List of definition for SPM Physics Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics No Terms Definition 1 Physics 2 3 4 Physical Quantity Base Quantity Derived Quantity 5 prefix 6 7 8 scalar quantity vector quantity resultant vector 9 systematic errors 10 random errors 11 parallax error 12 consistency 13 14 accuracy sensitivity Related Formula A branch of science centred on the study of matter, energy and connection between them. The quantity that can be measured. Physical quantity that cannot be defined. Physical quantity derived from base quantity by multiplication or division or both. A group of letter placed at the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. The quantity which has only magnitude. The quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Two vector acting at a point can be replaced by a single vector with the same effect. cumulative error that can be compensated for if the error are known arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition will produce a different error every time you repeat the experiment it’s an error in reading an instrument because observer’s eye and pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the plane of a scale the ability to register the same reading when a measurement is repeated the degree of closeness to the actual value. The ability of an instrument to detect a small change in measurement. Chapter 2: Forces and motion. No Terms Definition 15 16 17 18 Linear motion Distance, s Displacement, π Speed, v 19 velocity, π£ 20 Acceleration, π 21 Frequency (π) 22 Tick / time interval (π) Inertia 23 SI unit Related Formula a straight line motion. The length of the actual path travelled. Area under graph v vs. t The shortest distance travelled in a specific direction. βs 1. The rate of distance changed. v= π‘, 2. The change of distance per unit time. (gradient of graph S vs. t) βπ 1. The rate of displacement changed. π£= π‘, 2. The displacement change per unit time. (gradient of graph π vs. t) 1. The rate of velocity changed. 2. The velocity change per unit time. π= SI unit π π π π −1 π π −1 π£−π’ ,(gradient of graph π£ vs. t) 1 Number of complete oscillation made in a unit of time. π= π 1 Time taken to produced two successive dots by a ticker timer. π= π 1. Is the tendency of an object to remain at rest, or keep moving at constant speed in a straight line. π‘ π π −2 π −1 ππ π»π§ π 32 2. Is the property of a mass which resists change from its state of rest or motion. Newton’s First Law State that an object will remain at rest or continue with a of motion constant speed in a straight line (i.e. constant velocity) unless acted on by an unbalanced force. ππ£ − ππ’ π Newton’s Second State that the force acts on an object is directly proportional to πΉ∝ π‘ Law of motion the rate of change of momentum. Newton’s Third State that an action force will produce a reaction force, with Law of Motion same magnitude by act in opposite direction. π=π×π£ ππ π π −1 Momentum The product of mass and velocity. ππ£ − ππ’ = πΉπ‘ ππ π π −1 Impulse Change in momentum. Principle of State that if there is no external force acting on the objects, π1 π’1 + π2 π’2 conservation of the total momentum before collision is equal to the total = π1 π£1 + π2 π£2 momentum momentum after the collision. Elastic collision Collision of particles which its total kinetic energy is conserved. (particles does not stick together after collide) Inelastic collision Collision of particles which its total kinetic energy is not conserved. (particle stick together after collide) ππ£ −ππ’ Impulsive force Force which only act within a very short duration. πΉ= ; π‘ ππ π ππππ 33 Balanced forces 34 35 36 Unbalanced forces Resultant force Gravitational field 37 39 40 41 42 Gravitational acceleration, π Gravitational field strength, π Free fall Weight Mass Work 43 44 Energy Kinetic energy Fall due to the gravitational pull only. The product of mass and gravitational field strength. The amount of particles consist in an object The product of force and displacement of an object in the direction of the applied force. An ability to do work. Is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. 45 Power, π The rate of doing work or using energy. 46 Conservation of energy Efficiency, π The total amount of energy is unchanged during the transformation of energy from one form to another. Is the percentage of useful energy transformed compared to total energy input. Is the energy store by an object due to its position. