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WARNING!
This document is copyright 1997 by Pressure Vessels Inc., and
may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
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Pressure Vessels Incorporated
P.O. Box 35365
Tulsa, OK 74153 USA
www.pressure-vessel.com
P
V
H
T
E e d
ni
withforeword by
P
B
Professor of Chemical Engineering
University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma
E
M
PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC.
P.O. Box 35365 “ Tulsa, OK 74153
t t i
oh
FOREWORD
Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry
are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and
mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating
experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature
in the field of code requirements and design equations.
First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the
applicable code. Then he must search the literature for techniques
used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material
properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company
catalogs for use in the design equations.
Mr. Megyesy has recognized this problem.
For several years he
has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational
methods. He has been presenting this information first in the form
of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put it all together in
one place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook.
I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry
and that readers will find it extremely useful.
Paul Buthod
PREFACE
This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas,
technicaldata, designand construction methods readily available for the
designer, detailer, Iayoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels.
Practical men in this industry often have difficulty finding the required
data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature
or advanced studies. The author’s aim was to bring together all of the
above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form.
The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure
Vessels, Section VIII Division I have been utilized as well as those
generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From
among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the
author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice.
In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook,
rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have
been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook
deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding,
since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category.
A large part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some
of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged.
The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor
S4ndor Kalinszky, J&os Bodor, Lasz16F61egyhiizyand J6zsef Gyorii for
their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted
the author to include material from their publications.
The authorwishesalso to thank all those who helpedto improvethis
new edition by their suggestions and corrections.
Suggestions and criticism concerning some errors which may remain
in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute to
the further improvement of this Handbook.
Eugene F. Megyesy
9
CONTENTS
PART I
Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels .................................... 11
PART II
Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels ...................................... 25’7
PART III
Measures and Weights .................................................................... 321
PART IV
Design of Steel Structures .............................................................. 447
PARTV
Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 465
PART L
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OF PRESSURE VESSEL
1. VesselsUnderinternalPressure_~__~~_~~~~~~~..~.~~~~ti~ti~~~~. 15
StressesinCylindricalShel~Definitions,Formulas,Pressureof
Fluid, Pressure-TemperatureRatings of American Standard
,CarbonSteelPipe Flanges.
2.
Vessels Under External Pressure ..........................................................
Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required TicknessofCylindricalSheH,ChafiforDeteminingThicknessofCylindrical
and
SphericalVesselsunderExternal PressurewhenConstructedof
Carbon Steel,
31
3.
Design ofTall Towers ..........................................................................
Wind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Eccentric Load, Elastic Stability, Deflection, Combination of Stresses,
Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate
method), Design of Base Ring (approximate method), Design of
Anchor Bold and Base Ring, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers.
52
4.
Vessel Suppotis .....................................................................................
Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two Saddles,
Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in Vessels Due to
Lug support.
86
5.
Openings ............................................................................................... 122
Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing Pad, Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to
Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings.
6.
Nozzle Loads ........................................................................................ 153
7.
Reinforcement at the Junction of Cone to Cylinder .............................. 159
8.
Welding of Pressure Vessels ................................................................. 170
Welded Joints, But Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols.
9.
Regulations, Specifications ................................................................... 181
Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to
Various Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Properties of
Materials, Description of Materials, Specification for The Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, Fabrication Tolerances.
10. Materials of Foreign Countries ............................................................. 194
11. Welded Tanks ....................................................................................... 204
13. Rectangular Tanks ................................................................................ 212
14. Corrosion .............................................................................................. 221
15. Miscellaneous ... ... .... .. . . . ..~...o..o...u,mv..u.mv..~..u...ti..~..~..~..u..~ 232
Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe Engagemerit, Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps, Bend Allowances, Lengthof
Stud Bolts, Pressure Vessel Detailing, Preferred Locations,
CommonErrors,LiRingAttachments, SafeLoadsforRopesand
Chains, Transportation ofVessels.
16. Painting Steel Surfaces ..~...o..o...~....a...~.
U.V......O...
247
1NREFERENCESTHROUGHOUTTHISBOOK"CODE"sTANDSF0RASME
O
O
C MI E EC HT AEYNN I GC I FA N
BL E O
E AR I S ) L
(AMERICAN S
N
E
R
P R E VS SE CU S RS SO
E E EV
C DRL
T
II FU EO C O
LNI N S OET RI US C T IR O N
O P R E VS ES SU
D SRI F EE
V1—
LI A SSA , I M O E N
S R T I A C N AND NA R D .
1
E
D
S
P
V
Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses of
different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of
stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and construction of the vessel components.
LOADINGS (Code UG-22)
a, Internal or external pressure
b. Weight of the vessel and contents
c. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, internals,
supports
d. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations
e. Wind pressure and seismic forces
f. Impact reactions due to fluid shock
g“ Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion
STRESSES (Code UG-23)
a. Tensile stress
b. Longitudinal compressive stress
c. General primary membrane stress
induced by any combination of
loadings. Primary membrane
stress plus primary bending stress
induced by combination of loadings, except as provided in d. below.
d. General primary membrane stress
induced by combination of earthquake or wind pressure with other
loadings (See definitions pages
beginn-ing473.)
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
STRESS
Sa
The smaller of S. or the value of
factor B determined by the procedure
described in Code UG 23 (b) (2)
S
1.5 Sa
1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b.,
or c. This rule applicable to stresses
exerted by internal or external pressure or axial compressive load on a
cylinder.
Seismic force and wind pressure need not be considered to act simultaneously.
S.= Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel
Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See
properties of materials page 180- 184,)
/
,
STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Uniforminternalorexternalpressureinducesinthelongitudinalseamtwotimeslargerunit
stress than in the circumferentialseam becauseof the geometryof the cylinder.
A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc. ) are not
Tn C
l
factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling o
oh y
.d
i e od dh t e e tsh ms o tie rdge e qhn uf ei’ rW ei o mo t e hlns t t o . aaeh d
ei n n r r g
s
present, these combined loadings m g
o a a hv
e e p an rw
y vl be
n ir a i eed q rt ul
ei
r l e
t
t
ph
w l ah wh a s a ni t t i esact fer a chte t co sisrr yc ui m
h f sbe ro ue t n oct ie ak l nl
i ln
gy
p
r
T
ot
m
v
c o m p sh r edt s t se r i xev epetu r es a e r t ss n e sse a onudntl trs i r e in pe lt ud r ese e r ss n se a ou l r
b dh e t a eb tr lfm oi nlr em
eh d u l a y se :
s
F
t
.
D
$
R
M
U
L
A
S
C I R C U M F E R E N T I A LL O N G I T U D I N A L
J
O
I
N
JT
O
I
N
.
+
O
s,
3 .$
‘
D=
P=
s, =
s* =
[ =
S2
‘
s, ‘/
~
,R
T
s~ = ~
M
I
N O T A T I O N
d
ie ao vm a eei ts n e s cr e h l f ,e
n ot e e x r pt n r e ae pr sl n s a ur l r s e ,
s
i
Longitudinal
stress, psi
1
Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi
Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance
excluded, inches
EXAMPLE
;iven
D
=
P=
f
=
96 inches
15 psi
0.25 inches
PD
s, = ~
s* = $
15 X 96
=
~
= 1440 psi
15 X 96
=
= 2
p
8
8s
lhmi v pt
cr e e h s
2 X 0.25
F
s
t
s
ou
gti
iw
o n n pe t d r er a er rewss nl s r at iunc l or r h eni
o rc vvb ea ep sp rera osnb x t is fm ao nt ree hdm
H=%
3
w
Hh= C
2
haeat d iwdi b c cd ghaoe
u
I y ae :
er h i r oet t i ei foc
(
ga w l h e t t r
f ,
.
I
P
N
R
1. OPERATING PRESSURE
The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vessel, at which
the vessel is normally operated.
2.
DESIGN PRESSURE
The pressure used in the design ofa vessel. It is recommended to design a vessel
and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure
higher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent, whichever is the
greater, will satis@this requirement, The pressure of the fluid and other contents
of the vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 for
pressure of fluid.
3.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE
The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the
ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:
(a) in corroded condition
(b) under the effect ofa designated temperature
(c) in normal operating position at the top
(d) undertheeffectof otherloadings(wind load, external pressure, hydrostatic pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure.
When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the
maximum allowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2.
A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure
vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell,
not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc.
See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges.
See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes.
The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very oflen, It
means the pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the
ultimate permissible point, when the vessel:
(a) is not corroded (new)
n
(b) t
i
h
t
(
te
and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into
consideration.
4.
HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE
O and one-halfntimes the maximum
e
allowable working pressure or the design
pressure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine
the maximum allowable working pressure.
If the stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less than at
the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased proportionally.
H
y
d
r t o ss
t bea hc t oi
cnas a d
aul ftc a tl b le re hdil bec
a c t roi e am
ol np
le e
ts e n d
.
I t
c
pressure
s i e hshall
en be:
s s ,
t h at
e
t
1
StressValueS
Temperature
)( M A . W.Press.
al
l xx o5
w.
.
StressValueS At DesignTemperature
(Or DesignPress.)
V
f
e w s
tsh me e al
xhasr li
l s a bn ht g eae aa p ss r l, tse
P
r S i e m r
H
y
d
av
r i
yc
l emwo uweo m
ap r br k l el ei si nbs m t gu i r t e
lsei h tse dt u o rat ew hb
nl
ne e :
eh
d
+
e
900 lb
r t o os mt uea l t t ii -c svc h ea m
Cs t b sU
ef r eo ( Gl
s d- :
e9 e
9
)
A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100
P
s
a
tr
t e oe s s ot m a t afb lxa s i li sol mhwo uwo m
pa r br k l ew ei s t ns h gu
r ehe
n
ro ae pn
go t t an v h
ec r fh sayb c tsn o f en m
e w lpo s ua t it t i ese f dt a c t oh r y
s o us r a ap frn e ce si eCct r Uy i f obG
, e - d d1
0 n e1
.
t
s
5. MAXIMUMALLOWABLESTRESS VALUES
The maximuma
l
a g
i it
t b u
i t
l o n g ic t
C
p
U
o
s
ct
g
l l t o ews an vt b s l apr ie e lel r f m
uesd i i est f mt sfo ea e dt r e e r nr i t a
r ova p
1eb eaT n l m
8 n ga e xa9hn l ie l m
c o. o uwm
e am
p s rb e l ts es ri v e
sd
eo ce hys o l e i sd n gdnsh er u in ebc t ajlf l l e o clt at p s ed rhd i o n doa g u
o u md pi snr ea itls t s ris v se h b hshd ee s t a elna re cl ml c i t ol n ree d i n
abC cd & d -r
e 2 .
3
, ,
.
s
e
6. JOINT EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page
172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176.
T
f o l phl o c aw o i
t h i ac kt
nm e an s
f r e qu u t e nso y st l
g
f i t l .v o ~o ge hs i t
T
e
s
f
fgen o g t eru am t s icu s nlo at m esr p e uqdw h tu o ei a r
ee ld
xhsa li l mdw
o uw
eo m
ap r br kl ef ei st n sm gu o r ho e
ar
a yeph h
eTe de f n s lo a rfo hcl m
d y d lu i. sl n aeda hr s i c e a f lr l
usn ed iur ni aeas tl nugm ao hc ,vl
eel i r y n
s
.
it t h rg
se i whs e ger s oiot na ew
v hlnte mch ir r l lc un m
eh f j ey r en no t ie a il
ii lc i t e oen chn y te s l- ao hsn sga hinj lt u fe do f i f n eiia ocl wi ne n cht y ,
f
e
l
n
e
r
besides the internal pressure additional loadings(wind load, reaction of
s
t
t
a
t
s
ad cd
al l euor ns s g ) i ib t une ed o gin t n dae l inT snr i g ef o ih ani r . s o o e
n
r
sh
at
rhrai t i eg s t ss i ie phsn er gper
o s t nau eq i h niumo n and oe r -c e h
ah l s f
it t hlr o ne g ihs s t e u sed i nn aea l m
.
T
f
o
rf htm g u s l io aeh c serc o r t rda ei nh g ml y :
t
PR
= 24SE+ 0.4P
Seenotation on page 22.
P=
2SEt
R – 0.4t
I
P
N
R
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDEDIMENSIONS
NOTATION
P = D
pe
o p
vt
w
S= S
E = J
e of f ip i c 1i en a n c t y 7g.
r s o e m i s a sg l aul n or R =
wex I a bnrr . l as ei
d i n i dc u eh s
e,
r r pke
is
sn u gs rD = e I
ndi i s a i m
i n e d t c ee hr , e
o rm
a
ea pl t ps e u ssr at i e= a if t l g h i ,i c e k n n ec s hs , e
C
= C o rAa r l ol ois wi .n ao nnc c eh .
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (
t
R
e
PR
f= SE– O.6P
P
LS
EO
A N
s t su
i at t ll hr s l e i yog h seo ev S
ns e arn en
p r ep c e a d i g n g e
.
2 W
[ w h t h aiehe c x ok. lhcnn o ete isl ae n s nd
r
oa P e d x 0 i c S u. et f es 3 o drgE
r 8 hsm
i i u5
t C
A
po h 1p s e db nah dep - ei ap x l l i 2e
SPHERE
HEMISPHERICAL
PR
‘= 2SE–0,2P
2
s
s
e
s
M G )
SE t
= m-m
1. U
B
e
s
p=
gi m
ne g s .
slhs
ie f
l v , a e se
l de .
HEAD
2SE t
R +0.2t
r
1-
R
-1 -–
f
1. F h
w e i aos at t
o t h
t s ej h hi
o t s
i e[ h h a
2 W
t w h t h aiehe
0
S . t f 6 o gE
r
I s
b -ah p
ap3
.
.
Ih r d loua r t aisu e gnft fhg si
i ol a et f it e eeld hfno f l si
e m
h fa e s d n e
c x 0k. l cnnR o. ePe e sl e 3xs d
6 hm
i ti uC
5 lvA, a epo hse p
l li , e l d e .
thce i , e n e c
thac if { es n c
.
6e
c 5s e
e nd n n de ei
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
I
b
0
“
PD
‘= 2SE– O.2P
1. F
a
1
/1 = 1>/4
e l l ih po
m
a i i on
4
(
P= -Dy;jt
sw
e o t ia hrd rado leta smh r t , a ehi j e o o
nxt t 2 1 os hihC
d r A e aspo espr e nd n : , de ei
c
)
.
E
D
ED
P =
S= 1
5
E = 0
j
s
S
AI
G
T
X
NA
p d
pe
r s
p 7s
vt5 o
1p
@5 6l
.
e . f f oi8 s cp
oo s
ia hh n
h
e
:
E = 1
j . e of 0f oi is c0 ei n ea , n m tc l y e
s f
h
e
a
d
s
ni
rnc
a hs d ie i8 ds u
es
*
e is
sg ui R n=r 4 ie
9 i e ni f A dnc i hsa mie e6 dst e e r *
rsSa 0 e l 0 s Dtiu=
s
e wq [ u h i ai irc ken ln d ec s lhs , e
5a 7
0t 0
”e= r I F
C
=
0
.
nc A 1o c ra 2r hl. ol e5so iws o u n n c e
oi 5t e - ne x, c a ym i n ef i d .
r
eHe t tnm sl e i f l * s dac .o crd oi r o ngo d d vi e nt a di ot n e
w t c i o r a rhlt ol so ihw o ea n n c e
l
l
SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
SEE DESIGN[),N”f’A
AIK)VE
I)c[crmincIhc rcquird lhicknms,
01”o shell
,=
I(K) x 48.1?5
=
().325 in.
fhwrmine the maximum:Ill(nv;IbleIf(whingpressure, P
I’br().5()() in thi~k kh{.11wtlrn Ihc tIS<,Il i, in IICW
currditi(m.
() 125 in.
P =
I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.6 x 100
+ C.A.
17500 x ().X5 x ().5(M)
- 154psi
48 +
x
in.
fJse: ().50() in, pkrfc
—.
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE
The head furnishedwithmrtslraigh[ Ilwrge.
Detcrrnirrethe required thickness. I d’ ii hemispherical
head.
/=
]00 x 48, Izfi
2 x I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.2 x I00
SEE DESIGNL)A’rAABOVE
Determine IIw maximumallowuhlcvrn-kingpressure. P
I’or().3125 in [hi(k head. when it is in IICNctmdili(m
= ().16? in.
+ C.A.
p ,..
,? x I7500 x 0.X5x 0.3 I25
W + 0.2 x (),3I25
0.125 in.
+ IOJ p~i
0.287 in.
Use: ().3125 in MIN.
HEAD
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE
Dctcrrninethe requiredthicknessot’a SCJMICSS
ellipsoidal
head
100 X 96.25
‘ -
–
—
= 0,275 in.
0.2 x 100
+ C.A.
0.125 in,
2 x 17500 x 1.0
in,
Use: o 437s in, MIN. THK. HEAD
SEE DESIGNDA’I’AABOVE
Determinethe maximumdlmv:iblc U[wkingprcwurc. P
for 0,275 in. thick. seamless head \!’heni! is in corroded
condition.
2
X
17500 X
1,0
X
0.275
96.?5 + 0.2 x 0.275—
= 10(1psi
I
P
N
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENS1ONS
D = I
NOTATION
P = D
w
S= .
E = J
R = I
dn i s ai mi n e d tc e e hr , e
hbr o. l t ei an n (c lhI a eu p fd fe
dni
eg g l r e e
,e
s
oa,s d e dii i din
suec
sh
l grn
kn
n sr u ai i c dd nk i e cl u e h s
t e h 2ai i c k n ln ec s l sh , e
s o r a r l ol ois wi n ao nnc c eh ,
pe
r s o e m i s a sg l aul n or a we=x Oa
o p r r pke
si
sn u gs r
ea
Sv
to m
a r a ;pl t ps e u ssr aLi e= Ia if
r = I
e of f ip i c 1i en a n c t y g7,r = W
rn
a is d ni i dc u he s
e,= C
1
CONE
‘
c
CONICAL SECTION
2SEt c
‘= 2D + 1.2t
s
a (SE–= O.6P)
o
a
o
a
1 T h a
a a h apnn g lg re. t el e3 fo e axh
,t
e0a t
W
i‘Dgh
r t e 3e s nah pa. t a ne e0ia racs re l i q ny au ;s
(
A C p 1po e- dn 5 d (e i ex
)
)
A %
~ 2
A
E
F SL
A M
D
N
GI H EN
ES D H
E
( T O R I S P HH E R I EC A L A
W
‘
=h 1
0.885PL
f= SE– o. 1 ‘
6e /
P=
ED A
D
2 n
SEt
0.885 L+0.lt
fr
P
~
When Vr l
<
\
1
‘
M
t
PLM
‘= 2SE– O.2P
1.
J
V
.0
r
A O LF
50
UA
0
1e
h
s
s
n
2SEt
‘= LM+oo2t
“ EC
ST
OM F R
”
3
1
2
3
●
.
0
1
M
*
a
: L = D + 2t
(see note 2 on
f
pa
ca
i
21
E
X
DESIGN DATA:
P = lOOpsidesignpressure
S = 17500psistressvalueof
SA515-70plate@650°F
E = 0.85,efficiency
ofspot-examined
joints
E = 1.00,jointefficiencyofsearnless
R = 48inchesinsideradius*
D = 96inchesinsidediameter*
wallthickness,inches
~ = required
L = 30°0nehalfoftheapexangle
t = Resuiredwallthickness
inches
C.A = 0,125inchescon-osionallowance
* incorrodedcondition
greaterwith
thecorrosionallowance
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Cos30° = 0.866
Determine the required thickness, r
of a cone
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
cone, when the vessel is in new
condition.
100x 96.25
‘2X 0.866(17500X
2x
+C.A.
Use0,500in.plate
0,125in.
0.500in.
xO.85xO.500x0.866= 133psi
96+ 1.2XOo500Xo.866
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
L/r = 16$
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.6875 in. thick
seamless head, when the vessel is in
new condition.
Determine the required thickness, t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished
head.
f=
0.885X100x96.I25
17500x 1.0-0.1x 100
+C.A.
Use0.625in.plate
=0.486 in.
(j
0.125in.
0.606in.
Use0.625in.min.thickhead
o La i g t r t
NOTE: When the r
A
b4 c
a ml
bc t ua f l
= 141psi
SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
~=
61
~= 1.75 from table.
Determine the required thickness t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished
head.
100x96,125X1.75
t=
‘0.481 in.
100
2 x 17500
+C.A.
17500x1,0x0,6875
0.885x96+ 0,1 x0,6875
0.125in.
0.611in.
SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE
Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r=
p.
%
Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r= ~ = 16
A4= 1.75 from table
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for a 0.481 in. thick
seamless head when the vessel is in
corroded condition.
p=
2 x 17500X1.0xO.481
= 100psi
96.125X 1.75+0,2 xO.481
i/e 1 a nho to6f nreca so- r n3 Cs tn otr uv,d c te aoi o hnl )
oay tir ehe%
md +ul k L l y ae (l /:
= r 3
)
u
22
I
P
N
FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS
NOTATION
P=D
pe
op
vt
w
S= S
1
7
E = Joint efficiency,page 1
r s o e m i s a sgl aul n or w
. l t einches
=ex O a ubr radius,
s
i
d
e
r r pke
si
sn u gs r: eO
u id ti asi m i n e d= tc ee hr
o rm
a
ae pl t ps e u ssr ai e= W
a if t l g h ai , i c e k n ln ec s l sh ,
8
9 C.A: = Comosionallowance,inches
A
CYLINDRICAL SHELL (
+
PR
* = SE + 0.4P
R
LS
P = R y;4t
EO
,
e
A N
.
b
~ 1 U
G3)
2
B
s t su
iat t l hr sl .e i yogh seo e v snS e arn en
p
1
a
g
e
4
W
t w h t h aiehe c x ok. lhcnn o eet isl ae ns nd
r
oa P e d x 0i c S u. et fse 3 o dr gEr 8shim v u5
t C
A
po h 1p s e db nah dep - ei ap x l l i 2 e
g
slhs
e
l
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
PR
f = 2SE + 0.8P
@
f
d’
R
1 F h
o t h
o t s
P - ~ y;
B*
w e i ao s at t fh r d .loua r t asiu e gnft fhgsi thce
t s ej h hi i oi la e t fi te leed hnf o fl is t hca f
i et hh a e m
h f ae s d n e .
R
S
.
t
P
E h
,
e
1-3,shallbe applied.
c
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
PD
h
‘= 2S45+1,8P
-
P=D~l—
.
+
1 F e l l hi po wes o t ai hr d. odra t eal m s h art ,a hei j
m
a ii o
tnx t 2 so hC
hi :Ar e paso e1ps1 r e- nd n 4 ,
u
h = D14
23
E
X
DESIGN DATA:
P = IOOpsidesignpressure
S = 17500psistressva1ueof
SA515-70plate@650°F
E= O.8&efliciencyofspot-examined
joints ofshellandhemis.headtoshell
E = 1.00,jointefficiencyofseamless
E = 1.OOjointefficiency
ofseamlessheads
l? =48inchesoutsideriidius
D= 96 inchesoutsidediameter
t =Requiredwallthickness,
inches
C.A.= 0.125inchescorosionallowance
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Determine the required thickness, t
of a shell
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
shell when the vessel is in new condition.
100X48
‘= 17500x0.85-0.4x 100 ‘0”322 ‘n”
+C.A.
P=
0.125in.
0.447in.
17500xO.85xO.500
= 155psi
48-0.4 x0,500
Use:0.500in.thickplate
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Head furnished without straight flange.
Determine the required thickness, t of a
hemispherical head.
t=
2x17500 %;t0.8x100
+
‘0-161 ‘r-
C
0.
.A
i
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick
head, when the vessel is in new
condition.
ip.
1.
2x 17500xO.85x().3125
48-0.8 x0,3125
n 2
5
=194psi
.
0.286in.
Use:0.3215in.min.thickhead
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
Determine the required thickness t of a
seamless ellipsoidal head.
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.273 in. thick
head, when it is in new condition.
t=
100x96
2 x 17500 X 1
1
.
+C.A.
Use0.4375in.min.thickhead
.
0
0,125in.
0.398in.
x 17500x1.0X
8 p. + 2X
96-1.8 xO.273
= 100psi
I
P
N
FORMULASIN TERMSOF OUTSIDEDIMENSIONS
N
~
A
T
I
O
N
Outsidediameter.inches
~ = one half of the included(apex)
P = Designpressureor max. allowable
dn
eg g l r e e
w
o p r r psi
ke
si
sn u g r
ea
S= S
v & o m
a e a pl ts p e u ssr aLi e= O
a fi l gu r t , oa dse dii i din
E = J
e of
ur
R=O
,e
s
esuc
sh
kn
n sr u ai i c dd nk i e lc u e h
t e h 2ai ic k n ln ec s l sh , e
os r a r l ol ois wi n ao nnc c eh
r = I
f ip i c 1i en a n c t y g7, = W
=e, C
t a i s d ni i dc u e hC.A:
s
)
CONE
CONICAL SECTION
PD
‘=2 Cos CY(SE+ O.4P)
d
p=
2bsEfCos CY
a
D –0.8t
1 T h a
a a h apnn g gl re.t el e3 of eaxh
t,
e0a t
2 W
i hg
rt e 3e snah p.a0t a ne eai rasc r°e l i qny au , s
“
(
A C p 1po e- dn 5 d ( e i ex )
)
@L
E
A
F sL
A MD
N
GI H EN
ES D H
E
( T O R I S P HHE R I EC A L A
W
h = 1e
0.885PL
2=SE + 0.8P
f
W
n 6 L
P=
Lh
T
2/
r
ED
D
/
SEt
0.885L– O.8t
ee1
h
6 sn
a2
s
.
i
PL M
f= 2SE+P(M– O.2)’
2SEt
‘= ML –t(ikf-O.2)
VALUES OF FACTOR M
‘
/
1.
1
M
1
1.
2
1. 0
2 .r2
4 .0 0
3 .0
6 .5 0
3. 5 0
5. 50
3. 2 5
4 .7 5
2. 7 5
5. 2 5
6 .0 5
. 00
.0 0
16
0
2.
% ‘
7
: L-t = D
●
.
2
25
E
X
3ESIGN DATA:
P = IOOpsidesignpressure
S = 17500psistressvalueof
SA 515-70plate@650°F
E = 0.85,efficiency
ofspot-examinedjoints
E = 1.00,jointefficiencyofseamlessheads
R = 48inchesoutsideradius
D = 96inchesoutside
dimeter
~ = 3@onehalfoftheapexmgle
L = 96inchesoutsideradiusofdish
t = Requiredwallthickness,
inches
C.A = 0.125inchescomosionallowmce
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
:0s 30° = 0.866
Determine the required thickness, t
of a cone
00 96
‘=2 x0.866X(l\50; X0.85+Oc4X100) =
=0.372 in.
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick
cone.
+-CA.
~= 2X 17500X
C).85X
().5()()X().866= 134psi
96- (0.8xO.500xO.866)
0.125in.
0.497in.
Use:0.500in.thickplate
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
L/r = 16$
Determine the required thickness, t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished
head.
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for 0.625 in. thick
seamless head, when the vessel is in
corroded condition.
0,885x 100x96
=0.483 in.
‘= 17500x1.0+0.8x 100
+C.A.
U
0
0.125in.
0.608in.
in.min.thickhead
s.
6e
2 :
17500x 1.0xO.625
P= 0.885
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
%
~ =1
Knuckle radius r= 6 i M
M 1.75 from table.
Determine the required thickness t of a
seamless ASME flanged and dished
head.
100X96X1.75
t=
=0.478 in.
2x 17500x1.0x 100(1.75-0.2)
+-CA.
0.125in.
0.603in.
5
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE
K
r
p= 6 in. L/r= ~
=16
~= 1.75 from table.
Determine the maximum allowable
working pressure, P for a 0.478 in. thick
seamless head when the vessel is in
corroded condition.
2X17500x1.OX().478
.
‘= 1.75X96-0478(1.75-0.2)=100ps*
Use0.625in.min.thickhead
t r h o La i ehg t r t n i/e 1 ea, h(o nt f ore a6c ns or -n sC nt tor u:vd c et aoi o hnl )
NOTE: W
Mm
ca a
l y bc t u fbl
oa
etA
r eh%
md +u~
l ly ae ( :
=
3
)
&u
Y
I
E
P
F
NOTATION
E=joint efficiency
P = Internal or external design pressure psi
d =Inside diameter ofshell, in.
S =Maximumaflowable stiessvalue ofmaterial, psi
t = Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
t~ = Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
tr = Minimumrequired thicknessof seamless shell for pressure, in.
t~ = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
27
I
E
P
E
DESIGNDATA
P = 300 psi design pressure
E=joint
d =24in. inside diameter ofshell
efficiency
s
=15,0001psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate
tr =0.243 i required thickness
n
of seamless
. shell for pressure.
t~ =0.3125 in. actual thickness ofshell.
DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, t
t=d
~ 0.13 PISE = 24 ~ 0.13x300/15,000
x 1 = 1.223 in.
Use l.250in. head
t~
Checking the limitationof
—
d
=
1.250
—
24
=
0.052,
Theratio ofhead thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
c = 0.33 ;
s
= 0,33 —
t = d =
0.243
0.3125
= 0.26
0.26 x 300/1 ~,000 x 1 == 1.731 in.
= 24
Use 1.75 in. plate
Using thicker plate for shell, alesser thickness wfil be satisfactory for the head
t~ = 0.375 i
n
c = 0.33 +
0.243
= 0.33 —
= 0.214
t=
d &
.
0.375
= 24 J
0.214 x 300/15,000 x 1 = 1.57 in.
Use 1.625 in. plate
The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2
dt, from the
J
inside face of the head
2 m
= 6 in”
- .. . . . .... . .
“
28
PRESSURE – TEMPERATURE RATINGS
F
S
T
P O FLANGES
E I
E AND
R P FLANGED
L
E FITTINGS
American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981
150lb. 300 l
HYDROSTATIC
TEST
PRESSURE,PSIG
450
1125
4
6 b lb.
0 900
b l 0 .1
l
2225
1500
3350
0l
. 25b 0 l
5575
9275
50b
TEMPERATURE,
F
MAXIMUMALLOWABLENON-SHOCKpRESSURE PSIG.
-20 to 100
200
300
400
285
260
230
200
740
675
655
635
990
900
875
845
1480
1350
1315
1270
2220
2025
1970
1900
3705
3375
3280
3170
6170 5625
5470
5280
500
600
650
700
170
140
125
110
600
550
535
535
800
730
715
710
1200
1095
1075
1065
1795
1640
1610
1600
2995
2735
2685
2665
4990
4560
4475
4440
750
800
850
900
95
80
65
50
505
410
270
170
670
550
355
230
1010
325
535
345
1510
1235
805
515
2520
2060
1340
860
4200
3430
2230
1430
950
1000
35
20
105
50
140
70
205
105
310
155
515
260
860
430
Ratings apply to materials:
SA-1051’2 SA-515-702 SA-516-702
SA-537-C1.13 SA-216-WCB2
SA-181-70]’2 SA-350-LF2
NOTES:
1. For service temperatures above 850 F it is recommended that killed steels
containing not less than 0.10070residual silicon be used.
2. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800 F, the carbide phase of
carbon steel may be converted to graphite.
a s t h ne hb r u i ai eat o shll i a cl e k21/2
bt ni e ed o s n s v n
e
3. T m
Flangesof ANSIB16.5shall not be used for higher ratings exceptwhereit is
justified by the design methods of the Code.
Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressedas gage
pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated between
temperatures shown,
Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the
f
l I ga
en i ni g t e se r
a. a t a lhon t,
hc m ot s ne m
a hte aa st i t en f r ee i d a
l
2-
P
F
STATIC HEAD
The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the
pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or
t t
h u eo t h i f s gae l o ht be up t o iof he v di
bottom of the vessel and i d
a w
t h p
T
v
s
T
w
t
T
t
H
F
ri
ht
s
e
hwa
s
ab
a
f
nst hs u i
e a t ph pi ae sl
e
l
.
h bs e
e
t
t
ie ch cso
lt
r
dre e e r
ci eb c had a
e
ds .
bnt ad lt e d dl
ep le rh s eoe dt i s
l rh e e o lsb oha w
e t t it wpo w rne eaes h hes
.
osg e u n hr
sn eo ut n i re
eg
h
as
pi r
fe hnas os o udf ot ren lt e h wu hretai y v tdr a ag es hil irnt u , v e e eh
bb hm ul la ew
t i tl sp s li lpi gee hdt rc o tia fhf v i e icl co htn su yi d e i rf ae t di
P
r
e
o e
ie P s
a
osp
d
e2
1
uSu
,
3t
r qIn e
4
efud Dnn asi
5
f rH rfoc eeo eWr he a nar
6
7
8
t d t
se
9
0
b
w
a a F at h e r e e .q n rp h u et4p oia r t p elu3s s s iqns 3 uue nd r a e c
T f
t p i r pe shns
qsi o ufdeu aren fae h r ocnr e n eg e i h tie rt ao y va ta dbhe bt o n
m
u t l f t h i b ep.h e l 4y e a 3e t d3
y .
H
o eW
ai aF
dC t o er sr ee s f tper oC n nde P
it nr rg t e as
si o un r
i P
o p Su
qnI
eud nn as
r rc e
h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
i
t
30
T
f
q
c u o om i po ra cr e i r qps k out nl hi
ir aace weight
fk d t n forevarious
ne s smaterialsdand
at different degree of radiographic examination.
A Stress values at tem~.
. -20 to 650° F.
S
B
A
C
S 5
2 S 58
S 5
-
3
15
1
5
6
A B
-S 5 6 A1 0 5
-S 5 6 A1 0 6
85V0J. E.
11730
12750
14875
100Yo J. E.
13800
15000
17500
Ratios of Stress Values
11730
12750
13800
14875
15000
17500
11730
—
1.09
1.18
1.27
1.28
1.49
12750
0.92
—
1.08
1.17
1.18
1.37
13800
0.85
0.92
—
1.08
1.09
1.27
14875
0.79
0.86
0.93
—
1.01
1.18
15000
0.78
0.85
0.92
0.99
—
1.17
17500
0.67
0.73
0.79
“ 0.85
0.86
—
Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head materials.
Table B shows the ratios of these stress values.
EXAMPLE:
1.
Foravesselusing SA 5 15-70 plate, whenspotradiographed, therequiredthickness
0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 lbs.
2.
What plate thickness will be required and what will the weight of the vessel be,
using SA 285-C plate and fill radiographic examination:
In case 1.
The stress value of the material 14875
In case 2.
The stress value of the material 13800
The ratio of the two stress values tlom Table B = 1.08. In this proportion will be
increased the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel.
0.4426 x 1.08 = 0.4780 in.
12600 X 1.08= 13608 lb.
31
E
D
V
w
r
e
e
eP
rs
P
e is
gs
un r
X
e
e i sn st f ese n el u d sr o ee nv dx i wdt c ero eper r r n kre oa si1 l sp n ou
a h t b is
t r c wa
thm C i pe s oe eohyt dd
m
e dhnc b oeo moet pwi l
fo e
xl
tp o eer er s ssn sb arh ud l r e a e sf , ila m
g lna oeexa d li
x
pt
er
ero 1S
ns p sa o u2l pr ces m
fete
oti m
rnh 5 ar r xptah
x pt r e e wr s hn s i aiucs l r h m ee Ca, v lLe -lro (e
r sdJ . 2
f e
lg r e e ss
tni a gi n c
l m o r uw
ioe m
s n su e
G 8
)
A v
ew
si hd s e i sae icc l og n hn s n tet sCr d u r c e t oqd e u d i fr dei m noe net to es
p
r ae w
s
s i hru n er i qte b u cd di e rh sf e ai s ed g x n ptoo e ere d oer 1 snp r sa n ul
r
o l
n
ne be d se eost rCi s grd nof t u et e ed dl x optoe here cers o sn rn saed uli tr
H
o
w
n e e xv pt e rer rer, snam saob t usl
ri whae n t oC gi s wy t ohtea un m d hp ei
l
C
re e oq u is fr dee m xse pnet tores aer msn Csa r uU
le r r o ( G
e nt
d- eo . f2 et
T
s
2 F a
U
-
nh h b a ai p i o tpl vs l l iei o t hespe dea s a tr eef aem tlp bee sr dm
a e t u itlr e n
t d
ep n rhs ie d0i se dtsg ee ub rnt rmC ei U
n e -oshd ( ( dCo yC6 e ce 2 o S
( t Ha
5t v bn e Ao c o 1hie i )s mots d i p ete ya s c f tt
.
V
C
e w s l s ji e o
U -o 2 (
d
T
P
re
e
s s s
lC iat s U
n
ei
u
tr
o- th2
G
( sp Nd :
8 )
c
y egl i ovGn
de 8jr
is) a cn sac l e k
e
S i n g vl e e - d ws e a s ls f l ei v gl a n so ocep d ua v ru ar to m c i s n ua rb hlul
s u b t j a e i c n t ht e y ed d r r t on oso ant w ael t a ih hcys d r teo t si trn ane t
p r a c t ai pc na be l t ue m
,U e-a (t soi c t9
f .
G 9
)
i
ma y
c
E
d
i
it
ot t y h s
ebe phm r a as ae ap flr t ned l ls ets e u1e o1 tr h t e s t i a t/ m
s
i f f b e er ent n woc a eet r m e om spn par h eeal r s t i scm u in r ndh e i e m d s u e
n
at
eb prs rno e U
al s -ul s ( t u e r e9 . f
G 9
)
P
n
T
V
t
d
e tu
m
C e a U t - soi
c
t 1d
:
0e
G
0
em h se o t it f goh e l pnolh ocd a w o i tngnA
ne fg eC o S f sr P o mM
r
e S s e V s c De tI 1l iT IIs co
nIoh Vp h a. 4 at .r 4 .gta e he s ex cn rf ser
C
ho
di
e s
.
e doos E s
r 2 pru t 7
32
PRESSUREX
E
FORMULAS
N
O
T
A
T
I
O
N
P=
P =
d.=
L =
External design pressure, psig.
Maxunumallowableworking pressure, psig.
Outside diameter, in.
the length, in. ofvessel section between:
1. circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth of the
head-tangent line,
2. stiffening rings
3. jacket closure
4. cone-toqdinderjunction or knuckle-to-cylinderjunction of
a toriconicalhead or section,
5. tube sheets (see pa e 39)
t = Minimum requiredwa fithickness, in.
m
2
A.
D.
1~
t.
,
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints
When D./l equal to or greater than 10
the maximum allowable pressure:
4B
Pa =
3(D0It )
T
value of B hshall be determined
e
by the following procedure:
1. Assume a value for t; See pages 49-511)
n
d
Determine L/DQ a b oI
2 E
Fn U G
t i O ( e - g42)
.2P rat8 the.a. value
O g
a n5 w t L/Dpheis greater
r e
t 0
of L/DO. E
than 50, and at 0.05 when L/D. is l
e
0.05.
h oo r i z t vo t n tl a e rl el ipyh r e s ne o
3. M
A
—
t
i
!
m
z
A
B
.
A
u
z
2
u
z
t
E
M
Lal
L
~
F O t p r/
o oi t noh t ie. rm m
s nev ce ot t i eo
o ayf i h n aA
t
l t dc e a t t el v r l m
ol e c u te
4 E
t n a p t p lhme i ac. crat be (e lh r e p i a aa
4
3a t vo4 aA M
h7 l v ) e o ur tt tet iev c fa
a p p t he cm ap l eb r l i a e t nu r e
*
5 F
t
ir n t e orhm s e h. cm
o to r i ieo zan ov n t a
r
t v e o aB ha l
du e e
f .
C
o t m m p a u ax h t l i el m
wo uw
o e p amr b kr l
s
r
e
,
Pa.u
If the maximum allowable working pressure is
smaller than the design pressure, the design
procedure must be repeated increasing the vessel thickness or decreasing L b s t i rf f ei n
A
F
*
a
c
v
p p
b c
F ao A l f o ua t tl er l l s o i t efnh
g
tl ei mc pa leb r lt a ie vt u nof
r a ePOh e l
a l a bc t u fl ao tn r eeh md u
l y ae
~
A
t
s
1
!-$?
2
Pa =
1
W
t
hv
g
W
S
TI I
F RF T E
b aG N p
N II H N
p
3
/t)
(
D
oaD
eh
il l no tu e 1e /e th
fs t
i i t
Cv
U eGoh - 2 n s8 d ( n Che )
i
e
de .
Gl
0
33
E
E DATA
S
D
I
G
X
N
P = IS
e
x dt
e epressure
r sn
ai
l g
n
D. = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the shell
fe
ths ra sl n t ef ot ge i al e l nmn 4n igf t O ie n=e 5n o i ett
Length o t v
H
2 e e l a l i :pd s o s i d 1 a
M
a o t s e S rh- i C eap 2 l ll
f8
T e m p 5e r Fa t 0 u r e 0
E = M
o of delasticity
u
ol m u a s t2 e7
o p
4 ) a
g
n e
D
e
t te
rr
em
qis hnut ehhi
l
la
A
e
°
,r
3
0i p 0a @05l f , ,“s 0 ( 0 c0 i0 s Jh
i r ce eek dn i e
i mcet =k0e n l i e ( s. l ps
5t
n : 7 8
s l s
: 4s 5n a
.
ae? 0
.
A
s a s s t huh
e 0 9g
. e
e
L
eL = 592
n in. (length
g
t of shell
h 576 in. and one third of the depth of
n
.
)
heads 16 i
)
Do/t = 96/0.5= 192
L/DO= 592/96 = 6.17
A=O.00007 from chart (page 42)determined by the procedure described on
the facing page.
Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperature-line
in Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 43),
P* = 2A E/3( DOlt) = 2 x 0.00007x 27,000,000/3x 192= 6.56 psi.
Since tlie maximum allowable pressure
P stiffening rings shall be provided.
is smaller than the design pressure
Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads,
Length of one vessel section, L = 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one third
of depth of head 8 in.)
L/DO=
*
a
3000 f
G
‘k
*
i
*Z
‘
‘
d
f
=
=
from chart (page
=
s
:
+
“
=
e
t
ap
c
r( h
4 po a
e b r t m p i r n oe dhcd ee
c a i g0 n
eg
Pa =o 4B/3(DOlr)
a rm 3 g t
sd o cuy r er i e b
.
= 4 xQ 3000/3 x 192= 20.8 psi.
●
GG
‘;
“00
e
Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is
greater than the design pressure P, the assumed
thickness of shell using two stiffening rings,
is satisfactory.
See page 40 for design of stiffening rings.
)
e
34
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATION
= External design pressure psig.
P
Pa = Maximum allowable working pressure psig.
DO = Outside diameter of the head, in.
RO = Outside radius of sphere or hemispherical head, 0.9D0 for ellipsoidal
heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in.
= Minimum required wall thickness, inches.
;
= Modulus of elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)
SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD
B
The maximum
‘“
=
(RO/t)
allowable pressure:
The value of B shall be determined by the followingprocedure:
1. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of
o
r
m
u / ( l) (seea page49)
:
A using the f
2 E
t
v
t n a p t p ml h ei a c c. t ar e(b hel r p4e i a a3aa
l rgo a A. h Move
l vertically
u e to ethe applicable
f
temperature line.*
3. From the intersection move horizontally and read
t
R.
t-
R.
DO
-
t
v
o aB h
l
u
e
e
f
.
*For values of A falling to the left of the applicable temperature line, the value of POcan be cal~~–•°à–•Tá–•Xæ–•
culated by the formula:Pc = 0.0625V~R0/ t ):
If the maximum allowable working pressure f’. computed by the formula above, is smaller than the design
pressure, a greater value for [ must be selected and
the design procedure repeated.
2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD
I
R.
t +%
DO
The required thickness shall be the greater of the
following thicknesses.
(1) The thickness as computed by the formulas
given for internal pressure using a design pressure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint
efficiency E= 1.00.
(2) The thickness proofed by formula Fa=BARo/1)
where&=O.9 00, and B to be determined as for
sphere.
ANDDISHED
HEAD
ASMEFLANGED
( T O R I S P HH E R I EC A L A
R.
(
+
f,
The required thickness and maximum allowable pressure shall be computed by the procedures given for
ellipsoidal
heads. (See above)ROmaximum=D,,
W
D
35
E
X
DESIGN DATA:
P = 15psigexternal design pressure
Do= 96 inches outside diameter of head
Material of the head SA-285C plate
500°F design temperature
Determine the required head thickness.
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE
Assume a head thickness: t,=0.25 i
R = 4 n
i
8
.
.n
A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . =0 0 / 0 . 2 5 0)
0
0
6
5
F
F rU
Ci oS( - g4 2p m 8= 8 a.3 d2 eg5 t) e eb r 0t m
B p i r n 0 oe hcd
d e s o c t r f i bap e hc da i g nn e eg
.
Pa = 8 5 0 0 / ( 4 8 . 0= 04 / 0 .p245 )
,s
2
i
7
.
~
e
.
d
uy
er
.
S
t i m
an
xa h cl i l mweo uwo e pamr rb k Pa
le isiesexceedingly
ns
ug greater
r
e than
the design pressure f’, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory.
For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1875 in.
i 8
.
n0
0
.
RO= 4
A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 /=0 0. 1 8 7. 5 ) 0
0
0
5
B = 6
f 7 c
(r0 hp a0 Pa
oag = B/(RJt)
e, r 4m =
3 6700/256
t ) , = 26.2 psi.
The assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.
SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE.
A
sah s
t
uh e i mc f =k 0ae n
Procedure(2.)
e. i s d 3s =: n1 x 2 = . 5 in.
.
A = 0.1 25/(86.4/0.3125)= 0.00045
B = 6100 from chart (page 43 ), Pa = B/( RO\r)I= 6100/276= 22.1 psi.
Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa i g
P t
a
s
r t e t adh
t s hh u i i m
cs ak et eni sd e f as c s t o r ys .
t ep e rhass r e
i s n sg e
SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE.
Procedure (2.)
Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., RO=,DO= 96 in.
A = 0.125/(96/0.3125)= 0.0004
f
2c
r ( h 0 4 p o Pa
a =0aB/(
3 rm
RO/t)
g t=) 5200/307
e
, = 16.93 psi.
