The burial places and architecture
The burial places in the cemetery varied into two types, the first type is the
burial shaft is located at western side of the ground cemetery, it cutting in
mother rock, extends from south to north, have slots in both sides with a
depth of about 2 meter, have under-cut to use primary burial. The second
type is graves is located on eastern side of ground cemetery, their axis
orientation extends from east to west The graves took the form of simple
oblong pits cut into the gravel-rich sand ,they were generally quite irregular
cut just larger than an adult individual and surviving to depths of between
around(58 cm to 150cm) The burials were found in seven graves.
The burial analysis
The data were collected on the age and sex of each individual in order to
group them into social categories, Information was also collected on the
diseases observed on the skeletal remains and the calculation of
individual and average statures.
Burial 1 ( Trench1 Block 13 area 56 square X 31)
The burial was an individual primary of burial adult male( 50 y.) was found
in under cut burial shaft 1, With traces of the remains of a wooden coffin
in poor condition .The burial extended from north to south, face up, right
hand above pelvic and left hand beside the body and right feet above left
feet. Burial length 1.74 m, width 39 cm, thickness 9 cm . (fig 1)
Dental:
The teeth are well preserved and in moderate condition
All teeth are present except right& left third molar in maxilla and mandible
lost after death.
Abscess in right second premolar mandible( 6*3mm)
There is filling .
Pathology :
Trauma in left parietal bone (11*6mm)
Anemia in occipital bone
muscle attachment on R &Lfemur
osteoarthritis on humerus and femur
1
fig.1 burial shaft.1 adult male
Burial 2 (Trench 2 Block 24 area 98 square R. 47)
This burial is an individual primary of burial, for an adult male ,estimated
to be 25 to 30 years of age, This individual was tall in stature (L. 178 cm.
W.35cm.)
The body was buried without a coffin, Remains of hair were found near the
head , the body was found extended from west to east, face to the south
with his hands put over the pelvic. (fig. 2)
Dental:
The teeth are well preserved and in moderate condition.
three teeth were lost after death in maxilla, while the mandible complete.
Pathology:
There is osteoarthritis on right Humerus
cut marks on left humerus
muscle attachment on left &right femur
fig.2 Grave .1
2
Burial 3 (Sq # R.48 (
This burial is an individual primary of burial, for an adult male estimated
to be 35 to 40 years of age, (L. 171 cm. W.35cm. thick.12cm.) The body
was buried without a coffin, Remains of hair were found near the head ,
the body was found extended from east to west, face up with his hands put
over the pelvic. (fig .3)
Dental:
The teeth are well preserved and in moderate condition. and all teeth
completed
Filling in mandible.
Pathology:
There is anemia on occipital bone.
Trauma on parietal bone (14*23mm).
osteoarthritis on right & left femur .
muscle attachment on left femur ,
Burial 4 (Sq # R.48 ( fig .4
This burial is an individual primary of burial, for an adult female estimated
to be 35 to 40 years of age, (L. 156 cm. W.27cm. thick.9cm.) The body
was buried without a coffin, Remains of hair were found near the head ,
the body was found extended from east to west, face up with his hands put
over the pelvic.
Dental:
All teeth were lost after death in maxilla while four teeth were lost in
mandible ante mortem
Pathology: There is osteoarthritis on right & left femur and tibia
muscle attachment on left femur and tibia .
3
Burial 5 (Sq # R.49 ( fig .5
The burial contained two individuals covered by a layer of mummification
in a poor state of preservation with the remains of a wooden coffin.
The first burial to the north of the grave is an adult female estimated to be
35 to 40 years of age, This individual was short in stature (L. 164 cm.
W.30cm. thick.14 cm.), Remains of hair were found near the head , the
body was found extended from east to west, face up with his hands put over
the pelvic.
The other burial to the south of the grave is an adult male estimated to be
45 to 50 years of age, This individual was medium stature (L. 170 cm.
W.32cm. thick.12 cm.), Remains of hair were found near the head , the
body was found extended from east to west, face up with his hands put over
the pelvic.
Dental:
Female: All teeth are present except third molar in mandible lost after
death.
