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Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
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Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
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Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport
(TRANSCOM
High
Tatras, Novy
Smokovec –Modern
Grand Hotel
Bellevue,
13th
International 2019),
Scientific
Conference
on Sustainable,
and Safe
Transport
Slovak
Republic,
May
29-31,
2019
(TRANSCOM 2019), High Tatras, Novy Smokovec – Grand Hotel Bellevue,
Slovak Republic, May 29-31, 2019
Design and research of constructive features of paving slabs for
Design and research
constructive
of paving slabs for
powerofgeneration
by features
pedestrians
power generation
by pedestrians
a
b
b
b
Antons Patlins *, Andrii Hnatov , Shchasiana Arhun , Oleksandr Dzyubenko
Antons Patlins a*, Andrii
Hnatov b, Shchasiana Arhun b, Oleksandr Dzyubenko b
Riga Technical University, Azenes str.12/1, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
a
Kharkiv National Automobile
and Highway University, Yaroslav Mudry str.25, 61002, Khrakiv, Ukraine
a
Riga Technical University, Azenes str.12/1, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University, Yaroslav Mudry str.25, 61002, Khrakiv, Ukraine
b
b
Abstract
Abstract
At the moment, the development of alternative low-power renewable sources of electricity, that do not affect the environment, that
is,
"green"
energy, is aof
relevant
scientific
and technical
task.
One ofofthe
ways to solve
thisnot
task
is tothe
useenvironment,
various methods
At generating
the moment,
the development
alternative
low-power
renewable
sources
electricity,
that do
affect
that
and
approaches
for
converting
different
types
of
energy
into
electrical
energy.
The
most
relevant
and
promising
are
those methods
systems
is, generating "green" energy, is a relevant scientific and technical task. One of the ways to solve this task is to use various
and
that for
canconverting
run anywhere
with easy
process.
Such energy.
type of devices
partially
or and
fullypromising
covers theare
electricity
needs
and devices
approaches
different
typesinstallation
of energy into
electrical
The most
relevant
those systems
of
various
objects.
The
aim
of
the
current
research
is
to
study
the
process
of
generating
electricity
by
power
generating
paving
slabs
and devices that can run anywhere with easy installation process. Such type of devices partially or fully covers the electricity needs
-ofan
alternative,
renewable
source
of electricity,
wiring
of stepping
motors
to itsgenerating
electric machine
node
various
objects.
The aim of
the current
researchdepending
is to studyon
thethe
process
ofpattern
generating
electricity
by power
paving slabs
and
on
their
quantity.
- an alternative, renewable source of electricity, depending on the wiring pattern of stepping motors to its electric machine node
Authors
use methods
and
on their
quantity. for processing experimental studies, methods for the theory of electrical machines and electric drives, as well
as
methods
for
calculating
electrical experimental
circuits for the
currentmethods
research.
Authors use methods
for processing
studies,
for the theory of electrical machines and electric drives, as well
Authors
present
a prototype
of an energy-generating
slab with
an electro machine unit that can operate with one or two stepper
as
methods
for calculating
electrical
circuits for the current
research.
motors. The
results
of experimental
studies are curves
of with
the dependence
of voltage
time.
theone
processing
of the
Authors
present
a prototype
of an energy-generating
slab
an electro machine
unitonthat
canBecause
operate of
with
or two stepper
obtained
experimental
data,
authors
show
and
describe
the
graphs
of
power
versus
time.
motors. The results of experimental studies are curves of the dependence of voltage on time. Because of the processing of the
Experiments
have shown
connecting
twodescribe
stepper the
motors
to an
electroversus
machine
unit of an energy generating slab makes it
obtained
experimental
data,that
authors
show and
graphs
of power
time.
possible to increase
the value
the generated
by about
times. When
pressure
is applying
a power-generating
slab
Experiments
have shown
thatofconnecting
twoelectricity
stepper motors
to 3.9
an electro
machine
unit of
an energytogenerating
slab makes
it
with
a
force
approximately
equal
to
one
average
person’s
step,
the
device
generates
approximately
1.16
W
of
electricity.
possible to increase the value of the generated electricity by about 3.9 times. When pressure is applying to a power-generating slab
The amount
of generated energy
dependent
not onstep,
the weight
of the
person, but
on how quickly
step
is performed. The
with
a force approximately
equalistomore
one average
person’s
the device
generates
approximately
1.16 the
W of
electricity.
faster
the
pace
of
walking
and
the
sharper
the
steps,
the
more
energy
is
generated.