B a5
Since the m
~ t
a
s
a
xa l i l mpo ruw Peam i sbg ls r etu e rt adeh
t s hh u i i m
cs ak et eni sd e f as c s t o r ys .
t ep ae rha s r e
i s n sg e
36
E
P
X
FORMULAS
CONICAL
N SE(XION D
CONE A
WHEN a IS EQUALTOORLESSTHAN60<
and Dl\r, > 10
a ax l i l pmo r wu e am
s bs l u e r
The m
L
‘a
AX
D
4
,
‘
L
3(D,/f,.)
=
“
s a v s forauthickness,
ml ~., e u
e
The valuesof B s
b determined
h
a by thel
followingprocedure:
2 D e t t eL., r andmthe iratios
, n .L/Dl
e
and ,
1 A
s
l%
D1/te
3. Enter chart UGO-28(page42) at the wdue
E
a 5 wn L/Dl
t h e
of LJDI (.L/D&)(
h o or0 i tz tov n t
is greater than 5 M
line representing~it. From the point of
intersection move vefically to determine
factor A,
4. Enter the applicable material chart at
the value of A* and move verticallyto the
line of applicable temperature. From the
intersection move horizontally and read
the value of B.
te
a
L
I
a
DI
‘1
NOTATION
A = factordeterminedfrom
fig.UGO-21L0(page ,
B = fhctordetermined from
3
charts (pages 4
5 C4
o
t m m p2 a u ax h tl i . l ewmo
owu e arm
pressure,Pa.
4
7
)
c lh l I eu Pa fdis s f e e mdt
at dl h l ep f er has etr si sn
(
aa
g xl r d )e e e t ,e ds s i pe gr hs o nmust
ci ,be
e repeated
gd e u n r
Dl = outside diameter at the
increasing the thickness or decreasingL b
a = o
D s=
E =
L =
Le =
P =
h
o t
ian n
pdn
eeg
large end, in.
outside diameter at the
small e
i
n
modulusof elasticityof
material (page 43)
length of cone, in. (see
page 39)
equivalent length of
conicalsection,
in.(L/’2)(l+D~/Df)
external
design pressure,
.
t
h
i ic
k
n
effectivethickness,in.
= t Cos a
n
●F
v
d
.
oa A f ol
at ut l l e ol r t sia e h n fp
g
cable line, the value of P can be calculated
by the formula:
Pa = 2A E/3(D,/t,.)
For cones havingD A ratio smallerthan 10,
see Code UG-33(~(b)
W
HI G
ER
ETN A 6 a TH
E S RA 0
The thicknessof the conesshallbe the sameas
the required t h i f c a kf nh e o lt se s
Pa = flbum
allowable
workingpressure, psi
t = minimumrequired
te =
using of stiffeningrings.
e
sn s d ,
P
c
i
o w
oa t. mc
e h qt i l u a co a r hfu hl g t
e ot he nr
ef e .
r a o d v er eiq i dun o f ate o ctr
y j l u i nSn cp d t 1 eu ar e e
coe i n n h
. g5
37
E
X
DESIGN DATA
F’ = 15 psi external design pressure
Material of the cone SA 285-C plate
500 F design temperature
CONICAL HEAD
a =2n
D( = 9 i
e2 6 g. D, =r. O e
d
e5
Determine the required thickness, t
Length, f. =( D1/2)hncx=48/.4142= 115.8,say 116in
1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.3125 in.
2. fe = t cosa=O.3125x .9239 = 0.288;
/
)l= 1
X
+D(1 + 0/96)
6 D = 58
1/
L, =L/2 (
L, /~, =58/96 =0.6
L), Ite = 96/,288 = 333
cf
ph r 4 a oa r
mt 2g
,
3. A =0.00037 (
4 ~
=
(5
c, f
2ph r 04 a. 0oa r
mt g3
s
L
(1
A7
2
1
w
e
,
e
)
)
4 X 5,200 = 20.8 psi.
.
3(333)
Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the
assumed plate thickness is satisfactory.
4B
5 p,, =
3(D,/t@)
=
CONICAL SECTION (See design data above)
DI = 144 in.
D
e
L
D, =96 in.
a =30 d
t t e r r em tqi h nu i eic
e
rk
e
ne e e d s
L n= [ (gD r D
t J )h / 2=], / 2t a n4 a= /
g
s
. i 45
m
1
Le=(L/2)(1
L
w
1
t i m
s
4n .
6
.
0
i .
3
n7
~
X( O
) . . 8 3. 6 , 76 =5 0 . 3 2 4
+ D~\Dl)=41.6\2 X
+ 9
I
$
S
O
,
7 17
a
2 t =tC
.
’
6 = /3
1 4 4
4.
) 6
Le/D[ = 3 4 . 6 7 / 1 4 4 = 0 . 2 4 1
D1/te= 1 4 4 / 4 0 . 3 2 44 =
4
3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page42J
4 B=
8(
, c f 6 ph r 04 a. oa0 r
mt 3g
2 1
4
4
94 6
4 X8
6
2
5. pa =
4B
=
3 X (144/0.324)
4
4
3(DJr J
s
i
.
= 25.8 p
an
xah cl i l mpeo ruw e P.
eam is sbgreater
ls ethan
u
r de
the
ep
rs e i s
P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
EXAMPLES
7
&
,
0
sg
u
39
E
P
X
FORMULAS
7
L
J
o
T
R
L
Use L in calculation as shown when
the strength of joints of cone to cylinder does not meet the requirements
described on pages 163-169 It will
result the thickness for the cone not
less than the minimumrequired thickness for the joining qdindrical shell.
7
H
Use L in calculationas shownwhen
the strength of joints of cone to cylinder meets the requirements described
on pages 163-169
r
L.
1
-a
40
E
P
DESIGN OF STIFFENING
X
RINGS
NOTATION
A : Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the
stiffening ring.
A, = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq. in.
DO= Outside Diameter of shell, in.
E = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43)
1, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis parallel
to the axis of the shell, in.4.
f’,, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring combined with the shell
section which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia. The width of
the shell section 1.10 @ in.4.
L, = The sum ofone-halfofthe
distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from
the center line of the ring to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line at
depth, (3) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinderjunction, in.
P = External design pressure, psi.
t
= Minimum required wall thickness of shell, in.
I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A
II. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between
jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at % of its depth and
determine dimension, L,.
111.Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of
the ring combined with the shell section (see page 95).
IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumferential stiffening ring shall not be
less than determined by one of the following formulas:
D02L,(t+A~L)A
~, = Do’L,(t+A]L)A
{,=
~
.s
10.9
The value of A shall be determined by the following procedure:
1. Calculate factor B using the formula:
“’[*J
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43 -47) at the value of B and move
horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value of B is less than
2500, A can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E.
3. From the intersection point move vertically tothebottom of the chart andreadthe
value of A.
4. Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above.
If the moment of inertia of the ring or the ring combined with the shell section is greater
than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening of the sheH is satisfactory. Otherwise
stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings
shall be increased.
Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f)
41
E
E DATA:
S
D
P=
D.=
1
9
L
H
M
T
E= M
o
1 = 0
p
I
G
X
N
,e
xs dt
e epi r r s5ne . asi sl g u rn e .
i o
u nd t i sao. t m
i s 6 de , ht e ehe r l
fl e .
eo t nv
gfe
ths ra h st n t ef ot ge i al e l nmn 4n igf t O ie n=e 5n o i et
2 e e l a l i :pd s o s i d 1 a l
a o t t es tr i i rf haf S el - in i f ne ng 3
g A 6
e m p 5e r Fa t 0 u r e 0
°
o o de l u a ols m t u ai sct2 ie7 t ,rf y0i p 0a@05l f , ‘,s 0 ( 0 c 0 i0 s h
p
4
a
3g
n e
)
i . t h 5 i o csn 0 k nh 0 e se. s
l
f l
I A a
z =
II. U
s
o h
o n6 x 4 g
s3 i 4 .
. ae
- s l .e5n l e /e
0q n , 3
cf 1 t
. .
2 s s t ii fr fn e i ngq i n nu g ag
pb
ea o t cn wet e -de td e eh ni hp r
( e f
i as gLj =du1 e in.
rf s e
e) 9 ,
m
o oh m
i
ne o e tne
III. T
selected angle: 11.4in.
1. T
n : 7
v
o aF h a
lc
t
r t
uo e r
B= 3/4[PDOjct
t
e1
i
3f
=
3/4 ~5 X 96/(0.5 + 3.03 ~1961
= 2095
2 S
t
2
t i v
no a B hi c l l . e u e e
h 5
a0
0 n
,
e
A = 2BiE. =
2 X 2095/27,000,000= 0.00015
IV. The required moment of inertia:
I
[1102L$(r+ A,\Q4]
,
=
14
S
m
e
S t
i a
S p
962X 196X (0.5+ 3.03/ 196)X 0.00015 = g 97 in ~
= =
.
.
14
t i r
e n qm h cu o io eim
r
ene e( de ni 9 r ) it ts . im fnt 9a a t l7 h l ” e ahs
o o i m n oe te ns r et t al hi ef( na1c i t fg) ete vd l. nei ae h s 1 4 s ” de
q
su t a i t f ef el n y e d .
i r f fm ei b ns in unt algbg a bj sut e cyTe c kes r tl hiab con lo g ni . us
d t d t ir te im
q ho u no on i i mr n o e ee d rn t t i
a f .
a g fe es ~ t 9 i 5r f - cof 9ae e l7i cn ui l narn tg i o ng s .
i l ds
ed
4
2
owl
Cacml
.
001
0
1
SA
SL
A
THE VALUES OF FACTOR
U
I
FS
O
REM
F
UV DL E ANO
U
SS
A
S NE E X R
D
L T SPEE R
R
E
N
R
U
e Uolwj
-
I
I
I
I
n
r
I I I
i
z
I
I 1 I
I \
\ w
II
111111
I
# ,
I
l
w
8
Pa
E
45
46
..
t
t
1
I 1
I 1
I I
I I
1 I
1
1
I
1
\
,
,,
,
I
\ I
\
e Ho13vd
.
Y-RII\]
,
I
I
I I ! 1 I I
I
I I
I
I
t
I
1 I
I
.
u)
.
!
Ua
E
4
48
E
P
CONSTRUCTION
X
OF STIFFENING RINGS
LOCATION
Stiffening rings may be placed on the inside or outside of a vessel.
SHAPEOF RINGS
T
r
m i b h o nr e ac g t oea a ns og y u s let eafn rc h t
i e ro y n r s
.
CONSTRUCTION
I i p r e ft ue rp a ilb tc l ssoae n st t a rcoe ou emc pst o is innt ge -s s et c ti ri of n f i e
r
at
ut
hs hs t easai tnr r nd us n ac hg trT ua dr r p ae f le th a sl
ns. h oo oi ei ni n oe
t
d i f f oih rc u o l h t l i eseel ts ri aus n c fh vtgb ua a ry pba leel uo sct n,as
ue t shoc
s
t a i td r j t t t u ich yus or not vht ase t g Fhu o l reh e ed a li o avfrl eme t . ge s rt s ee
m
a
xp e i r m o i uos rsm io b uul c ne r d n ei eat 1a s–f 2 si u g l bnn te
t nac w
t
s
a h t h r e T ni c lh benhe l l idg aimie t i . vn s ae tnmr eeh tde o i t m cr f aibe l ie h
c o o t
pu ui ls he act T tt s ti f eeo ccen hbtsnf .i col a i ne ansu o rs mn t ot e ee l
a t
b u h tn t -t weo e igld pd en e ltd h a e c r
e n .
n
r
r
a
DRAIN AND VENT
S
b
d
a
t
i r f pf i
o f dt
r
i
ah ma t
d
n a on
F
r
t
m
s iC
ao
Fn
e li ntn aei r gc no h ehsso rd i is z nd hhoe nea het aaof l gl oa l tv
s l ae
ln
t a oo ia t nm t a nf gr v eh Poe r do a nct o et hi pt c o r aa 3.lani l y
e ob t
oe a l rh1%
t i t ed noitn e ahm ma ct ed ot t i hse a l rht i o s fe a tc e
tf s oef ct deo hrns cd tFei tt iisA eo gns s u.
r
e
.
xah oi s m r l uhreu mn ees u pblc pf efo lor c tg te ai d s u t
oei Ug Gg d., u’ e 2 re 9 .e 2 .
is a f ef
e
WELDING
According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached “to the
shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittent
welding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:
1 f r
o i t oo n u nt ghl. s r t i s ode no hehe t, s o aan tu c s it hrln cs ue mi ff ed er ee
o t v
e
sh s
e fle ;
2 f r
o i t oi n no t ghs.v r esi n nlshd et s e o ee o t fh l e o h,st nac t i i s rn rh ce
f
e o tr v e e n s hc s e e f l e .
W
c h o r ea r l o rl si o t i ebw op a nr n o ct v es i t di rfes ho fdse e , bin ah i t ne antg
t the shell with continuous filleto or seal weld.ASME. Code (UG.30.)
M
S
pa
1 tf i
n
8t f e
x
a
rt
rt
cx
oe
o1e
i
ri
ri
n.
n2
n
a
lc g
g
a rn l
ar n l
4
1
F
E
T
t
X
A
f
t
h
F
iA
g
u
r
e
i
M R P LO
: T 1 G
I E UN
Sx 3 Il Sf D %wE
f
4wE
i
R
II
NN
S? Gx 2I l SD
iB
g
o lg6 ec l ”
o lg6 ec l ”
u
r
e
te” l . t r
te“ l . tr
w t l h e ei s g b -e nhl esl tit a dzt e osel h m ols at hae fl t o l s l en1l hiose wt
i o cvh k w
e n o es seta s sia t f e jlf f le o n l hie r r n
tt e .
i
d
d
n /f ge
49
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR
VESSELS SUBJECTED T
U
T
C
~“
F
V
t s c
ih t ah n rw r digt i i asef a f, l set trss h e uih nc mckt nbe ea ds vs aeo s i
d
c
h bh a d ree a v t iee a esl c oc s pown er tdd da i n emcn ehtse o Ait h gh S
e no
S o e V dc D tI e i i 1v I ,o i nsI i ,o
n
.
1
30 040“
50
602
70
”80 090 100 110 120 130140
150 160170
180 190200
SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS
(Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 p i n sc l u is
i
v
,e
)
T f
t r i e
hq hnut hi e oi r d1c Deke aedn t e Res2d rEs m
: t inc n . aet th vh e a , a. r hr
o R 3 M
v e o r t t t i ev cfm ,ap .llee lr4 yaM
i t uh nroo oer i e za ovr n, tt a. ele nl y
a
I
t
R
D.
= R
= F
F
F
e
qh u t ih e ir ci e k ad n e
h e m i so ph h e etr i i c ar a nlr d
2 e l l o i h:p s 0 oe i .r d a1 a9
f
l a a od n ih g n s et r i hda
= Outside diameter of the head, in.
s dn s ,
.
has i s d i , i d eu n e s
,
.
l dx
Ds
0
ncedd hsrdrs ai i,o RmW=Do
dd e w
i e u nn s
,
50
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR
VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
323.
525.
5m.
502
475.
475
a
m
6a
Qo.
e
a
37s
375
35a
350.
s
225
3m.
2m.
27s
27s.
Zm.
m
225
2Z-3.
2ca
a
175
r?s.
Isa
(5a
1=
123.
Im
Ice.
-Q5
L
!Ea
I
D
!
5
14
l
Isa
1
3
laa
1
2
I la
,
Ioa
I
m
90.
m.
m
70.
n).
30.
a
3a
30.
Q.
a
2a
m
m.
m.
la
3
d
5
67*9
2
1.
3
*
5
C Y L I N DS R I C
H A LE
(
S
facing page
f
0
7
a
o ,..
L
e xe p l a o en a t i o nr )
!0.
L
51
CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR
VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
525”
\
10
Is
,Xl
.25
.32
.sS
.4
.5s
.50
.%
.(M
.05
.70
75
.s0
.03
.90
.95
!.00
S5
Soo.
X0.
4?5.
415
492.
441
-Q5
45.
-QO.
-no.
3n
3T5
330.
330.
325
325
o ~.
n
2
X
7
’
5
.
2?s
?3a
—’2EQ.
2?5.
2ZS
ma
290.
ITS.
17S
,3.
Isa
125
!25
ICo.
.10
. 15
.20
.2s
.=
,35
.Q
.65
.542 .55
.m
.63
.m
.75
.m
.55
.90
.s5
ICC..
,.m
t =
C Y L I N DS R I H
C A LE
(
S
p
ye
T f
1 E
2 M
M
4 M
5 E
6 M
7 M
t
t
=
=
L
= L
eo t
1 D
i
t
2 T g
3 T d
l p
T
l
h
v
h
c
h
v
ir3e e e d0 t nl 3 , g d8t0p
hi , 0n
L
0sc 0 l 0u ois 0 i
v
,e
P J “
Bo
H Y D R O CP AR
L
P
o J “ g S ia
)
r i e
sq hn ut hhi o i rdce e ke dn l e s l s :
n c o t ( h wf e p a. e ar act r vr i g ont aL ehg l ) u t e e
o or i z t ocv n t ur .a eel prl ry evDs e e n ot si n g
.
e o r t t t i ev c m a p lle l r ya ti u ro e n
e
o or i z a ov rn t D.a el e nl y o
a
/d d
t
n a h t a bt a ev o . or raD vh t l eo u t e / e
f t
o or i z t ocv n t D.au el l ry
v
o e
e o r dt i va c roa . lt e l v ewyn o at han l d du e e
f
o s
ih
e
ln
l f ,
.
oeg v hst s e ehs st c efasteat li l e okra o l nt r ehf , og l n e l h oss e w t
et t att nwa !c e.nohe t ieg h ne np e on e hte t al o ths d nfu eio es
hrs
h r
a in u e ni s r go e
sn de t ,
.
r d e ih ab s t et ae at. t se naw t ck e snej etw a i nr fc fi ei ye nonn ti ng n g
i f s ht t c ar
noe t. ceohfn es tti mi her f er tf rt e hisnf tei nt ane hg n
o i thirdl of t n h n u d
eeie h s ep l t n e h d
,
.
vn
bs
h
C o p y r i g
c s i i tf
L
i
pe
s
gag
e
N a. A s C eSe.A , dod M
. . d.nC wde FE hn V eid aTe a hn rsi ” c d s kt n es e
RO BC O E5N SN S 5 IM N 1G , po 2 9a
51 7.
, y7 6
. .
m A.np pl , i tp f. . r..i P, oeA r daVe c H
seh sD s ueeo Hsr s Yeie D
a g Rl nO d,C ”A
N
o
v1 ep 2 m 9 b 6e 7 r
5 6
. .
h t e d
52
D
T
WIND
T
LOAD
The computationof wind load is based on Standard ANSIiASCE7-93, approved 1994.
The basic wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following page.
The basic wind speed is 80 mph. in Hawaii and 95 mph. in Puerto Rico.
The minimum design wind pressure shall be not less than 10 lb.hq. ft.
When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than those
reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed shall be applied.
The wind pressureon the projected area of a cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the
following formula.
F=qz G CjA~
(Table 4) ANSI/ASCE 7-93 STANDARD
(References made to the tables of this standard)
Projected area of tower, sq. ft. = @x H)
Shape factor = 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 12)
Gust response factor = (G~& GZ)*
When the tower located:
in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B;
in open terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure C;
in flat. unobstructed areas, Exposure D.
(Table 8)
= Velocity pressure,
0.00256 K, (1~2
IESIGN WIND
‘ R E Sl S
m projected
a
o t
U
R kEb ,
I
I
*See tables below for values of q
and for combined values of
Gh, G,& K,
Wind speed, mph.
Importance
factor, 1.0 (structures that
.
represent low hazard to human life
in event of failure).
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient*
Exposures B, C & D (Table 6)
VELOCITY PRESSURE, q
Basic wind speed, mph, Y
Velocity Pressure p 0.00256 V2,q
70
13
80
17
90 100 110 120 130
21 26 31 37 44
53
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
WIND
LOAD
(Continue~
COEFFICIENT G (Gust r
Abo?eE~~~~d,il.
0-15
20
40
60
80
100
140
200
300
500
f
EXPOSUREB
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
c
w
E
EXPOSUREC
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.3
The area of caged ladder maybe approximated
platform 8 sq. Il.
C
EXPOSURED
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.4
as 1 sq. ft. per lineal il. Area of
Users of vessels usually specifi for manufacturers the wind pressure without
reference to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. fl. This
specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel.
The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the
projected area ofthetower. With good arrangement of the equipment the exposed
area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder
90 degrees from the vapor line.
EXAMPLE:
Determine the wind load, F
DESIGN DATA:
t w b
v
d
s
V
D
vessel height, H
Diameter of tower, D
Height of the tower, H
The tower located in flat,
unobstructed area, exposure
= 1
=
=
=
=
..
m
6 fi~
80 ft.
6 ft.
80 ft.
D
The wind load, F=q x G x (9.8xA
qf
t
r a=
psf
ob
l2m
e
G from table = 1.8
Shape factor = 0.8
Area, A = DH = 6 x 80 = 480 sq. ft.
F =26X 1.8X 0.8X 480= 17,971 Ibs.
6
W
MAP
S
(miles per hour)
.
r-v
—
(q
90
i
u
j-----
---
i
i
---- =“r ~-i_.. _.T‘-.’
i----
m
. .. . .. . ... ...
my
,-—---- —-/
‘&——
,, ~ A
I
L
A
‘
S
K
’,
A
i
.- \kl
2
.
M
W
S
(miles per hour)
NOTES:1 V
2
3
4
5
6
a a f a l s ts ue r asp3 et t -a.e ms g i ebel fre edl o ox cs p uva tooCa
3 t n. sae ea ud sg r s ro neo r c yi
w a a
ipn r ono bt0 au b . iah l n i0l t y 2
f .
L
i i n t ne br peeow l tasa t. cwiri poo eni an ecn t c n oee pud t dra bs l e s .
C
ai t u o wt s i hc oisp o. in m
n e nont eu oerne f tudeoa Adri g nsi laoi udnaos v ns i s ks
ef
W s
f iHp
i a8ena fw
o Pe . daRu di n9i em
or ii r s 0p tdc r o h o s 5 .
W
l hr o eo et c cei r o nr h.a r de r 5 idi la 0wcgs is-a rhnptyi seee b uhearnh dr s a esd e, l
W s
m i pb a
sent b sac e . uo db nm
d e cs ye to te adawat sn noe te eit el ncainnh nor l en e at ds oe
56
D
T
WIND
T
LOAD
l
a i a o l tm
n e a erb dn to ads ht st es ASA
ao
nA58.1-1955.This
ed d
da
rn d
Computationof w
b b s s o u l ti es u s tic e oa loe f t om
ldc d ron enu e e n i ts rg di ne s
standardis o
T
t
w
m
T
a
t
p
o t
rih
fh
ae 3 s fn ls e ua de r g tbe v r f o tteo0 U v. u l nSo en h i ti ds t a
a ap
hc a e i p g nn e eg
.
ohr e t e
b a hg e b t i lw l epvo re i h eew
f s v nss au he r ode e ai si o g bg u rhf os t ot
i r n d be i t c ma a t s eah d
p y e
.
W
C
P
H
E
SR
I
l
RI
E
I
I 20
E p SW
N S TU H
H
DR O ER EIH Z O
w●NN T EA L
O
SC
QTSO IU
R SEO C
A TN AR N * G
E U L R
A R
G
H
M AT
R A
E
A P
S
2
3
3
4
4 o 5 5
0
5
0
2
2
0
5
.
doe
vs u
o
0
5
30 to 49
I 25 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 50 I 55 I 60
[ 50 to 99
100
to
499
I
30 I 40 I 45 I 55 I 60 I 70 I 75
I
EXAMPLE
F
t
T
a
v
m
I
I
F
w
wi
p
rinh
P
e
fs nd sm eur d r a e o
ie i h ns
tt s oe
r a 3 I r t e km
t
t
h
h
c
y
p
ez
ez
hli
hfi
w
p
.
enpe i dO
le ekr s dl aw
a ht oi ohie tm wian , p c ri h m
e h s n ss n e
0aeh a t d w rai p . rnihe es f sp v ns a au he rr od ez i s ioa o ug r n rs h
t o g 3e nfh hen 2t s l
o3g t r 4nh fen 3t o l
ape ts s f n b 0e .q t 5
pe s m
t f
0b oe 9 q . t 0
.
.
r
r
.
.
.
.
l i ton d t or i v ch wra as l e ebl hm suur al eebt si ls p f lh l i a0 ee a td c t .p t h y oe 6
ri ie d s ni s f z uf d rewo reb 1e n ain n 1t e l lp ssn f l r bee se 5p qde tc 8 t .i vr e .
I m
e q a u i a p na m t e f tnty trta st c
hi o i eahe
f
a( a cc ct t oB r ro d o uir wnt n0g e f l c . loy )l
U
e
s
m
dw v t iieo sen a rtc bs r tl s eeh a h
i v8on dpe ro si5 c sra l e
l
.
o sv
e eu s s rss u pe sfa elmlf acs nl ui fyo aft c tw
y u rp e r rri hs w
e
s in rs t eu h d re o
l sp p p .s l f reTb : e q h t0
r t t e h n ez c h i oo emg ano h e rF et ae e xs a a3 or m
p e p c r i se f sib hecs odu na r st eibl du e ln r oeei t d f w o v ohr hee m o s
snl ee
Relationbetweenwindpressureand windvelocitywhenthe horizontalcrosssection
is circular,is givenby the formula:
w
Pw= 0.0025 X VW*
E
W
X
A
M
Ph
= we
Vw = w
P
L
p
v
r i l e pe s s n fs W u b dre
e i ml
o n c
i p dt
qe t
y
E
o
1i m
v n e 0 el p d o xa pcf 0er i eht r s y st u s r e :
.x Vwz=
0 2 p0
op2 e r s uq5u a r ne f o o dt po r5ne ts hs ue rpe r o j e oc ft ea dc a yr el ai n d r
ae a h s oe 3s f i ea g gle b h r t oot e
uf v0 nt ed
.
Pw= 0
v
T
t
w o hp
tri eo a s tne s l i ou t d r p we r o oehtn du r pu sr cneh ea t st i s f ue n
p r o a j oe t cr t t eoW ed hgw
ai ea r or f r aet no . gto ee hmq edu n t hit ep mx e pf h ne o
a
o t rw
c eb ihr
e anca do f neu s di cd F en eer ea dxb l aby ol .m o p tc l l a er ta , i hd n
9 d
e f g t rvr e l a e o0h i s p
nm o e e r
.
M
W
P
57
.
58
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
WIND LOAD
~ =
v=
t
N O T A T I O N
W
o ti v
w
de i hnst si e suh f l etfta e t l ic hot
E
E f f o it cw i jee no hl c iy d n e f t e d s
L
a ef
rv
e tm
r
,
.
D
i f s b t t ras naeu cocc eons tn s mii df d eoe roean
H,HIHZ= L
oe v
noe v g ss e te sfs ch e st f il e ot r l n
M
=M
a mx
o(i t mbm uf el a ma hn s t t be t
MT
=M
oa h mhe f el i n g ~t t h b t t
,
- ~
=
r
oea v
dei a si
s u n en s l f ,
R
=M
vt o m
ra
a eo lat s es cu rsp t t i e rau fs l e a
=S
s
v
=T
s olh
te
ab
rl
,
.
f
=R
e dt q h ui c ci o kr ren e rxe docsi sl ,iu od nen
h,
T
J_
-
t=R2nSE
P.D, h,)
=
=
=
=
r
~z
hr(V-
-
D2
t
Y~
I
I
1
D]
i
E
G
X
D
e
L
S
U
S
T
M
h2
HI
i
A
tt
! :)
x
>
4
’
D,
k
4u
z
%
P
~l
2
5
1
II
=
~
-
e
r
6 o X 2n =7 1 08 2 8 6 , 0 1
e
r
3,960
o Xn78 = 308,880
1a
0 l M,4
69 f l 78 , 0 0
a hlt n n t t gi o te e mnn
t
e
= .
5
X
X4 X
=
~ ‘
<0
s !‘ - J ’
A ”M P L E :
i D1 =v 3 ft. 6ein. H n= 100ft.
: Oin. hT = 4 ft. Oin.
N
a
f 4 o = r pm
s
f
D e tt ew r m m ioih n m e n e e nd
t
= H12= 50 f Oi
t
n
.
.
V X h, = M
Pw x D] X H =
0X 5 ,= 5 5 2 0 5
V
e 30 x s 3.5 xs 100 e = 1l
L
a 3 xd 9 l d f
e i= r2
t =n ,04 = 819 . 4. 4 4
2
x 9 = 24
3
Platform
30 x 8 lin. ft.
=
F
oa V = 1l
3 M ,= 6 6 9 82
T
o
t
I
g
M
o a t mb
eot
anht l ntt
g oi t e m n n f t I
e
g
5
k = M – hT (V
f – 0 PwD, h=)
~ =.
-
! ‘
O
-
I
z
w
X
t 5 i=
p
X
t 44 i=
t v =
to e
– 0
1
3
,
= H1[2= 28’-0”
o
3 cX 4
p
e 30’cX 3
o
oa t bm
e
– 4
t
ew
P L E :
”=
e ’= n - : = 0
’=
p0
s”
rm m ioih n m e n e
e nd
t
= HI + (HZ12)
= 78’-0”
Pw X D X H = V X h = M
MT = M –
h,
M
=v 4
= 4
E
G
t
6
X
6
9 – 24 ( , 1 1– 30 0 X, 3 0 X
6 3 8.X 4 0= 6 . 3 5 8
f l
’
’
m . S- tE X
= A
“ EFl M CP OL M
EO L S
B I O N P REA 6DA D
59
D
WEIGHT
E O ST
OF
IT
THE
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
VESSEL
The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not
e U ih sh s et s u s e a f le l
exist and the resultant force c o i wn ct ia i d o et xshtv
c o m p dr et st s wi ou eni i hni s i gge an ohi i ef n i t cc ao nnsn t t or o l ld i sn t g .
T
w
A E
es
r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
1
w
e
B O
r
l a hcfe ut lt l v a lat co eeroh d ni
c e wt i i i gh on . hnct i
twl
c,u eo dt hh i e
C T
w
e
c e tt i si g o i hn h t1 utt
w
e w i
ie e
w
sr
e a
i ghs n h ct i. twl
w
where
Ct
w
eo d h ii
o
c,u eo dt hh i e
ce s oc en t .d il i o tn ni
ts
e. t
r
c o m p hs r e dts st rit ev we u egs
=
soao fn h so w l
l ef oe
sg h
h e et
f :
E q u i p m e n t s :
1
1
1
1
1
1
i n s u 3 l a t i o.
f i r e p4 r o o f i .n
p
l
a 5t
f
o
r.
l
a
6d
d
e .
p
i
7p
i
n .
m i s c e 8 l l a n e o .u
uf s g o h
g s d h d et
: h e 1r e
ie e sr
ce s oc en t .d il i o tn ni
r
a
y
. s
p e f r ai t q i n u. g i
d
1 v
2 t
do oti r ttu ei
m
o
1
r
y
d
uf s 8g
n
g
m
r
g
s
h
.
e weight,which
r a t i includesthe
n . g
weight of the:
p
1 v
2 t
3 o
T
ga
s
h
e
l
. l
h
e
a
d
. s
i
n pt
ew l r
n ao a . lt r
e
k
t
s
ur p
p a o
r . yt
s
i n s ru l ai t i n o . n g
s
o
p
e
n
i
n
g . s
s
k
i
r
. t
b
r
a
i
s
n . e
g
a
nr
c
ih
o n. r
g
a
nl
0c
uh
o .g r
s
m i s c e 1 l l a n e o .u s
+ 6 o t 2w
9 eo i h i . 1t tg % h feh 1er f t m
o
o v e ro w
t ep i gal hwhat
eat n i bfed e
t
w
e
l h d
i
n
ge s
E
T
h bi hc
h ibs i
n
sg h
o
h e
et
f
:
n
g e v oh e y e t
n
:
S = u s
t pn r
e i ss
st
,
i
W= w
oe v i ae g t s b s h s e out ec hc fvnotl n si eid dlo ee rena t i ro
c = c i r c u mo sf e or seh n oc teke m
idl i ef hrali mr tae nt e e
t = t h i o tc sk no she his k es i l f r en l t r ,
.
f vg f
eeh e rl st eea ngsmf t ei e it n rl bat v es b g eo i lpe n n 3en nai s n
g g7
60
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
V I B RAT I ON
A a r
eo w s t ut i
losa d ntwe vl vfei d be r r T
l l a s pot i peoo t hnr v. ii b ohre
s
hb l o i sm
u
li li tn ad ena pd ert ce, ou vgr er i i beaco r ll ad t t fs ie aa of f tn a a i i ngl
T a l l p oh weh ab r b c el i oeea m
o f p det u mr ts ane pxodh e i r mm
d i eus ef sml i e b c
T s c
ha h a l r v lmi beoei rnon dad i ti c is i ocot nu H s a hs s nest dd t i bi t o n nosr
a u
s a u p aa p t l l s l h isu ny ep e pdr t oi e ad r v rrt o e tsi h np s rt hi o n eb ig l
e
F
P
b i Tr sec.
ao t
eo V r i
M
a
o V i
O
A
x li l m
Po w
u e am rb
b r a s t i o e nf ,
l i e
c
o
O
T
D
H
= O
= L
g
= 3
= T
= T
= W
= W
w
v
D
= 3
H
= 1 f Oi
g
t
= 3
= 0
= 1
=
i o
w
e
f Oi
.
f
t2
.
4
l
l
p
ce
e
A
S
~ z
( D )F T
d
=0
.
A
D : e tt
p
oe v
1
t 2n
5
0 t
n
0
l
s. e
c2
7‘
o ~5
b4
0
b
or an td i i nt n
=
=
f
X
n
T
a
R
L
A
T
I
r
O
~
.
a
l
d
M
P
L
8
N
ud
ti o asv mi ef ed s t e s e ert
l f ,
oe v
ni e n g scs tl f sku h de i i f l nr t g t
f p s2 s
q tea. eu c ca e c2r l e.e r da. t , i o
h io s c ak t knb e i isa s h r s
fn t e t e
s olh
t se bp a 6
ra.l e ,
g,
e
oe t
ilo
gw h eb t r f ,
.
oe t
ip of go h wh oele te i
ofg r hbr t t
E
i
U
T=
nf ,
t
v
w
v
w
M
id o
N
G
R
.
,
n
,
e
.
1
f ,
E
ea r a cmm iht an a uxe nl ila eom l w u da mb
i r b i r a o t id o f n
.
.
.
.
2
’ ’ ’ ( $ z =j e = ‘
“
’
.
.
gi o xn 1 = ~ ~ S
0
e
0
1440 X 32.2
“
v c i htdb rn u ea o tatx ei
lv oi wb ar ab tl ie
eF r re C nE
e cVee i : s b o er. V a , e t P ri . r ot : Veni
“
locoe n e h se
o n
t d
sc eA sa f sPul S rs1 a e e M p9 l
61
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
S
LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a
cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end.
The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1991 (UBC).
FORMULAS
MOMENT
SHEAR
F~~
&l = [F, x H + (V – F,) x (2H/3)]
4
41
t
H13
Z[c ~
v—=
x
V—
IWX= [F, x
Rw
for X > H13
B
S
T
S
a h
T b
t b
t s
‘
eL
for X S ‘is
MX = [F, X X + (V -~j X (X – H/3)]
H
4
X
se
ae
r
s
aih ht t
esh oo e har esit zre osa sin e at shl a ml e i
o a t a h oT t swr i ee al he n ro fgp au. a lad eat ir t n e
o ht th a s o dph h wei due
e ae to
e that
fg e aloading
r
ar
m
are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion Ft of total
i o D s a i m d a hi i go c nr r si g az e ofm in Vt sois aassumed
ml r ito becappliedeat
the top of the tower. The remainder of the base shear is
distributed throughout the length of the tower, including the top.
O
v
e
r
t Mu
r on
i mn
g e
n
t
The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces above that level.
NOTATION
C = Numericalcoefficient =
(need not exceed 2.75)
1
7?/3
Outside diameterof vessel ft
;=NumeticalcOef
ficient
‘:””:
= Efficiencyof weldedjoints
=
F, = Total horizontal seismic force at top of the
vessel, lb. determined from the following
formula:
(b)Seismic
ShearDiagram
BaseS
h
e
a
r
F, = 0.07 TV (F,,need not exceed 0.25V)
= O, for T <0.7
H = Length of vessel includingskirt, ft.
62
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
NOTATION
I
= Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for
vessels)
M = Maximum moment (at the base), ft-lb.
MX= Moment at distance X, ft-lb.
R =Meanradius
of vessel, in.
Rw = Numerical coefficient (use 4 for vessels)
S =Sitecoefficient
-0
r
(a) A rock-likematerialcharacterized
bya sheu-wavevelocitygreaterthan2,500feetper
secondor byothersuitablemeansof classification.
(b)Stiffor densesoilconditionwherethesoildepthis lessthan200feet.S = 1
t s depthexceeds
o200feet.
h
A soilprofilewithdenseor stiffsoilconditions,
s = 1.2
A soilprofile40 feetor morein depthandcontaining
morethan20feetofsoftto
mediumstiffclaybutn~ morethan40feetof softclay.S =
A soilprofilecontainingmorethan40 feetof softclay.S = 2.0
x
H
L.
L
for soil characteristics
Asoilprofilewitheither:
St = Allowable tensile stress of vessel plate material,
psi
T = Fundamental period of vibration, seconds
= c, X
t
= Required corroded vessel thickness, in.
=
IV
12 M
T R2Sr E
or
12 M,.
TR2Sr E
= Total seismic shear at base, lb.
W = Total weight of tower, lb.
Distance from top tangent line to the level under
consideration, ft.
Seismic zone factor,
0.15 for zone 2A,
0.075 for zone 1,
0.3 for zone 3,
0.2 for zone 2B,
0.4 for zone 4,
(see map on the following pages for zoning)
i
63
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
EXAMPLE‘
Given:
Seismiczone: 2B
D = 37.5 in. = 3.125 ft.
z = 0.2
X = 96 ft. O in.
H = 100 ft., O in.
W = 35,400 lb.
Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base and
at a distance X from top tangent line
First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calculated
T =
C, Xf13/4
and
I = 1,
c
=
0.035X 1003/4= 1.1 sec.
s = 1.5
1.25S
T213
=
ZIC
Xw
v=
Rw
Rw = 4,
1.25 X 1.5
1.1213
=
= 1.76 <2.75
0.2 X 1 X 1.76
X 35,400 = 3115 lb.
4
~,= 0.07 TV= 0.07 X 1.1 X 3115 = 2401b.
M = [EH + (V - F’t)(2H/3) ] =
=[240 X 100 + 3115- 240)(2X 100/3)]= 216,625ft. lb.
x>
H
—
3
M = [Rx
=
thus
+ (v– F) (X – H/3)] =
= [240X 100+ 3115- 240) (96 - 100/3)]= 205,125ft. -lb.
LR
S
64
SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES
66
D
E O ST
IT
ECCENTRIC
Towersand their i
a
a
l
m
s
f
a
t
o
o
t
w
n
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
LOAD
et
qe u r ai n pu ams lse uyrn m at m ale t lrert iyvoc ae ul r h nt
tx t
whni
eo t hu is v dg se s uhh sec eot s m pfe sret e l ots s s E
ri n vpq e u l is p y
tt ta vc
hoe te h s od su c othec e s lu ani san yd eum emd esi t snr ti ecr o ai t lb u t i
d a t td w i u ena rhgi
ie gbe n soeh es un t t Td l dr ui nt e snh yns m
g msa ie rt. r ri cs aa
s e e m q nu ai p p t mal i efo nl ppt e,mn enb ni sen ga gd bl set cb t yee u denh , d
er
ex b seh s r eee t q s uea ai d ap v dm yd eyti rnt t bti o e ns neaht l dr r e ie s ons eu sgl
ro s i e ol i n os m m da i r cd
.
F
e
M
O
M
O
ES
R
M
NT
U
T R
L
A
S
R E Q U I
T E H IS C SK N
c 5
1 *
w
;
R
s
* -P
t
w
N O T A T I O N
= E c c e t n dt r i i f cs i t htt t y ra, a ont c choe xwoe
m
ne
e c lc ef on t ar i t cd
,
.
= E f f o iw c jie e o ln ic d y n e t f d s
.
= M
oo e m
c lc e ef lonn t t ar i t f bcd
,
r
oea v
dei a si
s u n en s l f ,
.
= M
= S
vt o m
ra a e o tl a es b cur s ie st ae n tpl uf d, r ai e r n
ear dlr l lifo i ,ons wgi a o
= T h io vc kee nxs ecc ss lo su
= E c lc el on t ar ib cd
,
.
E
i e
R
t
w
W
t
t
at
v= 4 ft.e O m: n
= 15 in,
i
.
= 0
l
0
= 1
h i hm
tee oo
r k e si o hua n el
2
—
e
G
nR 2t
‘
I
\
1 We
t =R z n SE
~= 1
M=
X
A
M
P
L
E
:
Determinemoment,M,
and stress, S.
M
o Mm
= Wee= 1000
n Xt 4 = ,
n2
1
I = 0b W
~
f l
5
.
12
x 4J = 2 e
0_ x 1000
.
= 2 p
3
X 1 .X 0
1 5,
t
4
2
7
2
r ehn c r e c l anes etn o m
t n r ao ei sm
ch d b e hs un, mate m sa l r i
ct g ac l nel ont
t a r f i ld c s
.
67
Design of Tall Towers
ELASTIC
A tower u
1
2
I
t
t
s
e
E
s
i
STABILITY
an
c xod m pi em
r e fasr is ti l oaaw n b
iw
ae oy ci nl ya s n t uo a bss i el i
B b
u
oc t k w l
iv. h nhy(e go Esb luf su ec eekl
l el i n r g )
B l
b o u
c c k . la iy ln
g
t h i n v- w e a( ls l twesn td e hh li o hcest k s nn i e hl es ht s e oe nh lf e eos - l at se s
i
n r s ha l i d bd oi u e eu cmc ” sko al) a ic a auln lcg l n u t oy t er i rh a t e h s t q a d u asi
c
f a a o uti wl s uvoh ehre T oes o solf r ee ho e luu on. t d sen iet ah vsf h s e e
i g n f i f ai i tc c ar net t s i ohun sl r t t a Tinb enfi l go i trf hy m
i. n uv e l s o etao i sg a t i
l s at a as b@t i iil t i cr Ht e ayh n d e ebi n vo bneo W
slk o, ia p Nel de s w n o m y an
l
e o mt
ev n ewt h ss ah sp ifr e ei urcm] af hr so i elp t yeou hr ( pd e to r s r r
u p d p o o w r nb t c smoa , m
b cer or na s sa i a)d s e lyt r i ee af dsf g eb an u oe i c rs nks
ls
c
l s o p sL ao e n c g l i efs ty tu d di iif. n f na el tc n rr e ier of
sga the
h is tower
de more
i
te y
effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous around
the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined i
t
C
U
oh( C
d- c
e2 e )
E
i R
G
t
Given:
v= 1 ie
= 0
i
Ay = 1 sq. in.
dy = 2 i
9
X
.
A
M
P
L
E
m e pas r b e (t les se r i v ee S
n D : e n t t e a r I 8m l .c i oho n w
.
n
2
5
.
0 0 2
1 , 5 x 0 f =0 1 , , 0 5 0x 00 0 0 , 0.
= 2
0p
,
s =
1
R
n
4 .
D e t t e a r l m l c i oho n w
m e pa s r b e (tles u se r i vs ee S
s
t
i
r
f
f
i
e
n
n
e
rg
s
L o n g si t t u id if n f a el
n e r
i n u
t s
oh e
e d s tn , s
:1
=0
’
5~ :
’
0
0
=
tx= t = 0.25 in.
1
—
1= , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0
~
x0 0
=. 2 . 22P
.25
4
‘y = t + 24
1
8
= 0
+ 0 . = 0 . 2
. 0 5
2 4
9
R
S
e
f eW r
ah C eo
ei Wn lMc ase N
: o e n . wNn, Mt Tn . Sa, drt . kro hT e Cn . y gh: l iet n h di
lEl u E l m Sn sn Ux s s Itg, nb p 2 ila.u 1 . v5l l.9
. l 35 . . 3 ,
.
s
8
8
is
S93
r
68
1
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
D
rowers s
r
m
hb d o e ust d i l eg n d nm
f
elte d e6o i hc onp tr 100
c afeet
o heof height.
e ne
s
e f ldh e t c t t wi ueol n m
ih
bo ce n a o laae cb d u ld t a s yft eeoi df r h n m
f l o o cr am
a n lbtd yi lee e dv a e r m
”
d
i
A
F
M
O
N
R
O
T
M
A
U
T
I
L
O
A
N
S
AM = M
D1 = W
=M
E
a dx e i f ( m
l t e tu c itm oi a oh np
o ti t
d w o i thn wsi hue l ef fat e t t ri
o o ed l ua psl t ui c s i ts yf ,
L
eo v n e i g sn = scts lf ekh u l idf , er
H
= R t m
o o 3 i m n f et e cnnr y ,hl t o is ni
r.
(
R>lot)
w
h
e
n
=
M
r
e
a
o
t
t
d
a
o
i
i
h
w
u
n
se n rf
R
=
T
h
i
o
c
s
k
i
k
n
e
i
s
s
r
n
t f ,
t
wind
p
r
e
p
s
s
u
r
s
e
,
Pw =
E
G
i
v
6i
= 30,000,000
= 48 ft., Oin.
= 2 f
E
H
=
~
= 30 p
= 1 i
= 0
I
R
t
T
f
m
4
.i
e
t
Dn
A
M
P
L
e : t t e m r am dxi he n i f e lA
me
n.
,
.
AM=
3
X
n )
ohn
td t
fd i ah r
e
f
E
cu et mi o
n
:
I
PJI,H (12H)3
8EI
30 fx 2.5 x 48 (12 X 48)3
s
n
‘ = 8 x 3 20 . , 0x 01 0x M3, 0 x 00 2 .0
1 n 2
5
.
axh l i l d m
o e wuf e6lai meb ncp l t1e ci f oo hhn e ee0
48 X 6
n8
8
.
8= ~ ’ o . = 2 ( i ) r . ”
a
S
t ia
dcn e htf cdl uen ece aot e xit l ol ocen
s a t i s f a c t o r y .
t d
ih e
,
.
ti s
= 1
.
g r h0
i
31
.
