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Distribution of Specific Gravity for laterite Soil mixed using Tire Aggregate
and Silica
Article · January 2015
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Distribution of Specific Gravity for laterite Soil
mixed using Tire Aggregate and Silica
Behrouz Gordan 1*, Azlan Adnan 2, Marjan Gordan 3
1. Head of Civil Engineering Department, Science and Culture University of Iran, Hamedan Branch
2. Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Group (e-seer), Universiti Technologi
Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3. Civil Engineering Department, Science and Culture University of Iran, Hamedan Branch
ABSTRACT
Due to environmental and human health issues, use of
scrap tires in engineering purposes is strongly advisable.
According to literature, Tire-Derived Aggregates (TDA) is
one of the useful materials in different field of geotechnical
in order to high level of flexibility, which can be applicable
in different structures like retaining wall, landfill, artificial
slope and embankment. TDA properties corresponded to
some significant factors like flexible, lightweight, high
permeability and economic material in compare to use sand.
Distribution of specific gravity for laterite soil is the main
goal of this study when it can be mixed by TDA and micro
silica (MS) with different percentage. A number of 15
specific gravity tests using alcohol pycnometer were carried
out. As result, TDA led to reduce specific gravity and MS
led to increase this value. Consequently, the best mixture in
order to specific gravity distribution was obtained in this
study.
KEYWORDS
Specific Gravity, Pycnometer,
Aggregate, Water, Micro silica
Lateraite,
Tire
Derived
INTRODUCTION
C
BACKGROUND
urrently, alleviates disposal is one of the important
problems in the world. In parallel, application of waste
materials in engineering purposes is dramatically
increased. Tire is one of the applicable waste materials
that can be used in industries and constructions. In the
past two decades, it is well known that the soil properties
can be improved by using TDA [1]. In other words,
specific gravity of the soil is one of the engineering
properties, which plays an important role in analysis of
geotechnical problems.
The specific gravity of soil is one of the basic
properties that commonly known by a symbol with Gs.
This value is a measurement of soil particle density and
related to the equivalent volume of water. The degree of
saturation and void ratio depend on it. Therefore, accurate
determination of specific gravity is essential. In this
study, the effect of TDA and MS on distribution of
specific gravity is the main purpose of the present study.
For this purpose, both additives as mentioned used with
respect to different percentage when the maximum size
was just 2 mm.
*Corresponding Author: Behrouz Gordan
E-mail : bh.gordan@yahoo.com
Telephone Number:00989354520278
To determine specific gravity of soil particles, some
standards have been developed which explained below.
As stated by ASTM (D 854-10) [2], this measurement is
possible while grain size is less than 4.75 mm. However,
in a case of having particles, which can be readily
dissolved in water or float in water, ASTM (D 550-06)
[3] should be used. In this domain, two standards such as
(AASHTO T 100) [4], and California test 209 [5] also
can be used. For soil particles greater than 4.75 mm,
California test 206 [6] or ASTM C127-12 [7] can be
used. The use of water pycnometer is commonly
suggested for this purpose in all of the aforementioned
standards except for ASTM (D 550-06) that emphasized
to apply gas pycnometer. On the other hand, ASTM (D
6270- 12) [8] is recommended by standard test method
for using scrap tires in the civil engineering objectives.
The specific gravity of tire derived aggregate should be
determined by using ASTM C127 [7] for size more than
4.75 mm.
To measure specific gravity, all abovementioned
standards based on water pycnometer method are very
applicable. Unfortunately, they are not reliable for some
purpose, as shown in Figure 1 [9]. In this Figure, TDA
density is very close to the water density. Therefore, a
liquid with lower density than TDA density is required. In
this context, ethyl alcohol pycnometer is highlighted in
Florida method of test for testing of ground tire rubber
(FM 5-559) [14]. Therefore using this method is
recommended to solve problem.
Tab.2.Oxides and chemical composition of Laterite soil
Chemical composition
(Oxides)
Si
A
F
C
Fig.1. Use of Powdery TDA in Water Pycnometer (Arefnia et al, 2013)
The range of specific gravity for TDA is between 1.01
to 1.36 in some studies ([10], [11], [12], [13], and [8]). As
stated by Rau and Dutta in 2006, this value was near to
1.22 and 1.15 for TDA with and without metal,
approximately. On the other hand, the specific gravity of
soils is 2.6 to 2.8.
Value (%)
25.15
30.85
36.2
7.8
In terms of additives, two materials such as TDA and MS
were applied. TDA was a powder material (80 meshes).
Yong Fong Rubber Industries Sdn.Bhd made it. The
powder material MS provided form Syarikat Honda
Industries Sdn. Bhd. Figure 2 shows materials that used
in this study. It should be noting that, tropical laterite soil
was provided from University Teknologi Malaysia
campus in Johor city.
METHODOLOGY
This study included two steps; the first step is material
collection. Secondly, the specific gravity test was carried out
by using Florida (FM 5-559) [14]. Based on this standard,
alcohol pycnometer can be used for TDA powder test.
a
Materials
Laterite is clayey soil with reddish color and amounts of
iron oxides that used in this study. This soil can be found
commonly in tropical zones [9]. The soil samples are from a
hillside (Balai Cerap) which located at the Skudai campus in
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Table 1, 2 show the
physical and chemical properties. Maximum and minimum
size of Laterite was 2.00mm and 0.075 mm, respectively.
