Anticancer
(antineoplastic) agent
Typical antipsychotic
Thiazide diuretic,
Low-ceiling diuretic
Potassium wasting
diuretics
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
NO donors
short and fast acting
in low doses – venodilatation action (influent preload), in
high doses – also arterial dilatation properties (influent
afterload),
reduce oxygen consumption in the myocardium
Coronary dilation activity increases the oxygen supply to
the myocardium.
Vasodilatation cause reduction of blood pressure
Antianginal and hypotensive effect
GnRH superagonist, inhibition of secretion of
gonadotropins (LH and FSH), depressing of functions of
ovaries and testicles. Antiandrogenic, antiestrogenic
action
D2 blockers, 5-HT2A antagonists,
Haloperidol has a strong influence to delusions and
hallucinations because of direct central blockade of D2
receptors.
Causes efficient psychomotor sedation, which explains
the positive impact on mania and other agitation
syndromes
antipsychotic action
extrapyramidal side effects
Inhibits Na+/Cl- transporter in nephron distal convoluted
tubule; promote the excretion of sodium, potassium,
chloride, magnesium, reduce calcium and uric acid
excretion, diuretic effect;
Reduce blood vessels sensitivity to circulating
catacholamines. Additional extrarenal vasodilatating
effect, hypotensive effect
Diuretical effect is not strong, “low-ceiling diuretic”, the
most part of Na+ is reabsorbed.
Indications (C)
Comments
Angina attack, hypertensive
crisis with decompensated
heart failure
Cancers, e.g. prostata
cancer, breast cancer
Schizophrenia
Acute psychotic disorders,
e.g. delirium
D2- dopamine 2
5HT - serotonine
Arterial hypertension
10
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
monoclonal antibody
against tumor
necrosis factor alpha
(TNFα)
biological diseasemodifying
antirheumatic drug
(b-DMARD),
Hypoglycemic agent
Insulin analogue,
52.
Infliximab
53.
Insulin Lispro
54.
Isosorbide
mononitrate
Organic nitrates
55.
Isotretionin
Vitamins
Synthetic retinoid
56.
Labetalol
Alpha-1 and Betanon-selective
adrenoblocker
57.
Lamotrigine
Antiepileptic
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Inhibit TNF-alpha
immunosuppressive action
Indications (C)
Rapid onset and short-acting insulin analogue. Stimulates
tyrosin kinase-dependent insulin receptors, activates
GLUT4 transporter and glucose transport into the cell.
Inhibits gluconeogenesis.
Hypoglycemic effect.
NO donors
long-acting
in low doses – venodilatation action (influent preload), in
high doses – also arterial dilatation properties (influent
afterload),
reduce oxygen consumption in the myocardium
Coronary dilation activity increases the oxygen supply to
the myocardium.
Vasodilatation cause reduction of blood pressure
Antianginal and hypotensive effect
Retinoic acid receptor (intracellular) agonist.
Comedolytic and anti-inflammatory action
Teratogenic action
Relaxation of smooth muscles of veins and arteries,
reduce peripheral resistance (reduce afterload), increase
capacity of veins (reduce pre-load) and reduce blood
pressure.
Hypotensive effect
Blocks neuronal voltage-gated sodium and calcium
channels in neurons, decreases the excitation.
Anticonvulsant action, mood stabilization
Diabetes mellitus type I
Diabetes mellitus type II in
decompensation stage
Comments
Rheumatoid arthritis,
spondylitis, psoriatic
arthritis, ulcerative colitis,
Crohn’s disease
Prevention of angina attacks
Severe Acne forms
Hypertonic crisis
Hypertension in pregnancy
Generalized epilepsy
Bipolar disorder
11
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
58.
Latanoprost
59.
Levodopa (L.)/
Benserazide (B.)
combined
antiparkinsonian
agent
60.
Levonorgestrel
female sex
hormones, synthetic
gestagens
61.
Lidocaine
Pharmacological
group (A)
Prostaglandin F2
alpha analogs
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
PGF2 alpha receptor agonist
the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral
outflow, reduces intraocular pressure
Antiglaucoma action
L. – dopamine precursor, stimulates dopamine (D)
receptors.
B. – DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor
Treatment of extrapyramidal disorders
1. Inhibition of gonadotropin LH and FSH release
(feedback). Prevents follicle maturation and ovulation.