31
.t f :
e t s h i i og tc ns k eine kde
m
s e it i d
t s
,
A m
e f ct a hl c douo e l fad l twei cnr t tg t hi ho ni o,ech t kt n n i eo n esh c sw
s
gt
ba i S Sn Tv .O
t “ e v, SC1ea n Mh m y e9ob.f “ uCnter a 6rhl t c Touo t8l Dado te i f wnr l. gAe
H y d r oP c r a or kcb oe ns s i n g
69
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
COMBINATION OF STRESSES
T
s
t
i r h ne
bsd t s up e r c es evdh i de o s ul cyso rel shallbe
aiy bd investigatedin
ei dn
g
s
combinationto establishthe governingstresses.
C o m b oi nw a lt i i(o neo a nr
t v
e
sh s
e
le :
t aol hf dqoi u dn aa pressure
tkr dee and
r ) weight
n , a of l
Stress Condition
A w
+ S
+ S
– S
i
dt
dt
dt
ns d
w
t rw
e
t ri
p e
t rw
ee
Ae l
e —o S d
es + o S. .
eh —o S t
i a
rt d
ui s
s n
ur n s e s s t
u si
sg
C o m b oi nw a lt i i(o neo a n r
t v
e
sh s
e
le :
S
A windward side
t
+ Stress due to wind
– Stress due to ext. press.
– Stress due to weight
T
s
B
r
e
T
s
e
rw
ri
rw
t aol hf dqoe u dx aa ptkr
w i a
r td d
e u is
s n e
p e u nr s
e s t se
ee u si
sg
eh
deer
e
o
os
o
aer ) w
sn , sa eo ul n i r
t
r
e
s
s
Condition
At leeward side
– Stress due to wind
– Stress due to ext. press.
– Stress due to weight
s
so
e
e
t s wu ham ei et a s a dr
h h bw d o e e u sef ierl
a
t
e
r
.
tnnl h tqd o udn a o dak es ci dmo u lc ts a nt uoe o t u sr h
g diw n otoe e e di ha r et rnl h r qw uhod a i ki rc e ah
sn
tdc
i ra b n eu cg css e nsse t r bdih sc ui y tam y m wla rt i l siz
s f u wl rto ei i an or g t l nh m
q o u d a ak r e d
.
t
s r h be hc s a s l a cae tu sl fl
ao l tl leelh odo c wa it t nie
1.
At the bottom of the tower
2.
3.
At the joint of the skirt to the head
A t
A c
4
1.
s
t
t
t
p
o s s h id i t e t i g evn a en ot sn ts ei ne sgo h adn i t ecid go vnm
e penor T e st s s i e
u m om t a s t ti ior hne w
ds ish f tceee aes t o t nch eo s m
e ip r ir oge osn sv i e or r n
I i a
t
t
g
r
T
e
dt
.dt
dt
s
t
b
oh
h o ad
f r uh er
i
fe e
l
ii n t ne i go
n
D
D
D
U
s
v
tn
d h di f ce ef o en s rrd t ie w
et n i toeo n t h si v , g ae chh eso nt ss en qfte ue e ln
ct o r n dae i a t s di oi s l rfn B
fs e es r ds e e inuoe dt r.r e eo sid c ,i nts mi gta o n nt
ie n us
is n noe otd e le x er s pt t n rer ae r ls n s a ur l r e .
a n a ot l
a n t d mb
tn l
t
n
:
t
s
t s hs se br e hem s ox ra a ei tm l f i o n l l ce leh o do n wd
r r oe id c i nst mi ga o n
r
ei
n. s g
p r e ir a n . t ig o
s
dr th e
2
3
F
H
ue
ut
uo
ht t t te s
otj eha mho e d i lo en l
ni
aog . t m eh t e is ot c t ekfv rn ee shrs s
og n
et
nr g
ys zt i r ohrn et g nt g ao eut
w
h vnl e a f ld r rl o iseab odt r ui
oa o xs hk i ,tt m hrhas
u ebeen
e m applied.
os
rs
y
ns
70
C
O S
O
(cont.)
The b
t
T
t
e mn
od d im
t wn e ig dun i e ct rf ne et a bosr di ont s toght t
ot tm o h e om
ot
t w p h e t l h r hui ca,c a k sbt n d e el eae s c as r cs ec oan r sod ei e n d g l y .
A aa
F b i B aln gc oe u n var de t ne f i i te edn i t di
ds hn t fs a oot nd r ce w e
o t
t
o f o wh wa hc p o eef it e rh r cit i craa hkd i ne neq su sa t e s .
*
1
1 6 . .1
1 (. 1 9 . 1 ) . 1 1 . 1 2 . 3
. 0
0.5 0
m
1
.
0
3 .
1
1
2
.2
. 2 . 2 8. 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 2 . 3 4 . 4 6 . 4 8 . 5 0 .
0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 ().39 ().37 ()<35 0.33 0.32
m
T
A
S
t
f
w
d
l
p
\
x
H
t
E
X
A
M
AA V
BA
O LL F
UEA
m
EC , S T
O F
R
t i
c i r
i
n
F i
f
fa
r e
=
x
l o n g his ct u dt d eti rin e an el put sre ier so snh e s ao o u l anr
c u m
h f se r et on t rhie a eol t sarn se
w
q, l h tu e h i afi r cf e ek
pt ore ier a sn v saart uril lr te ae b b s el sf ien h o dsot o i t r n
T nr A a u d o fb s . am lcmi cb fe n t t, o aogd
i ur X
s h nt n
ot
tr tw a ohl nnow g mi w
i e e tt nhp nt ht h i ii ce ch cn ka n hl
i
nt pt o eer
ers ad sn t isar s aulf atr cr etl o et r w
y s
i ih
s s u r e .
H
x
m
tp = T r
e t q h u i f i ci r kn eenp t deroe se r s s n s a r u l r
(
TH e i on
s oi
o np n
)
.
t
= T r
e tq h u i f i w
cw r k peen r dieoae ts sbs n s oh ur hdtr
ee
=t so
j
ih i
e n l n tl o ,
.
i .3 . = 63
n, 4 W = 4
.
P L = 0E : i . r = 02n
k
= 100 ft.
F
T
rm =
a 0
oab X .= lmH
m = 0.43
n4e
X 1 3= 43d f
0
z
5
g
b
5
E
Q
Q
x
1
R
b
a t
0
.
1
F B
i
oa p
tt l h i i ar c oek t qna f teu e si s r
e h d
o (
t + tt t t rot h m/w
i r c e2k qn e)u soi s r
c o n shh i ed e i tr ege d h
t
.
g
t
e
d
e
.
71
DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS
EXAMPLE - A
Required thicknessof cylindricalshell under internal pressureand wind load.
~,- ~,,
D
~
A
f dt
s
= 4 f Oi l
eo tt n o g 8 .wt . h e
f r
i ft s ntt b ar t nt . bac oh. e o
sm
ht
et
hT = 4 f O i d
h
t s ej h
oa e
i dl
no l
t
P m= 2 p i
n p5t rse e r s n 0 s a i u l r
e
Pw = 3 p w
p
ri s e
s n s 0 uf dr
e
R = 1 i i
rn
aons v di e id2 s . ue s s e f l
= 1
p 3s
v
7
t
o rsSa5 2 e Cl0 s i u s 8
e
f A
s
I
m
a a t2 e t 0re mi 0pa e l r ” a t t uF r e
s o l h t
e a b a l
r
.
=T
v
N a l l f o c wo ar nr o oco se i o nr .
H
:
o
“
v
d
II
:
o
I
.
=
*
i
: 4
o
-e
m
z
M
E C O
S N I D I G T I NO N S
D = 2 ft. Oin. insidediameterof vessel
D1 = 2 ft. 6 in. width of towerwith insulation,etc.
en
E = 0.85 e f f oi wc i je e nol c dyi
\
r n e itq m
h u i fu i ci m
r kn epn t dreoe cse ro ssnn sst ai rsu dl ter orret i h1en
t
sgn
goe h t e a h n m
PR
250 X 12
3000
==0.260 i
11,538
= SE – 0.6P = 13,750 X 0.85 – 0.6 x 250
n
Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressureconsideringthe strengthof the girthseams:
3,000
PR
250 X 12
=0.128 in.
t
3X 0 , + 0 7 . x 25 = 820 . 3 5 5 ,
44
= 2SE + 0.4P = 2 X 1
R
e
t q h u i f i cl rok ne ng dbeio t seu dsd nti wnd ra p li ru i neM sg
onsa t ue m
b or d( ee
07
.a M
hn
t _s
PW x D1 X H = v X h] = M
3
M
x 2
x 4
= 3
oa t mb
eos
n(ht
. x ,2
ett
=0 86
5 6f 0l 8 ,
~ o t ae m =
m
04
t 04b
0
.
.
)
MT = M – IIT(V – 0.5 Pw D, h=j= 86,400- 4(3,600 – 0.5 x 30 X 2.5 x 4)
= 86,400 – 13,800 = 72,600 ft. lb. = 72,600 x 12 = 871,200in. lb.
Requiredthickness:
MT
t = R T S
T
F
F
8
= 1
x 3
7
x 12 .
,
2
1
,
2 8 0 7 0 1
23x 0E ,1 = 25 7 4 , 4 25 = 8080 7 i , . 55
0
0
21 3 n 6
r
e t q hh u i c i ca r kl w
ecne utde ls s ia t s t or et hetdb n og gh sht t ei ht e r o f ae tm m h
w
p
ri o e
s0 n s i .ur dr 1 e
n6
5
.
i p
r n oe
s 0 ts i u . r r . 1e
n2
8
.
T
i g h r t et ti ah h t i c s cehaa skl r wcn une l se ia s t
T
O
T0
A.
t L2s
t 9o r t hle o3 nn gg sih t et u hhde ei t nrf eae al f h o r m
m
i t n h i i 0 mc i ku. s n mbe2 uh s ns9 sa
3 el
.
to
I
L
D
E O ST
IT
AGO
NWL
EF
LR
S
EXAMPLE B
R
w
—
e
t q h u i o icc yr k l enis dne u d sh rc s in oce am
l fd l obl o aiei
oe t
i o g w h e t r f .
.
P
/
l
lndn prei t r dne ew gr s a sns
i ua f r
D
ED S
I
G TN
A
A
3 f Oi i
dn t i sna
m
i
e .d t . ee
r
t =f 3 fo 6 i r w m o vit w
ne di ns sit . aus .ll h eal ft tof il wo han
D]
p
ie
p
it
n
gc
,
.
= 0
e f .f o iw c 8ise e lne 5c d y a e
m
f d
s
E
i f st t nt b rat t n b a. cho .ho e t ssht m e t e h e
h~ = 4 f Oi d
j
o
i
n
t
.
1 f Oi l
0oe t t nn o g 0 w .t . he
f r
= 1 p i
n p ot5 r se e r s n s0 a iu l r
e
P
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
P.
=
. 1 ; i n s i Qdo n
ve - r e a d si8 u. ss
e f l
R
. 1
p 3s o v t 7 o Sras 5 Ae ml -0 sa a2u2i t s 8 e e0 5r f iC0
s
t e m po e r a t u r e
. T
s o l hI
te
ab
rl
,
.
v
2e s
e a e a l :m
H
dl il p: e t s 1i sc a l
cm = C i r c u ’oms f eo rt he mn cd ee i e hai l m f ael tn nee
( c o a r l r l no ors w
ei oqa nnuo ci re e d t )
a
‘
‘m
‘
-m
I
<
1..
Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressurec o n st i s d te orr t i hle n o gnn gg ih tt e
s
o shdi.
e
a
m
f
150 X 18
PR
0
i . U 0 2 i pn 3. s l 3 n2 a .
– 0 .x 1 = 8 .
55
6
0
t = SE – 0.6P = 13,750 X 0
M
i
t s
r n e itq m
h u i fu i ci m
r kn pent rdeoe c es ro ssnn sst ai srud l t er orr te i hce n i gnr c g u h m
te
o i s e h a ae
ll m l f .
150 X 18
PR
0
i .
1
n1
‘ 2 X. 1
3X4 0 E, + 0 P
7 . x 15
80 .
55
4
0
t = —
B + 0
I
M
=
i
r n e i t q mh u i uf i ch mr k en edeo s
PD
W
V
P
L
L
i
e
l
a
a
PW
o X D,
n XH
a
d
s 30 x s 3.5 x e 100 l
t 30 fx 8 olin. ft.
r
m
d 3 x d9 l e f
r
Totalshear
I
M
r d
= 0.231 i
n
= 2 X 13,750 X 0.85 – 0.2 x 150
t = BE – 0.2P
I
sa
150 X 36
oa t mb
eoh
snht
= dv
x h]
= 1
=
i=
0X5 ,
2
X9
2,940 t nX0 49
V= 13,680
(ett
M
e J o t ae ’ ma
= 55
2O 5 O ,
0 0 4
= 42
3
, 0 0 6 4
8= 144,060
.
.
oa t bm
= 692,100f l m
b
a
s
l d
Tm
)
MT = M – h~ (V – 0.5 P#,hJ =
1 – 03 X (3 Xj 3
692,100 – 4 (
1 X 6
3 2 8
1 M,
.X
8 4 =0 6 . 3 5f 8l 0 , 52 t 2)b
7 2 , 226 .50 0 8 , . 6 4 6 0
–, —
t = R2 = SE =
–
i
p
X
f
X
lt
X
l n a c o o o ht
F i p
r n oe
wu . e r e r s e er
.u r r . 1 e
s0 ts
sE
i
0
n
73
EXAMPLE
The preliminary calculation of the required wall thickness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75 in.
plate is required,to withstandthe windload and internal
pressure, while at the top the wind load is not factor
and for internal pressure(hoop tension) only 0.25 plate
is satisfactory.F e c o n or o em i iai ac srad l ov t i n s sa
4
A
:o “m
“ N
&
:
0,
-
:
o,
-o
u d i ~f p sf te lh r i e ca aenk v nt t ea hs rse ee oi s ti o g u ht
t
o
w
e
r
.
T
t h i r hc e k fqn h ue etsi sroe o( e n di o0s s i r.en po r 2n
t r
ae
t s wl i l
stihs oa cot
ne od raei dtds
atd a io n
f
t
tr
o
o
h
m
p
e
.
0
F
t
di ~ i h (s n ft i at dnr A
X acP
s
e7ob a ) l m g e
o
t
= w0 . 2 / 3 3= 2t/ 0t . p X
6 =40h .4 x H =.e4 f 7 4n
F
d r i Ba P o g 7 r ac ma b fm g t oa ,r e eu 0q h nun
t h i a c l.k ne o e t n ns i ns gt e rthdsm hes dh e i f ac e te t e i
U
8 sf w mi p
iln t av g dt se e hb. s hecs os , n a se et rl l u
e o.
f
r
m
:
(
0
t
.58 hf w 2i c
o)i ct 5u kdr f s . e
s t
(
0
t
.48 hf w 5i c
o)i ct 0u 3kdr f s . e
s t
(
0
t e .38 hf w 7i c
o)i ct 5u 2kdr f s . e
s t
T
om
t
a
l
#
:~
~
~
:
o b
t “
-m ~
o
: 1
o
t -
E O IT
TG
HO H T W
FE E
R
Sba e b g o e ipl n 3 en e ai s n7 g g
4 n
e
l
0
7
3l
87Skirt 4 8x 195
0
9 6
2
r 4 a
i 0 s
n7 e
2 5B
9 7
4
nr 5
c
i 6h
o 2n r
0 4A
.n
o3a
o1 d1 2 m
p 5 A .6 nl
c
uh0
o 1g r
.en
8
ot 1 3 2 .m 5
9.
3
1
ao t
t r .8 e
k
0
0
+ 6
1
p
p a o
r yt1 s
1
0
1
l ia t in o n2g
s
2
0
S
a
2
l
n
i
n
g9
0
0
4
I 7n s 5u l a9 t i o n
1
9
P
l
a8
t
f 4 o
r1 m
1
1%
L
a
d
d
e2
r
2
l 0
3i
.n 1
P 9 i b4 p
g
a
y,
2
1
0
0
0
(
S
4 hx 9
3 X 1
2 x 2
H
t 0 e
b 0
I p
wnl
T
s
ur
I n s ru
O
p
e
+ 6
S
T
T
O
W
t
IE W’C
ET
A 3I L OG3l N H,
r
el r
a
ai
y
t qi
s
nu g
W
e
c
t
to
6
2i
3
+E
T
r
OO
e
)
8
2
6
2
g
g
s
8
%
1
9
0
6
1
8
4
y
9960
C E YR
p
B (CONT.)
P TE
Test water
+ Erection Wt.
i
n
3
T0
S
:b 0
1a
.
0
0
0
d
4
0
0
l
.
3l
0
,
0b
b0
0
R WEIGHT:
AA T LI 36.000
N G lb.
42,000 lb.
33,000 lb.
TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,000 lb.
—
For weight of water content, see rage 416
0
0l
0
.
.
,
y 0
74
E
B(
Checkingthe stresseswith the preliminarycalculatedplate thicknesses:
Stress in the shellat the bottomhead to shelljoint:
P
S
t
lh
i 0 ac i k t.n e e s nP
7 s
1 5X 3 .
65
dt t ir n ep tu r se eSr s=s ~n es=a ou l r
e = 1
4 x
X 6
s sn e o d
dt t wr
e ui s
Rz n t = 1
8 x 3.
3
1
w
=
—
dt t wr
ee u i s g s s h e t= o ,
1
x 10
r c e o c n t d i i ot n ni o n
3
4
w
=
p ec ro an t d i i ns=—=
tn g i o n
1
xm10
C
S
S
i e
i o
W
I
i
p
S
S
dt
dt
pe
e
I
t
a
l
t
S
‘o
-m
e
I
*
A
‘
‘
b
!
sr
1
i
3
8
,
2
2
0
=
= 9
p ,
6
3x 0 7.
5 . 12
7 4
,
0
0
0
3= p
5
s
5 !
.
7 5
5
,
0
0
0
3 p
9
s
5 .
7 5
5
t.
DD
o 6d
9
e
3 x 3 x 7 = 7 . x , 3 =0 52 5 7 6 22
0,
,
. x - 68 =f 0 1t
. 6
a o 3 t x f8 l o io r n=m240
, 0
Ia 0 3d X 7 d l mie = n2 r . x , 3- =0f 1 7 t 0 .30
=nl 3 t 6 f 1 t ,
T
M o o MXt m
ae
1 X 3
6
9
28
0
1 M
21 r ,
=
=
R v t
1
8X 3 . X 0 2 z. = 5 8. 12 ‘ ’ 5 4 3
dt t ir
n e p tu rse e r s s n es a ou l r
e
,
8
c a l pc Ar u e l v a i t o es u ds l y ) 1
T
o1
0pt
, a
Shell
P
L
‘
‘m
v
5
a e7h f h sd e sf
ol nt t e t r l o wt t 2oho. p on w
t ml h e ie 0acpr i kf t.n.
S
dt t w
r
e iu s n s
de o .
x
7
, x X = V x ; = Mx
PW x D]
s
1
3s
e s nh 1t s r1pi i e,leo pe0s e sc 8sr o a 5n to d it i i nwn t g i i nos h dng wo i a vn re
l s oh wft ta r pb elem elo ash wta s 0e
jtrr i ei e. eo af t f l ii8 1c hi 1n ep5 6n t c8
sh e
0l uh ei tc . st p h ee 7an dlt i b a5c o o . thkt v te ie sot ahes t mi ss f afe
it t
A
70
I O P E R CA OT NI D
NN IG T I O N
u nr s+
e1s t se, So s .8 dt . t 3r w
e 7 u is – 9 s n , e
o 6d
u i s+ 9 s n e, Stress
o d6 due to4 weight 0
3
–
+ 1
1
,
4
7
7
1
0
,
–
3
9dt
S
t ri
pe 2u nr s+ 1 es t s, e
os 8
+ 1
1p
,
0
s8
5
–i 8
p,
1
Stress due to weight
T
T
T
8
u i s+ 9 s n , e So 6d dt 4t r w 0e u is– 9 s n , e
3
Stress5 due to weight 8
–
–
3
p,
+ 9
p,
2
s8
2
i– 9
s ue ts r ruoe ric. et n i og n )
r nN de
t ri
t rw
.D
C O M B I N OA ST IT O RN E S S EF S
DS W A I R D D
LE E
ES W
AI R
I E
M
( E RP E CCT TON I N
YO DN I ) T I O N
N
S
dt
t rw
e
Stress due to weight
(
p
T
S
(
l
T
c a l c hou s l at tar it eeo b ns o sh het hf ss te
otht e ata m os h t d wor thsae n s
w
i
n s d i ow i p a e rc r do a n tg d i e iona n t gt vi e o e n fon tr hfw n e ei id hc i e n tg
n i f T i h c e wa r nei ft f t . ou hc r ra oe l t cu i uhc tl bea s t r i t o at en t h e s e t nnh at es
1
0p d , n 1e o s 4x t a2oec l lei s osh e w1tt ad1 r b p, eleT6 e 8tss s7h s e. 0il5 hu e
c
i t
p h i nsl ia t ia cs f .at kc t oe r ys .
75
EXAMPLE B (CONT.)
Stressin the shellat 40 ft. down from the top of the tower. Platethickness0.25 in.
S
dt
t w
r
e iu
s
n s
de
o .
PW x D1 X X = v X : = Mx
S
P
L
s
S
(
8
h 30 x e 3.5 X 40
l = 4,200
l
X 20 =
8
a ?0t x f8 lin.o ft. r = m240 x 36 =
2
30d x 38d lint ft.e = 1,140
x 19 =
a
r
T
M o ol t m v a e . =nl 1 ft 1
1 x 1
1 24 , ,
3
1 M
=
= 5
RI n t = 1
8 x .3
1x 0 2.
5 . 1
dt t ir
n ep tu r se e r s s n es a ou l r
e
c a l pc Ar u e l v a i t o esu ds l y ) 1
T
o 7
l
4
,
,
0
6
1
,
6
f X4 t , .
20
0
p ,
3
2 4
p ,
pt ,
8
a 1
T
0
i t .h
p h 2nf l i se
a5 c h4 o. f t k de
ie l sf r t t t l a ro t nt 0 tc . ooe i o h m w
s a t i s Nf af c ut co ra yl t. c i uhr l e ea o toq r it uos ni r r aeehms d ea m
n asnt ei bo eo non
76
DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT
A skirt is the most frequently u
v
s
e I si a s
o t iw
a
ts m
s ena oth i ssd f saud cf ept v ot pre y or o t r
t e tb l ca s o c .n h t w iet sne d tu lt o hduy s ai uenh s g t uanr o ea e qld h u l d
eh dz l e tdi e et i r tfmn sh i gi no hcet kss n ke esh i s
r
ft e
.
F
i A ga
uB s r t en hm s c
ooho d t m w
os smy e t okth pna i t e t aer cI fha t m eo
c a l c ou t l ra t e i qow hnu s i te ri vf ee lzaod j h l e edo uf f, eig e c sbi ni te fn vt c y
C
(
o1 mU bd u ’2 ase
W e ) yd
e .
G
t is
vv
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
a ceh eo sn mins E
s i edxee eB a r l em d p
D = 37.5 in.
E“ = 0.60 for butt joint
3 f 8l
,
MT = 6
D
F
w
W
e
,
0 b 0
0
.
. .
pFm uc rt o up r o ar s l e
t t e r r e m sq i ht un hk ei i rc i ke e ndr e
1 = i o 1 MT n
R2 ~ SE
r
=1
1 x 6
d
U
R E F E R TE N
h Ce E rS : m
23
8x 3 . X 1 7 .
w
ef = o i
g
h r
t
D X 3
x SE=
. 3
.
= 18,000*stress value
of SA-285-Cplate
W = 3
1l
2 t 2b
0
* s t
= 18.75 in.
R
F
S
l n e
8
8)5 0
3
1
,
X 13 7 X 1 4, .8X 0
T
(
Y
‘
t
i
! p sh f 4 sl i
i
s ts
.
.
, 0 2 i 2.
0 6
=
,12
0
4 0.
0
0i . 0
=0 0
,1 5 0
4 0.
=f 0 A i . L
6k a ec oi ” t kr
n4
(
0
0
6
e t
n2
6
n6
r
.
l
8
2
77
I
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT
V
s
r
e vr et s si
o o k s t t
i
n
csta eat a l o cm
s nw
, bk f ues a
rst d sthe
t s ce
nt f e e d
ir huf c dbetr m
u r r ra oa e al m an b e cna o yt h s b l o ( fn btr ah e
g
.
The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts m
b inumultiple of
s four andt
for tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts.
Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely spaced anchor bolts is not
fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not
closer than about 18 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small
diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical
skirt or wider base ring with gussets.
Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within
the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. The root areas of
bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inch
should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts.
For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described:
1.
2.
o
as
rs d i
e
An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cases.
A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and
other circumstances make it necessary.
?
TABLE B
13 12
NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS
TABLE A
I
Diameter of
Q
Minimum Maximum
Bolt circle in.
Bolt Bolt *
Size RootAreas i
Y
5
3
x
1
l
l
1
l
1
1
1
2
z
2
2
3
* F
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
b
Dimensionin.
1
24 to 36
4
4
3 8
. t 5 2
8o 4
1 o 8
1
6
t
7
0
5 22 /
8
. 7 1
6 8 t/ 1 8
1
41 o 2 2
3 08
/
4 0
. /I
2
21
1
t 1
0
2
82 o 6
/ 6
. 1
3 - 1 1 0A1
21 / 3 t 1 8
20 4
3
2 24 o 4
1
5
/
-3
1 /
/ 8 1
6
1
-1
%
8
2/
. 1
6 -1
9 13 /1
4 AC
4/T
B
L
E
. 1
8 -1
9x 3 0 /1
XA8 / IL LM8 O USW M
TA B
R FLE E S S E
O
.3 1
0 -1
5A 7 - M 4 /A3
O
U/
AL 2S
S
A T N EB C
H DO O S RL
%
.2
2 1
9 4B 1
.5 2
5 -1
1A1 - S 5p / 5e c i 8 f/ i c a8 t i o nM
a
al
l
x
D
t ne
r
3
4i b ai em S re
pt
r
se
.2 / 7 1
44- 4N 3 u 1 / 4m
8
8/
. 72
0 -1
4A3 9 /7
2 A d 2 i a mlA 1e5 t 5 e rl, s 0
. 2
3 -2
0 1 S 0 3/
n n1
d8
%e, d 0
/ 1 B 74 / 2 a 4 u
. 2
0 -2
2%3 - SA0 193
. 3
7- ; 1 1% - /S 5 1 1: B 6 ; 2 a 9 ; u 1
nA n1 3 d 68
%e, d 0
1
6
B 78 O
v t ei r
n2 o Y c 2,
l 0
/
. 3
6 - - 1%3 SA8 193
9 v8 t 1 ie A r1n3 o265 c %,
l 7
. 3
6 -2
2 5 - S 1 1/ 7 B 8 / O
4
w o s o t li at
nht t rdr s ea hra
dd
s
.
q n1
.
D
O A
(
B
M
A
A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced by a
continuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle.
The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower.
FORMULAS
Maximum
Tension lb./lin. in.
Required Area of
One Bolt Sq. - in.
S
B
it Anchor
r
p
o
s
~= —.—
12iu w
A8 Ce
T
B,= ;+
e
s
l
s
t
i
TC8
sg -—
- b. N
n
.
N
~
A
T
w
rt i b t c e hi so h i r i a c nl l q e ne t
AB = A
l c n fl
C* = C i r c u mo fb e cr e ni io c e r
M
oa t mb
d e t awnh o te usia rt et f enhl
M=
N
u o a m nb b c oe h r l o f t r
N=
a ax l i l s mo vw
t u ao m
r ba b mel l ea osp t
SB = M
W
oe t vi
dge
huehs r rts el cief et nli
w=
E
G
A
O
,
t
N
.
e
.
.
uo dk t e rb ,
qe
s
u se l sr e i f at i l
obg n ,
.
M
P
L
s
i
0
.
.
qbe
ue e di
.
17 X. 8 .
6 6 ,
02
00
– —
= , 14
l , b i .4 i
.
9
0
7
f 6l
4
t 0b
0 7 . .
M-= 8
6
l d 0 ue r b0r e ci t 01n i . ox g 9 n4 .
w=
0
2
4
-4
p 5 t m 0s a
0x hB i i= 0= m . u e =m 2.196 sq. in.~
SB = 1
9
a l l s o vw
t
ao r a b el l e s u s
e
f
al m o gc eh r . eO
t a
nb mhc a o ht Fe o r T
le i r rAa aP tl 7- obt ar
4 n
uof bolts.
m
b
2 eb ir 2
os . i
l3
q“0 nt
s 0
.
N=
(See TableB on the
A
d0
id . forcorrosion,
i 1 n nuse:
2g
5
.
CB = 9 i
PrecedingPage)
q
n
.
E
ze
v=io 3 i r e t l c nnhD l te eet .t e s nr 0a m; n :i h nuo re nm
a
nb
co
hl
ot
rs
b i c
A~ = 7
X
I
n
T= 4
(4)2Y’”bolts.
C
h
se
ci t a k
r inb ne c go s h
1,402X 94 – 14,324p
SB= 2
x .4
3
0
ls o
0
nt
s
S
t im
a n ax h l ci l s mo e i w
tu e a m
r b el
1
5p t , s se0 n l 0 heui a 0cs m t , ebe i nd e
o b
a os a t il s rf at c tf so r ey .
79
D
O B
R
b l
e a
n t r d o i gsu t e rge i hb
l
u n o i of t oa c r om dfnl ho yc u r na ed nt ate nt e it h eno n xt ou a c l d le s oh et w o
b
e l a o tr o f i o nu an gh d a dt i fo en .
T
t h i o hc t kb n r e seash rsi h tes bfna se e e s li n hg it ds l n ri tb d w
n ee u og s c i se
e a r t h q u a k e .
F O R M U L A S
M
l
a
C
x oim m
p r
b i .
/
1 1 in
i
n
.
A p p r 1oW x i o m
i
B
Ring in.
a
s
7
m
1
-
Is
t*
12
_Di
.
+
9
ue s m s ~i . o 1 n
,n
c . A,
.
a td e
e
t
2
P h
M
f
“t
Approximate Thickness
of Base Ring in.
D
y
C,
t8=
B
e S a
pt r
ri
ne
sg s
B
e oS n
pt d
ir
ne
& s. ~
i
sg s S = s3 x s, 1;i
t52
N
~
A
T
I
O
N
r
= a 0 i . ( s –7 nD Df 8se i g5z Z 4 q i O
n
)
.
rti s t s ke ih hi i a r qn n t e ,
. .
= C i r c u mo fO e ro es n . ci ke
iD
r nn . t f ,
.
= S
b
ea l a o c rfo os i np nceSa rgT se E dt oa ePne i , b
h .l e eg
AR = Areao b
As = A w
.
;
, n e
= Cantileverinsideor outside, whicheveris greater,in.
l: 13= Dimensions,as shownon sketch above. (For minimumdimensionssee Table
A on page77)
M = Momentat the base due t w
o e ai r t f hnl q u oa d k t erb ,
W
= W
oe v
i de
g uos
hp rs eot trie al f nlet
E
G
;
i
v
e
= 8
6f l ,
= 500 psi from
n
4
TableE Page 80
W = 7,500lb. operating
A
O
T
C
S
1
X
A
M
i g os
nb
P
L
t
r ,
.
E
D: e t t e m r im wni h nai iet m h dui e cnm t k
r0 f a o. i .p ecs ron anf etd iig tn r i g o
to 0bb
Pc =
12 x 86,400
4
+
7,500
7 7
= 2
.
.
n h e
n .
l ,b . / 2 l i n7 . 7
6
7
5
8l t ,
0 e b 0 2 s0 , . t 2
=
4
i
b
.
f
n
T
5
r
A
uap.
75obt a,
tl m
1
=
5(3(3
(co 2 hi l
o t 4 r! s n :
) A .
m
i
d
n
i
i
m
f
m
e
l
=
n
u
s
m
i oo
. 2 k 4i D i .
6r. n f2 t
5
.
2V4
m.t
2
i
a
f
1
y
=
n
n
o
A
.
As = h4 s i e
7 qn n
6
. .
u 6 i w ’ bs
r i n / a i de 2ns
C = 7 i
n
$
7 .
r~ = 0.32 x 5 = 1.60 in.
U 1 i t
bs h r n ia i e c%ns . k g e
.
h se tc r k e i s n s g e s :
= 2,273 X 77 = 305 psi
S – 3 x 305 X 52 = 10,167 psi
e s n5 t d
ri 2 ne
B
e s7 a t r
r i 4 ne
g s1
s B.
5
1
nb
o s
C
80
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
When a tower is under wind or earthquakeload, on the windwardside tensional
stressarisesin the steel and on the oppositesidecompressivestressin the concrete
foundation. It is obviousthen that the area of the boltingand the areaof the base
ring are related. As the anchor bolt area increased,the base ring area can be
decreased. With the designmethod givenhere, the minimumrequiredanchorbolt
area for a practical size of base ring can be found. me strength Ofthe steel and
the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the
centerlineof the skirt.
1 D
C
a
D
4 C
f
I
a
c
C
U
c
s
Sa
k
t t ev
lt c r
nb
Sco
e t t ei
0
.
6
:
0
O::s:
:
r
u
p
r
omka i h n l. e
e l sq a h aut nei i
hl 7 T ota e B ars
nm i hs n ei
th s
te i r t h ce a s. knbs heace o s h
l
u n d a t i o n
d e vb hi e a t tt a i wfl oe l ean oh e w na
cs
tt ar u te las
sarlr e o ert s
pg e
a l c u l a t i o n
a lt cb ur lt aah i ti ec s kn ne ee gs
g
u p s s l a as n t ce ec ht o sh a , o
o m p r r ie i s i isn i eo cnfn eb s esg afot
d t i s r t ir tei b us r t oi sasoh in k s nn
F
f
X
s ..
0 1
0.500
0.667
1.000
1
2
3
.
.
.
0
EA
II 2 0
2
f p
fb
8
s1
1
n
B
1000
I
s
I
1
I
0
E
0 0
II 0
0
0
c Ii
1
8
e
,
- O
.i
–
0
.
0
. b0
0
7
8 4
- o
.1
0.0293&b’
–0
.
2
0.0558f. b2
0f. Ii
o.0972f, b2
5
0 -0.1245
0 b
0.123fcb2
0
0 - 0 0 .b
0.131f.bz
0 0 J .b 0 -1 00 b3 .
-10 0 . b3
0
.
f,b2
I
L
Y
1
M
M
/ b
O.000
T
u
e e
r u o ee nzmd
g .b
e le
d e e
o
t
T
DA
B
L
E
V
oa C ol n u s te a sn t f s
a F u no Kc t i o n s s
z
a
U
I1
:
e
a
x
s
o
2
/
,
3
2
.
1
1
13
1
32
81
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
F
* —— 1
O
R
M
9
U
L
A
9
S
/(.=
k
1+
I
~
4
1
-
Bt
+I
& ‘~b~
i
v
I
I
t
Lb
1
.
b
-
‘f, z:::/
T
el
on a so nb i
Fcloal
ehl
d~o(t. M
n b rs
,
T
es
ni t a s r nb i
eSlco p es hl
s ots a n rs
i ,
t .
,
.
a
-.
t
t,=e~
h
B
W
Fc,
t
CirCk.
t
@.
“b=
(/4 + ;,)
S
B
n
.
f
tB= il
~
1
E
~B
p
r
t ah i iw c gs k n uin
tl i
a
t B ne
N
b
d
:
j
1
M
M
n
:
s
w
z
T
A
T
I
O
eh
B
t
=
N
= The distancebetweengusset plates, measuredon arc of bolt circle in.
= T
C
O
ee s gs t ss
,
,‘ .
= CC
= D
= D
= C
= C
= C
= 1–
= M
=
= R
= R
= T
= M
= W
= C
a or
e rt f q a ua e nbi
slr oc i ea o hd
o q lr n r
t
. .
o n, s s TtC a D ona , t te ps b ,r e pl ch e e ea d i ng ne g e
.
i oa a m nbe ct c ei io h r r o c l f rl n e t
,
.
i oa a m nbe ct c ei fo h r r o c l f rl t
et
,
.
o m p s r e i t st s cr i vo eea n t h soc
re s ue o nht t e dbt e r e pgta hei r
nses
o m p s r e it st s cr i vo eean t h sbc cr s ei ponh t er e c sl l t e e ti
,
o ns sT t D aoa tne p tb r, e pl ch e e ea d i ng ne g e
.
t i = w
o ti n4 b dr
i a ht,i .
hns
nf eg e
,
.
oa t mb
d e t awnh o t e usia rt etf elnh qe uo da t k br e
.
o
w h i i cg hr Se e Tv ra eF ot ar t ee p br rs . e p l ch e e ae d i ng ne g
o m
a
o ot ed l iu a o sls o t ua i ftc sc oi eE
t nf yn cSse T
r f/ elE aEtd ee cb
ao b dc
iiio r u c ls l n f e t
,
.
e s n i t a s r nib . el pco es hl s ot n rs i
,
.
a ax l i l s mo vw
t u aom
r ba b pel l e pals u as s et
fe ei
,
.
oe t ti
agot bhh wl ta he f se rb e t e ,
.
o nS sT t Daoa tne pt b r. e pl ch e e ae d i ng ne g e
.
82
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
EXAMPLE
DETERMINE:
DESIGNDATA:
D
d
= 5 f Oi d t i
oa a n.m nbe c t,c
=
in. diameterof anchor bolt circle.
n
= 1
s
w
M
S
A
O
o m
a
0o ot ed l ui a o ,sls ot u i ft sc i Tet fwy ea i t f h hl d i cn t k
ns
o ( n n cT
E Pr a 8e
tbda e l
0g e o b. e r ) a i
p , a l 2l c o s 0ows at m0 obr lpie e n r g . t
h
f
11 = 6)1
o (n
cT
E Pr a8e
bta e l
0g e
, e
)
1
5p a , l l 0s o s v0w
t
ao 0r ba b eli l e as u s s e
f e
i
n
g
.
8p a , l l 0t o s e0w
s na 0it b s lri oi e e l l es t
s s n .
6l w ,
oe 0t bti 0 og 0 hw
h . te
fr e .
9 f 2l m ,
1o a tt 0bmb 0 e a nh. . s t
e t e .
L U T I O N :
s 8 i sw
bu r i mn a a aeci d o m
s .npnse r eeat st gsb r id cv ee if.oh =
sr 1,Ooo
cs lpsi.l t e e t
1
1
18
1 x 1
1
1 +
‘
Sa
‘fctj
f
. fc —2 c .
2kd * 1
R
e
B, = 2 n
U
2
aq
1
T
T
= 0.35
~ 2N k 2 xb 0.35 X 60d
‘
2 x 0.35 X 60 X
ou a i r nbr
e c eod h
– W = ~2 ; 1 xz 6
2
C, S. jd
“
cc
,
0 +
0j
z
,
1
=
t c h o nf hse t
D aa
b r
l
= 1.640
0= 2 0 .
3
0.
= 00 0
7
= 0
.
4
T
rA 1a
i
dob ?i
8
s.
es
=
~:;
=
~d
n i t t s ar i
t
al
=
hces o
hs l on e t r
157,150
0.125 X 3 x 2
2
3
=
= 3.14 x 60
F.
e
= .1
.
i
73p
5
, 3 09
0
3
= (
7+ 1 .x 0 8
7
t
r nr ot o g
57 5
7
3s 6
n
0
i
.
= . 7. d
i1.
.
280
193,150
r
.
s
C o m p l r eo ts osc i o v ne aL hc= 1r– ted = t8n ’ ee– 0:
=
r
bal mw
nm4 e ebo os t a8 et u. il rbs fal a t cd%dti ofud rec y oi
nbel
3
8
2
l ao f t r
s
M
9 – 23 d ) x 1068 20x “w 0!
~2
4
= 2
s 3i
X, 1
83x 0 , 3 x . 60 3 07
08
use (12) -2 in. diameteranchorbolts.
Tensileload on the anchorbolts
9 – 23
, 6x 10 z, 0 x . 05 0= 1 04 ~ 0l 2
M– W D = 6
=
9
0
X.5
7
8
3
jD
T
ra nn
e e
T
i i shu f af i igc
m 0 w t e0 a i s 8 n s h t u
1 l p , u
v
o fCb=
a
,
1 sa
nbi
tco nr hle g rqot ha2u rsf io o r,r b e eo d oe on
=. 1 5 i 0 . /
19
2n 5
8
.
3
F
nm
z
anchor bolts;
r
c
a
=1
c
= 1
r
= 1
= 3
= 6
f=
oTc l f s rl a e nt i h. uo
ei o. h rr
.3 7x 11
5 =2 .4
p50 6
)
43 0 s 0
n57
DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING
EXAMPLE (CONT.)
Checkingvalueof k whichwascalculatedwithassumedvaluesof~,~= 1,000psiand
S. = 18,000
Thentheconstantsfrom
1
S1
1
k=
I
+‘
jD
F,
r~rCf = 0
1
5
7
X. 3 X 21
1
5p
65
l
e e
8c
8,
1
6
= 1
9
,
4
6
7
5 l
2
6
8 0
1
,
s 2
3
1 b 9
4
i
+ W = 157,192 + 36,000 = 193,192lb,
=
fcb =
FC
(14 + n fsjr CC= (
193,192
7+ 1 .X 0 8
C o m p s r e i t st s ar i v nbee
hcos
S = n
= 1 xf 5
= 5,
p. , 9 b
C o m p s r e i t st s cr i ov eean t h sco
fc = fcb x 2 :M+ 1= 596 X
R
X. 5
,
= 1
.2
b r
.
.
=
= 0.461
j
z
692,100 – 36,000 X 0
=
x 5
M –
Sa =
= 0.19
17 _ ,
x
‘fCb
=
T
D aa
=
10
c
9 + 6
= 2
c
e
= 6
2 X 0.19 X 60
ss
3 X 805
= 2.406 i
1
5
,
0
d
rs
0
res ue o nht t e dbt e r
2 X 0.19 X 60 + 8
t q h u i oi bc r kr e n fade= i6s i
tB = 11~
hsl
ont e
0 s 66
9
= 5
5 2.
.3 7X 11
n
= 8
e tga ehi
r
0
,
n
0
)
9 s
8 0
4
i
p
f en g
0
:
p
50 1
nes
f eg e
s
5
,
.
T d
e t c t r h e i o act h bks o rne eua hiseg s puns lsfs eg a es t , e ee t s
U
( s g
i2pu
l tsn d4a s igt bse e) h et tts at g ,nwu c ese he s e e n t
se ,
.
~d
6
b= — = 7.85” ; ~ = —
= 0.764
24
b
7.85
f
:
T
rF a
= M = 0
m
ob
l m
e
:
.
1
fC1,2=
0.196
x 89 Y x & 6= 5
~
1
e
.i
U5 I
=
0i
l 6
0i t n 7 sb hM6p n ial .
5 n8 b
e ac” s .t k
0
ee
.
.
84
ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS
The chairsare designedfor the maximumload whichthe bolt can transmitto them.
The anchor b s a o b i p l ansz l b t hc as e a dla t cae du l eel as lot c t ee r fd i b o e hs
g
po
A c
l s
o
a
n
o t
i
g
n e
gs
.
te l a oc d t t pi gnl sl g ehba hw st eaw fe ecl los din t l fei net widu oT l ueh s l ’ l
i ef
wi z sh l gbe lhoe hfe lae o t anlt d h lj li heo pne i fnt nl hf e eii acr n k ngt
-
DIMENSIONS inches
hchor
1 dim
bolt
A
1
1
1
2
1
ls/~
13/4
23f~
2
2
3
2
2
3lj~
2
3
c
3
2
3
3
4
4
5
3
5
s5
6
3
3/
4
6
4
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
13/4
1lj~
2
21/8
{
1
3
3
3
G
F
E
D
1
4
518
5fa
11/4
11/4
1
13
e
1
1
11/
2
/
2z
/
21 4
21
/
2
31 2
/
3 4
f ba v eS kl erc
h Aee e o Ssi n .m
C hm at AnDou n B r . cto a t hl
t ni Rr enoe lgJgf e i.1 u num 9e
r n6 ,
3e
.
st o
7
7
3
.
T
B
B
1
1
13
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
!
a
R
tb
Sa
h i at o
i P zes
86
STRESSESIN LARGE
H
V
SUPPORTEDBY SADDLES
The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zick’s
analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zick’s work (Pressure Vessel
and Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers
to the anaIysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with
slight modification and further refinement. Zick’s work has also been used in
different studies published in books and various technical periodicals.
The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned
above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)
A horizontalvesselon saddle support acts as a beamwith the followingdeviations:
1. The loadingconditionsare different for a full or partiallyfilledvessel.
vesselvary accordingto the angleincludedby the saddles.
2.
3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads.
LOADINGS:
1.
a
a
2. Internal Pressure. Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half of
the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness
is available to resist the load of the weight.
3. External Pressure. If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum
occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially
when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump.
4. Wind load< Long vesselswith very small t/r values are subject to distortion
from wind pressure. According to Zick “experience indicates that a vessel
designedto 1 psi. external pressure can successfullyresist external loads encounteredin normaIservice.”
5.
87
LOCATIONOF SADDLES.
The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economicallyover
the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is
necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location
of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case,
then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled
vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize
the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick wa!led vessels are best supported
where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the
stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddles. The
distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than
0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L)
Contact Angle O
The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for
very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under external pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120° by the ASME Code.
(UG-29).
Vessels supported by saddles are subject to:
1. Longitudinal bending stress
2. Tangential shear stress
3. Circumferential stress
1
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
R
t~ =
=
o
~
m
A
Q
C
. 1
oa
n o sn t
daa g ced
lt
A
Max. Allow.Stress
I
i
e
:4
*
~d
~
L
~
Z
n
o Sf
o pa
$
-l
&
v
AT
MIDSPAN
YYo
Am
Au
QL
—-
(Tensio~at
ihe Bottom
Compression
the
uJ~
z:
0
]+2~
e c t a ie
xt
pt
t s l dt t n hru
r e ( e r Ps n sRs a n/u lh 2r
a c l l es oh ew
t
adr b
en g n g
e S1
4A
4H - T
4
*
S1 p
n
()
1 ‘zr
R2ts
e
a
t
d
l
l s o
e
r
vw
t
i
x0 t c t ie
.
ao r avb el m
el e s s
a
l
.