Tab.1. Characteristics of the natural laterite soil
Engineering and physical properties
Ph (L/S=2.50)
Specific gravity
External surface area(
)
Liquid Limit, LL (%)
Plastic Limit, PL (%)
Plasticity index, PI (%)
BS Classification
Maximum dry density (
)
Optimum moisture content (%)
Unconfined compressive strength
(
)
values
5.31
2.88
42.1
74
42
32
MH
13.30
35
310
b
c
Fig.2. Materials, a) Laterite, b) Tire driven aggregate and c) Micro silica
Test procedure
This test was performed based on ASTM D-854 and
Florida test method (FM 5-559). It should be noting that, the
test value is strongly dependent on technical competency,
suitability of the equipment and facilities. In this case,
required apparatus included Pycnometer, Balance, Drying
oven, Thermometric device, De-aired water, Ethyl Alcohol,
Vacuum pump, Funnel, Sieve, Material, and Calculator. In
terms of using different percentage based on weight, samples
are presented in Table 3.
Tab.3. Sample definition
Sample
number
Component
Sample
number
Component
Sample
number
Component
1
2
3
4
5
Laterite
Laterite+3%TDA
Laterite+5%TDA
Laterite+7%TDA
Laterite+10%TDA
6
7
8
9
10
Laterite+3%TDA+2% Silica
Laterite+3%TDA+3% Silica
Laterite+5%TDA+2% Silica
Laterite+5%TDA+3% Silica
Laterite+7%TDA+3% Silica
11
12
13
14
15
Laterite+7%TDA+4% Silica
Laterite+10%TDA+4% Silica
Laterite+10%TDA+5% Silica
Tire driven aggregate (TDA)
Micro silica (MS)
After prepare relevant apparatus and material for test,
the pycnometer mass was measured in the first phase of test.
For this reason, five different pycnometers were weighed by
using high-resolution laboratory balance, as shown in Figure
3. The pycnometer volume was 100 ml. Pycnometer was
dried for the accurate determination of its mass. To carry
material into pycnometer, a dry funnel was used. The stem
of the funnel must extend past the calibration mark or
stopper seal. The next step dealt with adding the Ethyl
Alcohol. It was added to the material until it reached 1⁄3 to
1⁄2 depth of the pycnometer main body. The entrapped air
was removed from the slurry by using vacuum pump. Figure
3 shows some of samples before vacuum pump.
Fig.3. Samples before vacuum
The pycnometers were continually agitated under vacuum
for at least 2 hours, and then they were filled by de-aired
Ethyl Alcohol to the calibration mark level. In the next step
the mass of different pycnometers were recorded again to the
nearest 0.01 g using the same laboratory balance.
Subsequently, mass of pycnometers with Ethyl Alcohol
were measured for all pycnometers. Figure 4 shows samples
during vacuum pump.
Fig.4. Samples during vacuum pump
After performing of the aforementioned procedures, the
specific gravity of each material was obtained by using
equation 1. After performing of the aforementioned
procedures, the specific gravity of each material was
obtained by using equation 1. Where, Mpe is mass of the
pycnometer and Ethyl Alcohol, Mpes is the total mass from
pycnometer, Ethyl Alcohol, and material. Md is mass of the
oven dry soil solids, and Gs is specific gravity of material.
The mass dimension was (g) when it was (g/ml) for specific
gravity.
RESULTS and ANALYSIS
TDA. As shown in Figure 5, specific gravity for micro
silica is 2.234 when it is 1.129 for tire. In fact, both
additives were lighter than laterite soil.
According to Table 2, this test for all samples was
carried out. Results indicated that, the maximum value
was found for laterite when it was minimum value for
Gs = Md / (Mpe- (Mpes - Md))
(1)
Fig.5. Distribution of specific gravity for different materials
Distribution of specific gravity for sample 1 to 5 was
compared, as can be seen in Figure 6. However, after
laterite, the maximum value was obtained when the
minimum ratio of TDA was used (See sample 2). In fact,
sample 2 was related to the use of TDA with 3%. It was
worth noting that, this value in both samples (4 and 5)
was very convergence. It means that, increase of TDA led
to reduce specific gravity, but it was sensible in lower
percentage.
Fig.6. Distribution of specific gravity for sample 1 to 5
In order to silica effects on specific gravity distribution,
four-sub histogram was defined. Based on Figure 7,
Histogram A-D shows distribution of specific gravity for
different samples. For example, sample 2, 6 and 7 are
related to one group result (See Figure 7-A). In this part,
sample 6 (3%TDA and 2%MS) was at peak or maximum
with 2.674 when it was a little bit more than sample 7 and
2. This behavior was same in Histograms B and C. In
Figure 7-B, sample 8 was maximum with 2.575 when it
was 2.506 in sample 3. Based on comparison between
both histograms (A and B), the convergence results was
observed in 5% TDA instead of 3%TDA. According to
Figure 7-D, increase of silica led to decrease of specific
gravity. It was based on maximum TDA for this group
test. However, the maximum effects to increase specific
gravity shown in Figure 7-C (See sample 10).
Fig.7. Comparison of specific gravity value in different samples
After all as discussed, the effect of TDA mixture with
Laterite soil on specific gravity showed reduction
performance. In addition, effect of silica mixture with
TDA and Laterite soil showed the increase of value in
this test.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, specific gravity test for different
samples in regards to use Laterite soil with two additives
such tire aggregate and micro silica was carried out. As
results, this value was 2.83 for tropical laterite soil. This
REFERENCES
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reduction value was improved in order to increase using
silica. Finally, the maximum influence of silica was
found. The best distribution to reduce differential
specific gravity for mixture in compare to soil obtained
with 10% additives while 30% of total additives were
micro silica.
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