SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Community
Engagement, Solidarity
and Citizenship
Module 2 – Quarter 1
Functions of Communities in Terms of
Structures, Dynamics, and Processes
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship (CSC)
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Functions of Communities in Terms of Structures,
Dynamics, and Processes
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary:
Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary:
Diosdado M. San Antonio
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Chairperson:
Development Team of the Module
Leterin II G. Agcopra
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Elbert T. Maestre
Presentacion P. Alarba
Ivy O. Niñeza
Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III
Regional Director
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Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V
Assistant Regional Director
Jonathan S. dela Peña, PhD, CESO V
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Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Community
Engagement, Solidarity
and Citizenship
Module 1 – Quarter 1
Functions of Communities in Terms of
Structures, Dynamics, and Processes
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and
reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or
universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Cover page
i
Copyright page
ii
Table of Contents
iv
What I Need to Know
1
What Should I Expect
1
Things to Remember to Get Through
2
What Should I Expect
3
What I Know
3
What’s New
4
Assessment
13
Additional Activities
13
Answer Key
14
References
14
iv
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
This module focuses on the functions of communities in terms of structures,
dynamics, and processes. Community Dynamics is the change and development
involved in a community that includes all forms of living organisms.
Community Action is putting communities as the center of the services
development and services delivery. This initiative aims to cater the primary needs of
the communities before implementing it. In such way, *community action* will help
the community dynamics or the degree of improvement of the community.
It is important to understand these two because these will propel the success
and stability of the communities. They go hand in hand and are proportionally related.
WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
1. describe the community networks and functions;
2. analyze the functions of communities in terms of structures, dynamics and
processes;
3. appreciate the value of networks and functions of community; and
4.discuss the community development process.
1
THINGS TO REMEMBER TO
GET THROUGH
To learn the benefits from this module, follow the steps below:
1. Read the module title and the module introduction to get an idea of what the
module covers. Specifically, read the first two sections of this module
carefully. The first section tells you what this module is all about while the
second section tells you of what you are expected to learn.
2. Never move on to the next page unless you have done what you are expected
to do in the previous page. Before you start each lesson, read first the
INSTRUCTIONS.
3. Work on the activities. Take note of the skills that each activity is helping you
to develop.
4. Take the Post-Test after you are done with all the lessons and activities in the
module.
5. Meet with your teacher. Ask him/her about any difficulty or confusion you have
encountered in this module.
6. Finally, prepare and gather all your outputs and submit them to your teacher.
7. Please write all your answers of the tests, activities, exercises, and others in
your separate activity notebook.
GOOD LUCK AS YOU BEGIN THIS MODULE!
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WHAT SHOULD I EXPECT
Learning Competency 1B: Define using various perspectives, e.g., social sciences,
institutions, civil society, and local/grassroots level HUMSS_CSC12-IIa-c-2
(2 hours).
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
1. describe the community networks and functions;
2. analyze the functions of communities in terms of structures, dynamics and
processes;
3. appreciate the value of networks and functions of community; and
4.discuss the community development process.
WHAT I KNOW
Instruction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your
answer in your notebook.
1. Community structure means the internal structure of an employment area,
town, city, neighbourhood or another urban area.
2. Communities may be small, consisting of few species populations in a small
space, or large, comprising several species populations in a large area.
3. Community development is a process where community members come
together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems.
4. Mutual support in the community will enable its members to cooperate to
accomplish tasks too large or too urgent to be handled by a single person.
5. Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and
composition over time.
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WHAT’S NEW
I. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY
charterforcompassion.org
domesticpreparedness.com
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Community and its Five Functions
A community is a group of people in the same geographic area, under common
laws, that has a sense of fellowship, belonging, and obligation to the group. Types of
communities are a neighbourhood, church, a mom's group, a town, girl scouts etc.
The community has five functions: production-distribution-consumption,
socialization, social control, social participation, and mutual support.
1. Production, Distribution, Consumption
The community provides its members with the means to make a living. This
may be agriculture, industry, or services. No community can survive if it does not
provide some way for its people to make a living and obtain the material resources
that they need for living. This involves, first of all, the industrial sector (broadly
understood). Someone has to take raw material and fashion it into some sort of
useful product. It is also the transportation/warehousing/retail sector, since
somehow the goods that are produced have to be moved to and through the
market. Finally, production and distribution are useless if there is no one to buy or
use it, if there is no “market.” When Henry Ford was criticized for paying his laborers
the princely sum of $5 a day (a lot of money in 1920), he replied that all those cars
he was making were no good if no one could afford to buy them.
2. Socialization
The community has means by which it instils its norms and values in its
members. This may be tradition, modelling, and/or formal education. No community
can survive if it does not arrange for its continuation. A way must be found for
children to learn what they will need to know to be adults; for workers to develop the
knowledge, skills and abilities to do their jobs; for in-migrants (whether they are from
the neighboring State or from across the ocean) to learn “how we do things here.”
3. Social Control
The community has the means to enforce adherence to community values.
This may be group pressure to to conform and/or formal laws. Communities are
incredibly complex systems. For all those players (whether human or corporate) are
to move around and “do their thing,” there have to be “traffic rules” to keep them from
crashing into each other. Only the smallest part of social control is “busting bad
guys”; much of it is an issue of forming and enforcing contracts (mutual agreements
about who will do what to whom how and with what) and supporting the “social
contract” (those “rules” of what is expected of one that were learned through
socialization). This function is also often referred to as “boundary maintenance.”
4. Social Participation
The community fulfils the need for companionship. This may occur in a
neighbourhood, church, business, or other group.
In part, it is
through participation that much of those functions is accomplished.
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5. Mutual Support
The community enables its members to cooperate to accomplish tasks too
large or too urgent to be handled by a single person. Supporting a community
hospital with tax dollars and donations is an example of people cooperating to
accomplish the task of health care. Finally, one of the purposes of community is to
“share the journey,” and to motivate and encourage each other along the way