S3 plus stress
n<
IN
=
0*Q
~ti
K4Q
HEAD
u<
m
UJ
A
n
a-$
ADDlTIONAL
STRESS
[N HEAD
w
zQ
AT
HORN
!3 g
SA%LE
Et
r
AT
n
i
on
g
K5Q
S3. = ~
“L~ BOTTOM
,=
O
,=0 .= SHELL
L 3
4
1t
timesthe
S4
i2&QR
——
Q
s4=–
‘j 3
:
.
3K6Q
Q
-—
&=-~t~(b+l.5@s)
?(:
M
2
Q
=—
Ilth
IN
q I/l!
,J
S*
SHELL
w
-— K4
–
~ts
.~
Lt$
5(
K7Q
s5=– ts(b+1.56@@
F
~b
+
s
)
ma
89
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES
~
NOTES:
YY
JJ
positive
$
4
~
D
~
~
z
w
m
~
4
~
n
~
~
uz
I
Values
denote
t
e stresses
n
and
s negative
i
l values
e denote compression.
E z Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materidpound per square inch
The maximum bending stress S1 may be either tension or compression.
Computing the tension stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values of
K1 shall be used.
Computing the compression stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values
of K8 shall be used.
When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for S1.
The compression stress is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R SO.005 and the
vesselis designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure.
Use stiffener ring if stress S1 exceeds the maximum allowable stress.
~
&
$
m
m
$
G
z
w
u
~
If wear plate is used, in formulas for S2 for the thickness ts may be taken the
sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10
inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the
saddle and an adjacent stiffener ring.
In Unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When
the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the
tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. This
n put r e e r s n se auo lr
stress shall be added to the stress in the heads d t i
W
s
t h i r f aef i u e
ntnns em r rgae
xs hs d i o eh m , ca ute e cem aqu
u hr a
st
e
o
e
A
~
~
~
&
a
L
~
Q
~
~
Q
I w
p
ei ul
i asf
o fet rfr m
S edf u the
s l, oicknessts
a n so may rbe 4taken
r the
sum of the shelland wearplate thicknessand for ts!? maybe”takenthe shellthickness squared plus the wear plate thickness squared, provided the wear plate
extends R]l Oinchesabovethe horn of the saddle , and A< It12. The combined
circumferentialstress at the top edge of the wear plate should alsobe checked.
Whencheckingat this point: ts = shellthickness,
b = width of saddle
O = centralangleof the wearplate but not more
than the includedangleof the saddleplus 12°
i sf
o e rf m
S d f u t l, t o ahn sio t chm k rb n5t er t esaa s
If wear plate is u
k
s
o t s u a h w h ue mten l hl f ie capl k r d nt ot re w
vs e si o ,idt hwe d pd
eth l e h
e
qa l u b +e 1 a
al.
s s5
t t6
I t
s
i nh sh t e i tf o lm
f f ee a nl sxehs tdi ot , m cra ut e ceh m ous t oshrs
a s r d h t de
T
s
iht n br t ia e
ot ds ts i s d n s preSSUK4reSS.
tt e h ee o rd n o ae l
I a s t i s f tf h em n aene xrhdi nl i g - mc lo mu epi rm
ae ts s ib o n o o hs t
ht s oet
U s t i r sf i f t ei c in r ece un m
rh f be r gee n sft nei a etdl
xir t cn em eg as e xh sd i s m
a l l so w
t
ar b e l se
s
.
90
STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWO
SADDLES
VALUESOF CONSTANTK
(Interpolate for IntermediateValues)
‘K, = 3.14 if the shellis stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2)
;ONTACT
ANGLE
0
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
K2
1.171
1.139
1.108
1.078
1.050
1.022
0.996
0.971
0.946
0.923
0.900
0.879
0.858
0.837
0.818
0.799
0.781
1
1
1
0.335
0.345
0.355
0.366
0.376
0.387
0.398
0.409
0.420
0.432
0.443
0.455
0.467
0.480
0.492
0.505
0.518
0.531 5
0.544 5
0.557 5
1
0
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
0.585
0.599
0.613
0.627
0.642
0.657
0.672
0.687
0.702
0.718
0
0.763
0.746
0.729
0.698
0.683
0.668
0.654
0.640
0.627
0.614
0.601
0.589
0.577
K5
K3
0.880
0.846
0.813
0.781
0.751
0.722
0.694
0.667
0.641
0.616
0.319 0.592
0.569
For
0.547
Any
0.526
Con0.505
Tact
Angles 0.485
0.466
0
4
0.448
0.430
6
8
0.413
K(5
i 0.401,
0.393
0.385
0.377
0.369
0.362
0.355
0.347
0.340
0.334
0.327
0.320
0.314
0.308
0.301
0.295
0.289
.0.283
0.278
0.272
0
0
0.380
0.365
0.350
0.336
0.322
0.309
0.296
0.283
0.271
0.260
0.261
0.256
0.250
0.245
0.240
0.235
0.230
0.225
0.220
0.216
See
chart
on
facing
page
K7
0.760
0.753
0.746
0.739
0.732
0.726
0.720
0.714
0.708
0.702
0.697
0.692
0.687
0.682
0.678
0.673
0.669
;.;;:
0:657
0.654
0.650
0.647
0.643
0.640
0.637
0.635
0.632
0.629
0.627
0.624
0.603
0.618
0.634
0.651
0.669
0.689
0.705
0.722
0.740
0.759
0.780
0.796
0.813
0.831
0.853
0.876
0.894
0.913
0.933
0.954
0
0.994
1.013
1.033
1.054
1.079
1.097
1.116
1.137
1.158
1.183
91
STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWO
SADDLES
VALUESOF CONSTANTK6
0.01
0
: 0
uA
0 :
R
5
A
T
I
O
92
STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSEIS SUPPORTEDBY‘IWO
SADDLES
EXAMPLECALCULATIONS
DesignData
s 48 in. distancefrom tangentline
of head to the center of saddle
24 in. w
o is
ad
d t
d h l
21 in. depth of dish of head
960in. lengthof vesseltan.-tan.
= 250psi. internaldesignpressure
300,000lb. load on one saddle
60 in. outsideradiusof shell
1.00in. thicknessof shell
= 120deg.contact angle
SheI.1
material: SA515-70plate
Allowablestress value 17,500 psi.
Yieldpoint 38,000 psi.
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
L
=
I
o
6“
LONGITUDINALBENDINGSTRESS (S,)
Stress at the saddles
~,
,A(.1-:jj:)3m,mx4(_l-~::;j~~)=522psi
K1R2t.
x 602x I
=
Stress at midspan
~:%(+:~j.2-%)3m*qxw(::~%)=4,,,psi
=
S
nRzt,
dt t i r
=
3.14 x 602 x 1
2 xd
PR
n pe t u r es e— r s s= ns— e ua o r l= 7e
5
p:
2X1
4959+
ir oe 75(XI
nsm =
as f12,459
le spsi :
2t~
S
0
s0
o
Thes o t e nsu st
0e5 ph4
It d n e o tx s coe v t eo hrta s eg et sl d i s 1 ehu srx7 . ae =,t 1f m
C o m ps r ei t ns fs r i soa en t oci sO
t /sn1.
os= 00t c Rr/ 0 . e
5>6 0
0
0: , 8 0 8
;
10
i
s 57
7
93
STRESSESIN LARGEHORIZONTALVESSELSSUPPORTEDBYTWO
SADDLES
EXAMPLECALCULATIONS
(cont.)
TANGENTIALSHEARSTRESS(S,)
SinceA (48)>IV2(60/2),the applicableformula:
‘,=%L*H)=
1“’’;”:?*OOO
doesnot exceedthe s
tv
( :::3”.4:1
)=’$’mPsi
of
r ashellmaterialmultipliedby
e l s
us
e 0.8; 17,500x 0.8
= 14,000psi.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS
Stress at the horn of saddle (S4)
Since L (960)> 8R(480), A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula:
s4=-
4
Q
.—3K6Q
t
A/R =48160 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart)
s, ‘–
300,000
4 X 1 (24 + 1.56 d-)
3 X0.036X 300,000
= –18,279 psi
–
2t
S4 does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 17,500 x 1.5
=26,250 psi
Stress at bottom of shell (Ss)
K, Q
Ss =—
.
r~ +1 ~ .
S =–
x 300,000
1(24 + 1.56 <~’)
5
6
5=–6,319 psi
% doesnot exceedthe compressionyieldpoint multipliedby 0.5; 38,000x0.5
= 19,000psi
94
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY
SADDLES
N O T A T I O N .
A = C
s r e ac o t i rso
/
II II
II l!
1 =
K =
(
L
Q
R = R
8@
2
o o os
oa
d
aI
i
n s ae l
ad n = db
u
dl
s
ne
=
@ =
A
S
1
t
r
~
1 .
~
R
I
ni
s
ni
d
ge
.
C o m p r e s sS i oK
~ n 6K ~
a t S
h h
e
l t e Il
G 1 ov
e
r
n
s
5 +
<
c
~ Saddle
d
- ,r 3
and Ring
=9
~
O
u
tn s
i
dK ge K .~
9
S
at t
r
e s h s ~ s ~ ~t e =
S
h
e
l
l
%
R
O
ui
t
s n i
d ge
.
K9Q
Stress at the
S
~
6. K, ~QR =
o t
h
f l/d
e
Q–
/
&
5
.
5
sm Q
,–
Es
“: ~
Q.
Q
+
–
,
“
-
U
w
,
+
-
d
S
R
!
+
h
I
j
e
s
ni
!
~
t
~
‘
ni
~
d
Ss h. aK
l
ge
.
t ● K ~ –e
I
9
w
G
“ $ Q6 T Q
/
=
3
c
and Ring +
l
! 3
$
~
:
s 6 = - K # - K ’ :j ~ R
:
e
<
m“
95
STIFFENER RING
FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY
SADDLES
VALUES OF CONSTANT,K
(Interpolate for Intermediate Values)
Contact
Angle e
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
K9
.34
.33
.32
.30
.29
.27
.25
K1o
.053
.045
.037
.032
.026
.022
.017
NOTES:
1. In figures & fmrnulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and negative
signs denote compression.
2. The first part of the formulas for S6 gives the direct stress and the second part
givesthe circumferential bending stress.
3. If the governing combined stress is tensional,. the stress due to internal
pressure, —PR shall be added.
$
CALCULATION OF MOMENTOF INERTIA (1)
1. Determine the width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential
; 0.78 ~~
bending moment. The effective width = 1.56 ~~
on both sides of the stiffener ring.
2. Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and adculate the areas (a) of each
rectangles, including the area of shell section within the effective width. Add
the areas (a) total area = A,
3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) from the shell to the center of
gravity of the rectangles. Summarize the results and denote it AY.
4. Determine the neutral axis of the stiffener ring,the distance (C) from the shell
to the neutral axis c = Amy
5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of
each rectangle of the stiffener.
6. Multiply the square of distances (h2) by the areas (a) and summarize the
results to obtain AI-IZ
b d3
7. Calculate the moment of inertia Ig of each rectan~es Ig =~,where
b =
the width and d = the depth of the rectangles.
8. The sum of AH2 and Z I gives the moment of inertia of the stiffener ring
and the effective area of the & en.
See example calculations on the following pages.
96
M
O MINERTIA(I)
E
N OFTSTIFFENER~NGS
F
O
EXAMPLECALCULATIONS
A
R=7
D I M EL I N I S IN O LN
C S H
O
U RT
A
S O ISD D
2 IH E U E
E N S
S L F L
1= 0.78~x
~
11
=
=
X
X
1
A
RI
b2d: =
0.5 x 63 = ~.oo in. 4
+
a
R
E
4
0
I
Y
A
0 .
A
I
S
. 9 1
I
h
b
2. 3 7
5 .1 2
2 13 .
1
I
I
~
A
A
‘\
—
I=
=
2 +
=
+
i 4
=
n
1=1.56 ~~
=
x
=
““”251-F%-’2’””25
q
*
X
h,d;
=
in4
77-
=
12
1
b
MARK I AREA I
a
Y
A=
–
a X h2
h
o
@
‘
~ –- A – —
A
O
=—
=
–
‘
1 =”
1
=
-
=
–
0.10
.
35
@
A=
@
d
;
b, = 9.86
i
E
1
1
MARK I ‘AREA I
i
-
2 –
+l Y =
s
+
=
4
MOMENTOF INERTIA (I) OF STIFFENER RINGS
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
ALLD1MENS1ONS
ININCHES
R = 72 in. OUTSIDERADIUSOF SHELL
1 = 0.78 ~~
CJ
$ ,
I
0.78 J72 X0.5 = 4.68
m
A
*
I
RI
E
b, d: ~
12
*
=
x
12
4x0
—
12 =
12
a
2
h
Y
A
o
“
@
“
=g
~
“
‘
.
=0
4
.
5
b
—
1
2
3
A=
~
AY
A
‘—=
-
25.23
—
= 2S4
9
-
=
.
I = AH 2 + Ig = 6
9
3
1
=
+ 94l z 7 . i 34 0
=
. 3 n 1 .a
7
/
~ =
A
2—
8
= 2~2
.
” I. = A =9 2 + 7I =3 5
4
3
2+ 90
= 5 . .H
i 94 7 g 0 . 3 n 7 3
6
.“
D
S
M
A
1
T
c
s
s r
A
R
E
aa t hdl
ods . hew
l m
e c eer t tuset ieh tso sr ni fi h z s( too Tn t et r~eaf l f c he ) c
e o otc s t s ati r hosd te n dl s i lfhoei o te s oi oht at nv is er d hr as(R).
s e dsd
efi
F=K1lQ,Where
Q= the load on one saddle, lbs.
K,, = constantas tabulated.
Theaveragestressshallnot exceedtwothirdsofthe compressionyieldpoint ofthe
material.(See examplebelow.)
VALUES OF CONSTANT K,l
IntactA
Kll
X
120°
n
.204
g 130° l
.222
140°
e
.241
150°
.259
160°
.279
170°
.298
180°
.318
EXAMPLE:
Diameter of vessel= 8’- 6“
Weight of vessel= 375,000 lbs.
Q= 187,500 Ibs.
Saddle material: SA 285 C
Web plate thickness = 0.25 in.
Contact angle = 120°
Kl, = 0
f t
a
R =5 =1 i
F
F = K,, x
0.204 x Q187,500= 38,250
= lb.
To resist this force the effective area of web plate= lU3 x 0.25= 4.25 in.2
38,250/4.25 = 9,000 lbs. per square inch.
The allowable stress = ?4 x 30,000= 20,000 psi.
The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F).
2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudinal bending over the web.
3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling.
99
E
X
O
P
A AN
C
S OI NO T
NNR A C T ID O N
H O R I Z VO NE T SF
A LS
B
A
E
L
S
4
9
~ ~ BOLTS
– ~B
O
R
I
L
-
*
2
T
QS
S
A
~
D
D
2
L
E
S
++
“
CONTRACTING
VESSEL
EXPANDINGVESSEL
For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one
on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this
saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of
the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. The
coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree
F = 0.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimension “a” calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 700F
and the indicated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles
is more than 3/8” inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the
vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4”
thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle.
MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. “a”)
DISTANCE
FOR TEMPERATURE oF
BETWEEN
SAD-DLEs
-50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Ft.
a
H
@
z
:‘u ~
~
$ ~
&
le width of
h s
h d
n
l
e
o i
bc +
y
ql
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
0
1/4
1/4
3/8
3/8
0
0
1/8
1/8
1/4
1/4
1
1
o a
el t
1 3
a
m
e .
90
5[8
ho
o l
r318
5 33 0
4 1
*
u
8
1/2
0 1/4
3/8 3/8
1/4 3/8
5/8 3/4 1
7/8 1-1/8 1-3/8
3/8 5/8
3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8
1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4
1/2 1
5/8 1-1/4 1-5/8 12-1/8 2-3/4
3
1 /
s
3
1 /
f
1-3/4
7/8
t
1 1 [
5/8
1-1/8
1-5/8
2-1/8
2-5/8
3-1/8
800
900
3/4
1-1/4
1-5/8
2-3/8
3
3-5/8
3/4
1-3/8
2
2-1/2
3-3/8
4-1/8
1/ - / 2 - 3 23 - 74 / 3 -4 1 / 84 - 1 / 84 5 /12
2/ - 0 / 2 - 1 23 - 18 / 4 -4 7 / 24 - 5 / 8 5 - 1 / 8
2-3/8 3-1/4 4
21 -0
- /8
-7 / 8
4-5/8 5-3/8 6
3 - 7 84 - 58 / 5 - 5 / 86 - 1 / 8 6 1 / 8 - 12
S
FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL
r
-
B
VESSELS
j’”
H
O
]
i
L
E
G
Ii
k
&
~
E
Q
‘-
E
L
SUB
PA
;~
T
\
H
MH
‘“;
LA : - LSC Y E
&D-
I
H
I
I
C: C ‘:
E
:
-
The design based on:
1. the vessel supported by two saddles
2. toresisthorizontal force (“)duetothemaximumo peratingweightofvessel
as tabulated.
3. the maximum allowable stress is % of the compression yield point: % of
30,000 = 20,000 psi.
4. the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi.
5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120°.
Weld: %“ continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges.
Drill and tap %“ weep holes in wear plate.
At the sliding saddle the nuts of the anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured
by tack welding.
SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENS1OIW
“
J
101
SADDLE
{OMN.U
lwAMEITR
)F\EY$EL
0
1-2
1-4
1-6
1-8
1-1o
2-o
2-2
2-4
l-x
1-2
1-3!L
1-5!4
1-7
1-9
1-1OY2
2-2Y2
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
I-6
1-7
1-8
c
D
4
4
4
4
E
F
o-3~z
!/Z
o
Y?
Yl
%
V2
%
K
!4
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
K
%
‘h
%
N
%
%
%
%
‘%
%
%
%
%
%
%
‘/4
‘A
42,000
50,000
56,000
62,000
70,000
76,000
84,000
90,000
‘/2
%
‘%
98,000
%
!4
%
%
%
%
Y2
‘A
‘/4
%
5
!4
%
%
%
%
‘h
‘/4
‘A
3/8
3/8
1 3-
3/4
13/8
104,000
112,000
128,000
134,000
144,000
210,000
220,000
252,000
282,000
312,000
344,000
2-o
6
2-1
6
11
1-0
3/4
2-2
2-3
2-6
3-o
6
6
6
6
11
11
11
11
1-1
1-2
1-4
1-6
3A
%
%
‘h
3
6-
1
-1
4%
4-9!4
3-6
6
11
1-1o
%
1
%
5-25
5-8
3-9
9
18
2
%
1
%
‘
4-o
4-3
4-6
9
9
9
18
18
18
2-2
2-4
2-6
3/4
1
3/4
‘/2
3/8
3/8
9
18
2-8
1
Y2
3/8
5-o
5-3
5-6
5-9
9
9
9
9
18
18
24
24
2-10
3-O
3-2
3-4
1
1
1
1%
1%
IK
1%
1%
3/4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Yl
Y’
4-9
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
21
31
31
%
‘/2
‘h
3/4
‘/2
!L?
‘/2
‘/2
3/4
Y2
940,000
%
‘A
?4
Y2
%
%
986,000
2“2
2-8
2-1o
3-o
3-2
3-4
3-6
4-o
4-6
5-o
5-6
2-4
2-5
2-6%
2-9
2-11
3-!4
3-6
3-11
6-O
6-6
4
7-o
6-1
7-6
6-6
8-O 6-1IY2
8-6
7-4%
9-o
7-9%
9-6
8-3%
1o-o
8-8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1-9 4
1-1o 4
1-11 6
10-6
9-1%
6-O 9
24
3-6
11-0
9-6!A
1o-o
10-5
6-3
9
24
6-6
9
24
6-9
9
24
3-8
3-lo
4-o
12-O
H
G
0-4
4
0-5
4
0-6
4 O-6YZ
6
0-7
6 0-7%
6
0-8
6 0-8%
6 0-9
6 0-9!4
11 0-1o
11 0-11
2-6
11-6
MAXIMUM
OF
‘/2
%
%
l/2
!4
1
1
8
3/8
/ 402,000
436,000
470,000
502,000
536,000
760,000
806,000
852,000
896,000
1,030,000
1,076,000
8
102
r
S
V
LEG SUPPORT
NOTATION:
w,
W = Weight of vessel, lbs.
n = number of legs
Q = ~
Load on one leg, Ibs.
R = Radius of head, inch
*
H = Leverarmof load, inch.
2A, 2B = Dimensionsof wear plate
S = Stress, pound per sq. inch
t = wall thicknessof head, inch
K = Factors,see charts
C =
inch
C = radius of circular wear plate, in
Q
@lI’
El
D=1,82S
n
o
Rtf
E
LONGITUDINALSTRESS:
Q
[
C
K (Kl + 6 OK2) + ; f
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
Q
[
cos a
(
R
~ S(K3 + 6 K.)
1
STRESS:
+ 6 KG)+K H
Rf
f (K7 +5 6 K8) ]
NOTES:
Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression.
Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K,, K3, K5 and
K, denote negative factors and K2, Kq, KGand K8 denote positive factors.
Computing the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for SI and S2, K,, K2,
K3, K4, K5, KG, K, and K8 denote negative factors.
The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively,PIUSthe tensilestressdue to ~
internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material.
The maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively,plus the tensile
due to internalpressure shall not exceedthe allowablecompressionstressvalueof
head material.
4
103
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
0.2OAO.6
0.81.01.2 1.5
4
3
2.0
.
D
& K5
020.40608101.2
1.5
4.0
2.0
D
VALUE OF Kz 8LKG
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
0.20
~
k
O
0
0
.0.2040.60.81.01.2
1
2
4.0
3.0
D
VALUE OF K3 8ZK,
0.60
0.50
k!?
-0.40
Q?
0.30
0.20
0.10
020.4060.81.012 1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
D
VALUE OF Kz 8ZKg
105
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
DESIGN DATA
800,000 lb, weight of vessel
n = 4, numberof legs
w 800,000
Q
d = 200,000 lb, load on one leg
R = 100 inch, rr,diusof head
H= 5 inch, leverarmof load
2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensionsof wear plate
? = 1.8 inch thicknessof head
Cos~ = 0.800
P = 100
SA — 515–70
Allowable stress value: 17,500 psi
Joint Efficiency: 0.85
Yield point: 38,000 psi.
Factors K (see charts):
c=
~
= ==
15 inch
K1 = 0.065, Kz = 0.030, K3 = 0.065, Kq = 0.025,
K5 = 0.020, K6 0.010, K, = 0.022, Kg = 0.010.
LONGITUDINAL STRESS:
1.) Maximumtensile stress:
S1 =
200,000
1
[
5
0.800 (–0.065 + 6 x 0.030) + — r
.
8
2
100
(-0.065
+ 6 X 0.025)
The stress due to internal pressure:
PR
—— 100 x 100
2t –
2 X 1.8
= + 2778 psi
The sum of tensional stresses:
7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
100
—
1.8
1
= + 7,634 psi
106
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT
2.) Maximum compressional stress:
Q
S1 = ~
S1 =
cos ~ ( – K, – 6KZ) + g V
[
R
200,000
1.82
[
0.800 ( –0.065
R
T( – K3 – 6KQ)
1
5
– 6 X 0.030) + — r
100
( –0.065 – 6 X 0.025)
100
G
1
= – 17,0:44psi
The stress due to internal pressure:
PR
100 x 100
——
= + 2778 psi
2t – 2 x 1.8
The sum of stresses:
– 17,044 + 2,778 = – 14,266 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi
C i r c u m f es r e tn t ir a l e
s
s
:
1.) Maximum tensile stress:
= ~Q
S2 =
[
cos ~ ( –K5 + 6K6) + ; V
200,000
1.82
[
0.800 ( –0.020
R
~ (–K7
+
5
+ 6 X 0.010) + — v
100
(–0.022
1
15K8)
100
=
+ 6 X 0.010)
The stress due to internal pressure:
PR
—=
100 x 100
2t
2 X 1.8
1 =+
2,849 psi
= + 2778 psi
The sum of tensile stresses:
2,849 + 2,778 = 5,627 psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi
2.) Maximum compressional stress:
= ~Q
[
cos m ( – K5 – 6 K6) + ~
R r
R
7( –K7 – 6K8)
1
STRESSESIN VESSELSON LEG SUPPORT
S2 =
200,000
1.8Z
[
0.800 ( –0.020
5
– 6 X 0.010) + — v
100
—
x 0.010)
1
(–0.022
The
-6
due to internal pressure:
PR
—— 100 x 100 = + 2778 psi
2t – 2 X 1.8
The sum of stresses:
– 5837 + 2778 = – 3,059 psi.
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
100
1.8
= -5,837 psi
.
-
LEG SUPPORT
Notch out angles
\
to clear seam
I
I
I
I \
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
f;
‘
8 +
*
& ~“1
A
‘
“!!!!
1
SECTION A-A
V
E
D
S V S EE
H I E M I
S L ANG.LE
S
E
L
GA SIZE
H
A
T m
I
a
XI
x
2’-6”
3 X3 X3
84“
f
5
10’-0”
~
X3
x
x .3
.
5/
x1
/
x5 x 1
6 X6 X5
—
°68
,
°
0
”
7
”
”
”
21
’
1
-
2
/
7
.
’
5
“
“
-
81‘ “
“
”
0
”-
/
0
”
o
109
... .
—
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO
L
S
U N S T I F F E N E D S T
S
H
E
L
LS
I
F
H
F
E
E
N
E
D
L
N
2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate O
W = Weight of vessel, lb
n = Number of lugs
~=:.
Load on one lug, lb
S = Stress, pound per sq. in
t = Wall thickness of shell, in
shape factor, see table
Factors,
see charts
K=
~.d —
3 B
A
R r
R = Radius of shell, in
H = Lever arm of load. in
L
LONGITUDINALSTRESS:
,,.
K2R
CIK1 + 6 — +
~ E
D R2t
N
I t~
t
c2t
(
2 (1.17 + B/A) ‘~A
e S pnE t s s li : dt o tn hirun
s
vt
ohr as
l t e
em lh as t etue s et i eerl f imff laoi hgcle i s ei s n e cer y a t
fm
E
S
S
:
Kd R
C3K3+ 6 —
QH
DR2f
)
n e p1tu s rse ePe r s sns Res an o uhel / r x ae2 oc
C I R C U M F E R E NS T I T
AL R
‘2 = *
D
(
c4t
)
NOTE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed
the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.
110
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
8
6
4
2
0
0
0
0.10
0
0
n
VALUE OF K]
0
111
STRESSES IN VESSELS
DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
VALUE OF Kz
0
0
(
0
112
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
VALUE OF Kj
0
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
0
0
0
0
0
0.05
0
0.10
0
0.15
(
VALUE OF K4
BIA
1/2
1
2
0
C
R/t
c,
C2
C3
C’4
50
0.72
1.03
0.95
1.07
100
0.68
1.02
0.97
1.06
200
0.64
1.02
1.04
1.05
300
0.60
1.02
1.10
1.04
50
1
1
1
1
100
1
1
1
1
200
1
1
1
1
300
1
1
1
1
50
0.85
1.10
0.85
0.92
100
1.15
1.07
0.81
0.89
200
1.32
0.98
0.80
0.84
300
1,50
0.90
0.79
0.79
VALUE OF C
114
DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
STRESSES IN VESSELS
—.
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
D
E D S
IA
G
TN
A
W = 1,200,000lb. weight of vessel
n = 4 number of lugs
Q = : = 1,200,000 = 300,000 lb. load on one lug
4
R = 90 in, radius of shell
H = 5 in, leverarrn of load
2A = 30 in, 2Z? = 30 in, dimensions of wear plate
t = 1.5 in, thickness of shell
p = 100 psi internal pressure
Shell material:SA -515-70
Allowablestress value 17,500psi
Yield point 38,000 psi
Joint Efficiency:0.85
Shape factors C, (see table):
RI, = $
B/A = 15/15) = 1,0
= 60,
c1 = C2 = CJ = C4 = 1.0
The factors K, (see charts)
K1 = 2.8,
w=
K2 = 0.025,
L o n g i St u t d i r n ae l
,
=
&
UR
“
“
K3 = 6.8
s
s
:
C,K1 +
6, ~
2
+
.~
(
~ = 300,000 x 5
, X228+
1 0.167 x 902 x 1.5
(
902
0.167
x
5 x 15 )
2 (1.17 + 15/15)
+
Stress due to internal pressure:
PR =
z
100 x 90
2 x 1.5
=
3000 psi
’
=
%
=
6
Kd = 0.021
D
2 (1.17 + B/A) ‘x ~A
~ 0.025 x 90
1 x 1.5
_
)
+
– 11,795 psi
–
The sum of tensional stresses:
11,795 + 3000 = 14,795psi
It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:
17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi
0
115
STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT
C i r c u m f Se r e t n t ri a le
s~ = &
s~ =
QH
DR2t
(
C3K3 + 6
300,000 x 5
0.167 X 902 X 1.5 (
s
s
:
KJ?
c~i
)
1 X 6.8 + 6
0.021 x 90
1 x 1.5
)
= 10,616psi
Stress due to internal pressure:
PR
—=
100 x 90
t
1.5
= 6000”psi
The sum of tensional stresses:
10,616 + 6000 = 16,616psi
It does not exceedthe stress value of shell materialmultipliedby 1.5:
17,500 x 1.5 = 26,250
116
L
S
FOR INSULATEDVESSELS
I
r
!1
[J
L u’
Lb,d
--l,&
h
t
T
hl
h
6(Y
t
3
ug
T
4
a
L
L
Ax l i l
o One
o
L
u
_
_
_
}
V
m
o
wu a m b lD eI M E N S I O N S
W
~ a ~
~ d ~n ~
~
~
~
“O L
w
F
bI
g
s 1 ,
. 1
1,400
6!/2
5
2,200
674 5VZ
3,600
5% 3Y4
5%
%
‘/4
7
5%
5/8 5%
‘/4
‘/4
9
8~4 63/4 7y4 6Y4
7
Y4 6?4
‘/4
‘/4
16
5,600
10Y4 83A 9Y4 9%
9y8
1
8Y2
‘/4
1/4
24
9,000
12y*
1
10Y2 ~8
3/8
58
12V4 17 17Y8 1
1l!A %
3/8
72
6
5
4
14Y414%
14,000
13y4 llfi
22,000
15y2 13 1374 lg% 1878
90,000
22Y4 18!/2 19k 31
140,000
~8
oe
L
%
lti
18
388
25% 2072 21Y23478 3578 2
20
482
All dimensionsare in inches
Stressesin vessel shall be checked.
Use wear plate if necessary
I
i
un
117
L
S
FOR UNINSULATEDVESSELS
Jl
4
t
T
hl
h
60°
l
‘L–
—
T
w ~
j
~
L
Ai
l ml
o uw
o Oo
~ a ~n
L
u
b1
g
L
a m bD lI M E N S I O N S
W
~ d ~ n e~
~
~
~
O L
w
F
s I ,
. I
4?46 YJ4 1% %6 full
1,400
2!4
2,200
3,600
3!4 2Y2 3 5% 5?46
4 3y4 3?4 6~4 (jl~b
5,600
53/4 5y4 6y4 974
9,000
7Y4
2
7
2%
4
oe
L
1
full
2
2Y?2 %6 full
4
2
1
4
1/4
‘/4
9
1
5%
%6
‘/4
21
17 17%6 1
6ti
%6
‘/4
28
10
774 14~ 14%6
14,000
9y~ 8~z 9y4
22,000
10
9y’ 10M 18
18y8 lti
7
3/8
‘/4
45
36,000
12
11!4 2Y2 22
22Y2 1%
9
‘/2
3/8
80
y16
3/8
148
5/8
3/8
218
5/8
3/8
260
56,000
90,000
140,000
A
S
U
15 6V4 28H 29 !46 1Y2 12
161/2 1574 7 31 y? 32yg 174 13
15
18
17% 8Y4 34Y2 3578
2
14
d i m e al n i si i on rnl cs
h
e n s
t ir v e
es
s bs hce shs a ee nc l l k
el
de
w
p
ies nl e aca e e st r s ae r f y
,
i
un
g
b
L
:
L
a
I
.
VESSEL
WEIGHT
(LBS)
.
—
— —
D
(IN)
(1:)
I
.&
R
(IN)
H
(IN)
L
(IN)
WELD
(Min)
J
12,000
1
~/~
1v?
5
10
20,000
1%
3/4
2
6
10
30,000
1%
1
2Y8
6
10
co
.-_
&J~
~.=
gL
&s
50,000
1%
1%
2YI
7
12
25
70,000
2%
1
3Y2
8
12
100,000
2Y?
172
4Y2
9
16
150,000
3
11/4
5
10
16
200,000
4
2
6
12
18
250,000
4%
6Yz
13
18
300,000
4fi
2
21/!
7
14
20
.5 ~
%b=
EL
as
=5
~ “~
Notes:
1. All dimensionsare in inches
2. The design is based on conditions:
a. x = 45° “maximum
b. Minimumtensile strengthof lug material 70,000 psi.
c. Direction of force is in the plane of lugs.
e
buckling due to normal or sudden
3, U wear plate ifs necessary to eliminate
loading.
LIFTINGATTACHMENTS
f-h
MINIMUMDIMENSIONSOF LIFTINGLUGSUSINGSHACKLE
Sh~~kle HoIe
Diam.
Di~m. m Lug
D1
~~;d
Sheared
Edge
H
A
5/16
3/8
7/16
I
. J-
l
282(-)I
SIR
-
I
1
I
/,-” ,
.,117
- I1
- ,-
11300
13400
7/$?
21A
II
-I
11
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22
42
72 3
1
3
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cl?
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-.94
1.13
L .90
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1
1
1.22
1.47
1 la
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1 cc
1-1/4
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1-2
A
u
1-1/2
1-5/8
1 9 1A
1-d/+
506
0
-
]
..<”
I
1.72
1 .U2
1L
-
1.75
1.88
2.28
2.45
2
- 2
2 01 - 02/
2 01 - 02/
2 0 / - 02
0
0
3-1;8
.
1
3
5
7
. 2/
4 . 3/
2 . 3/
4. 31 .
L
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1/0
8 1-1/8
I
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a - /. ,
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2-5/8
2-7/8
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1
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718
1-1/4
1-1/2
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1-1/8
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16500 1-3[8
20000 1-1/2
23750 1-518
32350
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0
120
LIFTINGATTACHMENTS
(cont.)
RECOMMENDED
MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness,
and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation.’
WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at
least 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug.
To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug.
All possible directionsof loadingshould be considered(during shipment,storage,
erection, handling.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the am
gle between each leg of the slingand the horizontal should be assumedto be 30
degrees.
EYE - BOLT
r
w
Threaded fasteners smaller
than 5/8” diameter should
not be used for lifting
because of the danger of
overtorquingduringassembly.
Commercial eyebolts are
supplied with a rated breaking strength in the X
direction.
For loadingsother than along
the axis of the eyebolt, the
following ratings are recommended. Theseare expressed
as percentage of the rating
in the axialdirection.
100%0 Y = 33%
20% w = 10%
z=
EXAMPLE:
An eyeboit of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 lb. load in tension(direction
x) can carryonly 4960x 0.33 = 1637lb. load if it acts in directiony.
The abovedimensionsandrecommendationsare takenfromC. V.Moore:Designing
Lifting Attachments,Machine Design, March 18, 1965.
●
Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickneas
may be calculated by the formula:
R
I
6
P
t = 2S (R-DIP)
see page
where
t = required thickness of lug, in.
P = load, Ibs.
S = allowable shear stress, psi.
for designofweldand lengthofW.
121
SAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS
The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of the
angle between the sling and the horizontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe
load shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress.
If the ailowable load for a single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of the
angle between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicate
the allowable load on one side of the inclined sling.
Example:
The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is 8000 lb. If the rope applied
to an angle of 30 degrees, in this position the allowable load on one side will be
8000/cosecant 30 deg. = 8000/2 = 40001b.
Forthetwo-rope
sling the total
allowable load 2 times 4000 = 8000 lb. The table shows the load-bearing capacity
of ropes and chains in different positions. Multiplying with the factors shovm in
the table the allowable load for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate
the allowable load in inclined position.
FACTORSTO CALCULATESAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS
.
L
A
A
A
&
Angle of
Inclination
9(30
600
450
300
1(-JO
On One
End
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.50
0.17
On Two
Ends
–
1.70
1.40
1.00
0.34
122
O
P
externalpiping is connectedto the vessel,the scope of the Code includes:
(a) the weldingend comection for the first circumferentialjoint for welded
connections
(b) the first threadedjoint for screwedconnections
(c) the face of the first flangefor bolted, flangedconnections
(d) the first sealingsurface for proprietaryconnectionsor fittings
CodeU-l(e)(1)
SHAPEOF OPENINGS:
Openingsin pressure vessels shall preferablybe circular,ellipticalor obround.An
obroundopeningis onewhichis formedby twoparallelsidesand semicircularends.
Theopeningmadeby apipeor acircularnozzle,theaxisofwhichisnotperpendicular
tothevesselwallorhead,maybeconsideredanellipticalopeningfordesignpurposes.
Openingsmaybe of shapesotherthan the above. (See CodeUG-36.)
SIZEOF OPENINGS:
Properlyreinforcedopeningsare not limitedas to size,but, whenthe openingin the
head of a cylindershell is largerthan one half the inside diameterof the head, it is
recommendedto use in place of heads, shell reducer sectionsas shownin the Code
FigureUG-36,
NOZZLENECK THICKNESS(CodeUG-45)
For vesselsunder internalpressurethe wallthicknessof openingnecks shall not be
less than:
(1) the thickness computedfor the applicableloadingsin UG-22 on the neck
(pressure,reaction of piping, etc.), plus corrosionallowance.
(2) forotherthan accessandinspection openingsshallnotbe lessthanrequired
for the applicableloadingsand not less than the smallestof the following:
(a) the thickness of the shell or head (to which the opening is attached),
required for internal pressure (assuming E = 1), p
a
b nf
w c
evu e ol ei n d, cs
tle s rt ad e 1e
c o l r a r oul s l i
ihl s / ns o a e n1 s n
i
tn h h i i omcs kut e naw
m e np s dp sa ac i or lf lrd a pr l oul l so e w
(b) t m
i soa
The minimumthicknessof a pipe (ANSI/AB36.1OM)is the nominal
thicknessless 12.5percent allowabletolerance(see page 140).
I
1
—
123
I
O
All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal
corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable
manhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning.
The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the
alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be the most
economical.
INSIDE
DIAMETER
OFVESSEL
1NSPECTION
OPENING
REQUIRED
over 12 in.
less than 18 in.
I.D.
two - 1% in.
pipe size threaded
opening
18 in.
to 36 in.
inclusive
min. 15 in. I.D.
manhole
or
two -2 in.
pipe size threaded
opening
I.D.
over
36 in.
I.D.
min. 15 in. I.D.
manhole
or
two -6 in.
pipe sizenozzle
INSPECTION
OPENINGSARENOTREQUIRED:
1. for vessels 12 in. or less inside diameter
if there are at least two minimum %
in. pipe size removable connections.
2. for vessels over 12 in. but less than
16 in. inside diameter, that are to be
installed so that they must be disconnected from an assembly to permit
inspection, if there are at least two
removable connections not less than
1% in. pipe size. UG46(e).
3. for vessels over 12 in. inside diameter
under air pressure which also contain
other substances which will prevent
corrosion, providing the vessel nontains suitable openings through which
inspection can be made conveniently,
and providing such openings are equivalent in size and number to the requirement of the table. UG-46(C).
4. for vessels(not over 36 in. I.D.) which
are provided with teltale holes (one
hole min. per 10 sq. ft.) complying
withthe provisionsof the CodeUG-25,
which are subject only to corrosion
and are not in compressedair service.
UG-46(b).
The preferablelocation of smallinspectionopeningsis in each head or near each
head.
In place of two smaller openingsa singleopening may be used, provided it is of
such size and location as to afford at least an equal view of the interior.
Compressed air as used here is not intended to include ~ which has had moisture
removed to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. The
manufacturer’s Data Report shall include a statement “for non-corrosive service”
and Code paragraph number when inspectionopeningsare not provided.
NOZZLENECKTHICKNESS
The wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection used as access or
inspection opening only shall not be less than the thicknesscomputed for the
applicableloadingsplus corrosion allowance.
.1
2-
O
4.
W
R
P
Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other
typessee Code, Fig. UW-16.I.
125
B
O
the
e
l
o
W
w
R
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
T
F
I BGH USE R T L E
HE
M SOC OOO
HW M UM
WS TO E N
S OT
YLW Y EPE
C O N N E C
S T CI O FN SO
UE. W
I F D-~ G
1E T E6HO .Y.
1EP
N
O
T
A
T
I
a=~ t o (
= 1
O
) w .h
N
i3i tc 7 sh , m
5e. r via , hel
- t i s 1 mm o /at ht loe 41 li
r
= the smallestof t, t. or 0.375in.
+
o
LE D D
R ER
t
se
rl
se
e
t
sn s et
n
,
.
f , . r
.
b= no minimumsizerequirement
c = the smallest
d=t
t
h
o to 1 i
i o cSh k1 pn
1 n
ew cse i i 6s a
f r 2 .
plf h n 0l e
,
.
e = the smallestof t o 3/4in.
, i aos nn cn e ,
t = t h i o vc k we n l es ac s sos e lr ae r l f lolls ois w
t =n
o t mh i io fc n ki wan. tl el ct sa o sie r a nrl l fol gs ois wil aos nn cn e
T
S
w
N
s
d ehi e h
O ~EF
.
fzla
ti eem
e nd i es r rn ehd qi u im
e r e u me em n t s .
A PE C E
IAS
N N GG
E
.
THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS
T
F
I BGH U$E R T L H
EE
M SOC OOO
HW M UM
WS TO E N
S OTYLW Y EPE
LE D D S E
C O N N E C
S T CI O FN SO
UE.
I1WF D O- G
E T
1TE O 6 Y
.H . PE R ER
S
SEENOTATIONON FACINGPAGE:
GJ
a
I
I
318in.
min.
t
t
7:
Dm
= o
ud
— .
a it
o asp
m+i 3 exidi t e e
.
pr/
-
n
f e
%+
s
d
4
3i i
.
z
FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE.
In somecasestheweldsare exemptfromsizerequirements,or fittingsandboltingpads
maybeattachedtothevesselsby filletwelddepositedfiomthe outsideonlywithcertain
limitations(CodeUW-16 (f) (2) and (3)) such as:
1. The maximumvesselthickness:3/8 in.
2. Themaximumsizeofthe openingis limitedtothe outsidediameterof the attached
pipe plus 3Ain.
3. Theweldthroatshall bethe greateroftheminimumnozzleneckthicknessrequired
by the CodeUG-45(a)or that necessaryto satisfythe requirementsof UW 18for
the applicableloadingsof UG 22.
4. Theweldingmayeffectthe threadsof couplings.It is advisabletokeep the threads
aboveweldingwith a minimumY’in. or cut the threads after welding.
5. Strengthcalculationof attachmentsis not requiredfor attachmentsshownin Figs.
A, C and E, and for openings:
3 in. pipe size fittingsattachedto vessel walls of 3/8 in. or less in thickness,2 in.
pipe size fittings attached to vessel walls over 3/8 in. in thickness. (Code UG36(c)(3)).
ne
128
1
SUGGESTED MINIMUM
EXTENSION OF OPENINGS
The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When
insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary to increase these
dimensions.
OUTSIDEPROJECTION,INCHESUSINGWELDINGNECKFLANGE
NOM.
PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB
PIPE
900 I 1500 2500
300
600
150
SIZE
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
6
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
8
8
8
10
10
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
8
8
8
10
12
14
16
16
16
18
18
20
8
10
12
14
16
20
22
OUTSIDEPROJECTION,INCHESUSINGSLIPONFLANGE
PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB
NOM.
PIPE
1500 2500
900
600
300
150
SIZE
2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
10
8
10
10
6
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
6
6
8
8
8
12
8
8
8
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
8
8
10
12
12
12
12
8
10
10
12
12
14
1
INSIDE EXTENSION
a
&
a
P
c
c
t ti
- S f d n -lc
E
e uM o i sue n tx hi t m
te tnxu stf meir eon i ns n pi of e ooo rn
tupt hc u e r t vh of aew t eu o rle o e d o o i p n t r u g hr
129
R
D
F
I
O
P
Single, welded openings not subject to rapid fluctuationin pressure do not require
reinforcing if they are not larger than:
3 inch pipe size - in vessel wall 3/8 in. or less.
2 inch pipe size in vessel wall over 3/8 in. (Code UG-36 (c) (3).
Largervesselopeningsthantheaboveshallbereinforced.Therules
for reinforcementof openingsare takenfromthe Code,UG-26
throughUG-44,andareintendedtoapplyprimarilytoopeningsnot
exceedingthefollowing:
Forvessels60in.indiameterandless:%thevesseldiameter,butnot
>
to exceed20 in.
Forvesselsover60in.indiameter:%thevesseldiameter,butnotto
exceed40 in. Largeropeningshouldbegivenspecialattentionas
describedin CodeAppendix1-7.
Fig.A
Hereisgivena briefoutlineofreinforcement
designforbetterunderstanding
oftheprocedure
describedin thefollowingpages.
Thebasicrequirementis thataroundtheopeningthevesselmustbereinforcedwithanequal
amountofmetalwhichhasbeencutout for the opening.The reinforcementmaybe an integral
part of the vessel and nozzle or may bean additionalreinforcingpad. (Fig. A.)
This simple rule, however,needs further refinementsas follows:
1.
It is not necessaryto replacethe actuallyremovedamountof metal,but only the amount
which is requiredto resist the internalpressure.@). This requiredthicknessof the vessel
at the openingsis usually less than at other points of the shell or head.
2.
The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be required
accordingto calculation.The excessin the vesselwall (Al) and nozzlewall (AJ serveas
reinforcements.Likewisethe insideextensionofthe opening(Aj) andthe areaof the weld
metal (AJ) can also be taken into considerationas reinforcement.
3.
The reinforcementmust be within a certain limit.
4.
The areaof reinforcementmustbe proportionallyincreasedif its stressvalueis lowerthan
that of the vessel wall.