2.Inhibit prolypheration stage, increase viscosity of
cervical mucus, inhibits motility of uterus, hormonal
suppression effect
Local anesthetics,
amide type
Antiarrhythmic
Agent (Class Ib)
Blockade of sodium ion channels (stabalize of
membrane), inhibition of nerve impulse conduction in
sensitive nerve fibers,
anesthetic effect
62.
Loperamide
opioid antidiarrheal
agent
63.
Loratadine
histamine-negative
agent of 2nd
generation
Phase 0 of AP: blockade of sodium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes; QRS complex do not changed;
Phase 3 of AP: activation of potassium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes, QT interval is shortened or not changed
antiarrhytmic action
peripheral μ-opioid receptor agonist in the colon, inhibits
gastrointestinal motility, reduce water and electrolyte
loss.
antidiarrheal effect
H1 receptor pharmacodynamic antagonist, decreases
capillary permeability
anti-allergic effect
64.
Macrogol
Osmotic laxative
Increase amount of fluid in intestines, laxative action
Indications (C)
Comments
Open-angle glaucoma
Ocular hypertension
Parkinson’s disease,
parkinsonism (except
antipsychotic agents’ –
induced)
1. emergency contraception,
2. oral birth control (in
combinations with other
agents or as monopreparation)
Locally:
L. all types of local
anesthesia
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
Systemic use:
L. ventricular arrhythmia
Acute diarrhoea
allergic rhinitis,
conjunctivitis, urticaria, hay
fever, allergic skin diseases,
angioedema (Quincke’s
edema)
Constipation
12
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
Osmotic diuretic
65.
Mannitol
66.
Mesalazine
67.
Metformin
68.
Methotrexate
Imunosuppressant
Antimetabolite
DMARD
Antitumour agent
69.
Metoclopramide
Antiemetic and
gastrokinetic agent
Local antiinflammatory agent,
5-aminosalicylic acid
(5-ASA)
Hpoglycemic agent
Biguanid
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Increase blood plasma osmolarity, enhance water
transport from tissues and organs (also brain,
cerebrospinal fluid and eyes) to interstitial compartment
and blood plasma, increase water excretion via kidneys.
Anti-edema, diuretic action.
Reduce intraocualar pressure. Antiglaucoma action.
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibition,
inflammatory cytokines synthesis inhibition,
anti-inflammatory effect and immunosupresive effect
Indications (C)
aMP-depending proteinkinase induction,
gluconeogenesis inhibition in the liver, indirectly
promoting GLUT4 expression,
reduce insulin resistance in tissues
hypoglycaemic effect
purine antimetabolite
dihydrofolate reductase inhibition
additionaly promote accumulation of adenosine
immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative, antiinflammatory
action
D2 receptor antagonist, M-cholinomimetics
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Polycystic ovary syndrome
inhibition of vomiting center trigger zone dopamine
receptors,
antiemetic activity
gastrointestinal dopamine negative and cholinopositive
effect, promotes motility in the upper gastrointestinal
tract
gastrokinetic effect
Comments
Cerebral oedema
Glaucoma exacerbation
Acute renal failure
Ulcerative colitis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriasis
Lymphocytic leukemia
supportive treatment
DMARD – disease
modifying
antirheumtic drug
Chemotherapy and radiation
- induced nausea and
vomiting
Migraine
13
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
70.
Metoprolol
Pharmacological
group (A)
Beta1-adrenoblocker
(cardioselective)
Antiarrhythmic
Agents (Class II)
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
selective blockade of beta1 adrenoreceptors
„-“ ino, chronotropic (reduce oxygen demand in
myocard) effects, „-“ dromotropic effect, reduce
secretion of renin.
Phase 2 of AP: decrease influx of calcium ions in
cardiomyocytes.
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: decrease influx of calcium ions in
SA and AV nodes.
71.
Diazepam
72.
Montelukast
73.
Morphine
74.
Nifedipine
Anxiolytics of
benzodiazepine
group
Leukotriene receptor
antagonist
(antileukotriene)
Opioid
Dihydropiridine
calcium channels
blockers – see
Amlodipine
cardiodepressive, antiarrytmic, hypotensive effects
GABA A allosteric modulator.