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 38 47 48 49 50 π‘ Gravitational Potential Energy Elastic Potential Energy Elasticity Do not affect an object’s motion. The object will remain stationary, or continue to move at a constant velocity in a straight line. Object will accelerates or decelerates in a straight line. The sum of forces which act on an object. Region in which an object experiences gravitational attraction/pull towards the centre of the earth. Accelerate due to the pull of the gravitational force. gravitational force which acted on a unit of mass π = 10 π π −2 π= π= π π π = 10 π ππ−1 π =π×π π=πΉ×π π ππ π½ ππ ππ π½ ππ ππ 1 π½ ππ£ 2 2 πΈ π πππ‘π‘ π= π½π −1 π‘ πΈ. πΎ. = π’π πππ’π ππππππ¦ π‘ππππ ππππππ × 100% πππ‘ππ ππππππ¦ ππππ’π‘ πΊ. π. = πππ 1 1 1. Energy that store in a spring which is compressed or πΈ. π. = ππ₯ 2 ππ πΉπ₯ 2 2 stretched. (Area under graph F vs. x) 2. The work done to compress / stretch the spring. The characteristic of an object which can return to its original shape π½ π½ 51 52 Extension, π₯ Elastic limit 53 Hooke’s Law 54 Elastic constant, π after the applied force is removed. Difference in length of an elastic object compared to its original length. π₯ = π − ππ Is a limit when it is not exceeded, the spring cannot be able to return to its original length. States that the force, F, applied to a spring is directly πΉ = ππ₯, ππ πΉ = π(π − ππ ) proportional to the spring’s extension or compression, x. πΉ is the force required to produce a unit of extension or π = π₯ , gradient π π−1 compression. of graph F vs. x Chapter 3: Forces and Pressure No Terms Definition 55 Pressure, π The force acting normally on a unit of surface area. 56 Density, π The mass consists in a unit volume. 57 Pascal’s Principle 58 59 60 61 State that in a fluid, an externally applied pressure is transmitted uniformly in all directions. Archimedes’ State that an object, whether completely or partially principle immersed in a fluid, is acted on by a buoyant force, which is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. Bernoulli’s Principle State that in a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure of the fluid decreases when the velocity of the fluid increases. Apparent weight The weight of an object in a fluid. Real weight The weight of an object in the air. Chapter 4: Heat No Terms Definition 62 The net rate of heat transfer between two bodies is zero. 63 Thermal equilibrium Thermal contact 64 Heat capacity 65 specific heat capacity latent heat 66 67 68 69 70 latent heat of fusion latent heat of vaporisation specific latent heat specific latent heat of fusion Two objects are in thermal contact if heat can flow between them. The amount of heat energy needed to increase the temperature of an object by 1 degree Celsius. The quantity of heat energy required to increase the temperature by 1 kg of substance by 1 degree Celsius or 1 k. The total energy absorbed or released when a substance completely changed its physical state at a constant temperature. The heat absorbed when a solid melts at constant temperature. The heat absorbed when a liquid change into vapour at a constant temperature Amount of heat required to change the phase of 1 kg of a substance at a constant temperature Amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg f a substance from a solid phase to a liquid phase without a change in temperature Related Formula πΉ π= π΄ π π= π£ πΉ1 πΉ2 = π΄1 π΄2 π΅ = πππ Related Formula π π π π= ππ πΆ= π π π πΏ= π πΏ= SI unit ππ ππ π π−2 ππ π−3 ππ π SI unit π½ π πΆ −1 π½ ππ−1 π πΆ −1 π½ ππ−1 π½ ππ−1 71 specific latent heat of vaporisation 72 Boyle’s law 73 Charles’ law 74 pressure law 75 Absolute zero Chapter 5: Light No Terms 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid phase to the gaseous phase without a change in temperature at its boiling point. The relationship between the pressure and volume of a given mass of gas at a constant temperature The relationship between temperature and volume of a given mass of gas at a constant pressure. The relationship between the pressure and temperature of a given mass of gas at a constant volume. The lowest temperature can be achieved. πΏ= π π π½ ππ−1 π1 π1 = π2 π2 π1 π2 = π1 π2 π1 π2 = π1 π2 0 K=-273 π πΆ Definition Related Formula Si Unit -angle of incidence, π , is equal to the angle of reflection, r, (β‘π = β‘π) -the incidence ray, normal, and reflected ray will all lie on the same plane. Refraction is a bending of the path of light due to a change in speed as it enter a medium of different optical density Angle of incidence, i The angle between normal and incident ray. Angle of reflection, r The angle between normal and reflected ray. sin π π· πΆ 1 Refractive index, π ratio of sin π to sin π π= = = = sin π π π£ sin π Angle of refraction, r The angle between normal and refracted ray. Snell’s law Ratio of sin π to sin π is a constant which the constant is called refractive index. Critical Is the angle of incidence which produces an angle of angle, π refraction of 90 degree as light transmitted into a medium in which it travels at higher speed. total internal When light travel from higher dens medium to a lower dens reflection medium, if the angle of incidence π is greater than the critical angle, π, and the light is no longer refracted but is internally reflected. concave lens Is a lens which the