.5.
The area requiredfor reinforcementmust be satisfiedfor all planesthroughthe center of
opening and normalto vessel surface.
The required cross sectionalarea of the reinforcementshall then be:
The required area for the sell or head to resist the internalpressure, (A).From this area
subtractedthe excessareaswithinthe limit(Ai.4zAj AJ). If the sumof the areasavailable
for reinforcement(AJ+A?+Aj +A,) is equalor greaterthan the area to be replaced, (A),
the opening is adequately reinforced. Otherwise t difference must
h be supplied by
e
reinforcingpad (AJ).
Somemanufacturersfollowa simplepracticeusingreinforcingpadswith a cross-sectionalarea
which is equal to the metal area actually removed for the opening.This practice results in
oversizedreinforcement,
butwiththeeliminationof calculationstheyfind it moreeconomical.
E
f
130
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN
FOR INTERNAL
1
PRESSURE
(continue@j
1.
u
d
D
I-Q--l
E
~
f
0.8D
,
NC!?@
r
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
For vesselsunder internalpressurethe total cross-sectional
area required for reinforcementof openingsshall
not be
—
less than:
A = d XI,, where
d= the insidediameterof openingin its corrodedcondition,
inches.
t, = the requiredthicknessof shell or head computedby the
applicableformulasusingE = 1.0whenthe openingis in
solidplateor in a categoryBjoint. Whenopeningpasses
throughanyotherweldedjoint, E= the efilciencyof that
joint. When the opening is in a vessel which is radiographicallynot examined,E = 0.85 for type No. 1joint
and E = 0.80 for type No. 2 joint.
When the opening and its reinforcement are entirely
withinthe sphericalportionof a flangedanddishedhead,
t, is the thickness required by the applicable formulas
usingAl= 1.
Whentheopeningis ina cone,t, isthe thicknessrequired
for a seamlesscone of diameter,D measuredwhere the
nozzle axis intersectswith the wall of the cone.
Whentheopeninganditsreinforcementare ina2: 1ellipsoidal head and are located entirelywithin a circle the
centerof whichcoincideswiththe centerof the head and
the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head
diameter,t,is the thicknessrequiredfor seamlesssphere
of radius 0.9 times the diameterof the head.
If the stress value of the opening’smaterial is less than
that of the vesselmaterial,the required area A shall be
increased.(See next page for examples.)
2. AVAILABLEAREASOF
REINFORCEMENT
i
the vessel wall (t—t,)d or
’ Area of excessthicknessin
)
(t–t,)(t,,
+ ~2
use the largervalue, square inches,
If the stress value of the opening%material is less than
that of the vessel material, area AI shall be decreased.
(See next page for examples.)
h,)5t or
Areaof excessthicknessinthenozzlewall (’t,,—
(L-t,,,)
5t,,use — the smaller value, square inches.
Area ofinside extension ofnozzle square inches (t,,-@2h.
ud
Area of welds,square inches.
IfthesumofA, A2AJandA~is lessthanthe area forreinforcementrequired,A the differencemustbe suppliedby
reinforcingpad.
f
131
. .
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
(continued)
G
3. LIMITSOF REINFORCEMENT
xx
Themetal usedas reinforcementmustbe located within the
limits.
R
n
k
trn
The limitmeasuredparallelto the vesselwall~= dor R. + t.
+ t, use larger value.
t
Y
The limit measured parallel to the nozzle wall Y= 2.5 tor 2.5t.,
—, R 1,
use smallervalue.
troy
When additional reinforcing pad is used, the limit, Yto be
d
measuredfromthe outsidesurfaceof the reinforcingpad.
+
Rn=insideradius of nozzle in corrodedcondition,inches.
NOTATION:
t= thicknessoftheves- For other notations,see the precedingpage.
selwalllesscorrosion allowance, 4. STRENGTHOF REINFORCEMENT
inches.
If the strengthof materialsin AI Az Aj AJ and A5 or the
t,= seepreceedingpage
materialofthe reinforcingpad are lowerthanthat of the vessel
1.= nominalthickness material,their area consideredas reinforcementshall be proof nozzlewallirrespectiveofproduct portionately decreased and the required area, A in inverse
formles~co~osion proportionincreased.Thestrengthofthe depositedweldmetal
allowance,inches. shallbe consideredas equivalentto the weakermaterialof the
tm= requiredthickness joint.
Of;fy:;:sno=’e
It is advisableto useforreinforcingpadmaterialidenticalwith
the
vesselmaterial.
h= dist~nce riozzle
projectsbeyondthe No credit shall be taken for additional strengthof reinforceinnersurfaceofthe ment havinghigher stress value than that of the vessel wall.
vesselwalllesscorrosion allowance, EXAMPLES:
inches.
1. a. The stress value of nozzle material: 15,000psi.
c = corrosion allowThe stress value of shell material: 17,500 psi.
ance,inches.
d= seeprecedingpage.
H
fn(f-1, )
r
f“
Im
TF
\
I
-------
P t. x t,
Itr
I
Ratio 15,000/17,5000 = 0.857
To the required area, A shalI be added:
+ 2tMX (1Q 0.857)
b. From the area AI shall be subtracted:
(1— 0.857)
—2t.
2. Usingidenticalmaterialforthevessel andreinforcingpad,
the requiredarea for reinforcementis 12 square inches.
If the stress value of vessel material= 17,500psi.,
the stress value of the nozzle material= 15,000psi.,
ratio 17,500/15,000= 1,167
Inthisproportionshallbe increasedtheareaofreinforcing
pad:
12x 1.167= 14.00square inches.
,
132
REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS
DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
(continued
DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE.
The reinforcement required for openings in single-walled vessels subject to external
pressure need be only 50 percent ofthat required for internal pressure where t,isthewall
thicknessrequiredbytherulesforvesselsunderextemalpressure.CodeUG-37(d) (l).
REINFORCEMENTOF OPENINGSFOR EXTERNALPRESSURE.
The cross-sectionalarea (A)of reinforcementrequiredfor openingsin vesselssubject
to externalpressure:
/4=
dxt ~
where
ii= Diameter in the givenplane of the openingin its corrodedcondition,inches.
1,= The wall thicknessrequired for externalpressure,inches.
F = Factor for computation of the required reinforcement area on different planes
(as the pressure-stress varies) when the opening is in cylindrical shell or cone
and integrally reinforced. For all other configurations the value of F = 1
—
1-JJ
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1.
t“
tr
Rn
~ I
tr
I
I “
T
*
+
h
w
P?
d
DESIGNDATA:
Insidediameterof shell: 48 in.
Designpressure:250 psi at 200°F.
ShellMaterial: SA-285-C
n
S 13,800 psi = t= 0.265 in. ,
The vessel is spot radiographed
t No allowancefor corrosion
Nozzle material:SA-53-B
S=15,000 psi. tn=0.432 in.
Nozzle nom. size: 6 in.
Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in.
h = 2.5t~= 2.5 x 0.432 = 1.08in.
The nozzle does not pass through seams.
Fillet weld size: 0.375 in.
Wall thicknessrequired:
for shell,t ‘SE
—.
for nozzle, tm=~*p
6P =
250 X24
= 0.440 in.
13,800X 1.0-0.6X
250 X 2.88
=
= 0.048 in.
15,000X 1.0-0.6X 250
AREAOF REINFORCEMENTREQUIRED
A,= dt, = 5.761 x 0.440=
2.535 sq. k.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE
A,= (Excess in shell.) Larger of following:
(t–tr)d = (0.625-0.440) x 5.761 or
(t-t,) (...+ ~ 2 = (0.625-0.440)x (0.432+ 0.625)x2=
1.066Sq.in.
0.391 sq. in.
Az = (Excessin nozzle neck.) Smallerof following:
(tn–tm)5t = (0.432—0.048)x 5 x 0.625 = 1.200 s i
(tn–tm)5tn= (0.432-0.048) X5 X0.432 =
(No credit for additionalstrengthof nozzlematerialhaving
higherstress valuethan that of the vesselwall.)
q
n
0.829 sq. in.
Aj = (Insideprojection.)t. x 2h = 0.432 x 2 x 1.08=
0.933 sq. in.
A,= (Area of fillet weld) 0.3752
0.140 Sq.in.
Aj = (Areaof fillet weld inside)0.3752
0.140 Sq.in.
TOTALAREAAVAILABLE
Sincethis area is greaterthan the area required for
reinforcement,additionalreinforcementis not needed.
3.108 sq. in.
.
.
134
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 2.
DESIGN DATA:
Inside radius of shell: R =24 in.
t“
tr
I
~
tr
J
Designpressure:P = 300 psi at 200° F.
Shellmaterial: t= 0.500 in. SA-516-70plate,
n
S = 17,500psi
The vessel is spot examined
There is no allowancefor corrosion
Nozzle nominal size: 6 in.
Nozzle material: SA-53 B
S = 15,000 psi. t.= 0.432 in.
T
Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in.
Fillet weld size inside:0.500 in.;
!
h
Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in.
Ratio of stress values: 15,000/17,500= 0.857
Wall thickness required:
Shell, t,=
‘R
Nozzle, t,.=
sap
SE - 0.6P
=
300 X 24
= 0.416 in.
17,500X 1-0.6X300
300 X 2.88
=
= 0.058 in.
15,000X 1.0-0.6 X 300
-.
Since the strength of the nozzle material is lower than that of the vessel material, the required area for reinforcement shall be proportionally increased and
the areas available for reinforcement proportionally reduced.
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED
2.397 sq. in.
~ = dt, = 5.761 X 0.416=
Area increased:+2tnxt,(1-15,000/17,500) =
2 x 0.432x 0.416 (1-0,857)= 0.051 sq. in.
2.448 sa. in.
AREAOF REINFORCEMENT
AVAILABLE
Al = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following:
(1- t,)d= (0.500- 0.416)x 5.761= 0.484 s i o
q n
.
(t-t,)
(t.+ t,)2=(0.500-0.416)
x (0.432 + 0.500)x 2 ‘O.156sq. in.
(1-0.857)=
Area reduced:-2 x t.(t-t,)
-2 x 0.432x (0.500-0.416)(1-0.857)= -0.010 sq. in.
0.474 sq. in.
A2=(Excess in nozzleneck.) Smallerof following:
(t.- t,n)5t= (0.432-0.058)5X 0.500= 0.935
(t.- t,n)5tn= (0.432-0.058)5 X 0.432= 0.808
Area reduced: 0.857 x 0.808 = 0.692 sq. in.
Since the strength of the nozzle is lower than that of the shell,
a decreased area shall be taken into consideration.
15,000/17,500 = 0.857, 0.857 X 0.808 =
,43= (Insideprojection.)tnx 2A= 0.432 x 2 x 1.08‘0.933
Area decreased0.933 x 0.857 =
AJ‘(Area of fillet weld)2 x 0.5 x .6252x 0.857=
~j ‘(Area of fillet weld inside)2 x 0.5 x .5002x 0.857 =
TOTALAREAAVAILABLE
Additionalreinforcementnot required.
0.692 sq. in.
0.800 sq. in.
0.334 sq. in.
0.214 sa. in.
2.514 SCI.in.
.
135
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 3.
t“
trn
tr
t
r
#
h
+
t
d
u
DESIGNDATA:
Insidediameterof shell:48 in.
Designpressure:300 psi at 200° F.
Shellmaterial:0.500 in. SA-516-60plate,
The vesselfidlyradiographed,E = 1
There is no allowancefor corrosion
Nozzlenominalsize: 8 in.
Nozzie material:SA-53B, 0,500 in. wall
Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 0.5 in.
The nozzledoes not pass throughthe main
seams.
of fiilet welds 0.375 in. (Reinforcement
pad to nozde neck.)
Wall thicknessrequired:
Shell t,=
‘R
SE– O.6P =
Nozzle, t,. =
SAP
—.
300 X 24
= 0.486 in.
15,000X 1-0.6X300
300 X3.8125
= 0.077 in.
=
15,000X ].0–0.6 X300
AREAOF RE~FORCEMENT REQUIRED
A = dx [,= 7.625 X 0.486=
3.706 sq. in.
AREAOF REINFORCEMENT
AVAILABLE
AI = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following:
0.106 sq. in.
(t -t, )d= (0.500 - 0.486) 7.625=
or (t - [, ) (t. + t) 2 = (0.500-0,486)(0.500+ 0.500)2 ‘0.028 sq. in.
Az =(Excess in nozzle neck.) Smallerof following:
@-t,.)5t = (0.500-o.077)5x 0.5 = 1.058or
1.058sq. in.
(tn–tr.)5t. = (0.500-0.077)5X0.5= 1.058
0.500 sq. in.
A3= (Insideprojection.)L x 2h = 0,500 x 2 x 0.5 =
0.141 sa. in.
AJ ‘
o f
w
0
(The area of pad to shell weld disregarded)
1.805 SQ.in.
TOTALAREAAVAILABLE
Thisareais lessthantherequiredarea,thereforethedifferenceshallbe provided
byreinforcingelement.
itmaybeheaviernozzlenec~ kirgerextensiono
fthenozzle
insideofthevesselor reinforcingpad.Usingreinforcingpad,therequiredareaof
pad:3.706–1.805=1.901sq,in. UsingO.375in.SA-516-60plateforreinforcing
padthe widthofthe pad 1.901/0.375=5.069in.
Theoutsidediameterof reinforcingpad: Outsidediameterof pipe: 8.625
widthof reinforcingpad: 5.069
13.694in.
136
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS
JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
At the attachments, joining openings to the vessel, failure
may occur through the welds or nozzle neck in the combinations shown in figures A and B.
a
b
The strength of the welds and the nozzle neck in those
combinations shall be at least equal to the smaller of:
P c
P
1.
2 T
1. Thestrength intensionofthecross-sectionalareaofthe
considered,or
o p s o sfa i a bt i l elementof
lhe u s reinforcementbeing
r f e
h
r a o
un g
The allowablestressvalueof the weldsis the stressvalue
of the weakermaterialconnectedby the weldsmultiplied
by the followingfactors:
a
i
&
2. hdThe
strengthin tensionofareaxf
(A = ~ f less the
.@ @
)
strengthin tensionofthe excessinthe vesselwall @j.
e
b
c
Groove-weldtension
Groove-weldshear
Fillet-weldshear
0.74
0.60
0.49
Possible
pathsoffailure
The allowablestressvalueof nozzleneck in shear is 0.70
times the allowablestressvalue of nozzle material.
1. Through@and@
2. Through@@ and@
The strengthof thejoints shallbe consideredfor its entire
d
@
3. T h r a o u ng h @
lengthon each side of the plane of reinforcementarea.
EXAMPLE3
A
= 2.397 sq. in. AI = 0.484 sq. in.
b
d.= 6.625 in., outside diameterof nozzle
;“%
a dttr=6.193 in., mean diameterof nozzle
8
S = 17,500psi allowablestressvalue of vesselmaterial
S.= 15,000psi allowablestressvalue of nozzle material
Ft A
G= 0.432 in. wall thicknessof nozzle.
dm
c
‘*
t = 0.500 in. wall thicknessof vessel
0.375 in. fillet weld leg.
~heckthe strengthof attachmentof nozzle load to be carriedby welds.
Loadto be carriedby welds (A-AI)S = 2.397-0.484 x 17,500= 33,478 lb.
STRESSVALUEOF WELDS:
0.49 x 17500= 8575 psi.
Fillet-weldshear
0.74 x 17500= 12950psi.
Groove-weldtension
0.70 x 15000= 10500psi.
Stressvalueof nozzlewall shear
STRENGTHOF WELDSANDNOZZLENECK:
~ xweldIegx8575= 10.4065xO.375x8575 =33463lb.
a. Fillet-weld
shear
~, Xt. X10500=9.72x0,432X10500
= 44090lb.
b.Nozzle-wall
shear
c Gr~ove.weldtensi~n~. xweidleg x 12950-10.4065X().50()X”
12950=67382lb.
POSSIBLE
PATHOFFAILURES:
33463+44090= 77553lb.
1.Througha.andb.
2.Througha.andc.
33463+ 67382=100845lb.
Both pathsarestrongerthantherequiredstrength33478lb.
,
127/
STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS
JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL
EXAMPLE4
DESIGNDATA
A= 3.172sq.in.,A,=0.641sq.in.,A.F0.907sq. in.
= 1
2i o . u d 8 t i n 4osa r mei5 i edn p. tf e oe r rac
i
n f gd
8.625in.outsidediameterof nozzle.
C
L
h s
the
t e of
r a ce t
T OB
C
A
RB
8
i .m
d 1 i e noa2 n m ao 5e z t . nze
rl
e f .
S = 1
7p a , l l 5s o s v0w
t
ao0r vab leim
e le as s ut s s e e re
S
1
5p a . , l l 0s o s v0w
t = ao0r nab leiomle sa z ut s z e e rl
t =0
i .t h 5i o vc n 0k w
e n 0es a s . s s l e f l l
.
t =0
i . t h 5i o cn n 0k w
o.n 0ez a s . zs l l f l e
.
0
i .l o f 3 - w
i n 7e a l
5e l
. eg l f t
d
0
i .l o f 2 - w
i n 5e d l
0e l
. eg l f t
d
i . t h 2i o rc n e5k i nn p0ef os . r s ac i n f gd
t, = 0
nt ka go cn t h ohm ez n z t
l
e f .
W
D
R
I EO E EL D
D
SY
:
(A–A,)S = (3.172—0.641) 17,500=
LOADTO BE CARRIEDBY WELDSa, c, e:
(A2+21“OS= (0.907 + 2 x 0.500x 0.500) 15,000=
STRESSVALUEOF WELDS:
Fillet - weld shear
Groove- weldtension
44,293 lb.
21,105 lb.
0.49 x 17,500= 8,575psi
0.74 x 17,500= 12,950psi
STRESSVALUEOF NOZZLEWALLSHEAR:
0.70 x 15,000= 10,500psi
STRENGTHOF WEL~S ANDNOZZLENECK:
a. Filletweldshear ~ x weldlegx 8,575= 13.55X0.375X8,575= 43,572lb.
b. Nozzlewallshem ~ x tnX10,5OO
= 12.76X0.500X 10,500‘66,990 lb.
c. Grooveweldte~ion @ x weldlegx12,950= 13.55X0.500x 12,950=87,7361b.
d. Filetweldshear Z#2Xweld1egx 8,575= 20.18X0.25X8,575= 43,260lb.
e. Grooveweldtension ~
weldlegx 12,950-13.55 x 0.25x 12,950=43,868lb.
POSSIBLEPATHOFFAILURE:
1. Throughb andd
66,990+ 43,260
= 110,250lb.
2. ThOU@c andd
87,736+ 43,260
= 130,996lb.
43,572 + 87,736+ 43,868= 175,176lb.
3. Througha, c ande
Paths 1.and2. arestrongerthanthetotalstrengthof 44,293lb.
Path3. is strongerthanthe strengthof 21,105lb.
wi d sl et l 43,260
r
ee llb. nis tgreater
g d than
t
hthe reinforcing pad strength of
The outerf
(dP-do) t. X 17,500= 1.055x 17,500= 18,463lb.
12R
.
LENGTH
OF COUPLINGS
AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS
139
LENGTH OF COUPLING
AND P
FOR OPENINGS
140
N
N
T
THE REQUIRED THICKNESS
UNDER INTERNAL
FOR NOZZLE NECKS IN VESSELS
PRESSURE (Code UG-45)
1 T
a
t
c
f
t
l
i U
p
c
but for other than access and inspection openings, not less
than the smaller of the following:
2. The thickness required for the vessel for internal pressure (assuming joint
efficiency, E = 1.0), but in no case less than the minimum for shells and
heads specified in UG-16 (b);
3. The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus corrosion allowance.
THE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR ACCESS AND INSPECTION
OPENINGS (manways, handholes) IN VESSELS UNDER
INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE.
1. The thickness computed for the applicable load plus corrosion allowance
(there is no other requirement).
For selection of required pipe under internal pressure, see table “Maximum
Allowable Internal Working Pressure for Pipes” on the following pages.
EXAMPLES for using the table:
1. Opening Diam: 18”
Design Pressure: 800 psig.
Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”
The Required Pipe for Manway:
The Required Pipe for Nozzle:
Sch. 60,
Sch. 60,
0.750” Wall
0.750” Wall
2. Opening Diam: 18”
Design Pressure: 150 psig.
Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”
The Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.3 125”
The Required Pipe for Manway:
The Required Pipe for Nozzle:
Sch. 10,
Std. Wt.
0.250” Wall
0.375” Wall
3. Opening Diam: 18”
Design Pressure: 140 psig.
Corrosion Allowance: 0.125”
Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.750”
Sch. 10,
0.250” Wall
The Required Pipe for Manway:
The Required Pipe for Nozzle:
Std. Wt. 0.328” + 0.125” Corr. Allow. = 0.453, Min. Wall=
Sch. 40 Pipe
h
141
THE REQUIRED NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS FOR VESSELS UNDER
EXTERNALPRESSURE(Code UG-45)
1. Thethicknessforthe applicableload
t
s
m o t ah f l o
ll l heoe wr
less t
i
n f eg
h
:
2. The thicknessof head or shell required for internalp r ue s t s sexternal
u i r hen
designpressureas an equivalentinternalpressure,but k no case less than the
minimumthicknessspecifiedfor material in UG-16(b)(1/16 in. for shells and
heads,3/32in.incompressedair,steamandwaterservice,%in.forunfiredsteam
boilers),plus corrosionallowance;
3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe plus corrosionallowance.
EXAMPLE1.
Externaldesignpressure:P = 35 psi.
MaterialSA 516-60; S= 15,000
Outsidediameterof cylindricalshell: Do= 96 in.
Shellthickness:t = 1 in.
The requiredticknessfor 14 O.D., 12 in. long nozzleneck:
1. To withstand25 psi externalpressureapproximately0.05 in. wallrequired,but
the thicknessshall not be less than the smallerof;
2. Thethicknessrequiredforthe shellunder35 psi internalpressure(as equivalent
externalpressure)
= 35x 47 = O~lo in
PR
‘= SE - 0.6P 15,000- n
“
3. The minimumthicknessof standard wall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The
smallerof 2. and 3.0.110 in. for wall thicknessof nozzleneck is satisfactory.
EXAMPLE2.
Externaldesignpressure: P = 15 psi.
Material SA 516-60; S= 15,000
Outside diameter of cylindrical shell, Do = 36 in.
Shell thickness: t= 0.3125 in.
The requiredthicknessfor a 14 in. D.O., 12 in. long nozzleneck:
1. To withstand15psi externalpressureapproximately0.02 in. wallrequired,but
the thicknessshallnot be less than the smallerof the following:
2. The thicknessrequiredfor the shell under 15psi. internalpressure
PR
= 15x 17.6875 = o 0~8 in
15,000-9
“
“
t =SE - 0.6P
3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The
smallerof 2. and 3. is 0.018 in.,but the thicknessof the nozzleneck shall in no
case be lessthan 0.0625 in. UG-45 (a) (2).
142
M
W
I
A
P
F
The CalculationsBasedon the Formula:
P=
23Et
D+ 1.2t
P
, where
P = The max.allowableworkingpressure,psig.
S = 15,000psig.the stressvalueof the most commonlyusedmaterialsfor pipe
(A53B,A106B)at temperature-20 to 650°F. For highertemperature see
notes at the end of the tables.
E= 1.0joint efficiencyof seamlesspipe
D = Insidediameterof pipe, in.
t = Minimumpipe wall thickness,in. (.875 times the nominal thickness).
The figuresunderlinedare the maximumallowablepressurein corrodedcondition
for the pipe of which wall thicknessis minimumthe standard wall plus corrosion
allowance.
NOM.
DESIG‘IPE
NATION
UZE
PIPE WALL
THICKNESS
NOM. ~ MIN.
CORROSIONALLOWANCE
IN.
T=E
3/4
I
1
xX-STG.
0.294
STD.
0.113
X-STG.
0.154
SCH.160 0.218
XX-STG. 0.308
STD.
I 0.133
X-STG.
0.179
SCH.160
0.250
XX-STG. 0.358
STD.
0.140
X
1-1/4
1-1/2
2
I
0.191
0.250
0.382
0.145
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
0.200
SCH.160
0.281
XX-STG. 0.400
STD.
0.154
X-STG.
0.218
SCH.160 0.343
XX-STG. I 0.436
0.095
0.129
0.164 ~‘;:”:g
5392 I 2658
0.257 12153 I 8526
0.099
1072 I
I
I
288
0.135 4299 2192
100
1985
0.191 6386 4069
2515
0.270 9712 7041 %7
0.116 2847 1261
744 I
0.154 3959 2287
732
0.219 5764 3946 2274
0.313 8820 7423 4842
—
.3099
0.123 2362 1126
0.167 3282 1988
774
0.219 4424 I 3059 ! 1779 ] 578 !
2848
0.334 7194 G
31
0.127 2118 1046
806
0.175 2982 1864
947
0.246 4333 3139 2013
0.350 6481 I 5164 3924 2754
126
0.135 1786
938
852
44
1696
0.191 G
0.300 4215 I 3260 I 2348 1477
2629
0.382 5537 X2
G
—
I
I
1’4
252
580
I
I
1494
I
1582 I
I
1648
642
1744
I
143
MAXIMUMALLOWABLE
WORKINGPRESSURE(cent)
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
DESIGNATION
STD.
2%
3
.
3
4
5
6
X-STG.
SCH-160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH. 160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.120
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.120
SCH.160
XX-STG.
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.120
SCH.160
XX-STG.
SCH.20
SCH.30
PIPEWALL
THICKNESS
NOM. MIN.
0.203
0.276 0.242 I
0.375 0.328
0.552 0.483
0.216 0.189
0.263
0.300
0.438 0.383
0.600 0.525
0.226
0.318
0.636
0.237
0.337
0.438
0.531
0.674
0.258
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.75C
0.280
0.432
0.562
0.71$
o.86f
0.25(
0.27t
CORROSIONALLOWANCE
IN.
3/16
o I 1/16 I 1/8
I 1/4
Max.Allow.PressurePsig.
561
1245
577
2707 1971 1261
I
831
1525
2245
2991
3766
2599
3359 —
—
5822 4969 Z
l
~
2398
3597
5113
0.198 1546
0.278 G
0.557 4701
0.208 ~
0.295 2075
0.383 2739
0.465 I 3379
I
12
556
1116
658
1801 1221
1754
2964 2350
—
3134
4432 3773
78
555
1044
691
1689 1183
2992
3546
4115 —
—
137
561
995
730
1616 1168
1802 1350
2=
——
I 2890 1- 2412 I 1946
280
908
1490
2412
552
1127
773
425
1767
1401
1042
2X
2044
1673
4394
3880
3379
0.226
0.328
1259
G
902
0.438
2520
1488
2140
0.547
3201
2808
0
.3
.1
0
211
1937
2890
208
0.590
6 39
2 81
111
1175
—
2515
30
5 3 40 6 2 1 96 2 7 0 9
5 6
4 5 45 4 2 3 5
0.378 1793
0.492 2368
0.628 3077
0.756 3767
0.219
777
0.242
861
1485
G
2748
3427
552
634
1181
G
2425
3093
329
411
882
1431
=6
2764
113
190
58~
112[
F
2440
8
X-STG.
SCH.1OO
SCH.120
0.500
0.438
1587
1353
1121
892
665
0.593
0.718
0.519
0.628
1896
2319
1658
2075
E
1835
1189
959
=
u
144
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
WORKINGPRESSURE(con~
NOM.
PIPE
S
8
10
12
1
DESIGNATION
SCH.140
SCH.160
XX-STG.
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
X-STG.
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.20
SCH.30
STD.
SCH.40
X-STG.
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.10
SCH.20
STD.
SCH.40
X-STG.
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
PIPEWALL
THICKNESS
NOM. MIN.
0.812 0.711
0.906 0.793
0.875 0.766
0.250 0.219
0307 0.269
0.365 ~0.319
0.500 0.438
0.593 0.519
0.718 0.628
0.843 0.738
1.000 0.875
1.125 0.984
0.250 0.219
0.330 0.289
0.375 0.328
0.406 0.355
0.500 0.438
0.562 0.492
0.687 0.601
0.843 0.738
1.000 0.875
1.125 0.984
1.312 1.148
0.250 z
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
0.438 0.383
0.500 4 o.43t
0.593 0.51$
0.75G 0.65{
0.937 0.82(
1.093 0.95(
1.250 1.094
I
CORROSIONALLOWANCE
IN
o I 1/16 I 1/8 I 3/16 i“”;/4
Max.Allow.PressurePsig.
2647 2400 2155 1913 1675
2977 2725 2476 2231 1988
2868 2617 2370 2126 1885
90
264
441
621
228
50
406
585
766
370
193
549
729
~
712
532
1263 l=
894
948
~
1506 1318 1132
1838 1647 1458 1270 1085
2179 1984 1792 1601 1413
2611 2413 2216 1986 1829
2963 2760 2560 2362 2166
371
222
76
522
540
389
692
91
240
635
483
~7
333
184
701
549
248
854
398
904
751
486
1059
598
1194 1038
~
730
578
~
1469 1311 1154
~
1820 1659 1500 1341 1184
10
81
54
1530
2178 2
1690
23
10
31
1810
2467 2
1972
2s72
2910 2
2
2
69
202
475
338
49
184
319
456
594
167
303
440
716
577
287
423
561
839
699
407
544
682
962
~
585
pJ
863
1146
004
~
1173 1031
1460
316
1550 1406 1262
1843
696
2166 2017 1869 1722 1576
2500 2348 2198 2048 1900
145
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLEWORKINGPRESSURE(cont.)
NOM.
DESIGPIPE
NATION
SIZE
14
SCH.160
SCH.10
SCH.20
SCH.30. STD.
SCH.40X-STG.
SCH.60
16
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.10
SCH.20
STD.
SCH.30
X-STG.
SCH.40
18
SCH.60
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
SCH.160
SCH.10
SCH.20 STD.
SCH.30 X-STC
SCH.40
SCH.60
20
SCH.80
SCH.100
SCH.120
SCH.140
ISCH.160
PLPEWALL
o
THICI iESS
gOM. MIN.
1.406 1.230 2834
0.250 0.219 m
518
0.312 0.273
625
0.375 0.328
&
0.500 0.438
0.656 0.574 1108
0.843 0.738 1436
1.031 0.902 1771
1.218 1.066 2111
1.438 1.258 2517
1.593 1.394 2809
368
0.250 G
460
0.312 0.273
554
0.375 0.328
649
0.438 0.383
744
0.500 0.438
838
0.562 0.492
0.750 0.656 1129
0.937 0.820 1418
1.156 1.012 1766
1.375 1.203 2118
1.562 1.367 2425
1.781 1.558 2789
T
B
m
4~
0.375 0.328
0.500 0.438
668
0.593 0.519
795
0.812 0.711 1097
1.031 0.902 1403
1.281 1.121 1760
1.500 1.313 2078
1.750 1.531 2446
1.968 1.722 2774
ROSIONALLOWANCE
IN.
1/4
1/8
3/16
1/16
[ax.All
:P
s
i
x
E
~
5
166
43 6
1
398
279
146 6
2
504
384
355 7
4
717
596
617 3
7
C4
861
937 0
1310
1185 1
1263
3
8
1643
1515 1
1595
7
2
1980
1851 1
1990
1
2
2384
2251 2
2275
4
0
2674 2540 2
5
262
157
38 4
1
354
248
130 3
2
447
341
222 2
3
541
434
315 2
4
636
529
407 1
5
729
621
689
7
1015
~6
974
0
8
1306 1195 1
4
2
1314
1652 1539 1
18
78
77
1658
2002 1
21
09
70
2308 2
1958
2314
25
45
30
2669 2
4
m
x
2
3
0 117 1
402
3
7
4
7 284
~
5
0
6
0 407
697
~
8
0
900
998
1004
1
1
0
1303 1202
1353
1
4
5
1657 1555
1665
1
7
6
1974 1870
2025
2
1
2
2340 2234
2346
2
4
5
2666 2558
146
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE
WORKINGPRESSURE(cont.)
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
22
24
PIPEWALL
THICI JESS
MIN.
N
0.250 0.219
0.312 0.273
0.375 0.328
0.437 0.382
0.500 0.438
0.562 0.492
0.625 0.547
0.688 0.602
0.750 0.656
SCH.10
0.250 0.219
SCH.20 STD. 0.375 0.328
X-STG.
0.500 0.438
SCH.30
0.562 0.492
SCH.40
0.687 0.601
SCH.60
0.968 0.847
SCH.80
1.218 1.066
SCH.100
1,531 1.340
SCH.120
1.812 1.586
SCH.140
2.062 1.804
SCH.160
2.343 2.050
DESIG
NATION
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.437
26
0.500
0.562
0.625
0.688
0.750
0.312
30
0.375
0.500
376
452
G
606
681
761
839
916
275
414
z
625
766
1089
1381
1753
2093
2399
2750
0.219
0.273
0.328
0.382
0.438
0.492
0.547
0.602
0.656
2
0.273
0.328
0.438
275
330
443
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
214
289
365
440
519
G
672
750
827
196
334
475
5Z
685
1006
1297
1667
2006
2311
2660
181
244
308
372
438
502
567
633
697
211
267
379
I
T
128
116
202
31
192
278
106
267
136
353
344
431
258
419
332
507
409
496
584
486
G
661
z
649
738
40
117
97
176
255
236
315
395
304
464
384
443
524
6X
G
842
924
1214 1131 1048
1582 1498 1413
1919 1833 1747
2223 2135 2048
2571 2482 2393
37 4
5 108
98 7 26
1 171
162 2 90
8 235
225 6 152
4 298
291 2 218
1 364
354 6 281
7 428
419 1 345
4 493
F4 7 410
0 558
548 2 474
7 622
148
204
315
85
141
252
23
78
188
147
NOTE: IF THESTRESSVALUEOF PIPELESSTHAN15,000PSIG.
DUETO HIGHERTEMPERATURE,MULTIPLYTHEMAX.
ALLOWABLE
PRESSUREGIVENIN THETABLESBYTHE
FACTORSIN THISTABLE:
TEMPERATURENOTEXCEEDINGDEGREEOF
900
950
750
850
1000
650
700
800
–
–
A 53 B Stress 15000 14350 12950 10800 8650 6500
6500 4500 2500
12950
: 15000
s
’ 14350
+
:
s 10800 8650
A 106B ‘
1.000 0.9566 0.8633 0.7200 0.5766 0.4333 0.3000 0.1666
FACTOR
Example:
The MaximumAllowancePressurefor 6“ x Stg.PipeWitha Corrosion
Allowanceof 1/8” From Table= 1181psi.- at Temperature800°F
The Max.Allow.Press.1181x 0.72= 850 psig.
Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values:
The Max.Allow.Press.1181Psig.From Tables
The StressValue 13000psi.
For ThisPipeThe Max.Allow.Pressure ~Wo
x 1181 = 1023psi.
w
NOZZLEEN~CMKpTT~CKNESS
I
I
C
O
R
R
O
S
I
O
o
N
0.250$ 0.018
0.3125
J.E. 0.85 0.250
0.250
0.3125
J.E. 1.00 0.213
0.213
0.2660
NOM.
0.280
0.280
0.280
MIN.
0.245
0.245
0.245
1 Requiredfor Loadings(UG-22)
2 Vessel Wall
3 6 in. Std. Pipe
Minimumf
4 I C
F
*
o
U
m
S
&h H
m
pA rS e
nS
f o B ti
Ti
oe Ue l
( Ga l
r
s-d
b1s
st i W
s een Sd ara e U mtr , ( vG
&e
o rUe i e r( lGad
e
-m r
r n e i ht a mh u i ufei cn mr k onen
0
i
bs1
deoz s e zs
0 6
. 0 ) 0 . 06 0 . 2 6 0 5 2
0- rc
b. e1 0
0 . 6 090
06
.)0
2 . 05 2 . 0 5 2 0 0
0
.C
0
kI 0
.
3
1
l cr
e
) .93
30 8
8
148
R
W
I
U
T
F
P
P
The required wall thickness for pipes, tabulated on the following pages, has been
computed with the following formula:
PR
‘= SE– O.6P
, where
t = the required minimum wall thickness of pipe, in.
P = internal pressure, psig.
S = 15,000psig.t
s
vt
ohr at
me l c s oe ouh sm u m
e sm o f asen tfor
t l epipe.
yer
A 53 B and A 106 B @temperature –20 to 650°F.
E = Joint efficiency of seamless pipe
R = inside radius of the pipe, in.
For the inside diameter of the pipe round figures are shown. With interpolation
the required thickness can be determined with satisfactory accuracy.
The thicknesses given in the tables do not include aIlowance for corrosion.
For the determination of the required pipe wall thickness in piping systems the
various piping codes shall be applied.
Selecting pipe,the 12.5% tolerance in wall thickness shall be taken into consideration. The”minimum thickness of the pipe wall equals the nominal thickness
times .875.
i
a dl
149
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS
FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE
1.s.
11AM, 50
PRESSURE PSIG.
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0.0
00.0
00.0
020.
030.
30.0
710.0
0500.
0010.
07.0
103.0
8010.
7020.
10.
20.
021.
042.
0.
0.0
00.0
1050.
0520.
0.
0.0
00.0
1070.
5030.
400.
30.
40.
054.
085.
5
0
0,
0.0
00.0
1080.
720.0
0020.
0530.
20.0
307.0
0
0
010.0
320.0
404.0
2050.
501.
096.
0
6
0
0.
0.0
7
0
0.
0.0
01.0
01.0
200.
2020.
030.0
30.0
040.
0540.
500.0
507.0
1060.
9070.
701.
810.
018.
139.
8
0
0.
0.0
01.0
2030.
9
0
0.
0.0
604.0
700.0
0780.
1690.
910.
010.
150.
162.
0
0.
0.0
3050.
3070.
050.
0560.
1
01.0
01.00
740.0
040.0
350.0
060.
817.0
1400.
10.
183.
1
0
0.
0.0
130.
0.0
080,
11.0
120.
310.
410.
104.
0.
750.0
0600
914.0
0
3080.
400.
0570.
1
01.01
02.02
1
0
0.
0.0
130.
0,
0.0
4600
700
17.0
0
402.
403.
580.
1
02.03
02.04
090.
14.0
140.
5120.
6120.
147.
269.
1
0
0.
0.0
. 02 5
0 55
00 .
50.
1.0
150.
720.
270.
1
0
0.
0.0
02. 6
507
0
0.
0.0
02. 7
s08
00.
60.
1.0
1.o
160.
1
480
780
. 270
1
1
0
0
0.
0.
0.0
0.0
03. 8
03. 9
60
602
090
490
10.
6.
1.0
10
280.
90.
820.
~ 020. 3
120.
2
0
0.
0.0
03. 0
613
700
1.
20
2
0
0.
0.0
03. 1
715
7.
2
0
0.
0.0
03. 2
71
00
410
2
0
0.
2
0
0.
0.0
0.0
03. 3
04. 4
718
810
2
0
0.
0.0
04. 5
2
0
0.
0.0
2
0
0.
2
0
2
3
1
0
0.
0.0
2
0
0.
3
0
4
7
126.
291.
21. (
234.
20.
25.
00.
20.
37.
20
10.
230.
38.
1.
20
20.
230.
39.
710
020
6.
20
30.
3.0
31,
1.
20
40.
30,
32.
812
420
6.
20
50.
3.0
33.
04. 6
814
1.
20
60.
3.0
3S.
04. 7
04. 8
951
971
6.
20
70.
3.0
46.
0.
0.0
0.0
730
030
1.
20
80.
3.0
47.
0
0.
0.0
04. 9
981
40
740
6.
20
9.
340
9.
0
0.
0.0
15. 0
01
050
1.
30
0,
40
0.
0
03
0
150
REQUIREDPIPEWALLTHICKNESS
FORINTERNALPRESSURE(cent)
PRESSUREPSIG.
1
IAM.
600
650
700
750
800
1
D
).
0.
01
920
0.
0.0
20.0.031 620
82
9
2
0
.3
0.
30
740
1.0
0.0
50.0.062 250
5
9
3
0
.D
0.
50
60
2.0
00.
70.0.093 708
83
8
4
0
.3
0.
70
580
2.0
1.0
01.0.124 31
01
7
5
0
.0
00.
91.
410
12.0
110.
21.0,156 913
48
7
6
0
.0
10.
1.
51.0.187 516
75
6
0
.0
10.
31.
3.0
53.0
130.
7
210
140
160.
81.0.218 029
03
5
8
0
.0
1.0
51.
02.0.249 62
30
5
0
.0
10.
.0
10.
2700
25.0
32.0.280I 24
52.0.311~ 827
4
0
200.
220.
68
1
61.
82. 0
47,0
04.0
280.
9
0610
9280
95
3
1
0
.0
20,
.0
20.
45.0
6.0
83.0
030.
340.
93.
23
315
34
0
620
2540
250.
1
02. 1
2. 2
72
1
0
.0
20.
42. 3
86.0
390.
1
0
.0
20.
62. 4
2460
3280
17.0
310.
3.0
630 .
53.
18.
84
4 64
10
13
1
0
.0
20.
83. s
3100
370.
34.0
48.0
174.
34
06
1
0
.0
30.
03. 6
580.
46.0
0
.0
30.
13. 7
780.
48.0
41.0
43.0
42.
684.
164
895
9
1
3020
3940
1
0
.0
30.
3. 8
090.
40.0
46.0
945.
625
86
1
2
0
0
.0
.0
30.
30.
53. 9
74.00
4760
4680
4510,
290.
404.
43.0
58.0
59.0
5100 S
205.
5.
35
16
8 0.694
79
72
2
0
.
9.01
5700
.
85.
5920
44.0
68.0
16.
76.
0.729
16
0
40.
420.
65.
2
30
40
46
65
58
2
0
.0
40.
34.03
15.
5250
.0
40.
54.04
2
0
0.
40.
56.05
5190.
325.
526.
6470
600
36.
97.
51
0
92.0
16.0
7
2
5170.
5090.
40.0
57.
07
37
4
37
2
0
.0
40.
85.06
5730.
736.
6820
74.0
07.
68
30
2
0
.0
50.
05.07
98.0
67.
98
24
0
.0
50.
25.08
036.
246.
6140
2
650.
6570.
28
17
0
.0
50.
45.09
6490.
464
22.0
46.0
28.
2
7370
5790
78.
15
9
10
3
0
.0
50.
6.00
6210.
675.
720
C
70.
38.
98
30
1.02
850
900
37.0
I
950
1
550
92
3
151
REQUIREDPIPEWALLTHICKNESS
FOR INTERNALPRESSURE(cont.)
PRESSURE PSIG.
1.s.
)IAM.
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
0.0
70.0
400.
7080.
240.
940.
50.90
035.0
6070.
160.
0
.0
00.
0604.
2
0
.0
1109.
01.09
161.0
2140.
21,
3
0
2039.
12.80
107.0
232.0
8110.
4280.
292.
352.
0
.0
5210,
3610.
210.
631.0
861.0
5
1.0
51.0
92.0
61.80
0
1.0
1.0
10.
1074.
4
.0
.0
20.
2094.
62.70
368.0
0350.
423.
6
0
0520.
27.0
3049.
13.70
394.0
6320.
584.
0
2.0
20.
32.0
7
.0
.0
304.
73.60
429.0
2490.
654.
0
4069.
24.50
465.0
8560.
615.
0
30.
30.
63.0
9
.0
.0
3890.
370.
243.0
8
62.0
03.0
43.0
184.0
4104.
75.50
591.0
4530.
786.
1
0
.0
30.
84.00
4570.
420.
504.0
5079.
35.40
627.0
0600.
846.
1
0
24.01
65.02
2650.
500.
205.0
45.0
86.40
652.0
6770,
917.
0
4.0
40.
5034.
1
.0
.0
690.
078.
0
4.0
4590.
6870.
69.0
486.0
1
0
0.
67.05
3650.
087.0
7604.
47.20
98.20
859.0
985.1
9810 8
598.1
04.
0
59.03
53.04
604.
1
0.
0.
78.0
714.0
3740.
1
36.30
97.30
1951.
270.
1
0
740.
7120.
237.0
748.0
59.11
090.1
91.1
046.1
7201.
330.
0
61.06
75.07
8209.
1
0.
0.
3901.
491.
1
1
0
0
462.
523.
0481.
50.1
190.1
691.1
9161.
5231.
7.0
628.1
869.1
019.1
082.1
118.1
0
5800.
981.
4891.
9391.
0831.
2
79.08
72.09
86.00
24.1
1201.
693.
2
0
80.11
94.12
8951.
2401.
260.1
40.1
1.81
279.1
7371.
754.
0
8.0
8.1
1013.
2
0.
0.
1168.
72.81
305.1
3441.
825.
2
0
0.
8.1
6201
23.1. 7
331.1
9411.
885.
0
.1
9.1
01.
65.1
891.1
321.
2
98.13!
20.14
2178.
73.61
476.1
5581.
956.
2
0
.1
9.1
501.5
951.
024.1
313.
34.61
502.1
2651.
017.
2
0
1.
9.1
091.6
971.
318.
861.
187.
1
0.1
3261.
7241.
663.1
4781.
248.
1
131.7
171.8
4134.
2
1.
1.
84.61
35.41
538.1
2
28.1
43.1
638.1
4180.
95.41
789.1
0852.
219.
2
1
824.1
047.1
46.41
97.31
735.1
8602.
682.
292.
379.
1
1321.
631.
5163.
3
21.19
251.0
1
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
50.
5.0
6.0
60.
6.0
7.0
0.1
1.1
1.1
.
709.
9741.
518.
109.
I404.
9
152
4
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS
FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.)
PRESSURE PSIG.
1.s.
‘lM”
2100 2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
1
1.
0.1
161.
141.
205.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
911, 2
90.13
6701.
3401.
5011.
5911.
163.
2851.
12.1
261.
121.
316.
20.1
3514.
426.
171. 4
241. 5
2011.
0621.
6281.
6361.
231.
3271.
39.1
487.1
4516.
1371,
141,
5519.
151.
21. 6
391. 7
8331.
6941.
7451.
7531.
41.
501.
586.1
641.
674.1
741.
1681.
147.1
858.
471. 8
51. 9
621. 0
4651.
26.1
086.1
7521.
8601.
8781.
6901.
8741.
763.1
815.1
8147.
9239.
128.1
1.289
96.9
07.9
2789.
9.052
0232.
12.15
18.0
857.1
6182.
9872.
9952.
