26-11-2019
5G Training
www.nanocellnetworks.com
E-mail: info@nanocellnetworks.com
Agenda
Day 1: 5G Overview
• 4G Overview, 5G Requirement, Use Cases, Applications, 5G Spectrum,
5G Network Architecture, 5G key Technologies, 3GPP Release
Overview, Current status
Day 2,3,4: 5G Radio
• 5G NR Overview, Frame Structure, Numerology, Beamforming,
massive MIMO, 5G TDD overview, 5G RAN Protocols, 5G Channels,
Beam operations, 5G QoS, RAN processes and Procedures in FR1 and
FR2, C-RAN
Day 5,6,7: 5G Core, Transport,
Key Concepts, Deployment
aspects
• 5G Service Based Architecture, Core Network Process and Procedure,
Core Network Protocols, Network Slicing, SDN and NFV Overview,
Mobile Edge Computing, 5G Transport Network, Network
Orchestration and Management, 5G Network Deployment aspects
1
26-11-2019
5G Overview
2G to 4G
Overview
5G
Overview
Current
status of 5G
5G
Overview
Cloud/AI /ML
in 5G
5G
Technologies
5G Spectrum
5G Network
2
26-11-2019
1G to 4G Overview– 3GPP Evolution
Packet core
Peak data
rates
Band
IMS
Packet
switched data
Circuit switched
voice support
1G
1980s
1990s
Late 90s
2000
2003
2008
2010
2019/20
Latency in Cellular Networks
3
26-11-2019
2G-4G Core network evolution
Interface specifications
published by 3GPP
New services
introduced slowly
Very little scope for
third party
customization
Source: 3g4g blog
LTE Evolution Timeline
LTE
• Rel-8 standard was frozen in March 2009.
• Goal to prepare the mobile system to allow evolutionary change
towards 4G as imposed by IMT-Advanced.
• Pushed to market to counter WiMAX
LTE-Advanced
• This was specified within 3GPP Rel-10.
• The corresponding standard was frozen in June 2011.
• LTE-Advanced was defined to fulfill IMT-Advanced requirements,
thus is seen as a 4G technology.
LTE-Advanced Pro
• This was agreed by 3GPP in October 2015 as a marker for LTE for Rel13 onwards.
• The new name is used to mark a point where significant
improvements with regards to LTE-Advanced are made.
4
26-11-2019
LTE / LTE-A Summary
Source : Internet
LTE-A Pro V1 – R13
LTE-WiFi Combo LWA/LWIP
• Uses carrier WiFi to improve capacity, whilst anchored in
LTE spectrum
Licensed Assisted Access (LAA)
• Aggregates the licensed LTE signal with spectrum in the
unlicensed 5GHz band
Device-to-device (D2D)
• Direct communication between devices, for public safety
use cases
Massive CA
• Enables up to 32 carrier signals and so provide a theoretical
640MHz of aggregated bandwidth for a single device
Dual Connectivity (DC)
• Spectrum aggregation where small cells act as local capacity
boosters for an anchor macro-cell
5
26-11-2019
LTE-A Pro V1(Contd.)
MTC enhancements (eMTC)
• Supports reduced bandwidth operation (1.4MHz),
lower power and longer device battery life
3D-MIMO
• Adds the vertical plane to horizontal beam steering,
using up to 64 antenna ports
Multi-RAT Joint Coordination
• Coordinates radio resources between various access
technologies, including dynamic spectrum access.
Narrowband IoT (NB-IOT)
• Optimised support for IoT services using GSM and
LTE networks in licensed spectrum.