middle is thinner than the edge. convex lens Is a lens which the middle is thicker than the edge. π£ magnification of The magnification of an image is given by the ratio of an π= image, π image distance, π£ to object distance,π’. π’ Law of reflection Chapter 6: Wave No Terms 88 Transverse wave 89 Longitudinal wave 90 wavelength, π Definition a wave in which the vibration of particle in the medium at right angle to the direction of a propagation of the wave the wave in which the vibration of particle in the medium is parallel to the direction of a propagation of the wave the distance between two successive point of the same phase in a wave Related Formula SI unit 91 92 93 Amplitude, π΄ Period, π frequency, π 94 95 wave speed, π£ wave front 96 97 Damping Internal damping 98 99 External damping Resonance 100 Incident wave 101 Reflected wave 102 Reflection 103 Diffraction 104 Principle of superposition 105 Interference of wave 106 Sound wave 107 Loudness 108 Pitch 109 Electromagnetic wave 110 Audio frequency 111 Electromagnetic spectrum No the maximum displacement from its equilibrium position the time taken to complete an oscillation the number of complete oscillation made by a vibrating system in 1 second the distance move by a wave in 1 second a imaginary line or plane on which the vibration of every point on it a in phase and are at the same distance from the source of a wave the decreases in the amplitude of an oscillating system the loss of the energy due to the extension and compression of the molecule in system the loss of energy to overcome frictional force is occur when an oscillating system driven at its natural frequency by a periodic force the wave before its strike obstacle the wave which has undergone a change in direction of propagation after reflection the speed of a wave change as its move from one medium to another phenomenon in which wave spread out as they pass through an aperture or round small obstacle at any instant the wave displacement of a combine motion of any number of interacting wave at a point is a sum of the displacement of all component wave at the point the superposition of two wave originating from two coherent sources can be imagined as a series of compression and rarefaction of air molecules. is a measurement of amplitude of sound is a measurement of frequency of sound Consist of a combination of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular. sounds of frequencies in the range of 20Hz to 20kHz, which can be heard by human. is a wide ranges of frequency of electromagnetic waves. Chapter 7: Electricity Terms Definition 112 Current 113 Potential Difference 114 Resistance 115 Ohmic conductor (1) The rate of charges flow. (2) The amount of charge flow in a unit of time. Between two points of a conductor is the work done to move a Coulomb of charge between them. The ratio of potential difference across the material to the current. Any other conductors, other than metallic conductors, which obey Ohm’s Law, are described as ohmic conductors. Related Formula π πΌ= π‘ π π= π π π = πΌ 1 π π£ = ππ π= π= ππ₯ π· π SI Unit π΄ ππ π½ π −1 π ππ π½ πΆ −1 Ω ππ π π΄−1 116 Electromotive force, e.m.f./πΈ Is the energy supply by a source (of electric supply, such as cell, dynamo etc) in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit. 117 Internal resistance, π 118 Ohm’s Law Of a source or cell is the resistance against the moving charge due to the electrolyte. The current flowing through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its end, provided that its temperature and the πΌπΌπ other physical conditions (such as temperature) remain constant. The energy carried by electrical charges which can be transformed to πΈ = ππΌπ‘ π½ other forms of energy by the operation of an electrical appliance. Is defined as the rate of energy dissipated or π = ππΌ π€ ππ π€ππ‘π‘ ππ π£π΄ transferred. conduct electricity without lost of energy. (Highest) Temperature where a superconductor conducts electricity without lost of energy. is defined as 30 J of energy transferred / dissipated in a second, when the bulb is operates at normal voltage of 240 v, a.c.. is the electrical energy used when the power of an electrical appliance is 1kW is used for 1 hour. is a region which an electrical charge experienced a force. sum of resistance in a circuit. π = π 1 + π 2 + π 3 1 1 1 1 = + + π π 1 π 2 π 3 119 Electrical energy 120 Power 121 Superconductor 122 Critical temperature 123 Power rating of a bulb, 240 V, 30 W 124 1 kWh 125 Electric field 126 Effective resistance πΈ π πΈ = π + πΌπ πΈ = πΌπ + πΌπ π. π. π. = Chapter 8: Electromagnetism No Terms Definition 127 electromagnets 128 129 magnetic force catapult field 130 131 electromagnetic induction Lenz law 132 Faraday law 133 direct current, d.c. is a temporary magnet. it is made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core. is exerted on a conductor carrying a current in magnetic field