5293.
08.42
1234.
1.12
290.
6.1
601. 1
781. 2
137.2
27.
2.832
401.
1.
7.1
852. 3
489.2
9042.
0428.
312.
263.2
320.
2.524
511.
1
1.
2.152
622.
022.
262.
132.]
42.
2.
340.2
10.2.
342.2
1
932. 4
012 5
0122.
2
8.2
9.~ 1]
421.2
5125.
28.26
722.
2
1
2.
9.2
6217.
2.527
833.
2
0.2
1.2
242. 8
503.2
1462.
8420.
7524.
695.2
789.2
7120.
2
2.
2.
0392.
1382.
510.2
2
917.2
732.2
0425.
2
082. 6
162. 7
8303.
22.38
2.839
94.3
05.4
2
2
2.
2.2
2.2
629,
573.
868.3
957.3
16.4
2.
2542.
2632,
2.530
2
364.2
135,2
9305.
3
312. 9
492. 0
0038.
22.31
275.
1
0
0.
9.1
1
0
.1
1
1
1.
9.1
0.1
1
1
1.
1.1
1
1
1.
2.1
1
1
1.
2.1
1
1
1
1
1.
1.
3.1
4.1
2
1
1.
5,1
2
1
1.
6.1
2
1
1.
2
1
2
537.
637.
748.
153
N
E
F
M
C
V
P
bi t ap d i j n ohn o ie gnz l ixzsy n eo l igtet evc r rs eT ea msth s esl below,to
steh hndetermine
l e o.
de
thenozzleloadsisbased inpartontheBulletin107of WeldingResearchCouncilandrepresents
a simplificationof it. The vesselsare not intendedto serveas anchorpoints for the piping.To
avoid excessiveloading in the vessel,the pipingshall be adequatelysupported.
r{,
FRJW
I
4
A
R.
*
-—.
———— — - - — — .
,
E
x
t F e or & M
nr ao c l m e e s n
t
s
T calculate the maximum forceoand moment, first evaluate ~and y. Then determine
CL2, and A from Figures 1, 2 and 3, for the specified~ and ~ substitute into the
aquationsbelow, and calculateFRRF,
fl=.875 ($)
Y=+
Determine CL~and A from Figures 1,2 and 3.
CalculatePressure Stress (~.
0= (q(R.-;)
[f a is greaterthan S0,then use S. as the stress due to designpressure.
FM= —
R; (ST—O)
A4RCM
= R~2roSy
Mm =&
S Y –0)
x
Plot the value of FN a FWand the smaller of .~~c~ands MM
as A4w.The allowable nozzle loads are bounded by the area
of FRF,O,A41w,
~R\f
EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and Moment
T= .7511
SY= 31,500 psi@ 460°
Rm= 37.5
P = 150 psi
S. = 17,500 psi
rO= 15“
b= .875(%)= .875 (&)=
.35
From Figure2,2= 1,070
From Figure 1, a = 440
y= + = ~=
50
()
From Figure3, A = 340
,
154
NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS
IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued)
;alculatePressureStress
2(150)375 ~ = 14,850psic&=17,500
‘=%m-3=
75(
~ - 2)
Jse o= 24,850in the equationsfor calculatingFRRF
and MkM
~alculateAllowableForces and Moments
Fw= ~
(~y. @ =(#2(3
psi
1,500—14,850)= 53,214 lb.
~RcM= Rm2~o~y =37.52 (15) (31,500) = ~zo 984 in-lb
9
1,070
z
(37.5)2 (15)= (31,500—14,850—l,032,97~ in-lb.
M-m= y
(sy —
‘-= ~
IL
P f t vl
o a oo ah FRF
l a t t u sr e meo n afh
k
fa ~,
aQ A
1 ~nT 7 a&f l fLl n odW
h Mwol
as z.ob
a b
o b ut r a n o dF’RF, r 0,
eh eMm.
d e
y e a
T
k
n b
6
i
=
h e a rn e rof oe zroa F
e =zc2,
t l 0l i ae o,
nb 0
0f
1
0 i l0? w,
b0b oan 0=l ul0s( o lA
w
p. .a od b l ie
l ro eub z o a F. =zc5 t ll t ,i a e oJ 0bn
a- n
0 nf s 4 0
2
i0 l , w 0 n0b onb 0 a *ul s l (o ol . w
B
p. da o b t l ie
*
S
O
P
= DesignPressure,poundsper sq. in.
‘
R
=N
=M
R
T
= S
T hh
S
=Y
S
T e m
o
= S
p
s
= S
p
s
s
T
A
T
oO
Dt
Vt
I
O
N
l s l
el z ea
f
N
U
a ob
v ts s oiae t l gl : u
rute
ehae
ps
hn
:
Z
= DimensionlessNumbers
uz R
t za i s odl ni ie d c Au e =hs D i , em e ns N
s i ou n lme s bs
e
e ao S d iah i . n e un c l FRRF
s h= l Maximum
f e,
s Resultant Radial Forc(
r
i ice k n n l e c s l sh , e pounds*
s
k
f
M
x c t eni , s mC ui@ur l c tum ma f ne r t
i t or eM e a nlaytD g e d te r h is a fi R
la g R
M
o
,
i e n ce hh n- p t o um n d s *
p pe r aop t su u r qie n, eu d n a s
r cr m
Dr ue s ie g e n P
sp r te sso s I uo ur e M, n a WdRx e is s Lm uo Mnul g t miMat un d t
i ne c h n- p o t u n d, s *
qi
eu n a
r cr e
hm
o r a f Me Sl a s. pth u e seo r FRF
eliu= aM
l nl a , dRx e is sF m u poul t omr a u nc nt
qi
eu n
a c r r h eF
= .M ’ a
xR R ei s mMuMu lo tm
i m a en n
p
o
u
n
d
s
*
e n N
s i ou n lm e s bs e
r
s
~
=D i m
Y
a
= D i m e n N
s i ou n lm e s bs
e*
ar
bs Uv s
=D i m e n N
s i ou n lm e s bs
e
r
s
ao s l l u
u et
ee
REFERENCES:
Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K. R.
Wichman, A. G. Hopper and J. L. Mershon — Welding Research Council. Bulletin
107/August 1965 — Revised Printing — December 1968.
Standardsfor ClosedFeedwaterHeaters, Heat Exchange Institute, Inc., 1969.
s
155
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig. 1
1OJ
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
,,,
, , f,
I 1 !,
I
i::: i
,
1
,
I
I I [ WI
,
[ I
, ,
I
,
,
I I I I I
t
I
1 1 I 1
I I I 1
t
I I ! I I [
! ,: I
1 i
I
I 1 1
I I I
I
I
1I I
I
I 1I I I I I ( ,
I
I I I [’1 I I
I
9
;
6
5
4
3
,
t
2
a
I :-+-!r i
! { I--+--L
l-l++
-
+--l-%-l-~
-: . .: I
-
,
\. I I :
i I
~i i ~
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
,, ; I,
I, ;,I
]02
;
I
1
:
I
I!
!;,1
I
,
?
I
,-,4 ----:: : 4-%-4
II
~•••ì´„•
i
!
.’ .!””
i!
!:”m!!!-
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
. .
1,
10
.
,
1
!
1[
I I
.
—
!.
I
1
r
,
t
1
5
6
NOZZLE LOADS
Fig 2
!
1
1.11
NOZZLE LOADS,
Fig. 3
1OJ
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
6
5
4
3
2
A
lo]
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
]02
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
10
0
.05
.1
.15
.2
.25
.3
.35
.4
.45
.5
1
.“,
R
T
J
C
U
C
I
P
A the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due
to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with
reinforcement to be compensated.
DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle cz<30 deg.)
1. Determine P/S,EI and read the value of~
from tables A and B“
2. Determine factor y, For reinforcing ring on shell, y = s~~~
For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S’~E~
TABLE A - VALUESOF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END
P/S,, EI 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009*
28.5
30
15
18
21
23
25
27
A, deg. 11
TABLE B - VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END
0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.100 0.125*
P/S,, EI
30
17.5
12.5
24
27
4
6
9
A, deg.
aa
0t l . e r u r
e
f
* A = 3 d f g e r v e oogP/S~EI
W
3
D
t
v
f
o Ai l
t
c r
s
b p
=y/S, E, (Use minimum 1.0 for k in formula).
e
e
4. Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page).
NOTATION
E = with subscriptss,c or r modulusof
elasticityofshell,coneorreint20rcing
ringmaterialrespectively,psi.
Seechartsbeginningonpage43 for
modulusof elasticity.
E= with subscriptslor 2 efllciencyof
weldedjoints in shellor cone
respectively.
For compression E=l.O for butt
welds.
fi= axialload at largeend due to wind,
deadload,etc.excludingpressure,
lbfin.
j= axialloadat smallenddueto wind,
deadload,etc.excludingpressure,
lblin.
P= Designpressure,psi
Q~=algebraics~ofPR~/2 andfi 1b/in.
Q,= algebraicsumof PIL/2 andfi lb/in.
R~=insideradiusof largecylinderat large
endof cone,in.
R=inside radiusof smallcylinderat small
endof cone,in.
S= withsubscriptss,corrallowable stress
of shell,cone or reinforcingmaterial,
psi.
t= minimum required thickness of cylin-
der at thejunction,in.
t,= actualthicknessofcylinderatthejunction,in.
t,=
requiredthicknessof cone
at thejunction,in.
t.= actualthicknessofconeatthejunction,
in.
U= halfapexangleof coneor conicalsection,deg.
A= anglefi-omtableA or B, deg.
~ = factor:SSE, orSCEC
160
T
R
J
C
C
FORMULAS
M
JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END
x
.
Required area of
reinforcement,
A sq. in. when tension governs
(see notes)
;
~ r~ .
E!l
kQLRL 1 .L
S,EI () a
tan a
Area of excess metal for reinforcement, sq. in.
FIG. C
A.L = (t,—t) G+
(t.—t~ {h./
cos CZ
The distance from the junction within which the additionalreinforcementshallbe situated, in.
G
M;x.
30”
P
FIG. D
The distancefromthejunction withinwhichthe centroidof the
reinforcementshallbe situated, in.
0.25 X~
JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END
Requiredarea of reinforcementA sq. in. whentension governs(see notes)
kQsR, A
‘,, = —
S,E1 ()la tan a
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement A., sq. in.
A,, = (t, /zj cos (a—A) (t.+
m+
(tC/t,)
x
(a—A)
{Rst. / cos a
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall
be situated, in.
K
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall
be situated, in.
0.25 X &
N
O W Ta t t h eE
hj u n c St i o ne c:o m pl r ens s ioovref i eax c e edd t h est el n s ~ido noea l t bea r ymd
2o P
r eR s p e,t c d t i/ sve erb 2lhsi hya , ci ca gw
o erUl nd( a(i l ns e cgan tt“e ap h) r ha bo2fo :v
t r
o tu C h S
l o e hVe dcDe Ist i e l fvi eI io, s. In i
o, ” n
)
W
t r h e md hoeu o ca o enm
f r ceud ts oos w
ne o citrf o tdc ai ir afe aof l enw
pn r sei kg n et nt l hu
a w
t h h an
a a he apni g d gl nr t e l3e df aehxt det , em
ae gs r hbs a .n oi as0y , gp a es b nne aece
(
1 C(
( o
- d~g
e ) 5 &
.
161
R
T
J
C
E
C
DESIGN DATA:
= 30 deg. half apex angle of cone.
;.ECE,=30x 1 m
o e
p
= 1.0,joint efficiencyin shell and cone
= 0.55,joint efficiencyin reinforcingring
= 800 lb/in, axial load at largeend
= 952 lb/in, axial load at smallend
= 50 psi., internaldesignpressure
= 100 in., insideradius of largecylinder
= 84 in., insideradius of smallcylinder
= 13,800psi., allowablestressof shell material
= 13,800psi., allowablestressof cone material
= 14,500psi., allowablestressof ring material
= 0.429 in., requiredmin.thicknessfor large cylinder
= 0.360 in., requiredmin. thicknessfor smallcylinder
= 0.500 in. actualthicknessof cone.
= 0.4375 in., actualthicknessof large cylinder
= 0.375 in., actualthicknessof smallcylinder
a
dL
t,L
= 0.41 in., required thickness of cone at small cylinder
= 0.49 in., requiredthicknessof cone at large cylinder
Jsing the same material for shell and cone.
= 0.0036 f
t
50
.. P/SsEI =
13,800 X 1
S
Ai l
! U
r
~ SsE.= 1
t
~ r
r
A A= 1
i r
o t
s
e
e
1063
0
X
1. Factor k=y/SrE~= 13,800 x30x 106/ 14,500x30x 106= 0.95
Use k = 1
=5
+ 800= 3,300 lb/in.
1. QL=PRL12fI , l
X
j. The required cross-sectional area of compression ring:
kQLRL~ - + t a = 1 X 3,300x 100 1- 19.8
~ tan 30°= 4.69 sq in.
ArL= SE
(
13,800 X 1
()
The are: o’fexcess in shell available for reinforcement:
AeL= (ts- ~ ~+
(tc- tr) @t~ /COS~
= (0.4375 - 0.429)X ~100 X 0.4375 + (0.5 - 0.49) x{1OO X 0.5/cos 30°
= 0.132 sq. in.
A,L - AeL= 4.69-0.132 = 4.55
in. the required cross sectional area of
compression ring
Using 1 in. thick bar, the width of ring: 4.55/1 = 4.55 in.
Location of compression ring:
Maximum distance from the junction = ~=
~100 x 0.4375 = 6.60 in.
Maximum distance of centroid from the junction= 0.25 ~~ =
0.25 {100 x 0.4375= 1.65 in.
162
R
T
J
C
E
C
(continuea)
JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER
1. PAS,El = 0.0036; fromtable B A = 5°
SinceA is less than et,reinforcementis required.
2. Factor~= S, E,=13,800x30x10s
3. Factork=l
4. QS=PR, /2+~lb./in =50~84+ 952= 3,0521b”/in”
5. Therequired cross-sectionalarea of compressionring:
~r, = kQsRS ~-~ tan ~= 1 ~~>~~~~ 184l~o tan 300= 8.94 sq. in.
S,E, () u
()
?
The area of excess in shell available for reinforcement:
A,. = (t, / t,)
–A) (t, - ~ %+
(LI t,)
x cos (a – A) (tc- t,) * StC/cos a
(0.395/0.36) X COS(30-5) X (0.375 - 0.36)X 484X .0375
+ (0.5/0.41) cos (30-5) x (0.5-0.41) x ~84 x 0.5/cos 30°= 0.77 sq. in.
A,. - A,, = 8.94-0.77 = 8.17 sq. in., the required cross sectional area of compression ring.
Using lfi thick bar, the required width of the bar: 8.17/ 1.5 = 5.45 in.
Location of the compression ring:
Maximum distance from the junction: a
= 484 x 0.375 = 5.6 in.
Maximum distance of centroid from the junction:
0.25 fi=
484 x 0.4375 = 1.5 in.
Insulation ring may be utilized as compression ring provided it is continuous
and the ends of it are joined together.
Since the-moment of intertia of the ring is not factor, the use of flat bar rolled
easy-way is more economical than the use of structural shapes.
To eliminate the necessity of additional reinforcement by using thicker plate for
the cylinders at the junction in some cases maybe more advantageous than the
application of compression rings.
1
R
T
J
U
D,
t-l
L.
I
dr
3
!$!
;L
w
I
I
T
FIG. F
C
E
C
P
Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction of cone
e o c
to cylinder, or at the junction o t l
section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesn’t
have knuckles and the value of A, obtained from table E,
is less than ct.
TABLE E - VALUES OF A
P/SE
o 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.10
15 21 29 33
A,deg. o
5
7
10
P/SE 0.125 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
57 60
40
47
52
A, deg , 37
6 d
f g e r v e ooag Pa l 0t . u/e r re S s
f E
CX=
N
I no t e rt mp ob el ma t f i: iao ann t e rvodm y ae de lei a urt e e
The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional area
of reinforcing (stiffening) ring — when the half apex
‘angle a is equal to or less than 60 degrees — shall be
determined by the following formulas and procedure.
1. Determine P/SE, and read the value of A from table E.
2.
Determine the equivalent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, ATI,,
sq. in. $3:: pa~~ 46 for construction of stiffening ring)
3 FIDI.
A~lJ= ~ + ;
+ A.,
Calculate factor B B = ~ (~ ,)
where
F[.= PM+ J tan a
M = -RL tan a + L[ + R{?-R.?
2
2
3RI,tan a
3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) read the value of A entering at
the value of B, moving to the left to the material/temperature line and from
the intersecting point moving vertically to the bottom of the chart.
For values of 1?falling below the left end of the material/temperature
line
for the design temperature, the value of A=2WE.
If the value of B is falling above the material/temperature line for the design
temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall,be changed, and/or the
stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.
4.
Compute the value of the required moment of inertia
For the ring-shell-cone section:
ADI,ZA 71,
I’,Y=
10.9
5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine the available moment of
inertia (see page 87) of the ring only 1, or the shell-cone or the ring-shellcone section 1’.
For the stiffening ring only:
AD[.2A 1[.
Is = ~400
164
T
J
R
C
C
(continue~
If 1 or 1’ is less than I, or 1[, respectively, select stiffening ring with larger
moment of inertia.
6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A,~,sq. in.
(when compression governs):
A,~ = @fi;;an~
[,@&):]
NOTE: Whenatthejunctionthe compressiveloads determined byPR~2 orPRJ2 are
exceeded by~l or~J tensional loads respectively, the design shall be in accordance
with U-2 (g) (“as safe as those provided by the Code Section VIII, Division 1.“)
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement:
A,~ sq. in.:
A.~ = 0.55 ~D~t, (t, + t. /COS @
The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcement
shall be situated, in.
a
The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in.
0.25 ~
R,
Reinforcing shall be provided at the iunction of
small end of conical section without flare to cylinder.
.~
L~
LL
= =I
~
The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional
area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring shall be determined by the following formulas and procedure.
1. Determine theequivalentareaofcylinder,cone
and stiffening ring, Am
L,
L,
“
L,t,
An= ~+
I
2.
t
L
I R1
A
FIG. G
Calculate factor 1?
B . ; ( :~’
Let,
~+A,
)
where
Fs = PN +jjtan a
RL2- R~2
N=~
+ Z+ 6R. tan a
165
R
T
J
C
C
(continued)
3. F
t a
c
(
t
r
e
a p
v
o B m
t t l t t m
l a f at
i
p
m
v
t t b
o t nc
F v
o
t l e
f
n
l f t
d
d
t
t v
o =2
e
of B is falling above the materialhemperature line for the design
I t v
e
temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or the
stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.
4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia:
For the ring-shell-cone section:
~; = AD,2ATS
5.
For the st~~e~~~ ring only:
~.=
1:.0
10.9
Selectthe type ofstiffeningring anddeterminethe available moment of inertia
(see page 89) of the ring only, land of the ring-shell-cone section, I! Iflorl’ is
Iessthanl..orli respectively,selectstiffeningringwith largermomentofinertia.
6. Determine the required cross-sectional area ofreinforcement. A,,, sq. in:
A~s= kQSR~tan~
SE
metal available for reinforcement Ac,sq. i
A.s = 0.55 %
n
[(t,-~ + (tc-tr)/cos
ix]
The distance from thejunction within which the additional reinforcement shall
be situated, in.G
The distance from thejunction within which the centroid of the reinforcement
shall be situated, in.
025 G
NOTE:Whenthereducersmadeoutoftwoormoreconicalsectionsofdifferentapexangles
withoutknuckle,andwhenthehalfapexangleisgreaterthan60degrees,thedesignmaybe
basedon specialanalysis.(Code1-8(d)and(e).)
NOTATION
A,
a ev
= area of excess m
reinforcement, sq. in.
af t i
arear of the stiffenlA.a a = bcross-sectional
ol l e
ing ring, sq. in.
A,,L = requiredareaofreinforcementwhen AT = equivalent area of cylinder, cone
and stiffening ring, sq. in.
QLis in compression, sq. in.
B = factor
At.’ = requiredareaofretiorcementwhen
D~ = outside diameter of cone or large
QLis
sq. in.
end of conical section, in.
.
66
T
J
R
C
C
(continued)
D,, . outsidediameterofcylindricalshell,
in.
shelljunctionandone-thirdthedepth
ofhead o theotherendofthelarge
D., — outside diameter at small end of
conical section, in.
shell.
E
L,
—
. lowest efllciency of the 1ongitudi-
naljoint inthe shell,head or cone;E
= 1 for butt welds in compression.
E
—
with subscriptsc, r ors modulus of
design lengthofavessel section, in.
forstl~enedvesse[section: distance
between the cone-to-small-shell
junction and an adjacent stiffening
ring on the small shell.
unstlflenedvessel
o
section: disr
tance betweenthe cone-to-small-
f
elasticityof cone, reinforcementor
shell material respectively,psi.
k
—
S&L5’RERbut not less than 1.0.
shelljunctionandonethirdthedepth
ofheadontheotherend of the small
A
.
shell.
fi
axial load at large end due to wind
etc., Ib./in.The value offi shall be
taken as positivein all calculations.
—
axial load at smallend due to wind,
P
Q~
etc. lb./in. The value of~2 shall be
taken as positivein all calculations.
I
= available moment of inertia of the
T
—
availablemomentofinertia ofcom-
stiffeningring, in4
bined ring-shell cross-section, in4.
Thewidthoftheshell whichistaken
as contributing to the moment of
inertia of the combined section:
1.IO~D,,t
IS
.
I,’
= r
L
.
L,
.
required moment of inertia of the
stiffeningring, in4.
external design pressure, psi.
PRL
PRs
— +fi Q,= ~
+fz
2
axialcompressiveforce duetopressure and axial load.
RL
outside radius of large cylinder, in.
R,
outside radius of small cylinder, in.
s
allowable working stress, psi. of
cone material.
sR
allowable stress of reinforcing material, psi.
s.
allowable stress of shell material,
psi.
t
minimumrequired thicknessofcyl-
i
wn
i da t l hel oof rw u a
m
q
u o oi i mr n o
e et ed n r
t t c i of ar i o s i o n n ,
c
mr i nb g i- s nh c e el l rd- c oo n e s
s
t.
a
ct h t i o cuc k w
an oei l s t
s
ic
t
ni
o
n4 ,
.
c o r a r l ol osi wi ao nn c n e
a
l x eo c i n i o ag
nt l n t,
he
f ,
.
m
i r ne q ui i r me d t uoh i cmfk n e
I e n g t a h os fl cu oo onr f e f cn a o w
cg n ei ce t o , hr a r lo ol uosi w
i t oa
o d
i bs
et s at t niw r f c efr e ie e n nin n g g
s
a
ct h t i o cus k w
an h ei l s et
t,
o c
i o
n
n e
f ,
. a l l f o c wo ar rni oo c s e i o
e
o
e
el
seo a vin
esgg e snt c as ht
i he f oa l na a , pdn
LL . d
l g ee l f
in~or stifle-nedvessel section: the
—
A
valueto indicateneed for reinforcedistancebetween the cone-to-large
ment, from table E, deg.
shelljunction and an adjacent stiffening ring on the large shell.
for umtl@enedvessel section: the
distancebetweenthecone-to-large-
ex g
167
R
T
J
C
C
E
DESIGN DATA
DL = 96 in., o
Ds = 48
t,
T
~
c
fl
o l
c
=
E,, Ec, E
a
d
m
a
r
m
o e
p
o s
= 100 lb./in., axial load due to wind
A = 30 lb./in., axial load due to wind.
LL = 120 in., design length of large vessel
section.
L, = 244 in., design length of small vessel
section.
Lc = 48 in.
~
= 15psi, external design pressure
F
= 48.00 in. outside radius oflarge cylinder
LL
R
“ = 24.00 in. outside rad;us ofsmall cylinder
Designtemperature=6500F
SS = 13,800 psi. maximum allowableworking
stress of shell and cone material.
SR = 12,700 psi. maximum allowable working stress of reinforcement material.
= 0.25
t
t
= 0.1875 in. minimum required thickness of small cylinder.
t. = 0.25 in. actual thickness of cone.
t, = 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone.
t. =
0
i a
t
o c
JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END
1. P/SE= 15/13,800= 0.0016; from table E A = 4
since A is less than U, reinforcement is required.
2. Assuming As=O, A~~= h/.2+LJd%A. =
120X0.125 +48 X0.125+ O=21 in2.
LL RL2-&2
48X 0.5774+ ~0+ 482–242
~.— RL tan
~ a+—
=66.9
2 +3RLtana=—
2
2 3 x48X 0.5774
=
FL=Pk?+fi
tan a = 15 x 66.9+ 100’x 0.5774 = 1061
168
T
J
R
CONE TO CYLINDER
EXAMPLE
~ = :(~L)
(continue~
= 0.75 x 1061 X96/21 = 3636
TL
3. A = 0.0003 from chart page 43
4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe
combined ring-shell-cone cross section:
ADLATL 0.00035 x 962x 21
= 5.32
‘L= 10.9 =
10.9
5. Using two 2% x $4flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shell:
1.10 x ~=
1.1 ~96 x .025 = 5.389 in.,
The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in. (see page 96)
It is larger than the required moment of inertia. The stiffening is satisfactory.
6. T
r
c
a
o r
r
S,E, = 13,800 X
k= ~12,700 X
106=
3 ~ 09 0
1063 “
0
~L= ~
‘fi ’15 j48+
kQ~RLtan a
A,L =
I
SE
100 ’460
X
X
L
s
= 1.09 X 460X48X 0.5774 ~-025(
13,800 X 0.7
15 x48 -460 4
460
)33]=
1.412 in?
The cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring is 2.5 in2.It is larger than the
area required.
The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:
m,,
= 448x 0.25= 3.46 in.
The centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction:
0.25 ~
= 0.25~48 x 0.25 = 0.86 in.
JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END
1. The conical section having no flare, reinforcement shall be provided.
2. Asuming A,,= O, ATS= LJJ2 + L~tJ2 + A.,
A,.,= L.,tl2 + L&J 2 + A.,= 244 x 0.25/2 + 48 x 0.25/2 + O= 36.5 i
~
=
R
8
t +~ ; n ~~
+
+a2 ; ~ ;
“+ +;4 5 : ( X
=7
~ 74 x 4 =4 149.72 in.
: +
j
169
I
R
T
J
F,= PN +fJ t
a
C
E
=1
C
(continue~
X 149.7+30X 0.5774= 2263
3 F$.DS
= 3/4~22;; :48) = 2232
B ‘?
x
3. Since value of B falls below the left end of material/temperature line:
A= 2 B/E = 2 X 2232/30X 106= ().()()()14
4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section:
AD.?An = 0.00014X 482X 36.5 = ~ 08 in ~
1’,,=
10.9
10.9
5. Using 2% x % flat bar, and the effective shell width:
1.1448 x 0.25 = 3.81 in.
The available moment of inertia 1.67 in.4 (see page 96)
It is larger than the required moment of inertia; the stiffening is satisfactory.
6. The required area of reinforcing:
k = 1.09
A,., =-
Q,= ~
+j=
15 zX24 + 30 = 21O lb./in.
kQ,~. tan a = 1.09X 210X24X 0
13,800X 0.7
. ~ 05
inT z3
T
24
Area of excess metal available for reinforcement:
A. =~~a
==
.
(tc - t,)+ ~,
(t.,
-Z)
(0.25 - 0.25) + d24 x 0.25 (0.25 - 0.1875)= 0.153 i
Ar,,-A, = 0.328-0.153 = 0.175 in.2
T
a
of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in.2. It is Iargerthan the required
area for reinforcement.
The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:
G,=d24
x 0.25 = 2.44 i
n
.
and the centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction:
0.25 ~R,,t,,= 0.25424 x o
= O . i
. z
nb s
l
.
8
170
O
P
WELDING
V
R
There are several methods to make welded joints. In a .particular case the choice
of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:
1. The circumstances of welding
2. The requirements of the Code
3. The aspect of economy
1. THE CIRCUMSTANCESOF WELDING.
In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In
a small diameter vessel (under 18 - 24 inches) from the inside, no manual
welding can be applied. Using backing strip it must remain in place. In larger
diameter vessels if a manway is not used, the last (closing) joint can be welded
from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.
2. CODE REQUIREMENTS.
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service,
material and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used
in the construction of vesselsare also restricted by the Code as described in
paragraphUW-27.
The Code-regulations are tabulated on the followin~
the titles:
-. DaEesunder
a. Types o W
eJ
l o d i e nf d t
s
(
J permitted
o
i byn the Code,
t
s their efficiency and limitations of their
applications.) Table UW-12
b. D
(
eo W s
o J
e Ji
l go
t b u
d ni
f
e nf d t
v
i v
s
s
a
u
c
tain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3
c. E x a m io nW a t e iJ o l no
d i
e nf d t
s
The efficiency of joints depends only on the type of joint and on the degree of
examination and does not depend on the degree of examination of any other
joint. (Except as required by UW-ll(a)(5)
This rule of the 1989 edition of the Code eliminates the concept of collective
qualification of butt joints, the requirement of stress reduction.
3. THE ECONOMY OF WELDING,
If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy
must be the deciding factor.
Some considerations concerning the economy of weldings:
V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more ec~
nornical than the use of J or U preparation.
[
171
Double V
V
a
Lower quality weldingmakes necessarythe use of thicker plate for the vessel.
Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more
economical,depends on the size of vessel,weldingequipment, etc. This must
be decidedin eachparticularcase.
172
T
J
W
JOINTEFFICIENCY,E
-
TYPES
CODEUW-12
F
R
g
w
an
s
B
as
s
b rh
c o m
t
i
w
a
r
m
oe e
tl
o hs u i t n 1.00
ds e i
ue r
f la
c
ci u t k
i rs n
ig
e a am
of l v t l e
op w l e et i o l n
c
; pN
~ o
ia E mo x i a- n m
h
e
r
b
us
E d x
a
p
a
e
de
e
e
d
l
d0d e
.
p
fd
de
r
d
f .
S i n g l be - j w e ulo d e di t
n t
t
w b
a is c
tk t
i r nh ig 0
p
w
r h e i m
i
ac i
hn
s
n
p
a l w f ea
lt c d e i e nr
g
c
n
.
8
.0
8.
0
.
j
3
S i n g l be - j w e ulo d e di t
w
i u ot b h a o sc u k t i
s
t
r
i
D
f
o u
l ij
b
l e - f u
l o la i e
n t
en f g
p
l
l
nt
—
p
t
t
5
S
i
w
n fg l ie - lf u ll l e
t
l j
o
a i
n
p t
p w i
l e
t lu
hd g
s
;
S
if
u n l l ; gj i
p
w
l e
~ l ol
lu
$ea ; i ~
d
n
—
g
s
p
t
173
T
I A
W
L I M I T A T I O N S
P PV L A Y R I IN N OG U
C oa
tA Bie
O
g ,no
r Cty
N
: ,
F
NOTES
S
WELDTYPES
FORTYPE1:N
J
J
E
,D
T
2 N YO
O P
R N E1
C oa tA ie , g 1 no 3 r , ty C:
E
bx w cw uo e ep ipo t l lft n t fat d— f c i r c u mjo f e oor e n itn i ra nl l
t
I t: E t
ah a s
tbhi t r . lon ys hew p
,o w
D
ej
low
d ia h pe n f i d t e r c s
thms e beie t t Ct
i t a oahe g d d r y n e
w y s e p . lr od c i e sn s g e s .
F T
J
C oa
C i r c u mjf e
5 i t
a nh 1o
d i a m e
E
T
j
sa te
tpi re
J
3
YO
tA ie g, no
rooe nn t i oni a l n
n2 i i onv co u8
t e r .
P
R2
rB ty : ,
l vto y
. t ken sd
s:
oh t h e a
t d pb. h e g e
Cob b i u t ns t b-e sh w d e a ul y d
t ec r o r m
p,
f m pua li s soe t t i
d4n .e et r a t i o n .
3 B
j
uos
bi h ft n f a . t rt
lrs
e
P
R Eu n : d oe r v c ae u art sl b , a n rp
ol
t 1 e nsr
t ai r v 8d a. Tgl an l e tse s ys dsh u .
g no r t ty w : e l d -h ag cr oo o mv eper sl e
e e eb b dlt u u,a a d i
lnv o t / ef s iwt rlm 8 l m
g. no r. aty r : e i n fC o rT c et mh e ni st hc. k n
o t
r e i n f h o s r c ne hmf ee n a t
e
x
t
f c o l et lh eoi c wkd in ene s g
F T
5
YO
P
R E
( Circumferential ajoints f a
t ) t o a P c t l hh r i i- a cM k at n rxe n e isie sm i u
ment of heads n o
2 i ov o u
te n s ut i rt 4d i . e n
3 c
p l/ o
. 3
d
i t as
mn h o e 1 eti t ev l o rh l / eoin s o ct ‘ r t k21v i . .
nYe 1 c r
lz o / .
3 e
/ r
1
1 s v o
J
a o t hti ea mn ci shhtp iht esen r gi c a a l od
s
a h e xe c l l r u l d se de .
J
o
n
t
B i
w
e t ls
d es i o hc n i o g
owr eu eb
bj l
luotd
eei
t dn
( C i r c u mb fj e r eof n [ t i ) a l n o hl a d s
s fld
a t t t a s c ohhj m a ene onc l t k l v eoo s t i fems p otu tr r f i st i w eh si r e
b
r
e
b
m
c
o
h
v
e
e
i
s
h
n
a
l
g
l
5 i i n
ot/ m
hn iwi c t n kh8 an. n eel s h psr
e r oei n mn
g
i
e
d
g
o
i
l
t
,
n
t
g
i
u
p
l
go
s u es
cm
fu euc r o tn m
e o pa d l
w t t e e o t pd lhi n l l ghd a o ee oe t fp e see n s e ta t s fr a u t F i ssno ni
ou o n
t
1
t h - t i d 1a i moa 1t hm
n e 2e
ts h em
e r ea wf r e e gc l rhde oi i dpn pgc i
h f t po
l ol h u
e g r e . a g
ri t o c
o ir r vha e e t c ne
J
C oa t e i g o n r y t: C m
e
n
d
e
d
.
F T
4
YO
( L o n gj i a t nou o d 3i in a)vn
t
h
Ji
C oca tA kie
( C i r c u mjb f e nro eo n 5ti i )a
i t
h
J in C oca tBk ie .
F T
6
( F t a t ta oao h hc
t p
r t es s nh so
r
e t q h ui o ci w
kr
f
w i o i l e on sl
JointCategory:A
YO
P
R E
ax
xha l i l mj o . uw
e o am b
ch e m o) e r anen t 5dv T fems
e f f i cg i e i in t c it v e sh a e
b
u5e i r vol oe l /oe sn a tt br u 8 i . rf so r w m e eu o lhe ad
nu en eo dis s l . st t y j h omade
e fh iby arcn or gas
t e s
s ehl
i te dd l n e l weldingprocesses.
f :
,
B
( F a t t bao ohc h h m
e ae)
p
r o e e s s i s t u[si r nhh de
o 2 i i v d n i aesna n m
oi
re
1 r
e t q h 1u iw icf rkw iien 4
o o
uo h t f s oel i
adn na
J
C oa tA ie g no
nar vt
di
ee ne rl6 oJ
d 4 tnv. oee ir
edl es t ls
ne l gf d y
r. ty :
f ns
g
. l e oof s f iEt i=c I fi ben jn .c toyu o , i
c e o dm tp r r e s s i o n .
el h
t
d
e
.
B
1 .
-.
7
4
W
D
WELDED
LOCATIONS
T t j
ou
hic n enc d roo t ent se sd a p i r r i et e
f ja
od e moi s ib nig edn t aerl t sne e t dt i t c
T
s h p r e e q uc si rwi e emaa eh bnl t sio ,a s
d t
ec oh sn d aei i t t gair ob bnn ur s el , a l t
s
o
D
C
JOINT
J
O
E
N
S
D
qin uc o i arni e am
pw e l npa ht t s l i y
e ay rI
s
.
r ce s mr have tt ei ehdc ri aenic ,ak l n
eeo d w
.
P
W O
E
N E
JI
TO
G
N I Y R AN D PI OT G RE JA P H OI C IH
C T
Y
M
R I YNE AF TF I IO CNT I RE EN A
I AT C
I OA NT N E EG X OA D
a i A ta gD
t
dl
t
1 T d
ie A hsc
.le eb gn F o snu r l yu
w os i ve ei s e l end s c nd tts
i s e o n ln
s
b
o ja
e f f 1 i ca ih e n.e c n y a
0d d s
o 0
.
r
9
A c
a B to C elb
g
o u r l y t T r( Tt y(
(
d
Se w s ( eeni i bgnl e c n dls o uu ds p i t n t g o
1.0
0.9
c o n d t i ti nih o oon o zs
zs
l ee n s
r
l
bi
sec o m
t l m eu c no hi d c aaw tmi nb g e r s )
w
f
h w u i ehn tlt ei n r slc e hc h t s
e
r a d i o c g ar Aatw p e hi vyge
oe l r s y d s
se n l
i
nr
s
e o ch t o eis o Na n
sd o r s
m a n) d c a to s o ner vyan . mee l cs e t ss
se 0 l 0 .
Uw-11
s
e o ch
t ei
o a n
sd
r s
U 1
2 W (
d )
r
Joints
Band
C
butt
welds
C
a Ata eB b g
o nur
y
t
din
t
w
i ve
s e l e s c d cn ts
i s ec no n len
s se
a h
s e b onhT a
a dy d l s p l1 ein f ee
wall
UHT-57
(1) or T
(
y
2p thickness do not
e require
)
2 F
r a d
e x a
i n
m a
U
l
u T ( ol Ty ( . b l 1yp s u 2pe p ) t r Te (o) T t (y
0
0
.
i o wg r jae p hol i cdi
en
dt
s
m i n a t i o n
o
s t
n d a t o r y
‘ W (
b
1
)
l
2p e
t y 1p
P C
o e
U
C
S
e
.
8
8
5
e
r
i
f
p
t
Pt yC1 p
U . C8
2 p o ee
8S
5
175
I
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)
D
C
O
E
N
S
D
P
W N
O
ET
JI
T
N DP I O
T G REJ A P HO I C IH
GO
N IY R A
E
N A
C Y
M
R I YNE AF TF I I O CNTI RE E
I AT CI OA NT N E EG X OA D
T M
(
1p
)
r
y
e
l
l
6e
2.p
)
ol pione id
ne
fr dt ( s 0y
gmy rT a op w h yi j ec
0y
P3.pC
6e o e )
r
(
i n a t i o n
U4.p
C
0y
5eS )
r
(
o
s t
0
.
5e
T
y
p
(
5
)
a t o r y .
4e
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y
6. p
)
hs
s
e e l
s
i
g
no e
d
r
e
r
n
a
l
s
ns
u
rl e
y
(
c
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o
A s i b hn
at
ls
l
e
I.
F e . )u
l
l
~ N (
p o 1
J
W( ( 2
( 1 aa
)
) )
o
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/
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e . ) 1r T
(
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. ) 0
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.
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9
j
l
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s
l
o
s u b s Jt a Wn( (c- e 2 s ( 1 ba
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) )
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W
2
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v h t e re
]intsB andC butt
J
Dos
bi f h n
aiut b wls l eu l l el l t d
eJl t W
d
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r
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Di l oi sn id
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et
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hnh a e a d
n
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l
x
e
t n h ito t c i k }nr f e rhe s u s a l f de l
iey
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v
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s z }ae z g el lr l rax e p cl h ee
t
dp
t
U
W( ( 2
d( 1: a x )c)t h )ua . n gb e re
c
r
s
o
e
x
r
J
oo c
ai C tf n e mgt e oxs o cr fh y a n gr e rd s
)
) d
e
s
t f a b l r j h i c o aJ at Wie(e da - n 2 p (t2 na
p
3
a
p
n
e
)
d
r
s e
U t W n- 2 (u a d) ( l b ) (s c )
n
J
l ( W (
- 4a
1
) )
r
U
F
u
r a d i o
e x a m
i n
m a n d
T v
ie
d
e fs
e
x
t
p
r oe
Uw-1 l
$ V
a
–
i
r
t
o
U
J
Aos
b iT h Nn ay t
ls p
l e e o
( (
e f a x u1 cs t eoe pn ) i t f i T
r c ( Type(y
c
h nr
os i m
t cai i uk n m le e l s s
s
t
e
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l
)
.
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l
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m
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e fq
uwelds iextending
ro ethrough
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r
No
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a
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ae l
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Dof p i e nun e t t r l a s t i ol n
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29
A
176
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)
D
C
O
E
N
S
D
P
W NO
E
GO
N I Y R AN D PI OT G REJA P HOI C IH
JI
T
E T
N A
C Y
I AT C
I OA NT N E EG X OA D
R I YNE AF TF I IO CNTI RE E
M
T
l
:
Aos
b i t h Nn
1
J
Bos
b i t h Nn
[1)
o
N
(
7 P
r ve
s
se
u wr s. t e
t
h
e
i
s s
ut e b
j l ec x 5kc isc n
d
fi
i r N wr e j ei c oolnt t
( a p e rf 3emr
A o Bj
ioa
i
t h i c k n
U
W
2
8 E l e c tA r b ow s U
l ae .l g u
w
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oo
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S9
y . U
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t h 1 iT (ohe ny . P nC 1pe
S9
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sU
sl ( eW (l f s - c7 a o n 1 s t ) r )u0 c T t i( o ny . U
d n p o e
roe
m
si t t
r a d i o g r a p h s
e
a 0m
l
e
s. s
s
p
o
t
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s
s
e
l
Pe C
o e
e o c Jt
ci o oo ni nv n nse e c t rt s Ni s ns g oe
l n
o
w
A
o
B
h
e
r
n
r C5
U
S
e
s a e a c hd t
ies on an
s d d s 0
.
8
w
a te 3 l y r d
p s
e e
,
l
W (
a
1
)
4
5
6
,
,
(
5 b
) )
W
1
2
(
d
)
o
1i
n
t . s
N g
rt
e o ah
t
ea t
o m pA lW e t e e n d l
d y
s
,
8
0
u
r
e
s
s
u
r y e
w
1
2
(
f
)
9 F
c
o v
1
ay t
i l
e
E F F I C (I E
T NB CU YE I SC A L C
)EU
O L EA D
T I O NN S
O S E A M
H L TE EHSF I S C A A
K N Code
D
E S S UW-12(d)
S M
E
TYPE OF
HEAD
H
s
p
O
h
t
T
e
e
r
h
OFY
JOINT
N
m
i cN a
e
Ar
P
o1
00
i
l
s
E
N
* c a F
l ic un l vo a ot il rov n i n g
c i r c u ms f e ort , e n rt i aa el
s @ s
t h io s c ek h an m
e sel s e
s af s
1
r r
d
.0
l
0.0
08 .
.0
2
9 .0
08.
Y .
0
0
.
0
177
EXAMINATION
OF WELDED JOINTS
RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION
FuUradiographyis mandatory of joints: (Code UW-11)
chambersofunjired
1. All butt welds in shells, heads, nozzles,communicating
steam boikrs having
lethalsubstances.
2 All
.
1
1
Exemption:
B and C butt welds in nozzlesand communicating
chambers that neither exceed 10 in pipe size nor 1 1/8in. wall thickness do not
require radiographicexamination in any of the above cases.
3 All categoryA and D butt welds
. in vessel sectionsand heads where the design
of the joint or part is based on joint efficiency 1.0,or 0.9. (see preceding
pages: Design of Welding Joints).
4 All butt weldsjoined by electroslagweldingand
,
all electrogasweldingwith any
greaterthan 1
radiography,as a minimum,ismandatoryof
B or Cweldswhichintersectthe
.
CategoryA buttweldsinvessel
sections(includingnozzlesand communicating
chambersabove10 in. pipe
size and 1in.wallthickness)or mmect seamlessvesselsectionsor headswhen
the designof Catego~ A and D buttweldsinvesselsectionsand headsbasedon
ajointefficiencyof 1.0or 0.9.
2 S
. t weldedjoints(~
radiography
p
isoptionalofbutt
o
1
2 w
a hn
i
1
r c o
) h
required to ~ filly ~diographed. If spot radiographyspeciiled for the entire
vessel, radiographicexaminationis not required of CategoV B and C butt
welds in nozzlesand communicatingchambers.
No Radiography.No radiographicexaminationofweldedjoints is required when
the vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure only,or when the
design of joints based on no radiographicexamination.
ULTRASONICEXAMINATION
I f
e m r a r te i le etr c wi tn arca ole e ss l l lea wcgn dt w r e ao s sg li da i s d nnt
sg h l y
p
g
rat e 1 1 asih s t b esuha /l rtn r aa ns e o lnx2 i .cat al hm
l elr yi ot nu ge h hd o eu t i
e
ln
e t n i g r t
eh
.
d t d t ir e t q iu ih.oornr en a md e i onoet gxs r a a m p ia h nwifa c tm ie ob lnt l,a
d d lh
2 I a
e
l be
cp ter or bo to aci n en a msce h os r n tdnr iy if ne r rua oi i du c s tv i
eo
n
w
e p l r sd o b i uhc ln t er aga ss e o slnx i caf al tm
l el eyi h n lno e e td n i g r r rt
eh
3 U l t er xa as mo mi n nb i .sa c tu ib oas f n t r i a t d u i yt foo eetg d fr a c p i ohlr hy on
s a ru e
s
i t ec o n sa tho rt uv cm t dei f oen hsn p o s ei n eftoeree rl m
rp ars edi tt i a ot b gl er a p
178
B
W
C L
P
J
U
T
I
B T
A
IP T E D RI F E FE
H E
D
I TR H
E N
FI ECI M
EK N T E O S
1N S
H R
O O N E N - FO O
T UT R. HT
R H
PIH NL C N AF
U EEOW
T RU - E 9D
W . ( - C E 1)
, 3
T
O
E
L
E OH NT
TG ATE T
H
P HR E A RNF SSEE I D
TH
B I M O AIN N
3L
T I TM
LI
UM
E
F B FE
STT
W
A
E DET J H
ES A U
N C R E F TENA WTC EM SH
E B. p
LAA OE R D
N T I IT R T E A L SP
HY E OC
R N
AT
EE D D
I J TOA I C
N E NR T
O
x2 3
&
1
T
L &3
e ai t ~ p oe o{ evu $
jt r ~ s ~
i
&
r
‘
L
e
g
i e
s
L
nn
t
&
y
@
e
H
$
‘
~
%
Y
a
nL
Y
g~
e
n
/
2
(
t
@
T s
p h c h le en mat el er t l l i a e
b o e
si o t hi h
eeed hn r
p
c le n t a e r tl i n e e
z
- t
~
a
-.
n
g
“
e- n
ti L
—
@
~
;
~
z
i-
$
n
/e
—7
e
~ l
’
%
Y
S
1
TE S
AH
E
D
LS L
A T T A C H M E N T
:
th
H
TE S
AH
ED
LS L
A ~ A C H M E N T
~ 3
Z z l / 2 ( t h - ty
~
—t c m e e i le n nhdoe is h ~ m
tn r u g ea
~W t e h~ t,.,
f
il 3 ba n tnn e ge u 1xh e i coee- s , e xt 1 d e
w
n e h ct p e rser s oe al qvnr oeuyit i nd a ro e ge
f W l t i e h t oql et u1 e .tnh a l 2k ssoel 5a o nhrr
s
t f r sla bi ash gu n fhf a fatg i r lc ee i qoel nnue
t
Ta s
pp hc eelh nemr tab oe .le r te sl i lai ent ei
o t h
p
c e ehl n t aae r f lte id n e e .