It
is
possible
to
estimate
the
potential ofThe
the
The amount of generated energy is more dependent not on the weight of the person, but on how quickly the step is performed.
power the
generating
alternative
sourcethe
of more
energy,
takingisinto
accountItthe
obtained
from experimental
faster
pace of paving
walkingslabs
and as
theansharper
the steps,
energy
generated.
is data
possible
to estimate
the potentialstudies
of the
and knowing
the density
the as
humans
flow. source of energy, taking into account the data obtained from experimental studies
power
generating
paving of
slabs
an alternative
and
knowing
the density
of the humans
flow.B.V.
© 2019
The Authors.
Published
by Elsevier
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable,
©
2019 The
Published
by Elsevier B.V.
Modern
andAuthors.
Safe Transport
(TRANSCOM
2019).
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: antons.patlins@rtu.lv
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: antons.patlins@rtu.lv
2352-1465 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Moder n and
2352-1465 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Moder n and
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
2352-1465  2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.063
2
Patlins et al/ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
Peer-review under responsibility of Antons
the scientific
committee
of the 13th
International
Conference on Sustainable,
Patlins et
al. / Transportation
Research
Procedia 40Scientific
(2019) 434–441
435
Modern and Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
Keywords: Energy conversion; green energy; renewable sources of electricity; city; transport system; human flow; pedestrians, paving slabs.
1. Introduction
At the moment, the development of alternative low-power renewable sources of electricity, that do not affect the
environment, that is, generating "green" energy, is a relevant scientific and technical task. Most acutely this question
rises for the big cities and megacities where the huge congestion of people demands, new technologies, services and
devices for satisfaction of their increasing needs. At the same time, the issues of environmental safety and cleanliness
in such places (finding a large number of people in a limited area) are of particular importance, where compromises
are unacceptable. Therefore, every year there is a tightening of environmental standards in some cities and countries
as a whole by Ela et al. (2017), Hnatov et al. (2018), Zabasta et al. (2018).
Currently, a large number of developed countries are expressing their intention to move to renewable sources of
electricity. For example, Scotland wants to completely switch to renewable energy sources in 2020 by Scotland (2017).
For active introduction of renewable sources of electric power the whole complexes of scientific, scientific-technical,
educational and other measures are considered and applied. This is why large amounts of grant funds are allocated in
many countries, such as: Horizon 2020; Erasmus +; "Climatic innovation vouchers" is the largest grant program for
innovators and developers of clean technologies in Ukraine; Energy Globe Award 2019 for Sustainability etc by
Energy Globe Award (2018).
Considerable role is played by international financial Institutions (IFI) by 7 sources (2017). For example, in Ukraine
they are represented mainly by financial institutions of the Group of the World Bank (IFC, EBRD, EIB, World Bank)
and the American Corporation of Foreign Private Investments (OPIC). Often enough, additional credit grants are
provided for expert support of projects and their evaluation.
At the moment there is a clearly expressed world trend. Alternative low-power sources of electricity are becoming
more and more popular and are getting more and more funding. They are able not only to unload the main power
grids, but also to effectively balance a particular electrical system by load. Low-Power "green" sources of electricity
use special attention and demand. That is, those that do not harm the environment. The development of solar, wind
and geothermal energy is gaining in scope by Ela et al. (2017).
But it is not always possible to use the above sources of energy. For example, in large cities it is often not possible
to install solar panels or wind turbines. Therefore, it is quite attractive from an economic and ecological point of view
are small systems or devices having good mobility and which can be easily installed, do not occupy a lot of space, do
not spoil the infrastructure and design. In this case, this system (device) must partially or completely provide electricity
to consumers by Patlins et al. (2018), by Xiaofeng and Strezov (2014).
Therefore, the development of devices capable of performing conversion and generation of electricity is an urgent
task, the solution of which will not only solve the issue of power supply, but also will facilitate accelerated transition
to clean, renewable energy sources.
In this paper, experimental studies of energy-generating slabs with different number of connected stepper motors
(CSM) to its electro machine node are presented. This device performs the functions of an electric generator by Гнатов
et al (2017). The studied energy-generating slab has compact dimensions and is intended for installation in places with
intensive flow of people (both indoors and outside). During the step on the slab is the process of generating electricity.
The paper presents a description of experimental studies to determine the number of generated electricity from one
step to the energy-generating slab. The expediency of using several CSMs as generators of electric power is
determined. The analysis of the obtained results of experimental researches and their processing is presented.
