HKDSE Physics 物理 Constants and Formulas 常數與公式 (Compulsory + E2E3 必修 + E2E3) Constants 常數: A. Heat and Gases 熱和氣體 i. 𝑐 = 4200 Jkg −1 °C −1 Specific Heat Capacity of Water 水的比熱容量 ii. 𝑙f = 3.34 × 105 Jkg −1 Specific Latent Heat of Ice 冰的熔解比潛熱 iii. 𝑙v = 2.26 × 106 Jkg −1 Specific Latent Heat of Vapour 水的汽化比潛熱 iv. 𝑅 = 8.31 mol−1 K −1 Universal Gas Constant 普適氣體常數 v. 𝑁𝐴 = 6.0221 × 1023 mol−1 Avogadro Constant 阿弗加德羅常數 B. Force and Motion 力和運動 i. 𝑔 = 9.81 ms −1 Acceleration of Gravity 重力加速度 ii. 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg −1 s −2 Gravitational Constant 萬有引力常數 Constants and Formulas 1 C. Wave Motion 波動 i. 𝑐0 = 3.00 × 10−1 Speed of Light 光速 D. Electricity and Magnetism 電和磁 i. 𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 A2 s 4 m−3 kg −1 Permitivity of Vacuum 真空電容率 ii. 𝜇0 = 1.26 × 10−6 TmA−1 Permeability of Vacuum 真空磁導率 E. Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy 放射現象和核能 i. 𝑒 = 1.60 × 10−19 C Charge of Electron 電子電荷 ii. 𝑢 = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg Atomic Mass Unit 原子質量單位 F. Atomic World 原子世界 i. ℎ = 6.63 × 10−34 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔𝑠 −1 Planck Constant 普朗克常數 G. Energy and Use of Energy 能量和能源的使用 i. 𝑆 = 1366 𝑊𝑚−2 Solar Constant 太陽常數 Constants and Formulas 2 Formulas 公式: A. Heat and Gases 熱和氣體 A1. Internal Energy 內能 i. 𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐 Heat Capacity 熱容量 ii. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇 Energy with Change of Temperature 溫度改變時的能量 iii. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑙f = 𝑚𝑙v Energy with Change of States 物態改變時的能量 iv. 𝑃= 𝐸 Power 𝑡 功率 A2. Gases 氣體* v. 𝐹 𝑝=𝐴 Pressure 壓強 vi. Boyle’s Law 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 = 𝑘 波義耳定律 vii. 𝑝1 𝑇1 = 𝑝2 𝑇2 =𝑘 Pressure Law 氣壓定律 viii. 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑉 = 𝑇2 = 𝑘 Charle’s Law 2 查理定律 ix. 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑛1 𝑇1 Universal Gas Law 𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑛2 𝑉2 普適氣體定律 2 2 Constants and Formulas 3 x. 𝑚 𝜌= Density 𝑉 密度 xi. 4 𝑉sphere = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 Volume of a Sphere 球體體積 xii. 𝑛= 𝑚 Molar Number 𝑀 摩爾數 1 xiii. 𝑝𝑉 = 3 𝑁𝑚𝑐̅̅̅2 Kinetic Equation of Gases 氣體分子運動方程 xiv. 3 3𝑅𝑇 1 𝐸K = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 2𝑁 = 2 𝑁𝑚𝑐̅̅̅2 Kinetic Energy of Molecules 𝐴 氣體分子動能 xv. 3𝑝𝑉 2𝐸 √̅̅̅ 𝑐 2 = √ 𝑁𝑚 = √ 𝑁𝑚K R.M.S. of Velocity of Molecules 氣體分子的方均根速率 B. Force and Motion 力和運動 B1. Movement 移動 i. 𝑠 𝑣 = = 𝑟𝜔 Velocity 𝑡 速度 ii. 𝑎= 𝑣 Acceleration 𝑡 加速度 iii. 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 Equations of Uniform Accelerating 1 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 Motion 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 勻速直線運動方程 Constants and Formulas 4 B2. Force 力 iv. Newton’s Second Law of Motion 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 牛頓第二運動定律 v. 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 Weight 重量 vi. 𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝑑sin𝜃 Moment of a Force 力矩 B3. Energy and Momentum 能量與動量 vii. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠cos𝜃 Work 功 1 viii. 𝐸K = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 Kinetic Energy in Mechanics 機械動能 ix. 