Development Development is the process by which the political, social and the economic structures of a country are improved for the purpose of providing for the wellbeing of its population. It aims for the constant improvement of the entire population. Development is multidimensional in nature and includes. - Economic, creation of wealth and improved conditions of material life - Social, refers to factors such as health, education, and housing. - Political, values of human rights, political freedom, and democracy - Environmental, ecological sustainability - Culture, recognition, and appreciation of unique culture Developed = A developed country, or high-income country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Developing = a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially. NIC = one whose economic development is between developing and highly developed classifications, often recently undergone industrialisation Measuring Development Quantitive indicators - Numerical measure of something that can be counted or quantified e.g gross national income, access to education, infant mortality rate Qualitative - Values such as peace, harmony, freedom Indicator Developed Australia Gross national income Nic India Developing chad 10.03 trillion dollars 11.78 billion Life expectancy 83.20 70.15 years 52.78 Infant mortality 2.732 26.619 67.1 Literacy levels 99% 77% 26.7% Level of sanitation High Medium Low GDP 1.553 trillion 25.99 billion With reference to three indicators, outline the nature of global development. There is enormous diversity in the level of development globally. As indicators of development, Gross nation income, life expectancy and infant mortality rate show a distinct pattern. The most developed countries such as Australia have a high gni of… high life expectancy of… and low infant mortality of… In contrast the NIC’s such as India, generally have lower values, gni of… life expectancy of,, and a medium infant mortality of … The least developed nations of the world such as Chad experience far dire circumstances, gni of … life expectancy of… and a high infant mortality rate of… With reference to three indicators, contrast developed and NIC’s. With reference to three factors, compare developing and NIC’s. A key measurement of development is the human development index. - Life expectancy - Access to education - GDP Country Population Population growth rate HDI Life expectancy Infant mortality rate Literacy Rate South Korea 51 million -0.2% 0.925 83 1.7 98% Qualitative indicators of development - Greater freedom of expression - At times need qualitative data Saudi Arabia - HDI of 0.875 - One of the high developed economies Define the term development. Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and its quality of life of its human inhabitants. Identify terminology that is used to express global diversity. Development, population growth rate, HDI Find three examples of quantitive data used to measure development and discuss the benefits and weaknesses. Three examples of quantitative data are life expectancy, access to doctors and gross domestic product. The benefits of quantitive data include the statistical nature of information and the lack of bias. The data can be collected on a routine basis to show an accurate image of change over time. However there are limitations as in the case of India the data only caters for the formal economy. Such as the GDP and the informal economy is not included which accounts for close to 50% of the population. Factors affecting development. 1. environment – the lack of natural resources 2. environmental – landlocked and/pr water poor 3. environmental – natural disasters 4. environmental degradation Due to increasing population pressure there is increasing demand placed on the limited land. Resources to meet the needs of the local population. For example in some areas of the Sahel Africa, overuse of land and destruction of ground cover have led to rapid desertification. Additionally marginal land is now being farmed as population increases and access to land is fragmented due to family inheritance laws. Political structures and instability Internal political instability often hampers economic and social development. Internal political instability can cost a country, as essential funds for development are directed towards military and police protection. Where there is evidence of a nation that is being controlled by a corrupt government or a dictatorship the decision making to build arms and protect power will come at the cost of freedom, education, and health. The political; can add to the inequality of any nation. Poor political decision making can certainly contribute to the poverty cycle that is a characteristic of many developing nations. Whilst the demographic republic of Congo is rich in cobalt, a contemporary mineral, the natural of political control mean the masses of the community are impoverished. Nations such as drc spends 2.9% of its GDP on military expenditure which is greater than countries such as Australia. Describe one internal factor that impacts the level of development of a nation. The level of development of a nation can certainly impacted by the nation and frequency of natural disasters a country such as Haiti has experienced enormous