Researchers in the article by Xiaofeng and Strezov (2014) presented a model of using piezoelectric slabs in one of
the buildings at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. The potential of energy collection by such slabs to meet
the annual energy needs of the building is shown. In the author's work by Patlins et al. (2018) the design and principle
of operation of the system for forced reduction of speed of vehicles is described. In addition to its main function, this
Antons Patlins et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
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3
system is able to generate electricity, transforming the kinetic energy of the car into electricity. The Power converter
here is the electric drive with the CSM.
A review of publications on the subject of the study shows, that this topic is relevant and of interest to the general
public. Practical research and construction of both low-power systems and devices of transformation of mechanical
and kinetic energy into electric is a demanded task. This is confirmed by the latest scientific and technical research
and development conducted around the world. The improvement of existing systems and devices, as well as the
development of new ones are underway now. One of these aspects reveals the studies presented in this paper.
The purpose of the work is to study the process of generation of electricity by energy generating slabs – an
alternative, renewable source of electricity, depending on the scheme of connecting of stepper motors to its electric
machine node and from their quantity.
2. Energy-Generating Slabs
The energy-generating slabs may include several power-generating units that generate electricity (several electric
drives with a DC), or several electric motors (e.g., a DC) in a single electric machine unit. Therefore, it is necessary
to determine whether the number of electric motors in the electric machine node of the energy-generating slab affects
the value of generated electricity, and, if so, how.
The principal diagram of electric energy generating slab is presented at figure 1. In accordance with the presented
scheme, the construction of energy-generating slabs was developed. The general view of the electro machine node of
the developed construction of the energy-generating slab is presented at figure 2.
~
е1
~
е2
VD
C
R
V
Fig. 1. It is the electric scheme of energy-generating slabs.
According to fig.1 and fig. 2, the energy-generating slab has in its structure of an electro machine node two CSM
which are connected in parallel with respect to an electric load, that is, work on a parallel scheme on one load if to
consider their generator mode of work.
Fig. 2. Construction of electric machine knot of energy-generating slab, where 1-stepper motor „Dshi 200”; 2 – reactive traction; 3 – the output
shaft of the reducer; 4 – crank; 5 – reducer.
From the static winding of the CSM, voltage signal measured on the active resistance R. At a known value of load
resistance (shunt) and by measuring the voltage dependence of time u = f (t), you can calculate the dependence of
generated power from Time p = f (t) according to Ohm's Law by Bird (2014):
u(t )= R  i(t ),
Where: u (t)-alternating voltage, (V); R-active resistance of the chain (Ohm); I (t)-alternating current, (A).
The instantaneous power emitted by the resistance is determined by:
(1)
Antons Patlins et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
Patlins et al/ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
4
P= ui= Ri 2=
u2
,
R
437
(2)
u u(=
t ) U m sin ( t + u ) ; =
i i (=
t ) I m sin ( t + i ) .
Where: P-instantaneous power (W);=
It is known that for the resistor u =i , then for the power p we get:
p (=
t ) u (t )  i (=
t ) U m I m sin 2 ( t + u ) ;
(3)
From the equation (3) You can see that instantaneous power is always greater than zero and changes in time. In
such cases it is accepted to consider average for the period T power:
T
T
U m Im
1
sin 2 ( t + u ) dt.
=
P
=
pdt
T
T

0

(4)
0
By integrating the resulting curves p = f (t), you can determine the value of the generated power by the energygenerating slabs.
3. Experimental research
According to fig. 1, 2 - the prototype of the energy-generating slab has been developed. The appearance of
prototype is presented at fig. 3. Design features of the developed energy-generating stage allow carrying out researches
as each CSM separately and together at joint work on the general loading.
Fig. 3. Energy-generating slabs: a-appearance; b-Electric machine unit.
3.1. Conditions of the experiment
1. Investigation of work of electric machine node of energy-generating step at connection of one CSM.
2. Investigation of operation of electric machine node of energy-generating step at connection of two CSM.
The purpose of experimental researches is to determine expediency of using more than one CSM in the electric
machine node and also determination of the value of the generated electric power by the energy-generating slab at one
pressing on it.
Fig. 4. Dependence u = f (t), measured at 10 steps on the energy-generating slab: a-at connection of one CSM; b-at connection of two CSMs.
Antons Patlins et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
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5
According to the electrical circuit (fig. 1), load resistance R = 18 Ohm was chosen. The V digital voltmeter is
measured by the voltage signal on the resistance R and the load current is calculated (according to Ohm's law). Then
the power allocated on the given support is calculated.
To reduce the measurement error, the experiments were divided into 100 series of 10 steps of energy-generating
slab. The experimental studies involved 10 people weighing from 50 kg to 90 kg. Pace and speed of steps corresponded
to the usual pace of walking at a speed of 5 km/h.
