Introduction to BIOLOGY BIO101 Princess Elizabeth S. Elias Table of Contents! Objectives Learning goals Overview Concepts of Biology About the Topic Introduction to Biology Etymology Branches Properties of Life Identification, Classification, Nomenclature Scientific Method Cell Assignment/ Activities Due on October 18, 2022 – 10:00 am OBJECTIVES ● Familiarize the course expectations, resources, and information. ● Identify the scientific processes of biology ● to understand other aspects of life from the most simple minute organisms to the most complex -- Man ● To be aware of the environment and other factors that surround life and influence life’s activities. Concepts of Biology What is Biology? 1. 2. Science of Life. “Study of living organisms, their origin, anatomy, physiology, distribution, and behavior or interaction with one another anfd their environment”. Etymology: From Greek words “bios”— meaning life and “logos”— meaning study The study of plants and animals was known by several names before the term "biology" was coined. To describe animals, plants, fungi, and other lifeforms in their natural habitats, for instance, the phrase "Natural History" was once used. ARISTOTLE Father of Biology ARISTOTLE Aristotle’s biology five major biological processes: • Metabolism • Temperature Regulation • Inheritance • Information Processing • Embryogenesis Michael Christoph Hanow Michael Christoph Hanow's writings in 1766 served as the first source for the term "Biology" in its contemporary usage Thomas Beddoes (1799) Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800) Four more times sperately introduced “Biology” in their writings. Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1802) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1802) What is Life? What constitutes a living organism? → Composed of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids. → Numerous characteristics shared by all known living things have been uncovered by Biologists. Even while nonliving creatures could exhibit some of these distinguishing qualities, only living things exhibit all of them. 01 ORGANIZATION Organisms are highly structured, which means they have specialized, coordinated components. One or more cells, which are regarded as the basic building blocks of life, are present in every living thing. Organization in Unicellulars Complexity is seen in even single-celled organisms! Atoms and molecules within each cell form the organelles and structures that make up the cell. Top image from Google and bottom image modified from "Prokaryote cell by Ali Zifan (CC BY-SA 4.0), modified image is licensed under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license Organization in Multicellulars Humans and other multicellular animals and animals are composed of a large number of cells. Multicellular creatures have specialized cells that are arranged into tissues including connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle, and nerve tissue. These tissues can be used for a variety of purposes. Top image from Google and bottom image modified from "Four types of tissue" by the National Institutes of Health (public domain); rIght, modified from "PseudostratifiedCiliatedColumnar" by Blausen staff (CC BY 3.0) 02 METABOLISM An large number of interconnected chemical processes are essential to life. These processes let organisms to develop, reproduce, and maintain the structure of their bodies as well as perform tasks like moving or catching prey. To carry out the chemical processes required for life, living creatures must expend energy and absorb nutrients. Types of Metabolism The totality of biochemical processes taking place within an organism is referred to as its metabolism and it is subdivided into anabolism and catabolism Top image from Google and bottom image Human metabolism vector banner. stock illustration Anabolism Catabolism is the process by which organisms build more complex molecules from simpler ones is the process by which organisms breaks down more complex molecules to simpler ones 03 HOMEOSTASIS In order to maintain the very small range of circumstances required for cell activity, living things regulate the environment inside of them. REGULATION Homeostasis is a self-regulating mechanism that enables an organism to retain internal stability while adapting to shifting external situations. It has emerged as the key unifying idea of physiology. image from PPI Malaysia 04 GROWTH Regulated growth occurs in living things. Through cell division, multicellular organisms accumulate a huge number of cells and individual cells grow in size. Tens of trillions of cells make up your body now, which was formerly made up of only one cell. Growth is reliant on anabolic processes that produce big, complex molecules like proteins and DNA, the genetic material. 05 REPRODUCTION Living organisms have the ability to reproduce to create new organisms. Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction are the two primary types. Asexual Sexual creates genetically identical kids by having one parent replicate itself. incorporates the genetic material from both of its parents and is genetically distinct 06 EVOLUTION Living creature populations can evolve, which means that a population's genetic composition may vary through time. Natural selection is a process in which evolution takes place when a heritable characteristic, such as a darker fur color or a narrower beak shape, helps organisms survive and reproduce more successfully in a certain environment. A heritable feature that gives a population a fitness advantage may spread across the population over generations, improving the group's environmental suitability. We refer to this process as adaption. 07 RESPONSE Living things are "irritable," which refers to how they react to external stimuli or alterations in their environment. People quickly withdraw their hand away, for instance. —away from a flame; many plants turn toward the sun; and unicellular creatures may move in one direction—toward a nutrition source or away from a poisonous substance. How About Viruses and Prions? • They are obligate parasites A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein coat that can invade living cells. How About Prions? • • Prions are infectious proteins which causes neurons to rapidly degeneration. Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalitis: BSE) People in New Guinea used to suffer from kuru, which they got from eating the brains of their enemies... IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE. Classification - - - the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa. Used to easily study life. We use a system today that was originally created by Carl Linnaeus. Linnaeus- (1707-1778) A botanist who created a classification system of organisms based on their physical similarities with each other. Originally, Linnaeus only had two Kingdoms, or major categories-Plant and Animal. Linnaean System - Dear King Phillip Came Over For Grasshopper Soup Eucarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens Identification -A practical side of taxonomy which aims to identify that a specific organism belongs to a known taxon. → It seeks to determine the precise name and location of an organism within the current categorization or classification system. -Taxonomic Keys are used. → a. Dichotomous Key and Poly clave (Multiple access or Synoptic) Poly clave instruments that aid in identifying unidentified species. Utilizing interactive computer programs, the keys are produced. Polyclave keys employ a method of exclusion. The user is given a number of options that detail characteristics of the species they want to identify. Dichotomous Key used to distinguish between various species based on observable traits. Dichotomous keys are a set of sentences with two options for each that guide users to the right identification. Examples: Symbiota's dynamic species list and key generator Sagehen Creek Field Station's Wildflower Guide on iNaturalist Nomenclature -the area of taxonomy that deals with giving names to taxonomic groupings in accordance with established guidelines; two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature. It consists of two components: - Generic name and - specific epithet. Example: Escherichia coli Allium cepa Nomenclature ● ● ● ● Upon classification, organisms are subjected to binomial nomenclature, a format for two-word naming. It consists of two parts, namely: 1. universal name and 2. unique epithet. For instance, in the case of Mangifera indica, "Mangifera" refers to the genus and "indica" to the variety of mango. This approach was put out by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum in 1753. A kind of nomenclature with more than two terms is known as a polynomial system. The polynomial system includes the trinomial system, which has three words. The binomial system's first two words are retained, while the third word refers to the subspecies. Codes for Biological Nomenclature ● To prevent mistakes, redundancy, and ambiguity in scientific names, nomenclature codes are used. ○ These codes are: 1. ICBN – International Code for Botanical Nomenclature 2. ICZN – International Code for Zoological Nomenclature 3. ICVN – International Code for Viral Nomenclature 4. ICNB – International Code for Nomenclature of Bacteria 5. ICNCP- International Code for Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants Assignment 1. Explain the various ways that biology may be researched, ranging from a microscopic to a global perspective, using examples. 2. What do you think life is? Would you alter any of the aforementioned characteristics, add any new ones, or use a totally new definition? Do the items on the list include any exceptions or unique circumstances? Answer briefly. 3. Give branches of Biology dealing with animals and in a simple sentence, define each. SCIENTIFIC METHOD What is a scientific method? -is a set of processes for study that includes experiments and meticulous observation. 1. Ask a Question 2. Do Background Research 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Test you Hypothesis 5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion 6. Communicate Your Results Ask a Question: Why does Greenland look so large on a map? Background Research: Learn that Greenland is a quarter the size of the United States in land mass. Also learn that Mercator projection maps are made by transferring the images from a sphere to a sheet of paper wrapped around the sphere in a cylinder. Hypothesis: If I make a Mercator projection map, then the items in the middle of the map will look their true size and the items at the poles will look larger than they really are. Educated guess that can be tested. Experiment: Use a sphere with 1-inch by 1-inch squares at each pole and the equator to make a Mercator projection map. Measure the squares on the Mercator projection map. Analyze Data and Make Conclusions: The middle-ofthe-map squares average 1 inch per side while the squares at the poles average 3 inches per side. In conclusion, the projection process used to make Mercator projection maps creates distortion at the poles, but not at the equator. This is why Greenland, which is close to the North Pole, looks larger than it is. Communicate: Make a video, write a report, or give a presentation to educate others about the experiment. Application of Biology to the field of Psychology ➢ Biology plays a great role in psychology. It encompasses domains such as physiology, evolution, and chemical processes—all of which have demonstrated their capacity to influence behavior and human development. ➢ In The Principles of Psychology (1890), William James argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology. ➢ The fields of behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology are all subfields of biological psychology. ➢ Biological psychologists are interested in measuring biological, physiological, or genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioural variables. ➢ The biological approach examines psychological difficulties by looking at the physical basis of both animal and human behavior. It is one of the main views in psychology and includes research on the immune system, neurological system, brain, and genetics. ➢ Since its beginning, psychology has been heavily influenced by the study of physiology and biological processes. The concept that evolution and genetics have an impact on human behavior was initially put out by Charles Darwin. Mini Paper Review and Academic PosterDue November 25, 2022 Topics (Academic Poster) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Influence of Brain Trauma to Behaviors Anxiety from the view point of Biological Psychology Genetic factors influence on aggression degenerative brain diseases impact on how people act Link of genetics and brain damage to mental disorders Biology and Free Will Biological Psychology of mood and arousal Biological Psychology of Sex Differences Biological Psychology and the study of behavioral deviance in childhood Resources ● ● ● Reece, Jane. B. et. al. Campbell Biology (9th ed.). Boston: Pearson, 2011. Koning, R. E. "Biology Is the Study of Life." Plant Physiology Information Website. 1994. http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/biol ogy.shtml. Eveleth, R. "There Are 37.2 Trillion Cells in Your Body." Smithsonian.com. October 24, 2013. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smartnews/there-are-372-trillion-cells-in-yourbody-4941473/?no-ist. ● ● ● Koshland, D. E. "The Seven Pillars of Life." Science 295, no. 5563 (2002): 2215-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1068489. Mullen, L. "Defining Life: Q&A with Scientist Gerald Joyce." Space.com. August 1, 2013. http://www.space.com/22210-life-definitiongerald-joyce-interview.html Taylor, M. R., Simon, E. J., & Dickey, J. L. (2017). The Moleculles of Cells. In Campbell Biology Concepts and Connections: Vol. Ninth Edit.