Dual Connectivity
Macro
Cell
Inter site Aggregation; multiple carrier
frequencies
Pico Cell
eNB
UE
eNB
Connectivity with more than one site; Control
through macro; Both DL and UL through both
sites
Pico
Coverage
6
26-11-2019
CA vs DC
Significant
delay
possible
EPC
eNB
MeNB
SeNB
CA can be used
along with DC
Multiple radio carriers with 1 eNB
DL and UL with multiple eNBs
User traffic split at MAC layer
MeNB – Connected to EPC
Single PUCCH ; 1 C-RNTI
Multiple PUCCH ; Multiple C-RNTI
User traffic split @ PDCP; Split bearer
What’s next for MIMO in LTE – FD MIMO
Also known as 3D beamforming; typically 2D antenna array with large
number of elements at the base station
7
26-11-2019
LTE and Unlicensed - Approaches
Wi-Fi Offload
LTE-U/LAA/MuLtefire
Not a lot of
momentum
but some
deployment
happening
Lots of interest
from carriers
LTE Wi-FI
Aggregation
(LWA)
LTE Wi-FI
aggregation with
IPSEC(LWIP)
Wi-Fi camp’s response to
LTE-unlicensed approaches
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
• Control signaling
• Mobility
• User data
Primary
Cell
EPC
Unlicensed
Spectrum5GHz
Combined use of BW for data
Secondary
Cell
Aggregation of
Licensed + Unlicensed
Anchor in the
licensed carrier
8
26-11-2019
LTE and IOT –Quantitative View
Release 8
Release 8
Release 12
Release 13
Release 13
Cat4
Cat 1
Cat.0
Cat M1
Cat NB1
Downlink peak rate
150 Mbps
10 Mbps
1 Mbps
1 Mbps
200 Kbps
Uplink peak rate
50 Mbps
5 Mbps
1 Mbps
1 Mbps
144 Kbps
Number of antennas
2
2
1
1
1
Duplex mode
Full duplex Full duplex
Half duplex
Half duplex Half Duplex
UE receive bandwidth
20 MHz
20 MHz
20 MHz
1.4 MHz
200 KHz
UE transmit power
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
20 dBm
23 dBm
Modem complexity
100%
80%
40%
20%
<15 %
Scaling up in performance and mobility
eMTC
Scaling down in complexity and power
NB-IOT
Source : Nokia
Why 5G?
LTE and its evolutions
might not meet the
broadband
requirements post
2020
Smartphone type user
saturation and falling
ARPUs
How to get new
businesses to use
wireless and contribute
to revenue and
growth?.
Are there new areas?
what are those? how is
technology different?
business models (?)
9
26-11-2019
5G Objectives
Basic voice &
sms
1G & 2G
• Video Call
• Web
• Applications, etc
3G & 4G
Wireless
everywhere/everything
• Multimedia Services
• M2M
• Connecting everybody
& everything
5G
Requirements & KPIs
Security
Reliability
Latency
Experienced
throughput
Availability
Traffic volume
Connection
density
Cost
Energy
Consumption
Peak rates
Mobility
10
26-11-2019
5G Performance Requirements(ITU)
25
IMT-2020
IMT-advanced
20
15
10
5
0
Category
Peak
Data1
Rate(Gbps)
User 2
Category
Experienced
Data
Rate(x10
Mbps)
Category
Category 4
Spectral 3 Mobility
(x100kmph)
Efficiency
(bps/Hz)
Category
5
Latency (ms)
Category
6
Category
Connection
Network7
Density
Energy
(x10000Devi Efficienc
ces/km2)
y(x10)
Category
Area 8
Traffic
Capacity
(Mbps/
m2)
How do we get more capacity in Cellular Network?
Source: Communication Systems, Linköping University, LIU
11
26-11-2019
How do we get 1000 times more data
Source: Communication Systems, Linköping University, LIU
5G Service Categories
• Enhanced Mobile Broad-Band
eMBB
Vehicle to vehicle and
• High rates
others.. Emergency
• Enhanced BB experience
communications..
• HD video Call
broadcast..
• Low latency
• High
Reliability
Fixed
wireless
access;
FTTH
alternative
• Large number of devices
• Deep penetration
• Power efficient
URLLC
• Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication
MMTC
• Massive Machine Type Communication
12
26-11-2019
5G Vision
Gbps bandwidth
10 Mbps/m2 traffic density
• Low Latency Radio
• Vertical industries
going wireless
• Ready for AR/VR
applications
• Ready for AI/ML to
be used in the
network
1 million devices/km2
True ms latency
99,999% reliability
Source: 3gpp
Services and Requirements Characteristics
13
26-11-2019
Comparison Of KPI for 4G(IMT-A) and 5G(IMT-2020)
IMT-2020 eMBB Requirements
Source: 3gpp
14
26-11-2019
uRLLC and mMTC Requirements
Requirement
Required value
Latency, user plane
1 ms for URLLC
Latency, control plane
20 ms
1 000 000 devices / km2
Connection density
Reliability
99.999% success rate within 1
ms
Mobility interruption time
0 ms
Source: 3gpp
5G Use Cases
15
26-11-2019
Some Use Cases & Requirements
Use Cases
Requirements
Desired
Autonomous vehicle control
Latency
Availability
5ms
99.999%
High Speed Train
Traffic volume density
Experienced throughput
50-100 Gbps/sq.km
25-50 Mbps
Factory automation
Latency
Availability
Less than 1ms
99.99%
Massive amount of devices
Connection density
Availability
Energy efficiency
1 million per km2
99.9 % coverage
10 Years of Battery
VR applications
Experienced Throughput
Latency
Gbps
10ms
Remote Surgery
Latency
Reliability
<1ms
99.9%
Third Party Collaboration
IOT
Industry Specific
Voice, Video, AR,
VR, Games, TV,
e-health, online
education, ecommerce,
Security,
Broadband, etc
Consumer
5G - Service Verticals
New in 5G
16
26-11-2019
Market Scenario
Ericsson Mobility Report
Standardization activity - Globally
• NGMN
• ITU-R
• 3GPP
CHINA
NORTH
AMERICA
5G Americas
University Research
863, 5G promotion group
EUROPE
Europe
METIS
Horizon2020/5GPPP
JAPAN
ARIB, Testbed activities
KOREA
5G Forum, Govt push
17
26-11-2019
Review
1.Name the 3 main Service Categories considered in 5G standardization
2.Will 5G coexist with LTE releases, will LTE continue to evolve?