𝐸P = 𝑚𝑔ℎ Potential Energy of Gravity 重力勢能 x. 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 Power in Mechanics 機械功率 xi. 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 Momentum 動量 xii. 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 Conservation of Momentum 動量守恆式 xiii. 1 2 1 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 Conservation of Kinetic Energy 2 1 1 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣22 動能守恆式 B4. Circular Motion 圓周運動* xiv. 𝜔= 𝜃 Angular Velocity 𝑡 角速度 Constants and Formulas 5 xv. 𝑇= 2𝜋 Period of Circular Motion 𝜔 圓周運動的週期 xvi. 𝑎 = 𝑟𝜔2 = 𝑣2 Centripetal Acceleration 𝑟 向心加速度 xvii. 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑟 = 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 Centripetal Force 向心力 B5. Gravitation 引力* xviii. 𝐹 = 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 Law of Universal Gravitation 𝑟2 萬有引力定律 xix. 𝑔= 𝐺𝑀E 2 𝑅E 𝐹 =𝑚 Gravitational Field Strength 引力場強度 xx. xxi. 𝐺𝑀 = 𝑟 3 𝜔2 = 𝑣 2 𝑟 Gravitation and Circular Motion 𝐺𝑀𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2 𝑟 3 引力和圓周運動 𝐺𝑀 𝑣=√ Orbital Velocity 𝑟 軌道速度 𝑟3 xxii. 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝐺𝑀 Orbital Period 軌道週期 C. Wave Motion 波動 C1. Refraction 折射 i. 𝑛= sin𝑖 Refractive Index sin𝑟 折射率 Constants and Formulas 6 ii. Snell’s Law 𝑛1 sin𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin𝜃2 斯涅耳定律 iii. n 𝑐 = sin−1 (n1 ) Critical Angle 2 臨界角 C2. Lenses 透鏡 iv. ℎo ℎi 𝑑 = 𝑑o Magnifying Rate of Lens i 透鏡放大率 v. 1 1 1 +𝑣 =𝑓 𝑢 Formula of Single Lens* 單塊透鏡公式* C3. Phenomena of Waves 波的現象 vi. 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 Speed of Waves 波速 vii. 1 𝜆∝𝑛∝𝜃∝𝑣 Relationship of Transverse Wave 橫波關係式 viii. 𝛥𝑦 = 𝜆𝐷 Double Slits Experiment* 𝑎 雙縫實驗* ix. 𝑑sin𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 Grating* 光柵* D. Electricity and Magnetism 電和磁 D1. Electrostatic 靜電學 i. 𝐹= 𝑄1 𝑄2 Coulomb’s Law 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 庫倫定律 Constants and Formulas 7 ii. 𝑄 𝐹 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 0𝑟 =𝑞 Electric field Strength 電場強度 iii. 𝑉 𝐸=𝑑 Electric field Strength in Parallel Plate 平行板的電場強度 D2. Circuit 電路 iv. 𝑄 𝐼= Current 𝑡 電流 v. 𝑉= 𝐸 Voltage 𝑞 電壓 vi. Ohm’s Law 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 歐姆定律 vii. 𝑅= 𝜌𝑙 Resistance of a Wire 𝐴 導線電阻 viii. 𝑅eq = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 Equivalent Resistance of Series Circuit 串聯電路的等效電阻 ix. 1 𝑅eq = 1 𝑅1 + 1 Equivalent Resistance in Parallel 𝑅2 Circuit 並聯電路的等效電阻 x. 𝜀 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑟 Internal Resistance 內阻 xi. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 𝑉2 Electrical Power 𝑅 電功率 Constants and Formulas 8 xii. 𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑉2 𝑡 Electrical Energy 𝑅 電能 D3. Electromagnetism 電磁學 𝜇 𝐼 0 xiii. 𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟 Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire 長直導線的磁場 xiv. 𝐵= 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 Magnetic Field of a solenoid 螺線管中的磁場 xv. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙sin𝜃 Magnetic Force 磁力 xvi. 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝐼 Torque of Coil in a Motor 電動機中線圈的轉矩 xvii. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑄𝑣sin𝜃 Force of a Charge inside Magnetic Field 電荷在磁場內的磁力 xviii. 𝜁 = − 𝑁𝛥𝛷 Faraday’s Law 𝛥𝑡 法拉第定律 xix. 𝜁 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 Induced e.m.f. of Wire Cutting Magnetic Field 導線切割磁場的感生電動勢 D4. Transformer 變壓器* xx. √𝐼̅2 = 𝐼max 2 R.M.S. of Current √ 電流的方均根值 Constants and Formulas 9 xxi. 𝑉 √̅̅̅̅ 𝑉 2 = max R.M.S. of Voltage √2 電壓的方均根值 xxii. 𝑁P 𝑁S 𝑉 𝐼 ≈ 𝑉P ≈ 𝐼S S Ratio of Principle Coil and P Supplementary Coil 原線圈與副線圈之比 E. Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy 放射現象和核能 E1. Radioactive Decay 放射衰變* i. 𝐴 = 𝑘𝑁 Activity and Number of Undecayed Nuclei 放射強度與未衰變原子核數目 ii. 1 𝑛 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 𝐴0 (2) Activity 放射強度 iii. 1 𝑛 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 𝑁0 (2) Exponential Equation of Decay 衰變指數方程 iv. 𝑡1 = 2 ln2 Half Time 𝑘 半衰期 v. 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑁𝐴 Number of Nuclei and Molar Number 原子核數目和摩爾數 E2. Nuclear Energy 核能* vi. 𝛥𝐸 = 𝛥𝑚𝑐 2 Mass-energy Relationship 質能關係式 Constants and Formulas 10 vii. 𝑃 = 𝐴𝐸 = 𝑘𝑁𝐸 Power of Nuclear Energy 核能功率 F. Atomic World 原子世界 F1. Photoelectric Effect 光電效應 i. 𝐾𝐸max = 𝑒𝑉𝑠 Maximum Kinetic Energy with Stopping Potential 最大動能與遏止電勢 ii. 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 Energy of a Photon 光子能量 iii. Albert Einstein’s Photoelectric 𝐾𝐸max = ℎ𝑓 − 𝜑 Equation 愛恩斯坦光電方程 iv. ℎ 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑒 𝑓 − 𝜑 Relation of Stopping Potential and 𝑒 Frequency 遏止電勢與頻率的關係 F2. Transition of Hydrogen Atom 氫原子的激發 v. 𝐸=− 13.6𝑒𝑉 Energy Level of a Hydrogen Atom 𝑛2 氫原子的能階 vi. 𝐸𝑎→𝑏 = 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐸𝑎 Energy Level Difference 能階差 vii. 1 =− 𝜆 13.6𝑒 ℎ𝑐 1 1 (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ) Required Wavelength for Transition 激發的所需波長 Constants and Formulas 11 F3. Nanotechnology 納米技術 ℎ ℎ viii. 𝜆 = 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 De Brogile Formula 德布羅意公式 ix. 𝜃≈ 1.22𝜆 Rayleigh Criterion 𝑑 瑞利判據 x. 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 Smallest Linear Length 最小線性長度 xi. 𝜆= ℎ Wavelength of TEM √2𝑚𝑒𝑉 透射電子顯微鏡的波長 G. Energy and Use of Energy 能量和能源的使用 G1. Domestic Electricity 家居用電 i. 𝜂= 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 Efficiency 𝑃𝑖𝑛 效率 ii. 𝛷 Lighting Efficiency = 𝑃 Lighting Efficiency 𝑖𝑛 發光效率 iii. 𝛷 𝐸 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 cos𝜃 Illumination 照明度 iv. Cooling Capacity = 𝑄𝐶 Cooling Capacity 𝑡 製冷量 v. 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = Cooling Capacity Coefficient of Performance 𝑃𝑖𝑛 性能係數 Constants and Formulas 12 vi. 𝑄𝐻 = 𝑄𝐶 + 𝑊 Energy Conversion in Air Conditioning 冷氣的能量轉換 G2. Energy Use in Architecture 建築上的能量使用 vii. 𝑈= 𝜅 U-value 𝑑 U值 viii. 𝑃 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇 Power of Transfering Heat 熱傳導係數 ix. 𝑃 OTTV = 𝐴 Overall Thermal Transfer Value 總熱傳送值 G3. Energy Sources 能源 x. 𝐸 = |𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚| Combined Energy 結合能 xi. 1 𝑃 = 2 𝜂𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 Power of Wind Turbine 風力渦輪機的功率 xii. 𝑃 = 𝑆𝐴𝜂cos𝜃 Power of Solar Panel 太陽能板的功率 Remarks 備註: 有 * 標示的為延展部分課程。 Those marked with * are extended syllabuses. Constants and Formulas 13