The results of the experimental studies for one of the 10-step series in the form of an oscillogram of dependence u
= f (t) are presented in Fig. 4.
Each step generates two voltage impulses: the first corresponds to the movement of the top cover of the energygenerating slab downwards under the influence of external weight from pressing: Second-moving the top cover
upwards under the action of springs on which it fastens. The course of experimental studies is shown at figure 5.
Fig. 5. Experimental studies of energy-generating slabs.
3.2. Processing of experimental studies
All measurements were carried out on active resistance R = 18 ohm. According to Ohm's Law (1). The current and
the power allocated on the given resistance at the press on the energy-generating slab have been determined.
The graph of the generated power according to the expressions (2) and (4) can be obtained by completing the
integration of the measured oscillograms, fig. 4. Integration of oscillograms of conduction according to the trapezoid
method by English and Kirshner (2016):
b
h 
n −1

f ( xi ) + f ( xn )  ,
 f ( x )dx  2   f ( x0 ) + 2

i =1

(5)
a
Where: [a; b] is the segment (boundaries) of the integration; h=a-b/n -split step; i = 0.1,..., n; f(x)- the value of the
integrand.
So, the expression (5) can be written as:
T
P
=
h 
n −1

p ( ti ) + p ( tn )  .
 p (t )dt  2   p (t0 ) + 2

i =1

(6)
0
In accordance with the expression (6), we will integrate the measured oscillograms u = f (t), presented in Fig. 4.
In Fig. 6 presents the obtained graphic dependence p = f (t) at one step on the energy-generating slabs.
Fig. 6. Dependence of the generated power on time at one step on the slab: a-at connection of one CSM; b-at connection of two CSMs.
The value of the generated power calculated during the processing of experimental studies by expression (6) for
the first 10 series of 10 steps on the energy-generating slab are given in table. 1.
Antons Patlins et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
Patlins et al/ Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
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439
Table 1. Value of generated power
Ten-steps series
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 CSM, W
2,878
1,667
3,644
3,126
2,114
3,542
4,214
2,886
3,564
3,226
2 CSM, W
13,845
5,551
11,403
12,124
9,856
13,245
13,856
9,876
13,541
12,385
Gain factor (coeficient), k
4,8
3,3
3,2
3,9
4,6
3,7
3,3
3,4
3,8
3,8
Figure 7 presents the obtained graphic dependence p = f (t) at 10 steps on the energy-generating slabs.
Fig. 7. Dependence of the generated power on time at 10 steps on the slab: a- at connection of one CSM; b-at connection of two CSMs.
4. Analysis and discussion of the findings
The analysis of the conducted experimental researches and their processing show that connection of two CSMs to
electro machine node of the energy-generating slab allows to increase the value of the generated electric power
approximately in 3.9 times (in comparison with work Only one CSM). The obtained result is quite consistent with the
principles of electro-mechanical processes, describes the theory of electric drive and basic laws of theoretical bases
of electrical engineering. Thus, according to Ohm's Law (1), as well as analytical expressions (2)-(4), the power
emitted on the active resistance in the electrical circuit is a quadratic dependence on the electric current flowing under
this resistance. Therefore, when working two parallel connected sources of electrical energy, in accordance with fig.
1, the total current flowing through the active load resistance is the total current from each source. As a result, we get
that the increase in the current by two times leads to an increase in the generated power by 4 times.
For greater clarity, the above-mentioned increase in current when connecting the two CSMs will characterize the
gain K. If you calculate its average value, it will be about 4. This is quite consistent with the description of electrical
processes occurring in the energy-generating slab and the basic laws of electrical engineering and electric drive.
Analyzing the results obtained (table 1), it can be determined that one step on the energy-generating slab can
generate, on average, about 1.16 watts of electricity. So, knowing this value, it is easy to calculate the amount of
generated electricity from the number of steps on this slab. This gives an idea of the potential of energy-generating
slabs, when it is placed in cities with a large traffic of people. Knowing the Human flow, it is possible to calculate the
amount of electricity, is able to generate this slab, and how much they need to install to ensure the needs (possibly
partial) of electrical energy for a particular object.
During the measurements it was discovered that the value of the generated energy from one step is more dependent
not on the weight of the person, but on how quickly (sharply) the step have been made. The faster the pace of walking
and the more sharply executed steps, the more energy is generated. The last remark should be taken into account when
calculating the installation site of this device, because its location can significantly affect the process of generating
electricity.