3.Name some new KPIs to be considered in 5G suiting M2M applications?
4.What are some applications which demand eMBB?
5.Which category will driverless cars and factory automation come into?
6.If 1G to 4G connected people, what is 5G aiming for?.
7.What are 3GPP efforts to combine LTE and other unlicensed band technologies?
8.What is a key technique which can help combine multiple technologies to serve users?
9.Secondary carrier in LAA is from _______ band
10.What is the branding of LTE for R13 onwards?
5G Use Cases – Quick Exercise
Autonomous Vehicle
control
High Speed Train
Fixed Wireless Access
for Rural
Emergency
Communications
Remote Surgery
Stadium/Shopping
Mall
VR(Virtual reality)
applications
Factory Automation
Smart Grid
Name the Service Category
18
26-11-2019
Spectrum Needs
eMBB
• New spectrum needed
• Both <6GHz and > 6GHz to be used
• Large contiguous channel BW needed
• Coverage, Unlicensed bands
mMTC
• Sub 1GHz preffered
• Small channel BW Ok
• Stable licensed spectrum
uRLLC
• Exclusive or high priority access needed
• Use of frequency diversity for reliablity
5G Spectrum – Options
• 5G Radio Supports both FDD and TDD schemes
• Two Frequency Ranges for 5G
• Frequency Range 1 (FR1): 450 MHz to 7.125 GHz
• Frequency Range 2 (FR2): 24.250 GHz to 52.60 GHz)
• FR1 has both FDD and TDD bands
• FR2 has all TDD bands
• Initial 5G Network deployments are mostly using TDD
19
26-11-2019
5G Spectrum – Options
The range is increased to 7.125GHz
5G Spectrum – FR1
20
26-11-2019
5G Spectrum – FR1
• In addition to FDD and TDD, FR1 also has Supplementary Downlink (SDL) and
Supplementary Uplink (SUL) bands
• Channel Bandwidth in FR1 varies from 5MHz to 100MHz
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100MHz
5G Spectrum – FR2
• Channel Bandwidth in FR2 varies from 50MHz to 400MHz
50, 100, 200, 400MHz
• Fixed and Mobile Access likely on FR2
21
26-11-2019
New Spectrum in US
• Low cost
• Long range
• Shared License
• 200 MHz channels
38.6 GHz
450 MHz
1 GHz
28 GHz
38 GHz
27.5 GHz
28.35 GHz 37 GHz
40.6 GHz
2* 425MHz Channels
Korea also examining 28
GHz but worldwide
harmonization is still some
time away
64-71 GHz
Unlicensed;
extension to earlier
unlicensed from 5764 GHz
Comparisons between FR1 and mm wave
22
26-11-2019
Capacity and Coverage – Comparison
Source: GSMA
Review
1. What are some new spectrum regions which are being planned for 5G deployments?
2. What is a key technology for mm-wave 5G to succeed?
3. Could certain types of data be repeated on multiple carrier ?
4. What bands are favoured for IOT applications?
5. What is the entirely new application category envisaged by 3GPP for 5G?
6. Which 5G application will involve caching at local nodes?
7. As per 3GPP Rel 15 specification, maximum Channel BW in FR2 is ____________
8. RAN Splitting will enable _______________ in a cost effective manner
23
26-11-2019
5G Network
www.nanocellnetworks.com
E-mail: info@nanocellnetworks.com
5G Network Architecture
Most of the Network
Functions are virtual and
deployed in the cloud
Networking of VNFs are
enabled by SDN
• Service Based Core Network
• APIs for accessing core
network functions
• Network Slicing capabilities
Source: 5G Americas
24
26-11-2019
Role of 5G RAN and CN
gNB
AMF
Inter Cell RRM
SMF
UE IP address
allocation
NAS Security
RB Control
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Connection Mobility Cont.