Non-selective binding to alpha subunit (BZD receptors),
enhance affinity of GABA-A receptor to endogenous
ligand - GABA, hyperpolarization of cell membrane.
long action,
anxiolytic, myorelaxant, anti-seizure action
Leukotriene receptor (CysLT1) antagonist,
prevention of bronchoconstriction,
anti-allergic, antiinflammatory effect
Mu (OP3), delta (OP1), kappa (OP2) opioid receptor
agonist, spinal and supraspinal analgesia, analgesic effect
Could cause dependence
Vasoselective blockade of calcium channels, coronary
blood vessels dilatation (increase oxygen supply to
myocard) arterial vasodilatation, lowers heart after-load
(reduce oxygen demand in myocard), hypotensive effect
Side effect: peripheral edema
Indications (C)
Comments
Arterial hypertension
Chronic heart disease
(CHD)
Coronary artery disease
(CAD)
Atrial fibrillation
prophylaxis of migraine
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
For sedation,
Seizures
Anxiety disorders
GABA –gamma
aminobutyric acid
BDZbenzodiazepine
Mild to moderate asthma
Prophylaxis,
Allergic rhinitis
Severe pain
MONA algorithm
MONA algorithm –
pre-hospital stage of
acute coronary
syndrome
management (M –
morphine, O –
oxygen, N – nitrates,
A – antiplatelet)
Coronary artery disease
(CAD)
Stable angina
Vasospastic angina
Arterial hypertension
14
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
Pharmacological
group (A)
Non-selective
adrenomimetic
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Direct stimulation of alfa1&2 and beta 1
adrenoreceptors.
“+” inotropic effects,
cardiotonic action and vasoconstriction
suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibition of the
H+/K+-ATPase in parietal cells
antisecretory effect
75.
Noradrenaline
(norepinephrine)
76.
Omeprazole
Proton pump
inhibitor
77.
Ondansetron
Antiemetic agent
Serotonin (5-HT3)-receptor antagonist area postrema
antiemetic effect
78.
Oxytocin
Neuropituitary
hormone
79.
Paclitaxel
80.
Pancreatin
Anticancer agent
Taxanes
Gastrointestinal
agent; Enzyme
Digestant
81.
Paracetamol
Non-opioid analgesic
Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor agonist.
Dose-depending rhythmic or
spastic contractions of myometrium,
Stimulates smooth muscle to facilitate ejection of milk
from breasts
uterotonic effect
Inhibition of microtubules depolymerisation, inhibition
of mitosis, cytotoxic action
Pancreatic enzymes contain the active ingredient
pancrelipase. Pancrelipase provides a replacement for
digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas with active
porcine derived lipases, proteases and amylases to
catalyze the hydrolysis of (1) fat into glycerol and fatty
acids, (2) proteins into peptides and amino acids, and (3)
starch into dextrins and sugars
Prostoglandin H2 synthases inhibitor, prostaglandin
synthesis inhibition
antipyretic, analgesic effect
Indications (C)
Comments
Acute hypotension,
cardiogenic shock
Duodenal and gastric ulcer
Gastroesophageal reflux
disease
H. pylori infection
Prevention of NSAID
provoked gastric and
duodenal ulcer
Chemotherapy and radiation
- induced nausea and
vomiting
Postoperative nausea and
vomiting prophylaxis and
treatment
Induction of labor
Postpartum hemorrhage
Termination of pregnancy
Lactation stimulation
ATP - adenosine
triphosphatase
Cancers, e.g. breast cancer,
ovarian cancer
Exocrine pancreatic
insufficiency
Pain (Mild to Moderate)
Fever
15
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
82.
Paroxetine
83.
Perindopril
Pharmacological
group (A)
Antidepressant
Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI)
Anxiolytic agent
Angiotensinconverting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors
84.
Phenylephrine
Adrenomimetic
agent
Decongestant
M-cholinomimetic
85.
Pilocarpine
86.
Povido-iodine
Antiseptic agent
Halogen
87.
Prednisolone
Glucocorticoids
Systemic
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Selectively inhibits reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) into
neurons
Antidepressive and anxiolytic effect
ACE inhibition blocks angiotensin II and aldosterone
formation. (cardiovascular remodelling properties).
