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Safety Engineering
Management
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Outline!
• Accident Theory
• Importance of OSH
• Global Occupational Safety and Health
• Occupational Safety and Health Situation in the Philippines
ACCIDENT THEORY
Domino Theory
Human Factor Theory
Accident/Incident Theory
Epidemiological Theory
Systems Theory
Energy Release Theory
Behavior Theory
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DOMINO THEORY
 Proposed by H. W. Heinrich
 First scientific approach to Accident/Prevention (1932)
 Each factor is dependent on the preceding factor
DOMINO THEORY: CORRECTIVE
ACTION (3ES)
Engineering
▪Design
▪Process change
Education
▪Training
Enforcement
▪Compliance
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HUMAN FACTORS THEORY
 The human factors theory of accident causation attributes
accidents to a chain of events ultimately caused by human
error.
1. Overload
2. Inappropriate response
3. Inappropriate activities.
ACCIDENT/INCIDENT THEORY
 The accident/incident theory of accident causation is an
extension of the human factors theory.
 It introduces such new elements as ergonomic traps,
decision to error and systems failures.
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY
 Relationship between environmental factors and disease.
Two Key Components
1. Predisposition characteristics
2. Situational Characteristics
SYSTEMS THEORY
an accident might occur as a system with three components:
 person (host),
 machine (agency), and
 environment.
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ENERGY RELEASE THEORY
 The theory states that various techniques can be
employed to reduce accidents including
▪ preventing the buildup of energy
▪ reducing the initial amount of energy
▪ preventing the release of energy
▪ carefully controlling the release of energy
▪ and separating the energy being released from the living
or nonliving object.
BEHAVIOR THEORY
 Behavior-based safety (BBS)
 Most prominent proponent is E. Scott Geller, a senior
partner of Safety Performance Solutions, Inc. and a
professor of psychology
7 Principles
1. Intervention
2. Identification of external factors
3. Motivation
4. Focus
5. Application
6. Integration
7. Planned interventions
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an [unplanned,
unforeseen]
-
unexpected,
unwanted,
EVENT that interrupts or disrupts the normal
and orderly progress of any activity which
may result in injury (minor, serious or fatal) to
people and/or damage or destruction of
property that result to losses; or their
combination.
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UNDERSTANDING ACCIDENT CAUSES
• Presence of defective tools/equipment/ materials
• Congestion of restricted body movement
• Inadequate warning system
• Presence of fire/explosion hazards
• Poor housekeeping/disorder
• With noise/radiation exposure
• Exposure to extremes of Temperature/ventilation
• Inadequate guards/barriers
Unsafe Conditions
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UNDERSTANDING ACCIDENT CAUSES
Unsafe Act
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UNSAFE CONDITIONS
UNSAFE ACT
Most difficult to address
Best prevented by developing a “safety culture”
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• Safety must be a way of life.
• Loss avoidance
• Safety is required by LAW.
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WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFET Y AND HEALTH?
Occupational safety and health
(OSH) is a multidisciplinary field
concerned with the safety, health,
and welfare of people at work.
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WHY IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFET Y AND HEALTH IMPORTANT?
It protects the well being of employees, visitors
and customers.
What is Global Occupational
Safety and Health?
• Global Occupational Safety and Health
• Wider approach (international level)
• Public health
• Prevention of illnesses
• Prevention of injuries
• Directly related to internationalized dynamics of the
global economy
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What is the Status of Global
Occupational Safety and Health?
• OHS infrastructures and systematic preventive
approaches is extremely slow.
• Working conditions for the majority of the world’s
workers do not meet the minimum standards and
guidelines set by the WHO and ILO
Status of Global Occupational Safety
• According to World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor Organization
(ILO)
• Only 24 countries have ratified the ILO Employment Injury Benefits Convention
(no.121)
• Compensation should be paid for occupational diseases
• Only 31 countries have ratified the Convention on Occupational Health Services
(no.161) – the implementation of OHS system
WORKERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
WORKERS IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
10%
50%
50%
90%
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History of Occupational Safety
and Health in the Philippines
First Step
Additional Act
First Legislation
Introduction of OSH in
the PH wherein
establishments
rendered medical
services to their
workers.