Radio Admission Control
PDU Session
Control
UPF
Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Mobility Anchoring
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
PDU Handling
internet
NG-RAN
5GC
Source: 3gpp
5G – Enablers & Technologies
New Radio
(NR)
NFV
Network
Slicing
Massive
MIMO
SDN
mmWave
Cloud RAN
ML/AI
Front Faul
MEC
25
26-11-2019
5G – Enablers & Technologies
Source: IEEE White Paper
5G requirements
Allow for the RAN and the CN to evolve independently
EPC
Next Gen
Core
Allow for the operation of Network Slicing
Support sharing of the RAN between multiple
operators
LTE
NR
Allow the deployment of new services rapidly and
efficiently
Allow the support of 3GPP defined service classes (e.g.
interactive, background, streaming and conversational)
Enable lower CAPEX/OPEX with respect to current
networks to achieve the same level of services
26
26-11-2019
Introduction of the NG-RAN: gNB(next generation node B)
5G specifications are ongoing. The base station in
5G is called gNB
The new radio access technology is called “NR”
(New Radio)
5G NR - Introduction
OFDMA on DL & UL
Flexible numerology- SCFDMA possible on UL
Same SF/Frame/slot durations
Allocation can happen at granularity of OFDM
symbol; aggregation of slots also possible
Same PRB structure
No change from 12 REs in frequency axis
CA & DC support
Continued.. maximum up to 16 CA as of now
Flexible TDD along with FDD
Old methods allowed along with new
Modulation
Up-to 256 QAM
Coding
LDPC & Polar codes
27
26-11-2019
5G NR - Introduction
Parameters
FR1 (450MHz- 7125MHz)
FR2 (24250MHz-52600MHz)
Overall Architecture of NG-RAN
Xn, NG, F1
are logical
Interfaces
28
26-11-2019
5G Base Station Densification – Why?
How to get 1000 times capacity?
Source: IEEE
5G RAN Evolution
Source: ITU
29
26-11-2019
5G RAN Split
Source: IET
5G Core Network - Architecture Principles
• Clear separation of UP and CP
• Make the functions granular
• Virtualize functions
• Flexible placement of functions
• Elasticity: Scalable to meet SLAs. Movable to other servers.
• Resiliency: Be able to recreate after failure
• Service Continuity: Seamless or non-seamless continuity after failures or migration
• Service Assurance: Time stamp and forward copies of packets for Fault detection
• Energy Efficiency Requirements: Should be possible to put a subset of VNF in a power
conserving sleep state
• Access agnostic
60
30
26-11-2019
Core Network Functions
• Authentication of users irrespective of access techniques
• Central database of users, subscriptions etc for operators
• Mobility
• Connectivity to the external network and to the operator applications
• Policies
• Billing
• Legal Intercept
• QoS
61
5G Core Architecture
UDM
AUSF
NSSF
UDR
PCF
N1 (NAS)
AMF
SMF
NEF
NRF
AF
N2
N4
UE
Uu
NG RAN
UPF
N3
N6
Data
Network
5GC
AMF
Access & Mobility Management
NSSF
NW Slice Selection
SMF
Session Management
UDSF
Unstructured Data Storage
AUSF
Authentication Server
NEF
Network Exposure
UPF
User Plane
NWDAF
Network Data Analytics
PCF
Policy Control
NRF
Network Repository
UDM
Unified Data Management
AF
62
Application Function
31
26-11-2019
5G – Service Based Architecture
Access and Mobility Management
function (AMF) supports: Termination
of NAS signalling, NAS ciphering &
integrity protection, registration
management, connection management,
mobility management, access
authentication and authorization,
security context management.
Session Management function
(SMF) supports: session management
(session establishment, modification,
release), UE IP address allocation &
management, DHCP functions,
termination of NAS signalling related to
session management, DL data
notification, traffic steering
configuration for UPF for proper traffic
routing.
User plane function (UPF) supports:
packet routing & forwarding, packet
inspection, QoS handling, acts as
external PDU session point of
interconnect to Data Network (DN), and
is an anchor point for intra- & inter-RAT
mobility.
Authentication Server Function
(AUSF) acts as an authentication
server.
Unified Data Management
(UDM) supports: generation of
Authentication and Key Agreement
(AKA) credentials, user
identification handling, access
authorization, subscription
management.
Application Function
(AF) supports: application
influence on traffic routing,
accessing NEF, interaction with
policy framework for policy
control.