Dilatation of veins (reduce pre-load) and dilatate arteries
(reduce after load)
Peridopril is biologically neactive form or pro-drug
hypotensive effect
promote K+ retention in organism, ACE-I side effects:
dry cough
Stimulation of alpha 1 receptors hipertensive,
mydriatic , vasoconstrictive action Indirect
induction of bradycardia
Improve outflow of intraocualr fluid, reducē IOP, miotic
action, antiglaucoma action, secretogenous action
Cytoplasmic and membrane component oxidation,
protein denaturation,
bactericide, fungicide, virucidal effect
1. Rapid membrane-stabilizing effects (stabilization of
lysosomes and mast cells);
2.Slow genomic effects, intracellular corticosteroid
receptor activation (indirect inhibition of phospholipase,
direct COX2 inhibition)
3. Activator protein AP1 and nuclear factor kappa NFkB
inhibition, depression of activation of T lymphocytes
anti-inflammatory, antioedema,
antialergical, anti - shock immunosuppressive
effect
side effect: jatrogenic Cushing syndrome
Indications (C)
Comments
Depression
Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder
Panic, anxiety disorders
Phobias
Arterial hypertension,
congestive heart failure
active form perindoprilate
Hypotension Mydriasis
induction, Acute rhinitis
Glaucoma
Xerostomia
Antiseptic processing of the
skin and mucous membrane,
Wounds and burns cure,
Bacterial, and mycotic, viral
skin and mucous
membranes infections
Collagen disease, rheumatic
diseases, endocrine
disorders,
(acute adrenal
insufficiency), allergic
condition (asthma, contact
dermatitis), disorder of skin
16
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
88.
Procainamide
Pharmacological
group (A)
Antiarrhythmic agent
(Class Ia)
Membrane
stabilizer
89.
Propofol
Non- inhalation
general anesthetics
90.
Propranolol
Non-selective beta1
and beta2
adrenoblockers
Antiarrhythmic
Agents (Class II)
91.
Quetiapine
Atypical
antipsychotic drugs
92.
Rivaroxaban
Direct action oral
Anticoagulant
(DOAC)
93.
Rocuronium
N-cholinoblocker
Non-depolarizing
miorelaxant
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Sodium channel blockade by extending action potential
antiarrhythmic effect
Phase 0 of AP: blockade of sodium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes; increase QRS complex
Phase 3 of AP: blockade of potassium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes, QT interval prolongation
antiarrhytmic action
GABAa allosteric modulator,
sedatives, hypnotic, and anesthesia induced effect
„-“ ino, chronotropic (reduce oxygen demand in
myocard) effects, „-“ dromotropic effect, reduce
secretion of renin,
non-selective blockade of beta1 and beta2
adrenoreceptors
Phase 2 of AP: decrease influx of calcium ions in
cardiomyocytes.
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: decrease influx of calcium ions in
SA and AV nodes
cardiodepressive effect, antiarrhytmic, hypotensive effect
5-HT2A antagonist, D2 antagonist
Influence on serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors
of brain cortex and limbic system
Antipsychotic and mood stabilizing action
Selectively inhibits factor Xa
Antitrombotic effect
N-cholinoreceptor antagonism, cause neuromuscular
blockade
Indications (C)
Comments
Atrial and ventricular
arrhythmias
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
General anesthesia
Procedural sedation
Sedation for a mechanically
ventilated patients
Arterial hypertension.
Arrytmias (atrial
fibrillation)
Thyreotoxic crisis,
prophylaxis of migraine
GABA –gammaaminobutyric acid
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
Psychiatric diseases (e.g.
depression, anxiety)
Example:schizophrenia,
bipolar disorder
Prophylaxis and treatment
of deep vein thrombosis
(DVT) and pulmonary
thromboembolism (PATE)
Miorelaxation for surgery
17
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
94.
Salbutamol
95.
Selegiline
96.
Sitagliptin
97.
Spironolactone
Pharmacological
group (A)
Selective beta2adrenergic agonist
Anti-parkinsonism
agent
Hypoglycemic
(antidiabetic) agent
Mineralcorticosteroid
(aldosterone)
receptor antagonist
Potassium sparing
diuretics
98.
Sumatriptane
Antimigraine agent
99.