As the wound noted, the scope of practical application of energy generating slabs is quite extensive, Gnatov et al.
(2017). The area, to which the transport belongs, in our opinion, is one of the key. This device can be used as paving
slabs or as an element of the road, for example, a device for the forced reduction of speed. The design and principle
of operation of such a device is described in detail in the article by Patlins et al. (2018). Also, energy generating slabs
can be used for equipping crosswalk zones (Fig.8.). In this embodiment, the generation of electricity comes from
440
Antons Patlins et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
Patlins et al / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
7
pedestrians, and from road users, and from vehicles that pass this part of the road. The energy that is generated during
the operation of the energy consumption slabs can be directed to illuminate this section of the road, as well as to
provide adjustment of movement on it (Fig. 8, right) “Joy and perplexity” (2018).
Fig. 8. Road section equipped with energy generating slabs and laser illumination.
For example, it is possible to install traffic lights with laser illumination, which is more visible (even in conditions
of poor visibility), which will significantly increase traffic safety. It should be noted that such a system may be
autonomous, and this greatly expands the scope of its application and installation (for example, in places where there
is no power supply city nearby).
Often, the energy produced cannot be consumed at once, and even the generation of energy can be unstable.
Therefore, in order to conserve excess energy and then use it, various types of energy storage devices are used:
batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, superconducting inductive storage, etc. Such devices are connected to the micronetworks of direct current through bi-directional converters AC-DC-AC. Monitoring of the energy flow near
consumers / sources of the DC chip and AC network allows determining the efficiency of the system, as well as the
vulnerability of the system in terms of energy flow. This makes it possible to make changes to the workflow of devices
to improve efficiency. But installing devices for measuring/monitoring electricity near each consumer or generator is
very expensive Apse-Apsītis et al. (2015). Apse-Apsītis et al. (2012) and Apse-Apsītis et al. (2011) proposed several
methods to reduce these costs.
5. Conclusions
The development of new renewable and “green” energy sources is an urgent scientific and technical task.
Relevant and urgent are systems and devices that can be installed in any city for alternative and decentralized power
supply.
The experimental researches of the process of electricity generation by energy-generating slab are presented
depending on the scheme of connection of the CSM to its electro machine node and the quantity of CSMs. Such slab
has compact dimensions and is intended for installation in places with high human flow. At the same time it can be
installed both indoors and outdoors (stairwells, staircases, corridors, halls, entrances to premises, passages, sidewalks,
public transport stops, entrances to the metro, turnstiles, crossings, platforms before supermarkets, cinemas,
entertainment venues, in the middle of entertainment venues and shopping malls, etc.).
For carrying out of experimental researches the prototype of the energy-generating slab with the electro machine
knot is developed. The Electric machine unit can work with one or two CSMs to generate electricity. Accordingly, it
is possible to measure electrical signals from each stepper motor, as well as the value of voltage (current) on the load
(Fig. 1).
Results of experimental researches are presented in the form of oscillograms of voltage dependence on time u = f
(t), fig. 4. According to the experimental data obtained, their processing and analytical calculations, the results of
which are presented in the form of graphs of power dependence on the time p = f (t), fig. 6, 7. The value of the
generated power calculated at the processing of experimental researches at performance of 10 series on 10 steps of
the energy-generating slab, is constructed in table. 1.
According to the results of the experimental research data, the following are defined:
-connection of two CSM to electro machine node of energy-generating slab allows to increase the value of
generated electric power approximately in 3.9 times;
-one step on the energy-generating slab can generate an average of 1.16 watts of electricity;
8
Antons Patlins et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 434–441
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441
-the value of generated energy from one step to the energy-generating slab is more dependent not on the weights
of the person, but on how quickly (sharply) step is made. The faster the pace and the more sharply executed steps, the
more energy is generated.
Taking into account all obtained data of experimental researches of energy-generating slabs and knowing density
of human flow, it is possible to estimate potential of this slab. That is, what value of electric power it can generate for
certain time of the work. You can determine how many such slabs need to be installed on the object to ensure its
electrical energy needs.
Thus, we have sufficiently effective (taking into account the density of the human flow) alternative renewable
sources of electricity, which is easily mounted in the existing infrastructure of facilities and can fully or partially meet
the needs of electricity. At the same time, the proposed energy-generating slab has small mass-dimensions and not a
complex design, which makes the process of its maintenance and operation quite simple.
Equipment of pedestrian zones (crossings) with the help of the proposed energy generating slabs will make it
possible to increase road safety on this section of the road, as well as generate additional electricity.
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