Workmen’s
Compensation Act No.
3428; provide payment
for illness, in addition
to injury or death due
to employment.
Commonwealth Act No.
104; promotion of OSH
in the workplace.
Known as the First
Industrial Safety Law.
1903
1908
1927
1933
Act and Bureau
Change of Name
Employer’s Liability Act;
compensate injured
workers while
performing their job.
Bureau of Labor was
created.
Bureau of Labor was
named Department of
Labor on December 8,
1933.
1936
History of Occupational Safety
and Health in the Philippines
Additional Act
Enactment
Organization
Commonwealth Act No.
696; safety in the
installation and
operation of boilers
and pressure vessels.
Republic Act No. 1054:
Free Emergency
Medical and Dental
Treatment Act;
treatment to laborers
and medical personnel
employment.
Safety Organization of
the Philippines, Inc.
was organized to
disseminate safety
principles in industries
and other workplaces.
1945
1948
1954
1957
Membership
Established
Philippines became a
member of
International Labor
Organization (ILO).
Bureau of Labor
Standards was created.
1959
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History of Occupational Safety
and Health in the Philippines
Proclamation
Accreditation
Committee
Proclamation No. 115A; declaring the year
and every year
thereafter as Safety
and Accident
Prevention Year.
Bureau of Labor
Statistics accredit
Safety Training
Organizations to
conduct OSH training.
National Tripartite
Committee was
created to continue
and improve OSH
standards.
1967
1974
1975
1977
Amendment
Process
Approval of the
Presidential Decree
442: Labor Code of the
Philippines.
Tripartite consultation
was organized to study
OSH standards.
1978
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History of Occupational Safety
and Health in the Philippines
Change of Name
Established
Consultation
Bureau of Labor
Standards was
renamed as Bureau of
Working Conditions.
Occupational Safety
and Health Center was
created. First in
Southeast Asia.
Tripartite consultation
of Rule 1030: Training
of Personnel in
Occupational Safety
and Health.
1982
1984
1988
1989
Consultation
Revision
A forum was held to
amend OSHS Rule
1410: Construction
Safety.
First major revision of
OSH Standards.
1996
History of Occupational Safety
and Health in the Philippines
Council and Legal
Guidelines
Gathering and Order
Bureau of Labor
Standards was
renamed as Bureau of
Working Conditions.
Issued DO 13 and MC
No. 02, Series of 1998.
MC No. 01, Series of
2000 and MC no. 02,
Series of 2000 was
issued.
First meeting of DOLEBWC Accredited Safety
Training and Testing
Organizations. Issued
DO 53-03, Series of
2003.
1998
1999
2000
2001
First Convention
Amendments
Assembly of
Accredited Safety
Professionals.
Association of Safety
Practitioners of the PH,
Inc. was organized.
Rule 1030, 1160, 1170,
1180 were amended.
2002
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History of Occupational Safety
and Health in the Philippines
Change of Name
Association of Safety
and Health Training
Organizations of the
PH Inc. from ATOP, Inc.
Accreditation No.: 1030-011618-0037
2003
2004
Guidelines
DO 57-04, Series of
2004 was issued.
What is the Occupational Safety
and Health Situation in the PH?
• Effective OSH programs remain extremely limited!
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Points to strengthen Occupational
Safety and Health in the PH
Regulating OSH will remain weak (problems)
Industries must recognize the beneficial impact of OSH
Collective Bargaining Agreements must include OSH
OSHS enforcement in sectors of small-scale enterprises,
contractual, and informal labor sector
• OSHS for migrants
•
•
•
•
Remember…
Safety First!
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