economic and social toll due to earthquakes and cyclones. Both have impacted the capacity for economic selfsufficiency. With reference to examples assess the role of internal factors upon the level of development of a nation Japan – 0.925 China – 0.768 Chad – 0.394 Factors effecting development Lack of natural resources - Lack self-sufficiency. - Export – gather income. - Resources – water Political corruption – money expenditure on army/police - Maintain dictatorship. - Political decision making – expenditure on health/education Landlocked Natural disasters - Frequency - Costs - Damage - Haiti Higher development, low birth rate Niger Chad Population Population Fertility HDI growth rate 25.2 3.7% 6.8 0.4 million 17.8 3.25% 6.3 0.39 million Literacy Life GDP per expectancy person 37.34% 61 $590 29.76% 52.78 $685 Population and development relationship Rural communities - Poor - Female - Access to food - Access to education - Girls education breaks cycle of poverty - You will reduce population, woman contribute to country socially and economically teach their kids, bring woman into the workforce. Change the role of woman – solution to the lack of development. Culture and or religious beliefs are often responsible for hindering the progress of a nation. Internal factors - Environmental – natural resources - Environmental – land locked/ water resources - Environmental degradation - Political – government (dictatorship) - Demographic trends With reference to two factors explain how they contribute to the lack of development of a nation One factor that contributes to a nations lack of development is the frequency of natural disasters, which is having an enormous social and economic tolls on them. Socially the loss of lives can have emotional impacts on communities. The loss of homes from disasters such as earthquakes and floods can lead to mass displacement, and many forced to leave their homes. Economically, the damage to infrastructure such as roads, schools and hospitals will mean countries are having to rebuild which can be a financial burden on their economy. With reference to three factors account for the lack of development of a developing nation of your choice 9 marks External factors Colonisation Influence of colonisation - Those that have been colonised are the developed nations – increased their wealth and power (UK, France, USA) Many of today’s poorest nations were once colonised by the countries of the wealthier, industrialised countries e.g. the French colonised Vietnam, the British colonised India. It was only in the 50’s immediately after WWII most colonial powers gave up control or were forced to give up their colonial territories. - Stop self sufficiency Many would argue that the impact of colonisation has continued to impede economic development. Why? Restrictions were placed on the ability of the colony to produced goods that were already being produced by the colonial power. They were often limited to agricultural products such as tea in Sri Lanka or coffee in Brazil. Despite the removal of colonialism many of these established trade relationships continued, with the wealthy industrial countries continuing to dominate international trading relations. And exporting the more expensive global commodities. In addition to the economic dominance the countries that experienced colonisation also suffered from the collapse of their political systems - where it was a democracy or based on monarchy. After the colonial powers left, there was often a sense of internal civil unrest and in many cases this instability had an immediate impact on the economic and social development of a nation. One of the most striking examples of this is the exodus of Belgium from Rwanda, leaving a country that was now politically, culturally, and socially divided. What are cash crops? A cash crop, also called profit crop, is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. Example of cash crops? Tea What countries tend to export cash crops? Kenya, India, and Sri Lanka What countries tend to import cash crops? - China - UK - Japan What countries tend to import cash crops (tea) ? China UK Japan Name a product, a country that grows this product and an international company responsible for trade? - China - India - Sri Lanka Company = Nerada tea company Where do the profits = with the company e.g. Nerada Globalisation and trade patterns A cash crop is the one that is cultivated Issues that can arise for a nation reliant on cash cropping - Over exploitation of the land - The need for expensive agrichemicals - The land is now used for nations food supply and the development of self-sufficiency is lost - Prices of agricultural goods can strongly fluctuate e.g. the price of coffee - Manufactured goods are far more expensive to import - Agricultural good are vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters Coffee The imbalance of trade and its impact on the lack of development of a nation is evident when examining the impact of cash crops, in particular, the coffee bean. Spread of the big coffee chains has become one of globalisations most powerful icons. Coffee is one of the most traded commonoties in the world. Since the 1970’s coffee production was encouraged in developing nations of the world such as Nepa, Honduras and Ethiopia.