-
1
APPLICATIONOF WELDINGSYMBOLS
WELD
SYMBOL
MEANINGOF SYMBOL
n
m
+rt
P
v
m
=
v
K
m
6
8
&
&
~
‘
~
&
w
APPLICATIONOF WELDINGSYMBOLS
WELD
SYMBOL
MEANINGOF SYMBOL
b
G
‘i’’’g%N:i;E’”E
~,
~q
g~g2g9D
SYMBOL
INDICATES
L
d
D
m
SYMBOL INDICATES 1/4 IN.
INTERMITTENT FILLET WELD.
EACH 2
P
*
E
8
-
P
s
181
C
R
RELATED
Service
i
VARIOUS
SERVICES
Code
paragraph
Brief extracts of Code requirements
A ip
r ve lse rf s us uw s r cl e oe i m
sl
pas r et e r sxiea s hUec -d r e(
p , 4t
p e r o m t i h ti et t r pe wad h ir ssa ebg i hp r ra n aops hv l i
dl ee d
w
s
u i i i n t s t apo ebp chl e t e in o i n n
g
.
V
e w s a r s ei e m
q l uit si tn rh ih ei omcld kut n m
f s 2n
? e e Uh s - s s a C
i
t
an t hb u c i rac so h m tpa e res eo eess ds r bei n hvd
i a c r le
l
p
r
ow vc io i dr a r e l ot dl sno il who ta n n1e o coh e s
a/ t s
n
6
-2
t c a l cp h u t l lh a i t caM
e k d t nt he i is 3e cs i .kn n1 Ue 1. s 3n s( 6
~ l a mE mx a p c b oa l nne n
m o n
o
x d
o g
a u s
e s
m l
i
q
u
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dd
L
s u
To
e
b
B
t
s st
W
w
T
dse cen t hdbi uo
r s
s
wh
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loil vt
ab hnf c r eaua ds i
f a h b or ci e
h
te r e e l
j
oo v hi a c
na ss o l
e
l
dUt
-e
.(
4
d i e t ecnts
odst l ne ses tlu ntbas s ih U
to an- a n( c l e s
ol g r al p eh ye d .
c a oa l t nr ae dbs l soo t fbl nph e o rUaw oe- y ( l l s l
e
a a t de
td
.
nra t it see ogsc ohu orf sti nape fas lr o a r lg mr a p o h
Uw -2.
S
t
S
s
p t cl oe an f t et os pr ee m
l c i s f nSi cg aASt i o-A no s U
3n hb u a s o l e l
dt e .
V
i e
e w s a r s ei e m
q l uit sitn rh ih ie omcld kut
m c
na
h
i
i
W
( a
V
ew sar s
t
2ane t hb
i
t
w
a c oi r a
c
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M
t h i i 3 c
s
&
n
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- 62 (
( ,8 C 3
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h s -25
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q l uit sitn rh ih ie omcld kut n m
ss a
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h s -25
ru c i )raw s hs a te se e tr bo hepv ed r i nao rc v le i
dl
r l t o l soo ni hw lo a tn n 1ec o ohe t c s af/ t ash n
i t ca ek ndt e s e s .
u s ( G(
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2 V
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p 7 l1 i1 c 7 a1 1b 0l7 11e 1 07 11, 1, , 0 7 31, 1, ,0 7 31, 1, ,0 7 31, 1, , 07 31, 1, ,0 3 ,
,
o1 1 1 t 1 1 1e2 41 2 s 2 41 2, , 6 5 1 2, ,6 5 1 2, 0 6 1 2, 0 6 1 2, 0 6
p
N
W
h
i
e 1
s
241
p 5 l6 8i 9 c
1o 1 1 t
i
R
ha
s1
i
lc
n 1s1
k 1l - 1 l 3
6
,< .
7 1
p 7 l 1 i1 c 7 a1 1b 3l 7 61e 1 3 1 62,
o
t
e
s
1
2
7
1 2
7 1 2
2 ,
p
(
1 T
l
T
s
m
i
t
1e
m
i
e sr
B
E
c
o
t
7 1
1
, 1 , 3 1 6 1,
0 7 1 2,
N
o
t
e
s
x r ot Ci r Rae e oqc fu t i r s de m e fn et s )
tn h h i i omcp .ku fe nl w
m e easc os oln t s dtsf r e ube cnhr t dui oa ( n G ol
h /
s 1a
s6 n
.
tnh h i i omcs ku e ahn m he e s u esl ni cl a sof m
s d pa de r se s ds ien d
1.
vs t i e a ce rw e vas , a i en smc tr b eh3v e i id a /rc
le 3nU l G e ( 2-
2 M a n u f a m
c t u a r s e rr b.s k’ho
3 I
l
1
1X
XAv
15 6
% 3 &7 o6
—
1 3 7 61 1 3 7 61, ,1 ,37 61, 1, , 3 6 ,
,27 , 01 91, , 7 , 818 ,1 2, 7 ,,1 1, 1, 721 8 ,
02 1 2, 029 01 22 29 02 2, , 9 2 0 ,
1 <A
i t ta nd
ghdl
s e t el aa e meri
pUn i ( pnG ge
io- r
m
i
tnh h i i omcs .ku eahn mh e e so eusl n nlas f f s bdti d o r use i e ( fG
l ad b e -m)r
n hb l
ta
o1 e il h
l s at ne s n
% .
6 D
7 S
f
.-
m pa r s e sai t s .wen ed sr a ne ac tro, mrv ae r ldi o l rcsno i eU
wo aC
n n o cS e
1 e o h t c s a a/ l pc hs u t n ll h a6 i tsfacee bkd ph t n r e oae s v s il d el de .
4 S
i w n e og
pl l eued .nt , e3i i ndp g s s di n n i p r po e zU. qo e ( u(C e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t .
5 T
s
6
of
f u l iu bj
l f l oll. loea n i eg l iw
o ttn u ejpd ti liona ra cdil c ,een T p dUtt aa sbW lb s
i w n eo g p l l ue dte n2. i ,ei p n ds g d i nsn ir
o r c e m e n t .
8 S
o
9 M
1
M
1
S
a c
ep r o zqe o . i-ue Un ei f( o (G
ro t r e -c
fi f n l iu jg l wl o l p.l ae wiie l fl tna ett p t ut a oolhch h g nmetd eT nr aU t a
2 i vo
u d et in sat s m
ri h4aed .c et ec eel pr l t as ob ,l e .
a
tx h i i omcr e ku i .nnmf eo f rs bc se wm e3ufno ti e
/t
a
tx 0 h i i omcr eku i . n mf eo f rs bc se wm e1ufno i t e
t
if
c
f 1n l ui gj l lw ol. l pea
e p t a b l e .
w
iei l
dW b f
l U
r 3n t ( dW
2
/l rUW
n t
8-
‘d
l ft ne ct pi r utlc u hmo df j ge rt esTn ot Uir aa l
-
Wi b
.
(.
183
C
R O
U
R
ED L LT
(
B
E
V
A
EE A
T S E
R
W D
I T OHA I UC
O KSL NO EV S LS E E S S
( C o n t i n u e d )
N
x r ot Ci r
o
t
e
s
Rae e oqc fu ti r s ed m e fn et s )
f 2n l iu gj l low l. l aeii p et nlw ht lta ope c s cu ulef t pa dt t ga Tbt so U
l a ea
o h e c e
ont ap n r dt tve s fs es h s xeu
rl o e l
s o .
1
S
m
1
W
Bs
ej
3l o p d i r
b th
( oa y(
1
S
w
i
fi
4neb
jgl
S
c W bh r
even . sed st s s u sut s dbr f e ejfi l e iir sc c rea t t iU
c eo (nt g Wog
P l w1p2 l ho et ee) r es)e rr al .e t atq m du e i tn r (2)
t e d .
wudl o . i eu itt o d bh n aot s s ctu a ktct
ci erfe n p f tgi a
b po l
r n dy
e
P-1 shall be fully radio- UCS-57
graphed.
19. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materials is mandatory for all welded TableUCS-56
connections and attachments.
20. Double welded butt joint or single welded butt joint with backing Tableuw-lz
strip shall be used for circumferential or longitudinaljoints.
21. Pull radiographic examination of butt welded joints of P-1 Grade
1, 2, 3 materialsis mandatory.
22. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materialsis not mandatory provialedthat material is pre-heated.
See page 179 f
N
P
b
p
l
t
e
m o p ooe pr ae t r ru awr t e i
Note(2)(a)(b)
o
n
.
O
T
E
:
w
h o t e r ees i nal t ea trm ide e nqttn p tuh r ioe fhrs ojr ie b od i t io er dn
t r s
e a tu w
s s t et e asne ii ont nt t i P
l e c e 8 ges- sh r(l N T os a oob fu eu .l p a t . e d
1 ) a
8g
e
5 .
1- .
8
4-
T
C
F
A
V
A
C
L
Excerpt from the Departmentof Labor OccupationalSafety and Health
Standards(OSHA),ChapterXVII, Part 1910.106,
(FederalRegister,July 1, 1985)
REGULATION
CLASSIFICATION
ATMOSPHERIC
TANKS
Storagetank whichhas been
designedto operateat
pressuresfrom atmospheric
through0.5 psig.
LOWPRESSURETANKS
Storagetank whichhas
been designedto operate
at pressuresabove0.5 psig.
but not more than 15 psig.
P
V
Stora e tank or vessel
which i?asbeen designed
to operateat pressures
above15 psig.
Atmospherictanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable good standards of
design.
Atmospherictanks may be built in accordance with:
1. Underwriters’ Laboratories, Inc. Standards
2. American Petroleum Institute Standards
No. 12A, No. 650, No. 12B, No. 12D,
& No. 12F.
Low-Pressuretanks shallbe built in accordancewith acceptablestandardsof design.
Low-Pressuretanks may be built in accordancewith
1. American Petroleum Institute Standard
No. 620.
2. ASMECode for PressureVessels,Section
VIII.
(These tanks are not within the jurisdiction
of the ASMECode SectionVIII (U-id) but
may be stamped with the Code U Symbol
U-lg)
P
V
s
b b
i a
with the ASMECode for PressureVessels,
SectionVIII.
In addition to the regulationsof the above mentioned standards and code, the
occupationalsafety and health standardscontainrulesconcerningtanks and vessels
as follows:
1. Definitionof combustibleand flammableliquids
2. Materialof storagetanks
3. Locationof tanks
4. Ventingfor tanks
5. Emergencyreliefventing
6. Drainage
7. Installationof tanks
185
LOW TEMPERATURE
I am
i d n me i t m
es e m uipaf tem
t gr a ahtn
n e s s - c o omc b i naaa lt i aro n s b l ni t oo
b
t ce
i uFl Urh o Cfvi
Swtm
e -Geei sp 6 s
r e q u i r e d .
.
I
I
I
I
~ I
-
I
1
0
I
I
I
8
6
0
1Y
/ {
I
; 20
0
/
I
: 40
‘‘
.
/{
A
/0
-
/
-
.~
OPERATION
u nir l e -c
k d l ef n oe d w l y
s
s
n a6. t , ci
nt
g
s
N
I tO H
aT t n mhE
d c b o. oouh mno e m
k ss
m a a t l e iFr o is rsa t t Al heosC dSe ee o . r
A c
aa
p
a an
S
A
G
S
A
G
S
a
s
&-6
& -7
o
r
M
rsl l l bt ni itl oe f l soneo l t d l hy oe s
gb h n eeo 4o l s wod t wn
5 8
, A
Sr 5G1_A5&02B5
i nr 5 n o 1 r6 m6 oa l 5 i z 0e f
A
G 5 &-6 i n 5 n
o1 r
6 o a rl 5 i
m
0z f
I
I
I
j
4i
:
:-
I
I
0.394 1
F
U
tm
8
N
2
ot
ICI
en p xs a pt
cid
1 0
3
4
5
hm ii ci k n n ae
M
S T G -PC
t
ntrt
a
e
t m
i n dn n h mei
ms .e du i e tm g
m pi ce r t oa 1t ul ihr2 de m0 ea p°s r aF
a d aS e l-l 6 dl6
egme da s t b tueh rUe s iC
N
sl i s , tm i rm p e e f aqm uac s oit t ero ret si d a
S
G
A B a -t e 1m -p 9Fa
e r w3 a ta Ru4 7rr nt e m
6CR S STV A
GEB
T a t- S e m
3 -p 0Fe a r w7a t a u2r rr n
te m
6E
AU.
F s t a v t eoi w os t n cs aho e r ri r yl n hsec a i, d
i F U
C1i i l S t - go e 6t h nF6 ,n s ,ih a g es s
p
r f o ubv
rti uadtm e has w
s et siie r t r s hi
i
tm e Up s G ta - i 6 c n6 t(g b . ) .
R E D OU MC IT IN O I N M
U FM
M
TE E M TP E RA A T LU R E
E X A M P L E :
>
3
: 0
;
.
~
@ o.4;
~
Z
<
“ “
o
V
.
3
Z
g
W
A
a
6
\
c
-
S
0
F
d
~
J
”
2
;
*
.
”
’
1
t ee
O
R
ms ip f ei F r U
ag r tC uISn r - eo6 6G 5 stm
I t a
sc
i thtt
er uf nie af ens r s l t i se oo
p
r a e o s l st i 1uon hpr 2 ae te s @d r i Ons
m
a a zl sli oomtt hwe umra a tm
be en la l ei as 1 5 ,s
p t r s
a i ht
.i
o, e :
1 ~ 0 0 =00 / 1 5 , 0 .0 0
a f
r n t r o e di d2 m
uh c 0 t i
T m
i d n the ei m smip 5 eui er 30m
ag t - us n 0r 2 e
(
A
p j p el fio fc isa cib ii l he enn i cc ai tle sul
T
s
1t
n
2t
a
w
aa o t f i o sl l l t ho j w J i nl
t h oi m c h a kl t ni ic ee A.rsdeu si
e
1x i
eo
e 1 ne t d
t h oi m c h a kl t ni ic ee rs ~eu si
D
n1
d
3 ht v
ii he y d cshr o t ss ht ae te i .sce al tl l sye
d
4f gt e d:
t e e msh ip n eli r t ag o-t. eFu no rhw e
2e a
5dea t r
n 0
t aa r onf el h v td i e 6n eFgo h s h
5 t 2 h. m e e rcs hml a ha ono cli a.oc,y ad c lc i l
ni k
g e
t lan f eol i n wacd o dn ns d ti ror enoe lq gslu ii sirn t eg m
P
M
CARBON& LOWALLOYSTEEL*
Form
~
2
a&:
C“S
~z
‘u
c1
e
E
z
M
.-G
3
m
Specification
Nominal
Composltlon Number Grade
APPLICATION
c
SA-283
c
Structural uality. For pressurevessel
maybeusea withlimitationsseenote: 1
c
SA-285
c
Boilersfor stationaryserviceand other
pressurevessels
C - Si
SA-515
55 *
C - Si
SA-515
60 *
Primarilyfor intermediateand high
temperatureservice
99
——
C - Si
SA-515
65
– “ –
C - Si
SA-515
70
– “ –
C - Si
SA-516
55 *
C - Si
SA-516
60 *
C - Mn - Si
SA-516
65 *
C - Mn - Si
SA-516
70 *
C - Mn - Si
SA-105
C - Si
C - Mn
C - Mn - Si
C - Mn
SA-181
C - Mn
For moderateand lowertemperature
service
99
——
99
——
99
——
For hightemperatureservice
For generalservice
SA-53
I
LF1
LF2
B
SA-106
B
For hightemperatureservice
B7 *
For hi temperatureservice
Bolt2* in. dam. or less
SA-194
2H
For hightemperatureservicenut
SA-307
B*
Machinebolt for generaluse
SA-350
ICr-1/5Mo. SA-193
For low temperatureservice
For generalservice
*Forlowtemperature
operation
seepage185
* Dataof the most frequen~yused materialsfrom ASMECodeSectionII and ~11”
PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (cont.)
Form
Specification
Number
w
b
e
2
Grade
P
Number
Yield
Tensile
Point
Strength
1,000 psi. 1,000 psi.
See
Notes
SA-283
c
1
55.0
30.0
1
SA-285
c
1
55.0
30.0
2,6
SA-515
55
1
55.0
30.0
3
SA-515
60
1
60.0
32.0
3’
SA-515
65
1
65.0
35.0
3
SA-515
70
1
70.0
38.0
3
SA-516
55
1
55.0
30.0
3,8
SA-516
60
1
60.0
32.0
3,8
SA-516
65
1
65.0
35.0
3,8
SA-516
70
1
70.0
38.0
3,8
1
70.0
36.0
2,3
1
60.0
2,3
1
60.0
70.0
1
60.0
30.0
30.0
36.0
35.0
.a
JZQHz
<z~
~<_
& u
SA-I05
~
2W
E%
3A
m
SA-53
I
LF1
LF2
B
SA-106
B
1
60.0
35.0
SA-193
B7
–
125.0
105.0
SA-194
2H
55.0
–
—
SA-307
B
55.0
–
5
u
z
G
:
SA-181
SA-350
—
2,3,4,7
3
DIAM> 2k’2in
and<4 in
—
188
PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL
(continued)
NOTES:
1.
SA-36and SA-283ABCDplatemaybe usedfor pressureparts inpressure
vesselsprovidedall of the followingrequirementsare met:
(1)
The vessels arenotusedto contain lethal substances, either liquid or
gaseous;
(2)
Tmaterial isnotusedintheconstmctionofunfiredsteamboilers(see
Code U-1 (g) ~;
(3)
Withtheexception of flanges, flatboltedcovers, andstiffeningrings
on which strength welding is applies does not exceed 5/8 in.
2.
For service temperatures above 850° Fit is recommended that killed steels
containing not less than O.IOOA
residual silicon be used. Killed steels which
have been deoxidized with large amounts of aluminum and rimmed steels
may have creep and stress-rupture properties in the temperature range
above 850° F, which are somewhat less than those on which the values in
the table are based.
3.
Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800°F, the carbide phase
of carbon steel maybe converted to graphite.
4.
Only killed steel shall be used above 850° F.
5.
Not permitted above 450° F, allowable stress value 7000 psi.
6.
The material shall not be used in thicknesses above 2 in.
7.
For welded pipe maximum allowable stress values are 15Y0less. No
increase in these stress values shall be allowed for the performance of
radiography.
8.
The stress values to be used for temperatures below -20° F when steels are
made to conform with supplement (5) SA-20 shall be those that are given
in the column for -20 to 650° F.
I
MODULI OF ELASTICITY FOR FERROUS MATERIALS
Material
70
C
C
H
as
as
a
w
rt Cbe 0 i oe .2
w
rt Cbe 0 i oe 2.
7-.
si l t
lg e
oe
T
v
ia t
hEl
Millionp f T es m p Foeoi r a t .u r e
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
n l 32t
s920
h82 C <2.8 k 2.7
n l 2t 3 s92 I 8h20
>2. %
I 2.78
3h -.
7 l y6 2 s 2
27
26
572.
32
852.
826.
626.7
725.
32.5
25.
02.4
742,
542,
542.
32.1
2.1
832.
7.0
5.0
3.2
x u P t hree eCe r s sanh nis ae anu l ftrr e ree tx n p t sd roe e e r d s n s
c a l c ou l a nt i o l n s y
.
1
8
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS CARBON& LOWALLOY STEEL
Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension 1000 psi.*
Specification
Number
For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding Deg. F.
G
:r
, a 5,
d~
:0 e
5
0o
0
0
o
900
950
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
c
13.8
SA-285
c
13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2
8.4
6.5
-
-
-
-
-
SA-515
55
13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2
8.4
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
SA-515
60
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8
8.7
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
SA-515
65
16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4
9.0
6.5 4.5
2.5 -
-
-
SA-515
70
17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0
9.3
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
SA-516
55
13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2
8.4
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
SA-516
60
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8
8.7
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
SA-516
65
16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4
9.0
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
“
-
SA-516
70
17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0
9.3
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0
9.3
6.5
4.5
2.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
SA-105
-
-
-
SA-181
I
SA-350
LF1
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5
1
41
3 7 . 0 5.0. 3.0
4 . . 1.5
0
15.0 1
SA-53
LF2
B
]7.5 lfj.b 14.&l12.(.) 7.8 5.() 3.0
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6:5 -
!.$
-
SA-106
B
15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5
2.5 -
-
-
SA-193 B7~2%’‘ 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5 -
-
-
SA-194
2H
-
-
SA-307
B
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
8
Seepage177forlowtemperatureope;ationo
* The StressValuesin this table may be interpolatedto determinevaluesfor
intermediatetemperatures.
I
-
190
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
STAINLESS STEEL
P No.8 GroupNo.1.
-
TABLE 1
P
r
S o N dp G u
3
y
+@
~
q
~
“gg
y::
;’:
H::
;;:
. . C
z
Q
*
a
g
SA-213
SA-312
SA.312
a SA-452 s
Pp.
:
SA-182
SA-182
SA-479
.
TABLE 2
a
d
Product
<
~
;
;?
~
‘
5
s
z
&
33
=-~
“Z
g“
“?
ijg
~
z
Plate
Smls. Tb.
Smls. Pp.
Bar
O*
:
~
~~
SA-240
SA-213
SA.312
304L
TP304L
TP304L
SA-479
304L
M
F
b
A
gao
u
Nr
G
XA
~
—
—
—
5
LI
=jS
~’g
j’ ~
>*
aA 316-t
SA-240
SA-213
SA-213
SA-312
317
TP316
TP316H
SA.312
TL~?l~\
e
ot 6oa
2 23 e
2 3
4
2
—
:
2
2
—
—
2
—
235
.
r
s
TABLE 4
Product
s
g
eNcr
317
SA-312
TP316
SA-376
SA-376 TP316H
SA-452 TP316H
F316
SA-182
SA-182 r F316Hg
316
SA-479a
o
dt
A
:
sNd pG u
l S
%:
;;:
Smls. Pp.
Smls. pp.
Smls. Pp.
Smls. Pp.
Smls. Pp.
Cast Pp.
Forg.
g
Spec. No.
So
Plate
[
g
ree
P
. g
2
—
2
—
‘p304
2
TP304H
—
TP304Ht
—
F304
2
F304H
—
304
235
W;:
Forg.
Forg.
Bar
SE
TP304H
TP304
TP304H
. dt P .
.
2 3
m SA-213 l TP304s
Tb.
Smls. Tb.
00
z
eN
rc o t c ao
304
Plate
S
——
TAklLE3
;:::
Tb
.
.
Smls. Pp.
SA-240
SA-213
SA-312
B
S
LM O SUW M
A
T V B RA
L
G
Spec. No.
E
1E L
Nr
316L
TP316L
TP316L
aA 316L
-
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E S0 S
oa
—
—
—
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7
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MATERIALS
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
18.8
18.8
A
T
71
51
61
41
18.4
E
. 61
. 41
. 51
. 21
18.1
. 61
. 21
. 41
. 11
18.0
8 . 51
8 . 21
7 . 41
3 . 01
16.7
17.0
16.3
16.1
15.9
15.7
71 . 51 . 41 8 . 31 7 . 2] 6 . 21 3 .2 1 3 . 11
6‘
. 61 1 . 1 7 5. 41 7 41. 0 . 31 6 . 31 8 . 31
41 . 21 . 11 7 . 01 1 . 01 7 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 9
L TESEO M TP E R AA RT UL R E S
1
81
1
61
1
61
RF I MA
1
1
1
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M
81
81
61
61
1
1
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O
8 . 51 6 . 51 2 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 4 19 . 4 6 .
7 . 111.11 . 110.fj9 . 10.61 . 10.44 Io.z2
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3. . 1 . 0
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8
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8
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1
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. 17 4 . 5 3 . . 4 2 . 3 0 , 2 8 . 1 4 . 1 5 .
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1 .
.
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1 .
N
T
d
w
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1
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s
c
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6
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191
-
THERMAL EXPANS1ON
LinearThermalExpansionbetween70F andXndicatedTemperature,Inches/100Feet
THE DATAOF THISTABLEARE TAKENFROMTH~:AM~KIcANsTANllAItll ~Ol)E:
O
T S T
FOR PRESSUREH~lNC. I 1 N
MATERIAL
~mp. g::;.;toy;
5 Cr Mo ;“:::;:C
120
17 Cr
)gF Low-Chrome thru
9~
18s!W8’\i 27 Cr
-2.04
300
-2.24
-2.10
–3.63 -1.92
275
–2.11
–1.98
-3.41
-1.80
2s0
-1.98
-1.86
-3.19
-1.68
-1;85
-1.74
22s
-2.96
-1.s7
-1.71
-1.62
-1.46
200
-2.73
17s
-1.S8
- I.50
–1.3s
-2.s0
-1.37
1so
-1.45
-2.27
-1.24
12s
-1.30
-1.23
–2.01 –1.11
-1;15
-1.08
-1 .7s -0.98
100
–f,oo
-0.94
-1.s0
-0.8S
7s
-0.84
-0.79
-1.24
-0.72
so
–0.63
–0.98 –O.s7
–0.68
25
-0.46
-0.49
–0.72 –0.42
–0.27
-0.30
-0.46
-0.32
2:
-0.13
–0.21 -0.12
so
-0.14
0
0
o
0
0.22
0.34
1::
0.23
0.20
0.40
0.42
0.62
0.36
125
0.53
0.61
0.S8
0.90
150
0.76
1.18
0.69
17s
0.80
0.94
1.46
0.86
0.99
200
1.13
1.7s
1.03
22s
1.21
1.33
1,21
1.40
2.03
2s0
1.s2
1.38
1.61
2.32
275
1,S6
1.71
2.61
300
1.82
1.74
1.90
2.90
32S
2.04
2.10
3.20
1.93
350
2.26
2.30
3.s0
2.11
2.48
37s
400
3.80
2.30
2.70
2.s0
2.72
4.10
2.50
42S
2.93
2.93
4.41
2.69
3.16
4s0
3.14
4.71
2.89
47s
3.39
3.3s
3.08
3.62
Sol
Soo
3.28
3.58
5.31
3.86
S25
3.49
4.11
3.80
5.62
S50
4.02
3.69
4.3s
5.93
S7S
4.24
3.90
4.60
:.;;
::;
4.47
4.86
4.10
4.69
4.31
6:87
5.11
650
4.92
4.S2
7.18
5.37
675
4.73
5.14
7.s0
5.63
700
4.94
S.38
7.82
5.90
72S
5.62
8.15
S.16
6.16
7s0
5.86
8.47
5.38
6.43
775
8
82S
8S0
87s
900
92S
9s0
97s
1000
102s
10s0
107s
1100
112s
1150
117s
1200
122s
1250
1275
1300
132S
13so
137s
1400
142s
14so
147s
1s00
6.70
6.97
7.2S
7.53
7.81
8.08
8.3S
8.62
8.89
9.17
9.46
9.7s
10.04
10.31
10.s7
10.83
11.10
11.38
11.66
11.94
12.22
12.s0
12.78
13.06
13.34
25 Cr
20
0
0.32
0.S8
0.84
1.10
1.37
1.64
1.91
2.18
2.4S
2.72
2.99
3.26
3.s3
3.80
4.07
4.34
4.61
4.88
5.1s
5.42
S.69
5.96
6.23
6.S0
6.77
7.04
7.31
7.s0
0 6.10 8.80 0S.60 7.8S
6.34
6.S9
6.83
7.07
7.31
7.S6
7.81
8.06
8.30
8.ss
8.80
9.0s
9.28
9.S2
9.76
10.00
10.26
10.s3
10.79
11.06
11.30
11.ss
11.80
12.0s
9.13
9.46
9.79
10.12
10.46
10.80
11.14
11.48
11.82
12.16
12.50
12.84
13.18
13.S2
13.86
14.20
14.s4
14.88
1s.22
1S.S6
15.90
16.24
16.s8
16.92
17.30
17.69
18.08
18.47
S.82
6.0S
6.27
6.49
6.71
6.94
7.17
7.40
7.62
7.9s
8.18
8.31
8.S3
8.76
8.98
9.20
9.42
9.65
9.8&
10.11
10.33
10.s6
10.78
11.01
8.1S
8.4S
8.7s
9.0s
9,3s
9.6S
9.9s
10.2s
10.5s
10.8S
11.1S
11.4s
11.78
12.11
12.44
12.77
13.10
13.43
13.76
14.09
14.39
14.69
14.99
I S.29
&l ~:n~’cu
–2.62
-2.50
-2.38
-2.26
–2.14
-2.02
-1.90
-1.79
-1.s9
–1.38
-1.18
-0.98
-0.77
–0.s7
–0.37
-0.20
0
0.28
0.s2
0.7s
0.99
1.22
1.46
1.71
1.96
2.21
2.44
2.68
2.91
3.25
3.52
3.79
4.06
4.33
4.61
4.90
5.18
5,46
S.7S
6.05
6.34
6.64
6.94
7.25
7.ss
7.8s
8.16
8.48
8.80
9.12
9.44
9.77
10.09
10.42
10.7s
11.09
11.43
11.77
12.11
12.47
12.81
13,15
13.s0
13.86
14.22
14.S8
14.94
1s.30
1s.66
16.02
3%Nickel Aluminum &q:on
-2.25
-2.17
-2.07
-1.96
–1.86
–1.76
-1.62
-1.48
-1.33
-1.17
-1.01
-0.84
-0.67
-0.50
-0.32
-0,1s
o
0.23
0.42
0.61
0.81
1.01
1.21
1.42
1.63
1.84
2.0s
2.26
2.47
2,69
2.91
3.13
3.3s
3.S8
3.81
4.04
4.27
4.50
4.74
4.98
S.22
5.46
S.70
S.94
6.18
6.43
6.68
6.93
7.18
7.43
7.68
7.93
8.17
8.41
-4.68
-4.46
-4.2I
-3.97
-3.71
-3.44
-3.16
-2.88
–2.s7
–2.27
-1.97
–1.67
–1.32
–0.97
–0.63
-0.28
0
0.46
0.8S
1.23
1.62
2.00
2.41
2.83
3.24
3.67
4.09
4.S2
4.95
S.39
S.83
6.28
6.72
7.17
7.63
8.10
8.s6
9.03
0
0.21
0.38
0.52
0.73
0.90
1.08
1.27
1.4s
1.64
1.83
2.03
2.22
2.42
2.62
2.83
3.03
3.24
3.46
3.67
3.89
4.1I
4.34
4.57
4.80
5.03
S.26
5.s0
S.74
5.98
6.22
6.47
6.72
6.97
7.23
7.s0
7.76
8.02
-3.98
-3.74
-3..50
-3.26
“ -3.o2
-2.78
-2.S4
–2.31
–2.06
–1.81
-1.56
-1.32
-1.25
-0.77
-0.49
-0.22
0
0.36
0.66
0.96
1.26
1.S6
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.11
3.42
3.74
4.05
4.37
;.:;
S:33
S.65
5.98
6.31
6.64
6.96
7.29
7.62
7.95
8.28
8.62
8.96
9.30
9.64
9.99
10.33
10.6S
11.02
11.37
11.71
12.0s
12.40
12.76
13.11
13.47
192
DESCRIPTIONOF MATERIALS
Whendescribingvarious vesselcomponents and parts on drawingsand in bill of
materials,it is advisablethat a standard method be followed. For this purpose
it is recommendedthe use of the widelyacceptedabbreviationsin the sequences
exemplified below. For ordering material the requirements of manufacturers
should be observed.
PART
DESCRIPTION
MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
BAR
Bar2 x 1/4x 3’-6
Bar3/4 @x 2’- O
Bar 1 @ x 3’- O
=
BOLT
3/4 @x 2-1/2 H. Hd.M.B. WI(1) sq. nut SA-193B7bolt
1 @x 5-1/2 stud w/ (2) h. nuts
SA-1942Hnut
~
CAP
D
Screwed
COUPLING
h
Welding
ELBOW
6“- Std. 900 L. R. En.
4“- X Stg.450 S. R. En.
6“ x 4“ Std. L. R. Red. Eli
SA-234WPB
FLANGE
4“ - 300# RF. So. Fig.
6“- 150# RF. Wn.Fig. Std. Bore
6“ - 600# RTJ.Wn.Fig. X Stg. Bore
3“ - 150# FF. So. Fig.
8“ -150 # R.F. Bid.Fig.
SA-1811
1“ - 6000# 900 Scr’d.En.
1“ -3000 # 900 Scr’d.Street En.
2“ -3000 # S.w.Cplg.
1“ - 3000# Sq. Hd.Plug
2“ -6000 # Scr’d.Tee
2“ -3000 # 450 S. W.En.
SA-105
ASB.
9
9
B.
g
,,
b
~
~’:kw:d
8“ Std. Cap
$,
1“ – 6000# Cplg.
2“– 3000# Cplg.
1“ -6000 # HalfCplg.
1“ -6000 # 4-1/2 Lg.Cplg.
Q
Welding
FORGED
FITTING
30
GASKET
18-150 # 1/16” Serv. Sht. Gasket
18-300 # Spiral Wound ASB. Filled
HEAD
48 “ID x 0.375 min. 2:1 ellip. head
2“ S.F.
48” OD x 0.500” min. ASME F & D
Head 2 S.F. L = 48” r = 3“
54” ID x 0.375” min. Hemis. Head
9
SA-7
SA-105
SA-285 C
SA-515-70
SA-516-70
1
I
DESCRIPTIONOF MATERIALS(cont.)
L
W
0
o
eN l
n
1 d e i
g
RF.3 8LWN
n c g
k
0
”
0
SA-1811
PIPE
6“ - Std. Pipex 2’-1
8“ -X Stg.Pipex 1’- 6-1/2
4“ - S. 160Pipex 2’ 4
24” - 0.438” WallPipex 1’-0
SA-53B
PLATE
FL96” X 3/8 X 12’ -6
~ 24”OD X 1/2 X 18” ID
~ 18” OD X 1-1/2
SA-285C
Welding
REDUCER
6“ x 4“ Std. Cone. Reducer
8’”x 6“ X Stg. Ecc. Reducer
SA-234 WPB
Welding
RETURN
6“ - Std. 1800 L. R. Return
4“ - X Stg. 1800 S. R. Return
SA-234 WPB
Welding
TEE
4“ - Std. Tee
6“ x 6“ x 4“ X Stg. Red. Tee
SA-234 WPB
—
—
I
EQUIVALENT
AND COMPARABLE
G
U
.
F.
S
SA -204 B
SA - 283A
SA -283 C
SA -284 B
SA -284 B
SA -285 C
SA -299
SA -455
SA -440
&
-
rA
a.
Wn
( c
eR Fe
e
e se
y
F
o
eS Ds oUp
r
v t n.
m
e
i. J i) e a o t
St 38-3
Mb 13
= 12 K
—
—
1.7335/13 CrMor
17 Mn 4
13 CrMor 4.4
K47
12X M
—
1.0050/St50-2
St 50
1.0425 / H 11
Mb 16
I Mb 19
Mb 16
Mb 19
Ct 5 Cn 3
~..
16 k
18 k
16 k
18 k
Ct 5 Cn 3
Ss 50
—
—
—
—
SM53 C
1.6415/15MO3
=1.0035 I = St 33
TSE 24 a
= E24–2
E -24-3
=1.0036 I Ust 37-2
= 1,0038/= Rst 37-2
1.0116/St 37-3
1.0345111
A 52
15 CD 2.05
r
m
a
n
p d t E . .( R)a
—
CT O-2
CT 3 kn 2
BCt 3 cn 2
=181 cn
15 D 3
= A 33
A 37
MATERIALS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES
1.0844/ 17 Mn 4
15Mo 3
= St 33
St 381[-2
St 38 b -2
—
—
—
—
A
A 50-2
A -42
SA- 572-55
SA -51560
I SA -51570
I
SA -51660
SA -516-70
SA -572-55
–
I
A -42
1.0435/HIIi
1.0425 / H II
1.0435/ H 111
1.0050 /St 50-2
—
A 50-2
St 50
I
I
SA -240-304
SA -240 -316~
—
=22 CNDIT-1$
1.4301 / X 5 Cr Ni 189
=1.44041X 2 CRN]MO1810
X5 CrNi 189
08X 18 H 10
X8 CRN1T11810 03X17 H14M2
SA453 c
316L
r
pn
a
n
195
S
FOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS
N
O
T
E
S
P
r ve
sue sa s sm
u a sr n e ue efnha r c ld t ue sar vecdre s e[sv ort ppat eer n adawd ic ha tnh ri dc ia
ra d ov a nvi t ade g e aeno cu hoss n si otn pr g nu re c vn et i e sdoT sns s spu e herc filei f isni c .ac t li
p h r awo c h t h s bi c iaeete mscc w
v o h oaih mce dc e ase e fp eot l tal byln l o e w e d .
p
t
T
p
C
a
t
s h t a a e np d rsa a e rfr e tde t trss e el n aelcly hte es cpr net a roebt e tm
idA
viM
e t sC t he o d
da e nrs d c t aer cli sdo b ny esi m
tnd rg ue nc n ttc i hdo bn otv oC de Ts ro r he tgd d uo hl e ay et
a n o hq
ui dtr ooS pe eteh c i eef it ci d a t i n o s n .
A G
E
N
E
R
A . L
1
T
S p eh c i t f ioi c wag .t t ei s po t ni u h or eh tca rr dh rahd acs e n weeot ir evnr q gude i hs r re
f t d
ae o f hsa b i ro nip grc rea vnet i es do ssn su er f le s
.
2
I c
3
P
r ve
es s ssb duh s e r. esfae ial bg ls rin i necl s da e pts, ee t dci ,a t n c em c d ow
p r t edd adi n
l
ea
d ot t i Ae t Bsi S haot P niMr Velf en sE
Cee s Ssruo e rsdV dce De It i el 1iv aI oi,
s nI
i s u b as t e d q d u ee nns t d
a
.
4
V
S
e a sv
aa H f
5
V
m
M
e a ns u f s aa ci et .un trl eqv rr s pi u tor a oe iel dt mtc e ao reeta n ec saor nt ni se ant rl u
e i et c h o oono od a mts s i m chp fi sr e eae ac rts rtd ok s sn a eb l t oe
o o
6
A d e
w
ra
7
V
d
D
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r
oa
n t fp ls u i . orc n htcea rsdfh , r a d ta s enpwee r iae ncro
s ae pe pn s ul . r sts e nce adh n olw
c eatm
s r ielp g
A
e e ( na O
t
l Sy c t Hd hA
)t .
egtd kd Ss evp enh ceci fee i ci
ul olhltt ya O t c i ch o u enhp sa t
v f i l at t Sr ip oe. h c nl i o fst i pci a um
t i oros hnc or, t h dd a r see as e h w
rh h it , n aar g e
ip otp t rt~ oue r v nc ha h la s ef er .
fe a bs ra si r c i eae .ot p lcol ur e , ore i csr prh f dtha u t sepfrae u rn r cl i,c h hssl ea h s c eh
af a w p i p n ro g o sv a lr .
E
S
I
G
N
1
PressureVesselsshallbe designedto
withstandthe loadingsexertedby internalor external
.
pressure,weightof the vessel,wind,earthquake,reactionof supports,impact,and temperature.
2
. pressure shall be limited by the shell or head, not by
The maximumallowableworking
minor parts.
3
Wind load and earthquake. All
. vesselsshallbedesignedto be free-standing.To determine
the magnitudeof wind pressure,the probabilityof earthquakesand seismiccoefficientsin
variousareas of the United States StandardANSI/ASCE7-93 (MinimumDesign Loads in
Buildingsand Other Structures)shall be applied.
It is assumedthat wind and earthquakeloads d n
s
hb d
4
H o
P Z
5
T
i
d
np
oe
fsu e i l w
gi
dno ot e e iae hdr
o
s ic m ou l c t a t n eutoo vut hs r l ey ,
tl e hn or q w
r a u h da i kiircge nhr ge e v, a e t r
e
r
(
vi z e so nus tp s b.a p s le o a lrs dt sb edhd d e l aas ec iy csl gt to n mrl e de eodi L nht g
i S ti cLr e H kas o s.r ,rPei zsr goVe n nseteo asTs l uS s r eaS e uwl d p s p d o n rl o t
e
f ol hv e ce vt r .i et euo
1 cf
oh l e ee0
ns
isn n cns oaoef dlp r l e c esm
ro an arstd
e g r 0t
th f .
ii nl tnhe i g o x6a n
osc
1
9
6
S p e c i ff i t c Da t i eaoo nFh s a
6 S
t
t
m
b i r noirgPce arn t Ve i dose (n scs ou sn r tf e ei nl u s
i r s e ks s ai s odreo . dst s lt s u ne ,aphs tp , eao ht r nt r t aewcs hmi emde e r lnx t a cd
a
axh l i l m
s o uwvt e am raob m l el ae tusg e in
esr iPart
i s UCS
a v loff the
s e ASMEn
Code by 33-1/3 percent.
7. Vessel manufacturers shall submit designs for approval when
does not
eo d s n is o pg t e reon ce r qpi s h uft t l hi y i r ca eek dnt e s e s
furnish a d
.
C F A B R I C A T l u. N
1 M
s
w
a t s e b r hs i p a ae lb. csp li u f r lia c e et h d ad hse nsey i er ig n i ad dot i itr co na
d r h a Mw oai tns eg np r sh b i . s a ua l b oss fl t t i t l suh ptt oeee wod c i i ps ft r i her e
r a i p top p tr u oer cv n h a a l s e rf .
2 T t h i o chp k u nl f e. s esas as h ht oe fseee bn dh1/l a r 4 almd - di li sn ni l mc e u h
c t u e r pe l rr .’ dos a c i qe nu da glu in rrf i e ce as tc ibdoohs n u r ba df m sli
3 M a n u f a w
a
p
pu
r r o pe vo cpa ouel roi cnpr W
h t da e ss fel en dhrb ip . aen ro g plf o lrr
t p u r c a h pa s op ew rr ’oeo ps vl r aod a cl i qe un daf l gui nfr i ec a t i od n .
A
w
w
e s l l b dh d i ba n lt o gml
e n ls t h hea eial
e p l r d o i c ne
sg
s
.
oely t lei s dc ur e b dhm
a
e
cr
P e r m ia nn e s bn t t a la sy lc lst k e n ri dh b nui agwp o sil sw t lr hea it po e topdu tr t
p u r c W h au s hbe s ra .s eec st k d nbri ht n,si agcp o a hlms p sol ms aei t et i e oe
w
t h a a ih t
tct era hc
hy o e e d
.
4 L o n g i s t u ide ci yn al. li o n m
c d ro sis nc h an i sl e c il e sa rl pl l a hs s e , m
ahr il esc
b
u hi
l s e t b -hl a u o tapd c
aol s l p t le te ne rdi hea n i ogn epr fs o a, ira sc i ardn gdn
w
p
el C ai r cat u me f sers r e n.oe t si a las h b m
hl e o ast lcc f la ol l pt l eee en d
t
r he i n e pf o t ir a ca i r idnr ng s s usna l u, a r tpy i ai pdo s nno awrg npdt s le d , a
W
t
ch o
ov ehc ei r cr unim fnsee r g eb n r te ie fa i l n paf oi ur ncm ai vany o tg i d a
s
s
e b hg
ara f
o alm
l ue lxu n ae pn dsm t irwh n e idet l dr oed i inr hpf n oo gr
i p
l
a
c
e n .
N l o n g ij t u os d i bi nhaoa nll aw lt
oitl s dwt ol ew
h e hand i co aon ar m o e r e t
p
w l
p h a rv e coii n r pess po eeut e w
cr a t i i l m
oeh pn o sl s f i e b d l e s .
T
1
5 S
d
t
m
6 B
i
h
sk
o
i
oi
c
f mi
h
wi ue
4
sm
lz
.
e la rs e e tvl f rwti e fdn ni eg ng
t t s s eol h br h n d
kV
ei vr r te s it s b. c hp.s a re la owl vasl s i i wdl k e se htd i h h i a rho aac ut
lth v
ae m t qet
to u e u dr ath i s aol tim os deeu tep vehp ro.e Tr st mf ee si d nhe i
i f c a sk ns ke ob sh1 is i a r nr l/ t c l
he 4
.
b i hp
r aowt va lm
s i i di l
1s d s
ei a bg8 pl rs e ae
4k f
as
rings
7 A
n
v
he
o 4 am
8
nsh
/
n
S
a p
S
d
i
i
oen e t tdi 2 m -hv u whim
er0 s t
.
el n o o fca olcnh
ha e
ii d er i
aat m
le s se
thetnh e on r aaas
co d l pvn sc el l ne aet ’ s i4er n sh -g ;
m sk e h ith t e r 1aar t 8 Ol sw
-v a i l .co ne p cco reD he n i i snw. nf ss og lr is c e e
sa
b dh
c
ese
i
se
afs . aie a l g l
nl lob oe e w
ed p aa r b rroe lnc ise o sn on u6g c rp r e e
h
o . r
b u
w
sr h e
xsi 6 c gef e lhT ee n t d e u so ha m
t 0n bb .
on 8 i i p m
r ef u ;f em r r ef d s .
aqee iu a eric d r wne ae
dl h s
cs e eo bh rhi lmo fua tr l tl
.