Male :Seven teeth were lost ante mortem
Pathology:
Female: There is osteoarthritis on right & left femur
Male :trauma on occipital 22*32mm)
osteoarthritis on humerus &femur
muscle attachment on left femur
4
Burial 6(Sq # R.49 ( fig .7
This burial is an individual primary of burial, for an adult male estimated
to be 45 to 47 years of age, (L. 157 cm. W.30cm. thick.12cm.), Remains
of hair were found near the head and remains of wooden coffin , the body
was found extended from west to east, face up with his hands put over the
pelvic.
Dental:
The teeth are well preserved and in moderate condition
Three teeth were lost antemortem.
Pathology:
There is osteoarthritis on left femur
fracture in left humerus
muscle attachment on left femur
5
Burial 7 (Sq # R.49 ( fig .8
This burial is an individual primary of burial, for sub- adult female
estimated to be 18 to 20 years of age, (L. 163 cm. W.32cm.
thick.12cm.),the skeleton covered by a layer of mummification in a poor
state of preservation, Remains of hair were found near the head, the body
was found extended from west to east, face up with his hands put over the
pelvic.
Dental:
The teeth are well preserved and in moderate condition
Lateral incisor lost after death.
Pathology:
There is osteoarthritis on femur & humerus
Burial 8 (Sq # R.50) fig .9
This burial is an individual primary of burial, for sub- adult female
estimated to be 30 to 35 years of age, (L. 167 cm. W.37cm.
thick.14cm.),the skeleton covered by a layer of mummification in a poor
state of preservation, the skull was coverd bushy hair ,the body was found
extended from west to east, face up with his hands put over the pelvic.
Dental:
Seven teeth were lost and there is filing on mandible
Pathology:
There is osteoarthritis on femur
6
burial 9 ( Trench 4 Block 13 area sq# X. 49,50
y.49,50) fig10,11
The two burials were found in under cut burial shaft they were not
articulated , then have been collected in the laboratory and it was found
beside them beads , remains of linen and braids of hair.(fig. 10)
The first burial was female estimated to be 25 to 29 years of age, (L. 166
cm.),the second burial was female (child ) estimated to be 2 years of
age.(fig.11)
.
(fig. 10)
fig.11
Dental :(adult female)
Filling in maxilla
Abscess in maxilla
7
Pathology : (adult female)
muscle attachment on femur
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (p.v.s) on femur
Osteoarthritis on tibia
sr. Block sq# burial no.skeleton no.
1
13
X31
1
1
2
24
R.47
2
2
3
24
R.48
3
3
4
24
R.48
4
4
5
24
R.49
5
5
6
24
R.49
5
6
7
24
R.49
6
7
8
24
R.49
7
8
9
24
R.50
8
9
10 13 x49,50
9
10
11 13 x49,50
10
11
sex
male
male
male
female
female
male
male
female
female
female
female
8
age adult sub-adultlength skull measurment
50 y.
√
174
14..7
25:30 y. √
178
14.5
35:40 y. √
171
14.2
35:40 y. √
156
15
35:40y.
√
164
13.5
45:50y.
√
170
14.5
45:47 y. √
157
14.4
18:20 y.
√
163
14.5
30:35 y. √
167
14
25:29 y. √
166
14.3
2 y.
√
Discussion
 The bodies were covered with a layer of mummification in a very
poor state of preservation. There are also remnants of coffins in a
poor state of preservation. There were no funeral deposits near the
burials, the most of the individuals were buried singly Except for
two burials, they were double burials .
 The number of burials in all sites reached 11burials, Their directions
differed within the graves, some of them headed towards the west
and some towards the east and others towards the north ,There is no
strong evidence about the different direction of burial, perhaps it is
a religious belief or there is another reason as well as the position of
the hands differed, most of them placed the hands on the pelvic and
only one burial was placed the right hand on the pelvic and the other
beside to the body, All burials were extended, face up.
 The number of individuals was 11, including 5 males and 6 females.
9 adults and 2 sub-adult including a girl.
 The average age of males is 45: 50 years, and the average age of
females is 35: 40,
 It was the most prevalent muscle attachment and this may be due to
the reflection an active lifestyle ,In addition to osteoarthritis
 A case of osteoma was found on the skull of female estimated to be
75 to 80 years of age possibly the cause of death.
9
M.N.I
A lot of un articulated bones were found in the second burial shaft in block 13 sequare X31. Then were classified and the ages and
diseases on the bones were known.
