-----------Conceptual Framework----------- is a structure which the researcher believes can
best explain the natural progression of the phenomenon
to be studied.
- it is linked with the concepts, empirical
research an d important theories used in promoting and
systemizing the knowledge espoused by the researcher.
- it illustrates what you expect to find through
your study.
- input -> process -> output
Theoretical Framework vs Conceptual Framework
- theoretical framework provides a general
representation of relationships between things in a given
phenomenon.
- it is used in a study when a particular theory is
enough to provide theoretical basis for its conduct.
- conceptual framework embodies the specific
direction by which the research will have to be
undertaken.
- used when the concepts from different theories
are borrowed to provide bases for an investigation
because one theory does not cover all the concerns of the
study.
----------------Data and Results-------------- after data collection, is the organization and
analysis of data and then the presentation of the results
of the analysis in some form that will allow to emphasize
the important information.
Data Analysis
- the way on how the gathered data will be
analyzed and interpreted.
- it is where the gathered data is ordered and
organized so that useful information can be extracted
from it.
- locating major themes and highlighting
important ideas from transcript.
Guidelines in Coding
 Read the text (transcript) as a whole.
 Locate major themes.
 Mark the text (underline, encircle, highlight).
 Think of groupings (categories).
Step 2: Collating
- bringing together of the coded data into an
orderly appearance like graphs, figures or table of
responses.
Steps in Analysing Data for Quantitative Research
Step 1: Preparing the Data
1. Coding System
- convert the words, images or pictures into
numbers for them to become fit for any analytical
procedures.
2. Data Tabulation
- for easy classification and distribution of
numbers based on certain criterion you have to collate
them with the help of table.
Step 2: Analysing Data
1. Descriptive Statistical Technique
- provides a summary of the orderly and sub
sequential data obtained from the sample through the
data-gathering instrument used.
a. Measure of Central Tendency
(Mean, Median, Mode)
b. Frequency Distribution
2. Inferential Statistical Technique
- analysis that involves the use of a more
complex statistical method.
- usually dealing with describing and making
inferences about the population.
a. One Sample T-Test
b. Two Independent Sample T-Test
Steps in Analysing Data for Qualitative Research
Step 1: Coding Transcripts
c. Paired Sample T-Test
d. Analysis of Variance (A.N.O.V.A.)
e. Person’s R Coefficient of
Correlation
f.
Chi-Square
g. Spearman’s Rho
h. Regression Analysis
Standard Deviation- is a measure that shows how
spread out numbers are.
-------------Summary of Findings------------ it provides a discussion for each of the findings
and states how the findings are important or relevant
based on the aim and scope of your study.
Ways in Presenting Data
- displays numbers in columns, it also condenses
and classifies information to make comparisons between
and among data and helps the readers grasp relationships
that might be visible in prose.
Guidelines in Terms of Styling and Formatting
Tables
 Simplify the table data by just presenting those
that will illustrate your point without distorting
the data so you will not overwhelm the readers
with numerous columns and rows.
 Do not write the word or abbreviation for the
unit of measurement in every cell of the
columns; rather write the abbreviation in
parentheses in the column or row heading
instead.
Textual Presentation
B. Charts
- incorporates important figures in a paragraph
of text. It allows us to direct the readers’ interest to vital
information.
- a graphical representation of data using symbols
that are usually boxes, lines and arrows to show ranks,
levels, procedures and classifications.
Visual/Graphic Forms
1. Organizational Chart
- allows the writer to condense and present his
information in an aesthetically pleasing manner.
ideas.
Presenting Findings Visually
2. Flow Chart
A. Titles
- presents rankings, classifications and levels of
- illustrates a process or direction of steps.
- any visual aid you will use should feature a
suitable title and should be numbered.
C. Graphs
B. Labels
- a diagram which shows the relationship
between variable quantities.
- all illustrations which describe something
should contain labels – words and phrases that name
parts or sections of the things being described.
C. Keys
- the unusual area of an illustration which lists
and describes the meaning of certain shades, colors or
line styles.
D. Positioning
- illustrations should be placed after the point
where they have been discussed and in case the
explanation or discussion and the graphics cannot be
placed in one page you should place the illustration at
the top of the next page.
Types of Visual/Graphic Forms
A. Tables
A. Circle Graph/Pie Graph
- shows the relationship of the parts to the
whole in percentages or proportions.
B. Line Graph
- shows trends and changes in data where the
bottom grid scale represents time.
- it can also show comparison if there is more
than one line in the graph.
C. Bar Graph
- uses vertical and horizontal bars that compare
amounts and quantities.
D. Pictograph
- is like a horizontal bar chart but instead of
using bars, we use symbols or pictures to represent the
magnitude.
- the purpose of it is to get the attention of the
reader.
- the pictograph provides an overall picture of
the data without presenting the exact figures and the
choice for the symbol or picture should be appropriate
for the type of data
E. Statistical Graph
- shows statistical data in geographical areas.
Processing- is a series of actions or steps performed on
data to verify and organize them for subsequent uses.
--------------Chapter 5 & Others------------Summary
- gives relevant information on how the study
came to be.
Conclusion
- should be concise and engaging.
- should clearly state the answer to the research
questions and show the new knowledge contributed
discovered through the research done.
Recommendation
- gives recommendation for future studies based
on the ff. Attributes of the presented study:
a. Number of Samples
b. Scope and Limitation of the Study
c. Future Problem/s or Question/s which
may arise in the study
Bibliography
- lists all the references used in the study.
Appendix/Appendices
- includes relevant information like survey
sheets, interview questions or questionnaires used in the
course of the study.
Curriculum Vitae
- a detailed professional document highlighting a
the researchers’ experience and accomplishments.
Abstract
- a brief summary of the research which is often
used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's
purpose.
Acknowledgement
- contains the writer’s foreword and the names
of the people he is indebted to during the completion of
the paper.