New in 5G
Network Exposure function
(NEF) supports: exposure of
capabilities and events, secure
provision of information from
external application to 3GPP
network, translation of
internal/external information
NF Repository function
(NRF) supports: service discovery
function, maintains NF profile and
available NF instances
Network Slice Selection Function
(NSSF) supports: selecting of the
Network Slice instances to serve
the UE, determining the allowed
NSSAI, determining the AMF set to
be used to serve the UE
HTTP/2
• HTTP/2 (originally named HTTP/2.0) is major revision of the HTTP network protocol
used by the World Wide Web. It was derived from the earlier experimental SDPY
protocol, originally developed by Google
• HTTP/2 is binary, instead of textual.
• HTTP/2 is fully multiplexed
• It’s not very fast and not super modern
32
26-11-2019
Need For Network Slicing
How to meet varied needs & KPIs of each service category over a common infrastructure?
Option-1: Building dedicated infrastructure for each of these to meet their service requirements
- not a cost-effective solution
Option-2: Using some of latest technologies like SDN and VNFs these requirements could all be
met on same physical infrastructure
By forming “Virtual layers” for each service over the actual
physical resource running end-to end to meet the performance
requirements for each service
KPIs for different Service Categories
One Physical
Network to
deliver 3
different
Performance
Requirements
33
26-11-2019
What is network Slicing
67
Network Slicing – Continued
• It is a form of virtual network architecture that allows multiple virtual networks to be created
on top of a common shared physical infrastructure.
• Slicing provides end-to-end (E2E) flexible, scalable and demand-oriented system to meet the
various requirements
• A network slice is self-contained in terms of operation and traffic flow and can have its own
network architecture, engineering mechanisms and network provision.
• It is to architect, partition and organize virtualized network resource to enable flexible support
of diverse use case realizations
• Cloud computing, software defined network (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV)
are key technology enablers for network slicing
34
26-11-2019
5G Network Slicing
5G Network Slicing enables service providers to build virtual end-to-end
networks tailored to different application requirements
5G Network Slicing
Source: Aricent
35
26-11-2019
MEC
Examples
• V2V/V2I(Connected car); V2X in general
• Industrial control
Challenges
• Low latency
• Fast setup
Why MEC?
Environment
URLLC Services, Transport Network
Optimization, Local Services,
• Outdoors/indoors
• High mobility
MEC in 5G
Source: ETSI
36
26-11-2019
ML & AI in 5G
Sl #
Few areas of Implementation
1
Scheduling Beamforming in Massive MIMO Networks
2
Indoor Positioning of devices
3
Configuration of Uplink and Downlink Channels
4
Real-time Optimization of Network
5
Service Provisioning
Implementation of AI in networks can be done phase wise based on the continuous learning and optimization
Typical Application Scenarios of AI in 5G
Source: ZTE
37
26-11-2019
5G Network Deployment - Options
•
•
•
•
•
Source: GSMA
There are mainly six
deployment options in
both SA and NSA
modes.
Option-5 using 5GC and
LTE ng-eNB access
Option-3 using EPC and
LTE eNB acting as
master and NR en-gNB
acting as secondary;
Option-4 using 5GC and
an NR gNB acting as
master and LTE ng-eNB
acting as secondary
Option-7 using 5GC and
an LTE ng-eNB acting as
master and an NR gNB
acting as secondary
NSA Vs SA – Comparison
Source: GSMA
38
26-11-2019
NSA Vs SA – Comparison
Source: GSMA
Release 15 Stability And Completion
2017
2018
Q4
Q1
Rel-15 NSA
(option 3)
freeze
Rel-15 NSA
(option3)
ASN.1
Early drop
Early drop; immediate
eMBB need with EPC;
avoid fragmentation
Q2
2019
Q3
Q4
Rel-15 SA
Rel-15 SA
(option 3)
(option3)
freeze
ASN.1
Main drop
Main drop; 5G with
its own core network
Q1
Q2
Rel-15 late dr
freeze
Q3
Q4
Rel-15 late dr
ASN.1
Late drop
Late drop; 5G and 4G ; lots of
interworking options given
Rel-15 NSA is driving commercial launches across the globe (based on March/2019 version of specs)
Rel-15 SA coming soon,first in China,driven by vertical IoT business
39
26-11-2019
5G Device Availability (3GPP)
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report
40
26-11-2019
Review
1. What is one of key infrastructures needed for 5G Core deployment?
2. Fronthaul in 5G is needed between _______ and _____________?
3. mMMTC specification is available in 3GPP Release______
Thank You
www.nanocellnetworks.com
E-mail: info@nanocellnetworks.com
41