Measurment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
Bone
bS2(A/b)
skull
bS2(A/b)
skull
bS2(A/b)
skull
bS2(A/b)
skull
bS2(A/b)
skull
bS2(A/b)
mandible
bS2(A/b)
mandible
bS2(A/b)
mandible
bS2(A/b)
maxilla
bS2(A/b)
scapula
bS2(A/b)
Clavicale
bS2(A/b)
Clavicale
bS2(A/b) Atlas vertebra
bS2(A/b) Axis vertebre
bS2(A/b) cervical vertbre
bS2(A/b) Thorathic vertbre
bS2(A/b) Lumber verebre
bS2(A/b)
humerus
bS2(A/b)
humerus
bS2(A/b)
humerus
bS2(A/b)
humerus
bS2(A/b)
humerus
bS2(A/b)
humerus
bS2(A/b)
ulna
bS2(A/b)
ulna
Descriptio
count
n
count count
complete
complete
complete
complete
uncomplete
complete
uncomplete
complete
uncomplete
uncomplete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
distal
complete
proximal
complete
complete
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
10
7
14
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
Head/mm
F#
Left
Length/cm
Sr. Block. 13 block 13 Sq#
Head/mm
Right
Length/cm
Right Left
Male Female Age Adult Sub-adult
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
1
2
2
30+
30-
1
1
1
1
42
40
33
28
41
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
50*
35:40
75:80
45:50
13:15
45+
25:35
25:35
13:15
1
1
10
16.5
42
42
33
41
31
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
16.5
√
√
√
Measurment
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
block 13
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
X31
Bone
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
bS2(A/b)
ulna
ulna
ulna
radius
radius
radius
radius
femur
femur
femur
femur
femur
femur
femur
femur
femur
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Tibia
Fibila
Fibila
Fibila
pelvic
pelvic
pelvic
sacrum
sacrum
Patela
calcenus
Tarsal
Metatarsal
Carpal
complete
uncomplete
proximal
complete
complete
proximal
complete
complete
complete
complete
proximal
proximal
distal
complete
complete
shaft
complete
complete
complete
complete
uncomplete
uncomplete
complete
complete
complete
uncomplete
uncomplete
uncomplete
uncomplete
complete
uncomplete
complete
complete
complete
complete
complete
1
1
4
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
15
24
17
20
189
Head/mm
F#
Left
Length/cm
Sr. Block. 13 block 13 Sq#
Descriptio
count
n
count count
Head/mm
Right
Length/cm
Right Left
Male Female Age Adult Sub-adult
√
1
√
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
26
23
43
47
44
41
42
13
43
47
44
√
√
√
√
26
43
47
13
43
47
√
√
√
√
√
√
41
1
1
1
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
22
24
1
1
1
36
38
40
34
1
1
1
1
1
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
36
38
40
√
20
38
35
38
35
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
8
√
√
√
9
15
7
11
34
31
43.4
34.8
43.7
31.8
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
51
8
Right
Bone
Atlas vertebra
Axis vertebre
calcenus
Carpal
cervical vertbre
Clavicale
femur
Fibila
humerus
Lumber verebre
mandible
maxilla
Metatarsal
Patela
pelvic
radius
sacrum
scapula
skull
Tarsal
Thorathic vertbre
Tibia
ulna
count
2
10
15
20
7
3
14
5
9
2
3
1
17
3
4
6
3
3
5
24
14
10
9
Left
Measurment
Right
count
Sex
count
Sex
8
0
7
0
2
7
2
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
4
2
4
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
6
2
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Head/mm
43.4
40.5
42
Left
Length/cm
44.7
36.5
29.125
33
Head/mm
43.7
41
42
Male
34
36.5
23.75
33
20.7
19.5
37
33.5
12
Female
Age
Adult
Sub-adult
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
3
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Length/cm
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
2
1
4
1
1
6
4
13
14
Bone
Male Female
skull
2
3
mandible
2
1
maxilla
0
1
Lumber verebre 1
2
humerus
2
3
femur
4
2
FEMALE
femur
17%
skull
25%
humerus
25%
mandible
8%
maxilla
8%
MALE
Lumber verebre
17%
skull
18%
femur
37%
mandible
18%
maxilla
0%
humerus
18%
Lumber verebre
9%
15