the field from the current in conductor and the uniform external field combine to form resultant field known as a catapult field.the magnetic field line wrap round the conductor like the stretched catapult when a wire moves and cut magnetic field line an e.m.f is induced across the wire. the direction of the induced current is such that the change producing it will be opposed the magnitude of the induce current is directly proportional to the rate of change or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux Generator produces a current which flow in one direction only. Related Formula π ππ π½ πΆ −1 SI Unit 134 135 136 137 138 alternating current, a.c. transformer step-up transformer step-down transformer efficiency 139 national grid network 140 Magnetic field Chapter 9: Electronics No Terms 141 144 145 146 Thermionic emission Cathode ray The cathode-ray oscilloscope Conductors Insulators semiconductor 147 doping 148 149 151 rectification half-wave rectification full-wave rectification transistor 152 n-p-n transistor 153 p-n-p transistor 154 155 logic gate truth table 156 Depletion layer 142 143 150 Generator produces a current which flow to and fro in two opposite direction in the circuit. made up of two coil wound on a soft iron core. The coil connected to a power supply is the primary coil while the other is the secondary coil supplies an output voltage that is higher than the input voltage supplies an output voltage that is lower than the output voltage the percentage of power input compare to power output. ππ ππ = ππ ππ π= πππ’π‘ πΌππ’π‘ × 100% πππ πΌππ is a network of mostly overhead cables supported on pylons. The network system receives power from power station and delivers to factory and home. is the region where an object experienced magnetic force. Definition a process involving the emission of a electron from a hot metal surface beams of fast-moving electrons a measuring and testing instrument used in the study of electricity and electronics materials which allow current to flow through them easily materials which do not conduct electrical current a materials whose resistant is between those of good conductor and those of good insulator a process of adding a small amount of impurities into a crystalline lattice of semiconductor to increase their conductivity a diode can convert alternating current into direct current the process of rectification using a diode which allow current to flow in the half-cycle the process of rectification using 4 diode to allow current to flow in the complete cycle and in the same direction consist of a specially treated semiconductor crystal. it has 3 terminal instead of 2. consist of a layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two layer of n-type semiconductor consist of a layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two layer of p-type semiconductor electronic switch with 1 or more input and 1 output only show the result of every possible output given every possible input is form when there is the decrease free electrons and holes around the junction of a diod. Related Formula πΌπΈ = πΌπ΅ + πΌπ SI unit Chapter 10: Radioactivity No Terms 157 Radioactivity 158 Isotopes 159 160 161 162 163 164 proton number, Z nucleon number, A Alpha ray Beta ray Gamma ray Background count 165 166 Cosmic ray Radioactive decay 167 Half life 168 169 Nuclear fission Chain reaction 170 171 172 173 Nuclear fusion Nuclear energy Atomic mass unit, a.m.u./u 1u 174 175 176 Critical mass Somatic effects Genetic effect Definition Related Formula is the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by the emission of energetic particles or rays (photons). are atoms/elements which have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers. The number of protons in a nucleus. is the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. It is also known as the mass number. nucleus of helium atom. high-energy electron. high-energy electromagnetic wave The background radiation is partly due to the presence of radioactive material in the earth and nearby surroundings and partly due to cosmic rays from outer space. is the gamma rays from outer space. refers to the process of an unstable nucleus of a radioactive element disintegrate (break-up) in order to become more stable. is the time taken for the number of atoms to decay to half its initial value. is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei. is a self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another similar reaction. is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. unit of mass for atom and subatomic particles such as proton, neutron and electron. 1 is 12 of the mass of carbon-12 atom. Minimum mass required for a chain reaction to occur. appear in the person exposed to radiation. appear in the future generations of the exposed person as a result of radiation damage to reproductive cells. πΈ = ππ 2 ππ ππ π½ 1π’ = 1.66 × 10−27 ππ