Community Networks and Community Development
Communities comprises of individuals, families, groups, organizations and
institutions, all of which, both individually and collectively, contribute to and effect
the development of the whole.
How Community Involvement Influences Socialization?
Physical Factors: Population, noise, community design/arrangement and of
housing, play settings.
Is it safe to go out and ride a bike? Was it only safe to play inside? Is the
subway or bus the main transportation or is a personal car? Where does playing take
place, on the streets? In an enrichment class? All of these can affect the child's
socialization. It affects what they do, who they do it with, and where they do it- the
community.
Social and Personal Factors: The neighborhood setting, patterns of
community interaction.
How do people interact with one another and build relationships? Do they do it
at all? Are the people loving and caring, or mean and neglectful? Are neighbors
close or far apart? Again, the people in the community and how they interact with
one another is a socializing agent.
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The Community as a Support System
The community can serve as a support system for families. It can
provide informal support, when families watch each other’s children. Or it can
be formal support, like when it helps family through publicly or privately funded
community services.
Preventative Services (Parks, recreation, and Education): These attempt to
lessen the stresses and strains of life resulting from social and technological
changes and to avert problems. For example, parks and recreations programs set up
in rapidly developing urban areas are meant to be used by children in their free time
to keep them from engaging in bad behavior.
Supportive Services (Child and Family): These include educational
programs, counselling services, health services, policies related to demographic
changes, employment training, and community development projects. These
services maintain the health, education, and welfare of the community.
Rehabilitative Services (Correction, Mental Health, and Special Needs): These
services enable or restore people's ability to participate in the community effectively.
II. STRUCTURES OF COMMUNITY
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/community-structure-and-dynamics/
Community structure means the internal structure of an employment area,
town, city, neighbourhood or another urban area. It includes the population and
housing, jobs and production, service and leisure time areas, along with transport
routes and technical networks, their location and relationships.
Communities are complex entities that can be characterized by their structure
(the types and numbers of species present) and dynamics (how communities change
over time). Understanding community structure and dynamics enables community
ecologists to manage ecosystems more effectively.
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Communities may be small, consisting of few species populations in a small
space, or large, comprising several species populations in a large area. The
community structures, composition and other characteristics can be readily
described by visual observation without actual measurement.
This is a qualitative approach which is easier than the quantitative population
analysis where measurements are actually made. Communities usually categories
by the ecologists in various ways primarily based of habitat features like water
availability, high exposure, or other habitat features.
For instance, depending on the amount of water availability, plant
communities may be hydrophytic (aquatic habitats), mesophytic (moderately moist
soil habitat) and xerophytic (dry or arid habitat).
Similarly, communities growing on conditions of abundant light are called
heliophytic and those growing in shade sciophytic. Identically communities growing
on various habitats designated as desert communities, mountain communities and
estuarine communities and so on.
In general, a community is dynamic since it changes over time. This dynamic
nature is reflected in the succession of organisms in a habitat. A series of changes
result in the development of a relatively stable community, which maintains its
structure and influences the climate of the area.
Such a stable and mature community is called a climax community, while
communities of successional stages are called seral communities. The plant
community structures, composition and other characterizes can be described in both
qualitative and quantitative means.
III. DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY
brendanhughes.ie
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Community dynamics are the changes in community structure and
composition over time. Sometimes these changes are induced by environmental
disturbances such as volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, fires, and climate change.
Communities with a stable structure are said to be at equilibrium. Following a
disturbance, the community may or may not return to the equilibrium state.
Communities are dynamic systems constantly interacting with another
system, the environment, which is equally dynamic. The community charges are
gradual and imperceptible at any time but easily recognizable if observed at regular
intervals over a long period of time. Seasonal changes in plant communities always
occur at every place, particularly in areas where temperature variation is significant.
However, in course of very long period of time at many places the communities
have reached a peak stage and attained a dynamic balance with the environmental
changes. The process of change in communities and their environment at one place
in the course of time is called “ecological succession”.
IV. PROCESSES OF COMMUNITY
Community is a process. The importance of this as the fundamental principle of
sociology it is impossible to over- estimate. Physical science based on the study of
function is a study of process. The Freudian psychology, based on the study of the
'wish,' is preeminently a study of process and points towards new definitions of
personality, purpose, will, freedom. If we study community as a process, we reach
these new definitions. For community is a creative process. It is creative because it
is a process of integrating. The Freudian psychology, as interpreted and expanded
by Holt,' gives us a clear exposition of the process of integrating in the individual. It
shows us that personality is produced through the integrating of 'wishes,' that is,
courses of action which the organism sets itself to carry out. The essence of the
Freudian psychology is that two courses of action are not mutually exclusive, that
one does not 'suppress' the other. It shows plainly that to integrate is not to absorb,
melt, fuse, or to reconcile in the so-called Hegelian sense. The creative power of the
individual appears not when one 'wish' dominates others, but when all 'wishes' unite
in a working whole.
Community Organization
Community organization refers to organizing aimed at making desired
improvements to a community's social health, well-being, and overall functioning.
Community organization occurs in geographically, psychosocially, culturally,
spiritually, and/or digitally bounded communities.
Community
organization
includes
community
work,
community
projects, community development, community empowerment, community building,
and community mobilization. It is a commonly used model for organizing community
within community projects, neighborhoods, organizations, voluntary associations,
localities, and social networks, which may operate as ways to mobilize around
geography, shared space, shared experience, interest, need, and/or concern.
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Community organization is a process by which a community identifies needs
or objectives, takes action, and through this process, develops cooperative and
collaborative attitudes and practices within a community.
pinterest.com
Community development is a process where community members come
together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems.
Community well being (economic, social, environmental and cultural) often evolves
from this type of collective action being taken at a grassroots level. Community
development ranges from small initiatives within a small group to large initiatives that
involve the broader community.
Effective community development should be:

a long-term endeavour

well-planned

inclusive and equitable

holistic and integrated into the bigger picture

initiated and supported by community members

of benefit to the community

grounded in experience that leads to best practices
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Community development is a grassroots process by which communities:

become more responsible

organize and plan together

develop healthy lifestyle options

empower themselves

reduce poverty and suffering

create employment and economic opportunities

achieve social, economic, cultural and environmental goals
greenwatchcommunity.wordpr
Community development seeks to improve quality of life. Effective community
development results in mutual benefit and shared responsibility among community
members. Such development recognizes:

the connection between social, cultural, environmental and economic matters;

the diversity of interests within a community; and

its relationship to building capacity.
Community development helps to build community capacity in order to address
issues and take advantage of opportunities, find common ground and balance
competing interests. It doesn’t just happen – capacity building requires both a
conscious and a conscientious effort to do something (or many things) to improve
the community.
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Development
The term development often carries an assumption of growth and expansion.
During the industrial era, development was strongly connected to increased speed,
volume and size. However, many people are currently questioning the concept of
growth for numerous reasons – a realization that more isn’t always better, or an
increasing respect for reducing outside dependencies and lowering levels of
consumerism. So while the term “development” may not always mean growth, it
always imply change.
The community development process takes charge of the conditions and factors
that influence a community and changes the quality of life of its members.
Community development is a tool for managing change but it is not:

a quick fix or a short-term response to a specific issue within a community;

a process that seeks to exclude community members from participating; or

an initiative that occurs in isolation from other related community activities.
Community development is about community building as such, where the
process is as important as the results. One of the primary challenges of community
development is to balance the need for long-term solutions with the day-to-day
realities that require immediate decision-making and short-term action.
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ASSESSMENT
Instructions: Concisely explain the following:
1. In your notebook, list down the five (5) functions of community and
describe each in your own words.
2. As a member of the community, what should be done to become part
of its development? Five (5) sentences only.
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
Instructions:
1. In your notebook, do the activity below.
Activity 1
My contributions to my community
Community contributions to me
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Answer Key
References:
http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/community.
commons.wikimedia.org
slideshare.net
brendanhughes.ie
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/community-structure-anddynamics/
http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~jp5985fj/courses/230/Institutions.html
https://sites.google.com/site/childfamilyschoolcommunity/community#
http://www.peernetbc.com/what-is-community-development
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2178307.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad48ef9a656d719
0dbd2018b8efad6ab2
http://partnerships.org.uk/articles/day.html#
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Murray G. Ross, 1967)
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