Tiotropium
M cholinoblocker
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Short-term beta2 adrenergic receptor
Stimulation, reduction of intracellular calcium
concentration,
Bronchodilator, tocolytic effect
MAO B inhibition, decrease extrapyramidal symptoms
Indications (C)
dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibition, insulin
secretagogues, hypoglycemic action
Blocks aldosterone receptors in kidney, in collecting
tubule
Blocks aldosterone receptors in the myocardium (hearts)
and vessels
1. weak diuretic effect
2. antifibrotic effects,
3. anti-androgen effects
5-HT1d agonist, 5HT1b partial agonist
Vasoconstriction of meningeal blood vessels
Analgesic effect
M1-3-cholinoreceptor antagonist, bronchodilatation,
antisecretory action
GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, blockade of platelet
activation in agregation phase. Antithrombotic effect
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Complications of
fibrinolytic therapy.
Adjuvant to hemophillia
management
Treatment and prophylaxis
of drug-induced
extrapyramidal disorders
Parkinsonism (druginduced)
100. Tirofiban
Antiplatelet
101. Tranexamic acid
Hemostatic agent
Inhibition of plasminogen activation, antifibrinolytic
action
102. Trihexyphenidyl
Central M and N
cholinoreceptor
blocker with poor N
cholinoblocking
properties
Blocks M and N cholinergic receptors in nigrostriatal
system
Reduces tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia that is
characteristics of Parkinson disease
Reduce extrapyramidal symtoms
Comments
Asthma
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Uterine hypertonia
Parkinson disease
Heart failure
Hypertension
Primary aldosteronism
Acne vulgaris. Hirsutism.
Alopecia (in women)
Acute migraine (migraine
attack)
Bronhial asthma, COPD
Acute coronary syndrome
18
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
103. Valproic acid
Pharmacological
group (A)
Anti-epileptics
104. Valsartan
Angiotensin II
receptor blocker
105. Vancomycin
antiinfective
Antibiotic
Glycopeptide
106. Verapamil
Calcium channel
blocker, nondihydropyridine
Antiarrhythmic agent
(IV class)
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Blocks voltage-gated CNS sodium (Na+) and calcium
(Ca2+) channels in neurons, inhibit GABA transaminase
Inhibits excitation
Anticonvulsant, mood-stabilizing action
Teratogenic action
Blocks angiotensin AT1 receptors, reduce synthesis of
aldosterone
(cardiovascular remodelling properties). Dilatation of
arteries (reduce after load) and dilatate veins (reduce
pre load)
hypotensive effect, antifibrotic effect
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by blockade of Dalanyl-D-alanyl (transglycosydation stage), narrow
spectrum
bactericidal activity
Phase 2 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels in
cardiomyocytes, reduce calcium influx pronounced "-"
inotropic effect)
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels
in SA node – reduce heart rate (("-" chronotropic effect);
Indications (C)
Comments
Epilepsy
Bipolar disorder
Migraine prophylaxis
Hypertension
Chronic heart failure
Gram-positive cocci,
including MRSA
Cl. Dificille (per os)
Angina pectoris (stable,
vasospastic)
Paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia, e.g. atrial
fibrillation
AP – action
potential;
SA – sinoatrial; AV atrioventricular
Reduce afterload - reduce oxygen demand in myocard.
Dilatate coronary blood vessels – increase oxygen supply
to myocard, antianginal action.
Blockade of calcium channels in peripheral blood vessels
smooth muscles, reduce peripheral resistace (after load)
and reduce blood pressure, antihypertensive effect
Phase 0 and 4 of AP: blockade of calcium ion channels
in AV node – cause "-" dromatropic effect);
antiaarhytmic effect
19
EXAM ABC June 2023 Department of Pharmacology
No
Drug name
107. Warfarin
108. Xylometazoline
109. Zolpidem
Pharmacological
group (A)
Anticoagulant
K vitamin antagonist
adrenomimetic agent,
nasal decongestant
Hypnotic agent
Non-benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine
(BZD) analogue
Mechanism of action
+ Pharmacological effect (B)
Vitamin K antagonist,
Inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase by this inhibiting
synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII,
IX and X
anti-thrombotic action
Local α1 and α2 postsynaptic adrenoreceptor agonist.
Vasoconstrictive effect
GABA A allosteric modulator.
Selective binding to alpha 1 subunit (BZD receptors),
enhance affinity of GABA-A receptor to endogenous
ligand - GABA, hyperpolarization of cell membrane.
Hypnotic action
Indications (C)
Comments
Prophylaxis and treatment
of deep vein thrombosis
(DVT) and pulmonary
thromboembolism (PATE)
Acute rhinitis
Insomnia
20