S
a s d b dh w l ea te t l s l v d e le e she x w
ds c se op helee c , pio fe irt ct dabnl el y
s
h l i opS
poa t edbs s dd e h l l .i e s po s b p fh o oe tie atds vt
l eate mlhes ea ds n
m
af
fr
i k in soet ea dlT l las t r i d do nhrh . s a bowh d ei eaepn it ng al s a ti rl l u
c o n ct e r h n i in g s
.
197
Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels(continued)
Whentemperature expansionwill c
b
s
t
c
s
9 O
c
ma t
u 3o i h s c r neha/i t ead c nin s8 ghht
t t s w a e ad sh e d bnll ee p iesa s, rl d bi h ua ne
aW
gst
tl eeh v l de ei e h r.s
u p b p c o o r snt eca d1 r d i e dt t y lnehc/ eo i rs cp rc o24 ilksh inw,a o ct n i t h dhe e
c
o
ns h c a s r dbe hwet d e eat l t l esl d w lh eah ce edoi n tol w tie n lTeu ho ul
o r p r os l s b ihp ao r na otw v al e1i i i dl ve e tdnh / pe hlco w un4 p ghl li gt a ee
e a a t fl v a het nb h s et p s re ar tee e se el s s su t nr e e d
.
e
p
eo n2 i i
n a g c.s s mh s na efb hl 6 s l l a def0
o u p l i n g .
O
p
e2
F
l s a c nh o gt naS e f t sl oaA
F
lf
n i -i
nan 1l gc
sas / h bnr fhe2
sa a b n ah cf g o a eel
rl o s
lg s aa e nd l rg
el
nr lB d6mN .a 5 r o- Sd 1
ll s o
lw
0 rlf t oeg h0 eu e b
de
9
eda
.
I7
31 .
es s :
Raised face. . . . . . . . b
re
Raised face. . . . . . . . r
a6
l tA
i p N0 sn
3Si g
i naI0 psbc ,z m h e an ee l
. . . . . r
a6
l tA
i p N0 sn
4Siig
i naI0 plbc ,z a h e nr e
Ring type joint.
R
t
ji
F l a n g e
s
b hf
t
wh
b r
o
p
w ti
a6 l l t A o i
yo. . .n .i . pa n gr b t e a6 .ol tA
0 Nw
n
vi
g
N0 ne
S 0
Sg
- b o sl t - sh ho tl e srt a pa rdl i dc hn ell cn eti o e pt r
wal i
ul ino v lss tw
ee i h us dhha s d e s e roe f wl
b o ie n tu re r wfl ee v r de ien n ce ste teI s r n n etha
t u a mn i d rn e ei aod 1m di uo oi tm na ru/
aes c
h a i w pc ik li lnh e te ls 1 eesi h
nsn a/ t cs s
0I
b I
g
b .
eavl il en Oe sh sp s e en f
ae l n i ho ds nct s eas
thr
elol dosr . pn g sea nle h i
tdf qo8 ihn uoeru t o - as h
nh 4 .
W
w
t
t
ih
nd ehi s a o i tm
n nde e t oen e h zar et z wf l e ecn ne lh f dk e loi d nae c
e f l i dd t ibi t 1/n fi i g nf o mgne 1 t or p c yo r s 6 ah m
he d ra i r, las e m
lb t h e f t r
a a pa r e 1 : a r
e t d 4i
t o
.
O
p
T
f
es
p
t
n b hri
en i ag nf sfn l o a r lcc oeeae dow n a fl
rec w do d rcl o, or
nso ld d i s et
u l fh r as e i nt poeef os e r bcd ht i asnr gac o a m
hl dp so lms a ei tt te ui e oe hn
o hho h t w
e e i hilr c ea o li n rn dc e co ht e td s .
s
R e i n pf o s r cba ihp n rg da ow va l 1 si i d l t e e tnda /t ep hhlc pl l 4- eooht a
9
o t l o 0 n gf iha t ou v°d xi fen e a s l i s
e s l f .
T
m
i
onh
iu d mt i useao m
tim r de e tie n ehpf ros r bc h4fi i aen ganp
tc l
o
u d t i sao t m
i o de p t e n ehn ri e n g fc ’e s k
.
W
c
h oa t vb e p e r r nrof ov s pi eeda oocne e cid t o nt r pg rdu s ir cn rh hg ea
t
m i a n uo f s a cnf t h uu r,t erar r ne l qgi h uasl a i hs s r k etet edn us th n ds hb e
u
f t s e t sv oe te
i shd ns r ge
le .
M
C
a c
o
n os
tu
wbv hp a er
yaow r vd l s i ai d l v e e ti d
ph ml r bi ec n u aag l fd
sf es
t
hs
cad
se
l al
dl h l
s q e our
sd a s
.
dr n at re a e feni onfe ds tce at mlt l aes t i or n
10. I
n t e T r ns r a bl h afs u. ary b n t l is sf lah r bee rad i ai c n a ys tbyntov ar el l s
m a n u f a Tc t su r ure rr p. a api d oo n w
yr nnb tg c o ob s lms det bar hif u n rar g n il
a
i n s b nt v a em
l al ns de u fds a Tc et t yu r lf e ar r h.b sr i sa ch aue c t ya oob rm m
l p
s
d
he i t n a oc i i l n lus pt ds ai i,ln lns at g tr aiu ocp nt ia ol cn t s pki u i rs fndc ght a
a
p
pa
tr r o a vn nt s av m l i fe t a t bds a r l is c ae ot ol r .
T
s
e
s r b hda e a ysf ai ul s g n nl l oi e el fd o i o1 o p r o v m
t aw
es eo dwh i f 0ag f
wt l t t ii g bn rh gaee ,vf a ae c t r o enn cro es l ,n lt r doai 2t roel d v a 5 eb d
A t
d
el
ohs t a mi
u t
1
0 d -i
l
at
1r
d a gt iedx h nen i f gmol t e u ec s m
rt ni hoea n xa y oc fl s e
fa- 1 m
oi
peo o t tn /e
h0 gd - i e afa- 3 rm
o6 i
neo
r
t t n/e
c
8
r
c
h
1
h
l e
198
Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels(continued)
T
t
m
1
i
ih
I
n
ct
e as r pr nt
I
n
ft
le s ra b nhA
n a g1 al N
e 5s
C
m
1
tnh h i i omc i kuen nm
pt el e as rtsa en s w a fou lrr pnk s spi n oh bn lrd a tg o e
n a/ c
nh 4 .
bias
elbpo sh
etin
aawn l n e lgd i a l g r e hd
t
ls l 0t S i l o- fpe yalI - b bfro pi pnc
.
ra l et
e ar od
t
as
r i t nb
tfeo el nser a nb nhlfa gal a esw t slc e i anl s e res tdq b u ae ohr e ne
a bc
ah o s i
lnq n ne ut a uca s k -rt d wt ee f l dls et adha n l v go oo eoes se
R
t
e
m
m
a
io nv ta s eb brl h m
en
n h w
a
y
se
a ia ls a s e l
.
w
c d lt c hi e b eo r i n ne sactm
R
c
e
o
m i o n v t as eb n r l h bne p a ar l ows l vc oi li rd at r el eotl d so F w
i ohoa pn ec oen
n t n p e sc utu eacv d tm ob i
ror sp ne t b , ahp e r k oax e v ril d el de .
A p p u r 1t e nV a n e cp e. ssr . sow ev m il ai d s n l e w tdil a
v
a1 f l a v egb e rs oes ba he 2v dqt a ueew i cl , p i lpla
L
r
r
h oh r v n
qcy eh os u ,onv r i t
red o
ae e a gtdd p dl e ah e t n dfr o
aa
pd l d al n tes f bur hos h rd o agm
p -t twl sve l l ed Wee shd v hs e ev re o leet r.is
e i qn s u u f l i a a brt sir e oi f nc h ,au at ra oi nr n ls i snu sl rt p h ai Rp eldnoi ln rgf ot
mi a
bn u l at g i i s lsus pi y piz ono e sre udt l i an nt g i o n .
I n s us l u a r tp i s poi nbo h 1n r i atg l
inl /s w e l tci e t s2 dthh h sti oahcn hk
i n s ua ls a pt 1 i fn ao o n cio
tce d - ns d l1 t /aa2 ect 2 r t tat hi a rnhl nog T gi
te en
t
r
s
bi o hc o n na t i w
np l u g oet ult sl hel y d a e o eh ra dt m li d ohb ea n ; te at lg ar
b a l
-l
fi
owni
o lcy 1n e lh 2 c e-gle i tnT n dtb ce no hrh h ts o i. te n os e ua m l
v
e vr
tse i b s hce
qsa a ul we i 1/l lp i2p ls -e e qntdi
wun
huceaw htlr t eideh
ed s et
t t o
u o tt h h s o i a eophd ep r e o ax 1i f me2 asd t -e nqlc iy eun n ca t h er
re s
1
D I
F a
o p
b
N
P
I
S
r t2i oc al
a
T
E
C
T
tes i r on. a hnen c xate
g
On e
.
I
lsoc l i e n lhmed it i tid ct ta eb ta seeh gdb i
n
O. N
1 P u r r c e h ts a r es etr . ii rv h n egt ssv hp ae e ae ht st c o ds t i nufe ea rbl mr t iit yc na e
a
st
t s v h u em r ahas tea es t tr we ieo arnl kl hmsa a i na sdc h cei r opw r td a i ne h
s p e c i f i c a t i o n .
2 T
v
p
a
p
se
r o
po h a r wo
vb . teaon pl u r r cf hr hye ap k rs ee ys rae e ’n hst ar t i e von e al i e
n s h r s e at el m
o ali l n eu lhf ova ta c etr ue sr epe orn n f s ic b ai lf oiry t ot yr
y
i
ov t i ss p i e hoc in f si ci a t if os n .
E
.
1, Radiographicexamination shall be performedwhen required by the ASMECode
or whendeterminedby the economicsof design.
2. The completedvesselshall be providedwith a nameplate securelyattachedto the
vesselby welding.
3. If the vesselis post-weldheat-treated,no weldingis permittedafter stressrelieving,
4. Removableinternalsshallbe installedafter stressrelieving.
5. The location of all vesselcomponentsopenings,seams,internals,etc., of the vessel
shall be indicated on the shop drawingsby the distance to a commonreference
b i hp e r anm m
a nl eao n tl tr sle yk h e h e d l
nl e
line. The referencel s
6 T
hydrostatichtest pressure. s e b hm a ia nf t al aa i dln oete dq t pu i a er t n mr
a t
7 V
h
es
oi
nr s o p i ue a cg ct hi n o l nan t,
3e osmhn iy s ne a ut
ts
s n hsb p e a a luo. i sl sn n p lelt c t seie ef dito s co aa sl r l t y d e
ne
e d
s0
.
r n
.
,
.
199
Specification
for the Design and Fabrication
F P R E P A R F A TS I HO . NI O P
1 A
o
M
V
Pressure
E
RN
e(
cs o sn
tei
T
f f h i y t d rn t eo sv .a ter ase t l sbi s hdc
sta ra c e , l il lt ehn eloa rei nod
u t rt
se g i mr l d eo se o a vrc os oae aed u s ,l i een s r ,
tt d
2 A f
i
sn lui w
sr
fh a .haenl cdp i er
r
p r eu v e n ts a t i v t e .
3 A
s
f
u
4 T
h
5 F
s
i
h
6 B
l
si
ep
n
i
p
a on
ase
dnb hpei . dln aug
gs l g
pt o e sa r u rn s.i ar tut l apss
m e n t .
s l
bun hc t
unae d g dsh
.
orsc b ot b e h fc l etl set ai db hcn n gow
ya de a
o a lp n ew g n a. eih l n nd pi g r s r cow o v c h i iosde
pt t al
bae l t ee e
sl
.
ro
nl u s e
el
bp b , holp
o.wats wa d al i stt
ebtv hptd er
l
ls i t
ao rhb te les
c
de .
err a tot
asv l
i d v dl a edeo m
d u i a ro
ell e ru tepbd r r o i h oc f a
n
t
.
7 V
e s s b hsc
e l ai l ed. sel a nb r tpl i la ef tyii oen d t a r i ih n y dn g t nu e i eam er
c o n s lp i o c ocu t o a vu t s e i
soh ns
e n le .
8 S
w
t
9 V
b
ef a sb sr s i t c eh a. ntl aa oe r c lp ekl r se l cs iaea l u r l t oyi b oa b n dls oai
r t av c ae i f hsun r sgnan ni e se hcl mi e ldnas gt ts p ae r r rld ye i a vam le a
G F
p m w a a a h rt l b i.st l hr c ls i hspo bpe hb ooe ea oads b g l eaog m l ex ea d ner
o i a r i ht nd t un hoe t m
e ve r be d semh
sr
e f le .
R
I
1 B
c
EN P
O
A
R. L T
et
vf
ieo r h s r f e . se ha e ei t oldpm m
a s ny eu hfnrs a tc f t h uu rpe eraur nr
oo r ep p r i o t dre ua cn s i s bep lra oe r t e a fn oc y l cr lh eo pwh oi f ner g t
b S
H G
M
S
S
t
d
c P
h
d P
h
h
rh
o
o
t
tco
as
ot
r
at
ci. ci c o
lc i h
s
:
.
wh o ti o vn. wpgae i sd hsni m gs en“ neb es
s oo t r a pe t
c n nk g
ng o et
S
a M a n u f a dc t ru r eea r .’ ps
e R
b
uil o i dan
sl
t
”s
resh d hsai p on frr gw de t i s uh snsy rdug r rti o es n te a g
t co s oot ar pte i. c ic c o er hs d s hai t no fer gmw tp i de sr n aup tg our rs eit
r ee a t am e n t t .
u o bn
bp
ia l n . a gm
.
t
f e
-
.
U A R A N T E. E
a n u f ga cu t a u rrt ea rtn tvh e eef s hau s a l c s f ot ine e dlal l i sl t si t i o t nal s t h
p e c i fa i ct a ti ii ohfn n f
raf
r di adet
oe tuws soe r lm
i k mga t a nm
n n s a, h t i n pe r
ha
do
edu nefl d v ed ute cf ylr y t oi o hop nerp eg trs aame ta t ni uro hf nafa ,c gt u rr
m
a n a e c a ekll ts e so r eaa etral i ypro en aps l , i an fc r e o msc er hn d t as e r
g e e
200
V
T
p
d
r
F
T
i m e h tn os il oei ntre a a t l n h-c ua e sno bi t l h nl n ees r e- osaw b i s t s o ae er
wa
c if t o di lb c eul e ola s wmy ae en du nf ar o c pyt usr r eved r se
ss
us
re f e
A t
o
l
T
l
en r l a
o
ea l ri a n n u cc r elno h s t l eh i ees ne r d, swi
ics sa
ni tc oset s tsh a be hht bi dw a lne ia sp l etr
Q b & a : R : : : : ; e ’
c D
i
et
e
d
.
l a llh c ei ti d i mn c
ai
’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ : ’ : :
ts t t r a e nf l ceh . . re. ei. n o ce ne
d D e v c ii r ca u m
t f i e r om
e. nnte i a al l ys
u
at the joint of structure . . . . . . . t 1
D
i
bs
te at t an w dc ecje w ea l~ cn1 i e
@
~
d
.
.
.
,
*
~~
7
r
nop
a
n ~ w
a
y
e D
i fs
t t af r no f c a.oh elo
a cm n e e
c e n ot me r a lt ri n ne ew
f l e a r if ey n n
v
se
u s l p bs p uoe oo s tl r ag t t d o d, m
c e n ot v e re wl shi ni si ec e h el f v , e
applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1
f
.
.
l
D e v c ii r ca u m
t f i e rome. nn te i a al l
o t o
s u uh o vtr
f e. en. a. e .s trc
.
f
g P r o j s e hc tdo i ior fns. t ; t e a rs
o
u s t u os vr i fte dt a fse c s e
of manway . . . . . . . . . . . . . t
ys
u
r
e
1s e
nt
a he
1/2
c o
f l
h D e v f i ha o tr r i i voz. onoe n r t tm
a li , c
o t i
n
tp he o ni s a d i r ete di
on
n
direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1°
i
e
e
Q
!
-
!
-
D e v o ib a h t ioi oa o . n l l
enf t
s
direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1
N
o C z o zw
u lp a hlen i t, ibn
gr c o
h
e
c o n t n p e i c pt e i d n
g o .
!
l
T t - o l ef h rm a an scn oeeb wsh a
ay r s
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
.
N
o C z o zw
u lp a hlet bi , i n
gr c
h
e
c o n t n p e i c pt e i d n
g o .
D
i fs
t t af r no f c aoh elo
a cm n e eg
c e n ot o e rp lt eri nen ef li e nr i f eg n n
v
se
u s l p bs p uoe oo s tl r ag t t d o d, ml
c e n ot v e re wl shi ni s i ec e h el f v , e
applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 1
f D e v c ii r ca u m
t f i e r ome. nnte i a al l ys
u
r
o t o
s u uh o tvr
f e.en. a. e .s ?rc 1s e
e
g P r o j s e hc tdo i ior fns. t ; t e a rs n t
o
u s t u os vr i fte dt a fse c s e a he
of opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1/4
c o
f l
201
VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES
(continued)
N
o
(z c zo
nl
tei
ns
u, e
d
)
h D e v f i ha o tr r i i voz. onoe on r t tm
a li , c
t i
n
tp he o ni s a d i ete di
on
n
direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/
i
D e v o ib a h t iio oa o . n l l
direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
N
l
enf
1
t
s
o Cz o z u lu p e f l sl i s ,n8 eg oesa v
g de
c e o en v t
ret o l l c ,
.
D
i
bs
t e ac t en wn c ot e ee er l n i n
openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1
S
a
d
d
l
a
n
n
re i
e
/
e
k D
i
cs et n a ot bne ocr . l et it nh e o
reference line . . ., . . . . . . . . . ~ 1
l
ef s
k D
i
cs et n a ot bne ocr . l et it nh e o
centerline of shell . . . . . . . . . . I 1
l
ef s
1 D
i
bs
te ab t on w l ci . tbe e h e o na l e s s
p
o lb
e ab t o w
t l o tes e h oe olr n l eo s
t
two saddles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k 1
m T r a nt so bv eip r sa. . .l e.l . . aks 1 t tf e / e
p F
e
n L o n g i t t ou bd iip n a. .a l.l . l . ~ as1
t
tf e
&hell
o. Deviation from verticality for vessels
of up to 30 ft overall length . . . . . ~ 1/2
for vessels of over 30 ft overall length ~ 1/8
per 10 ft.
max. 1-1/2
P Vessels for internal pressure. The
. difference
between the maximum and minimum inside
diameters at any cross section shall not exceed
one percent of the nominal diameter at the
cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 170
Deviation from nominal inside diameter
as determined by strapping . . . . . ~ 1/32
@
@
O
o r
E
x
F
O
r
+
-
-
I
t
-
pt
o H
installation
r
T
‘
o
o l
T
u u Cn
re
p F
dU n o eG
t s f sd-
e rS s nC s a U
u l ro e G
e
r eC m U
a
e o d G d s d-
a
i ae u d
y
vi
.
,
e
0
8 e
d8 e
r . . .nee.t . c .f ttl 1i n yo
p F
e8 e
1
n/
e
Tray Support
r. Out of level in any direction . . . . . ~ 1/32
p F
e
202
V
E F A
S B S
R I C
ET AO T
L L I EO RN A N C E S
( c o n t i n u e d )
T
B
s
E
ru
+
v D
w T
w
/
I
*
i yr n
ut
e
d
)
D
i
bs
te a t nd w tcj . e ae ec r en
supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1
t. * Distance to reference line . . . . . . ? 1
s. Distance to seal pan . . . . . . . . . f 1
w
x
( p c aop n ot
s
v
}
S
W
P
i
f
n a t
ts d t o a w n ns cc u. oe. . pm
. ~ epo1 r o
a
e l
iw
o oisl n u d .r pt . .tr p ~yi 1oh
ai
t
r
r nf
e
x. Out of level . . , . . . . . . , . . . ~ 1
Y. Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1/8
*
z D
i
ts i t
nao v n s w
ce . i e. s. . d at so1 e e l f
203
A
S p e c iP ff i c a t i I oo n
r
SHOP WELDED TANKS
S
S
u
om M m R aae q r uj iyor Aeo mS fe rtnP t aI s nT I d Z
E ea f d .r1 nFid
C
O
P
t t9 i,
ho
E
specification covers material, design, and construction requirements for
vertical,cylindrical,aboveground, shopwelded, steel productiontanks in nominal
capacitiesof 90 to 500 bbl. (in standard sizesup to maximumdiameterof 15 ft.,
6 in.) for oil field service.
M
A
B
R
D
E
H
A
T
E
I
A
L
Plates shall conform to the following ASTM Standards
A36, A283 C or D, and A285 C.
MINIMUMPLATETHICKNESS
Shell and deck: 3/16 in., Bottom: 1/4 in. Sump: 3/8 in,
CONSTRUCTION
The bottom of the tank shall be flat or conical; the latter
may be skirted or unskirted. Fig. A, B, C. The deckshall
be conical. The slope of the bottom and deck cone= 1:12
WELDING
Bottom, shell and deck plate joints shallbe double-welded
butt joints with complete penetration. Fig. D. The
bottom and the deck shall be attached to the shell by
double-weldedbutt joint or 3/16 in. fillet welds, both
insideand outside.Fig. E through K.
OPENINGS
Tanks shall be furnished with 24 in. x 36 in. extended
neck cleanout. APIStd. 12F Fig.3.4
TESTING
Tanks in diameters up to and including 10 ft. shall be
tested to 3 psi. air pressure; tanks in diameterslargerthan
10 ft. shallbe tested to 1-1/2psi.air pressure.
PAINTING
Onecoat primer.
N
C
o
a
p
b
JQ9
R
9
1
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
5
7
T o
l
m W i o n r aO k l u i
aC ca i p t aD y c i , i a
b b
l bf i .
7
0
7
9- 6 0
7 0
9- 26 0
1 5
1 60 0
1 0
1 00 0
2 1
1 20 0
2 5
1 60 0
2 0
1 60 0
3 0
4 0
1 6 0
4 0
1 7 0
1 4 0
7 5
e r— a n c* ie
tn s g i
d
e
t mHy e , et e i r ,g
f t n.
t .
l
- 1
1
21
9
8
1
9
102 6
10 0
11 4
12 6
22 6
6 2 2
0
9 5 1
6
5 2
6
6 2 1i n 3
An /
204
WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE
API. S
t
a 6 n E d 5 iaE
r gd d0 1i h t
ti , 9 oh
n
8,
APPENDIX A — OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS
(Summav of major requirements)
SCOPE
This appendix provides rules for relatively small capacity field-erectedtanks in
which the stressedcomponents are limited to a maximum of 1Ainch nominal
thickness, including any corrosion allowance stated by the purchaser.
MATERIALS
p
The most commonly used plate materials o t
A 2 C A 2 C A 3 A 516-55, A 516-60
The plate materials shall be limited to !4 inch thickness
b t
s
WELDED JOINTS
The type of joints at various locations shall be:
Vertical Joints in Shell
Butt joints with complete penetration and complete fusion as attained by double welding or by other means which will obtain the same quality of joint.
Horizontal Joints in Shell
Complete penetration and complete fusion butt weld.
Bottom Plates
Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint or single-weldedbutt joint with backing strip.
Roof Plates
Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint. Roof plates shall be welded to the top angle
of the tank with continuous fillet weld on the top side only.
Shell to Bottom Plate Joint
Continuous fillet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. The sizeof each weld
shall be the thickness of the thinner plate.
The bottom plates shall project at least 1inch width beyond the outside edge of
the weld attaching the bottom to shell plate.
INSPECTION
Butt Welds
Inspection for quality of welds shall be made by the radiographic method. By
agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, the spot radiography may be
deleted.
Fillet Welds
Inspection of fillet welds shall be made by visual inspection.
+
205
,..
W
S
T
S
API. Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988
TESTING
Bottom Welds
1, Air pressure or vacuum shall be appliedusing soapsuds,linseed oil, or other
suitablematerialfor detectionof leaks,or
2. After attachment of at least the lowest shell course water shall be pumped.
underneaththe bottomanda headof6 inchesof liquidshall be maintainedinsidea
temporarydam.
Tank Shell
1. The tank shall be filled with water, or
2. Painting all joints on the inside with highly penetrating oil, and examining
outside for leakage
3, Applying vacuum
APPENDICES
OF API STANDARD 650
Appendix A — Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks
Appendix B — Foundations
Appendix C — Floating Roofs
Appendix E — Seismic Design of Storage Tanks
Appendix F — Design for Small Internal Pressure
Appendix H — Internal Floating Roofs
Appendix J — Shop-Assembled Storage Tanks
Appendix K — Example of the application of variable design point procedure
to Determine Shell-Plate Thicknesses
Appendix M — Tanks Operating at Elevated Temperatures
Appendix N — Use of Unidentified Materials
Appendix O — Under-Bottom Connections
WELDED STEEL TANKS, API. Std. 650 — APPENDIx A
FORMULAS
G = specific
NOTATION
=
H
t
minimum required plate
thickness, in.
R = radius of curvature of
roof, ft.
6 = angle of cone elements
with the horizontal, deg.
D =
ft.
= joint efficiency, 0.85
when spot radiographed
0.70 when not radiographed
E
=
=
(2.6) (D) (H– 1) (G
) + C.A.
(E) (21,000)
but in no case less than the following:
Plate
Mean diameter of
thickness,in.
tank, ft
Smallerthan 50. .., ., . . . . . . . . . . . .
%
t =
@
~.-l
S
H
50 to 120, excl.. . . . . . . ... ., ... , .,
120 to 200, incl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .,
Over
200L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
L
E
=
~
;
*0 but0not less
~ than
i
n
3~6in,
4
~m:umt
. ,,*in
Maximum@ = 37 deg.
9:12 slope
Minimum6 = 9 deg. 28 min. 2:12 slope
*
SELF-SUPPORTING
CONEROOF
r= R/200 but not less than ~lG in.
Maximum t= 1Ain,
~,
R= radius of curvature of roof, in feet.
D
SELF-SUPPORTING Minimum R = 0.8D (unless otherwise specifiedby the
D
A
O
MN
E
M
R
D
1
T
o t
t
a
hni sro g
c
a
i
n p c t h cl r eo s s hu- s , ae c t osi r ot ne sa el a
r
p
ow
l
aia do tti os eh 1f t t si a t inn t chhm ei
e m
e
af s s t u r mr h er , odeoe p m
i mo so a or
m
t t et
a
n nsh ob g htm lio aen e pi l ,m
F
S e l f - So u p p o r t i rFn gS e l f - So u p p o r t i r n
C
R
oo
o n fD
sea
oU: m Rm
b n r o e e ol
~2
T
T
R
BOTTOM
N3,000 P
IO
All
n
q fl eu e
h ah
e s
ce ek f 6n i
t i tt t ena
u l me :
b
op
o 1 ei
DR
1,500
d
G
t sl
t ha h oa m
t aam ie n l s v io t lmm ehui
s / n
s
f 4
.
m
in
207
WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE
APL Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988
APPENDIX J – SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS
(Summary of major requirements)
SCOPE
This appendix provides design and fabrication specifications for vertical
storage tanks of such size as to permit complete shop assembly and delivery to
the installation site in one piece. Storage tanks designed on this basis are not to
exceed 20 feet in diameter within the scope of API Standard 650.
MATERIALS
The most commonly used plate materials of those permitted by this standard:
A 36, A 283 C, A 285 C, A 516-55, A 516-60
WELDED JOINTS
As described in Appendix A (see preceding page) with the following modifications:
Lap-welded joints in bottoms are not permissible
All shell joints shall be full penetration butt-welded without the use of backup
bars.
Top angles shall not be required for flanged roof tanks.
Joints in bottom plates shall be full penetration butt welded.
Flat bottoms shall be attached to the shell by continuous fillet weld laid on
each side of the shell plate.
BOTTOM DESIGN
All bottom plate shall have a minimum thickness of ?4 inch.
Bottoms may be flat or flat-flanged.
Flat bottoms shall project at least 1 inch beyond the outside diameter of the
weld attaching the bottom to shell.
SHELL DESIGN
Shell plate thickness shall be designed with the formula:
(for notations see Appendix A on preceding page)
(2.6) (D) (H– 1) (G) + ~ ~
t =
(E) (21,000)
“ “
,but in no case shall the nominal thickness less than:
N
o T m D i ia na N am no Ple m tT klieh irn ac a k lt n e e s
n)
c
h
e
s
)
(
f
e
e ( ti
up to 10.5, incl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/16
Over 10.5.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘/4
ROOF DESIGN
Roofs shall be self supporting cone or dome and umbrella roofs.
See Appendix A for design formulas.
TESTING
Apply 2 to 3 pounds per square inch internal air pressure.
I
s
208
S
u
om M m R ae q r u j iy or eo m fe rn t s
P
P
W
C
I T
I
PC O I
ND G
E
S
p e r tt a i n i n g
o
IP C ALK EA
N LEL LS NOS PW RA B
E D LS ES U
A
H
a SO
C
D
O
EP
I
E
F
O
B
3N 1
.
1S-
1
R
M
U
n P t r e e r s n s a u l r
PD.
+
=
A
f
9I 9
●
/ . W+2
2
.
L
R
A
E
S
e
~
+
S
E
+@-
T
m
e
C
p h r o e ms i ci d rr n i se bi eqe m su u i m
r
e - -2y(r. – A)
f te d
enm oas httf i ae bgsr r i irn ace la, st i , o n , 2
–SA
r te ac iet n i s os pp nn e at, co t ,i wod nn e
- A) +
df – r2y(f” d
E
(
t
F M a At oe A 5r Ba
Si A
a 1 lT
rB s n M 0
p
la d a i hn s ents t aysr e st,i txicd e tnc Fm M
g e s T , pee mo pt tne E
r a ax t ucrD r leoFe es de
a l
i b h m 1 i 0 Tt 0 a se . hs yd1
s.ey– 3. t t s6. e
m
e 27 s 5
7 00 o 0 8
5 0
m n l
i b pm o i l t a e t d n
y t
1
41
.13
4
l
u i t n a n sl ph eee cl i rseifs i i sm
c a y il el t y e
d
n
x R t e e sr
na
au t r
e
P
1 a 0
r 0
s.
1.
. E
1 d e t w
e rt mh iaai ns c i t %
tn irlgmef nqef uetsl i nsr ei
p r o cu i dRt uUt sr i 2G
e arn s3 o-eaS d2 eV
s n n8c . I
D
i 1o vt A i Bs aiS oPh o r iV
n Me Cl nes fs e esE
bs ouh r s
f o l l o w e d .
U
B
3S 1
.
2A -
1
I9S 6n P8 t r e e r s n s a u l r
P -
=
t
s
m
g
c
g
e
t
C
c
oto d v e fd esa h bir e rg s i n ec , a
- D
e 4e s
, ,
i ni s t ao l t l ane ot ips on, n ti , i p( n di 1g3S on 5 6f 6g t ,e
y f fs g t s ue aao n m usages t e rc u al sr h a s s l O S, 0 p
F , s0
a n u fg a l c ti uaqpr eue d et s fr io Fe,l Med ua Am
t eoA 5r Ba
Si A
a 1 lT
rB s n
(
- aL m a iP a x tiG
t bu us )rop e hFr vspM T eeee meo p r tNe rE a axt urcDr leoeF se
o m bl u sli t i i mqpb ule i e et frt – oi t, el 1 ed u 2 m
03
4 0 o 400
1
.
(
i Lt ga P a p s G
hoh mes a) o
nsiu2e se 0 x ,1 . r 19- S0 . 8 0 16.80
,
M 0
de
00
0
tures of these gases.
A
C
H
B 3N 1 . 3 S - 1 9 I 9
E P M A
IL C A L NN
3
T
1, 7,
D
r=
- P(l - r)]
t =
+
S)
A
a
l
l
300.1.2 or 300.1.3. Only Category
D and
M fluid
–
2 2
to 100
2
For determining
p r o c
D
i1 v
02
e
i
A
3
. 20
F
4 0 0 50
020.
010.0
thickness and stiffening requirements the
d UG-28,
u r 29eands
V
s
i
o
n
00
8.00
I
Summary of hiajor Requirements of
COD ES
PIPING
(continuation from facing page)
NOTATION
A=
NOTES
an additional thickness,in inchesto compcn
sate for materialremovedin threading,grooving etc., and to provide for mechanical
strength,corrosionand erosion,
For cast iron pipe the following valuesof A
shallapply:
Centrifugallycast . . . . . . . . . . 0.14in.
Statically cast . . . . . , . . . . . . 0.18 in.
c=
the sum in inches of the mechanicaldlowancesithreador groove depth)plus corrosion
anderosionallowance, :
d = inside diameter of the pipe in corrodedcondition, inches
)&D.
=
~
outsidediametcfof pipe, inches
= efficiency factor of weldedjoint in pipe(see
applicablecode)For seamlesspipe E = 1.0
~ = for cast iron pipe casting quality
shallbe usedin placeof E
P=
factor F
internal designpressure,or maximum allowable workingpressure,psig
S = maximum allowable stressin materiistdue to
internal pressureat the design temperature,
psig.
t = thicknessof pipe requiredfor pressure,inches
tm = minimum thicknessof pipe in inchesrequired
fer pressureand to compensatefor materitil
removedfor threading,grooving,etc., Jnd tu
providefor mechanicalstrength,corrosionist~d
erosion.
V&Y =
coefficientsas tabulatedbelow
Values of y & Y
900‘
1. The minimum thicknessfw the pipe
sclcctcd. cunsidcring manufacturer’s
minus tolerance,shallnot be lessthan
t,n, The minus tolerance fur seamlesssteel pipe is 12.5% of the nurninal
pipe witl! thickness.
2. Wheresteelpipe is threadedand used
for steam service at pressureabove
250 psi, or for water serviceabove
100 psi with watel temperatureabove
220 F the pipe shall be seamless
llaving the minimum ultimate tensile
strcngth of 4tt,0(XI psi and weight
at least equrd to Sch 80 of ANSI
B36.JO, (Code ANS1 B31.1, Paris.
104.1.2 Cl)
3. Piping systemsinstalledin open easements, which are accesible to the
generalpublic o: to individualsother
‘than the owner of the piping system
or his employee or agent, shall be
designed in accordancewith USAS
B31.8. (Code USAS B31.02, Para.
201.1)
4. When not specifically required by SI
gas using processor equipment, the
maximum working pressurefor piping systemsinstalled in buildingsintended for human useand occupancy
shall not exceediO psig. (Code USAS
B31.2, Para201.2.1)
5. Every pi~ing systcm,regardlessof anticipatcd smviccconditionsshalllurvc
a designpressureof at least }0 psig
between the temperaturesof minus
20 F and 250 F, (Ct,idcUSAS B31.2,
Para.201.2. 2,b.)
I I so
‘wd
6. Where the minimum wall thicknessis
in excessof 0.10 of the nominal dia9s0 1000 toso I boo above
meter, the piping system shall meet
0.7
0.7 0,7 0.7
0.4
0.5
I:rrrilic Steels
the rcquirem$nts of USAS B31.3.
0.4
0.4
0.4 0.4 0.5
Austsnitic Stmek
0.7
(Code USAS B31,2, Para.203)
h
Note: For intermediatetemperatures
thevaluesmaybeintcr- 7. pip witht equaltoor,greaterthanIY6, or
pcdated.Fornonferrous
materialsandcastiron,y equals
PISE greaterthan0.385, requiresspecial
0.4.
consideration,
trskinginto accountdesign
and materialfactors such as theory of
I For pipe with a f)o/ftn ratio lessthari 6, Ihe valueof y
fur ferritic andaustcnilicsteelsdesignedfor temperatures
failure, fatigue, and thermal stresrses.
of ~900F d bCkrWdlti[] be tukcli iSS:
(Code B31.3, Para.304.1.2,b.)
Temperature
1:
and
below
J’
“*
8. pi~ ~nds s]M]I meet the flattening
limitations of Ihe applicableCode.
210
S
u
om M m R ae q r u j iy or eo m fe rn t s
P
I
PC
I
O N
DG
E
f
S
pertainingto
PIPEW
C
A
T
A
H
L
CA
LK
A
N LEL LS NOS PW RA
F O
C D O
EP
E
. 4 S- 1 9 I 9 2
Pressure
R
U O I L ED U Internal
M
& SO
B 3N 1
I P EQ T
TRANSPORTATION
I
PIPING SYSTEM
B
E D LS E S
R
M
U
U
L
R
A
S
t“ =t+A
T
C
ph r o e msi c id r r nsi bi e e m s eu . m
~
h
e
r
q u i rf e t m d e en m
o t sahs t i e gr r i n ea t,l 2s
s , ,w
c o n s t a r us c s it ein osmn pa,b e l c yt i~, on n ,
d
t . l a are b le
t
eo p s
tit r aip n lns i p pgio n r qtf gi e nu g a i pt pd a l li- lc s oa vbw
a
c
c
w
o
r
C
d
P
ai o n , ac n dte
p
i
s
i
r
os
al c ue o r cu oc um
ni d edh n l ss ea t , e ,
402.3.1 a, b, c, or d. For pipe
n
ag at ns u oag r ll t iai uln ql e riau , aiq dl u s s ,e
At e A 5r SBia aA 1 lT s
n
f p e i t g r a o le la pie eudnq t sm r u o l, i dem dua m
B,
S
G
25,200
psi.
at
–20
F
to
p
r bo
ed p ut r ocwl dt efu s ecea e ncra s i ’ s f
ie
5
0
t
t if
anae
arg s npt mr u,o skcr a e , a st =sl 2p i Fnrs dge
sw
e st shu ai iri c ekg nl
p
lr e a f sin nt teta rest i r i ae,mos i ,n n s a ,nl s ,
d
c
(
nh
1s o e
t,e
s e 2e
o
d t e a l rh i e vpce eeno irr i v y in nd t g s
.
A
B 3N 1 . 5 S - 1 9 I 9 I 2 n P t r e e r s n s a u l r
c
R E F R I G E PR A TI I OPN
I
N tm =t+c
G
ThisCodeprescribes
materiats, design, fabrication, assembly,erec-
t
i
o
n
; = z~)
S=
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
-
,w
h
,
p=
p
‘r t = 2(s +
e
h
s
.
-
m
t
e
r
a ax l i l s m
o i twum a rm b el
de t ir
n i p ut rae a e r l s n e
advised that
p
t
o
p
o
p
m ai A
t e A rp5 SB
i a a el T
i it r p eh sj i up er eni s c digti ci nt vr i oe n s A. 1 B S s 1
0p5 a 1, F s 0 6
T C s hn oa h t i p ad
p sl oe l l w y t 4 : F
0
o 0
( a s e l f -oa cun os n tysan i sutn) ye t bd i e jt =merp t src d e t sw
o
e st shu ai iri c ekg
h
e
c
(
n
h
1S o e
t,e
se
n at t i h o n e a l rl y
E
x
P
t
r
e
e
r
s
n
s
a
u
l
r
e
( w p
a
b t
e
) r
( p
d i e f pces
xii gt n noe ) ger
nd Ta rp l r d e h ste h s si ut cs irkeb nehg e
c ci onw re C dd ai on
r n ee xs 1c sp (e ou Ie rr d 1eei sg n at &
g 0r d d e5l i t e3 ei s) ar s m
s
i
z
e
f .
P
5 a0
4r .
1a
. .3
.
s
0
ln
2e
s
cn
A
B 3N 1 . 8 S - 1 9 I 9 2
G T R A N AS MA I S S I SO N
D
D I S T R IP B U I ST I PYO NSI
TN E G M
S
T C
c h oto d i v efd esa hs bir e rg sI i nn ecP t, ar e -e r s n s a u l r
e
t
i ni s t iao nl l s anpt t ei e oca, nst , i t o i n n,
g
,
d
s
t s
aa
s ohf o p pe eea t m
rc e a yt ta sin o i f n 2n t xd F x- E x T, where
t
e o gn t ra a n as acmd i ie s ss ifnt os r n i b ud t
s
y i i s n t cgo e pl m
iu pdngs e ia, l n i gSn =aes sp , em c i s i y nf s i i t e mr d eeu n
s d
i
.
c o m sp rt eag s tm s i eo oar t na e s r , i n pn s g
t e A pr5 SBi ra el T
r e g s u t l gaa mtt i a a nos gani e s nr ,n vs sF i , p c dm e a i oA
l
u ti t o n ou t e cht u ssl tp h oe em t e a r fA’e1 s B S = 3n
ds 0 6
p50
,
m
s ae s st M e ei m
e n b wcrl s l y t i u. Cd =
t neo dho w m - t i h a in ic a k nl ln e c
i t s
o tc s h oeah g c sp nt tei ei ro aof rs n (a neg s 1Se2o 3 4 5te
e e
s
e q u o it pc m pl e t nho f t i s y
ef p e apd
e
e
b
n
oc f
a fo tp r o ref g ai d be o r r idp c ma t e e r d
f
p
ar f i i oat gnt p si m nt eng o ads r , a d g s e
l
i
n
e
s
.
211
S
u
om M m R aae q r u j iy or eo m fe rn t s
P
I
PC
I O N
DG
E
C o n t i fn u f a tr api o nc o a i
N
O
T
A
T
I
O
f
S
nm g
g
e
N
m e c h ci i ol l r ~i rc ao l s, i n o
rst i o rl l s u iw a o n nc e s
o a l l uio w fn a nc m
c he f o, ee
t h ra eg a r da o r in o n vg i T en=d T g e m spD- e er Fa r t aua r t ec i
nt
q
uu
Ci n P r o 4d e da e d
e 0rr f , S aP t .
o ie
ep r l
e
4
c o . r a r r o2e s q i uo, in r T ee s md p e r a t u r e
u
C n P o d 4 a 0d e 2 r e .r 4a , D. .1e F , ag h r r F e nTae h sec i t
a i
n i cw ntr h e ai a c sdk l e n e n2 sl F os l
. s 0 0 r s
5 e1
i u
a p rs o m t eee c a t f ids v sue 3 r F e
.
0 0
0 9
u
C n P o 4d a d0 e r 2 e r a. , 1 3. F.
.
5 0
0 9
f i
n p t r oe te sr s ns= ua r hr l u e ,4 F e m
0
0
0
.
8
e Fn s
o a l l o i w i a n c cfe s h
t
ha
gr
red n oae
odp
v dt Ne h
,
i on t eft ri p e on l a:ot t ee
m a n u f amc t ut ir e or sn ’ l
u e m sr e v - d a i l a
ut
ee
s
a
p nc o lcra re eo u s r,in os n o
d s a l li o w oa n c ne .Y= c o e ff fm i ac it eoe n r t i an
c e a
t
e
d
:
f
e
x pt or e etr s n s aru l rh e d , i
s
i i
no uc co r h r moe sn si Fo fd n u n co o n t mf ie r l rr eo a u
a e
r a lo nl os p w i a on dl c ne s ut,
e f r se s i r aat r a l ie s t eu, ni
cl
m a n u f amc t ut ir e or sn ’ l
u e t sr es - nyt = 0i e t e i
l.c
s
a
n
c
e
.
I D i r { o a4 ) u n / - f g t s 6n
=
i
nd
i s ao i pm de i t e e p r
e f
,
i
n
c
h
e
s
Y ‘ d +dD
o
u) d . t i sao pm
i& =de i t e e p r f e d f u~, tc o e t r i i al r l e s
i
n
c
h
e
s
F b
r m i ao t u e t r l ir ae s l
L o n g- ij t u f do i an= ia lc
n t y ot= 0.0 r
o
b ft
aC i r t no
e ao dd
b em l ,
e
8
4 F 1 s .e p1a o m2 i l . ep sr se
,
N 0
O
T
E
S
E= 1
.
V
oa D
l Fe u Fas e ci
s gt 1 If osn e r ol p e t c m tai ni u o.f nhapnc t u rf e
m
t i o l sn e b r thu a i naas c eknl
F
c o n s i d Te rma t ti ioo nh l. n e r u a
f s
e s a opm t i l 1i ee os 2pr se
.e l
t n
o w mth h i ia Tnc tk a enl lhe os ls
e
m
r
b au
an w
a s c s l e hpe y s e ee
A= s
c
d
f
D
h
fication is not available.
2 Pipe b
s e m h tn
f eal d . a
t l hset
e l n
el
n d t pee r r spe n s i a s slgu rl n i e i m , oi t t gaa tp i p Co l hn i s oc a bdf
P &Pi = i
as describedat the formulas,
3 C l a s s oi L
f i oc ac tI ai Cot. n i o on
and i a p p c l ip oc a bds ln Be 1e i P , 8 . a . 4 f 1rc8 .loa a30a , 1.s u
s
tt=a d
i
t“=n
f
s
l
t
T
tml = m
i
m
sf
,s
e sa t c f r o i r b mhe s ud ld ae t sesa a, cb rf pi a rb e esst dco r i i sb s
n
c
h
e
s
t
o cy o n sp t r ue c t i s o nf .
o w mt hi ais n c ak l nl t 4e L ils i s ms oi Pt- a D t i V
e o . nas p l i uf g
r ye q u i if r p e n m er ng o t esC
B s . oPr - 8 t 3d4 i8 1 r e.
1a1 , 4.
a a ul l o b nwrn a n c e eu5dsL
o , N e o t W tamT hi sai nCc . tka ln l o e s
t
t e nh o w
s mha
i sa n n B a e. l T l
8 a l34 8 1 b .
1l 1 4 , e1
.
h i l c kii C
n s e ost s e d
d e n ,
o s ar rhm
e g u l alne t aiexo ns t s - ra d l ae
4 a 0 i 4 b n.
1l c . he1 T , ef
e f
A rm Ne
aro Sit tdci maao nnn da
i r n e i t q mh u i u i c mr k Cen fde Ps o rs P e od swi st p pue i ir r e ne ht
n h e hef rer i,
i
ns a ct r i les fqw y nu i smin gri o tes p - s u bi T l hoAi sm
f de
pe n r osu e t is
ss g S unr noro Mec e ic d Eh e an ntg i i yc n f e lf el r
213
R
T
U
NH Y D R OE SP T RR
A TE I SC
S
U
R
E
F l a t t- w daa l t l t ne d muh ke c he s a dn i eis ac oda vrl a l n syt a g aeh o u u s af
lsrp
eeo
h y d r po sr t eoa ts iTns c q u lu r oa ehm
y n a t .r t i eete qfry uri e ia cf rlt otae n diga u l nr a
h
it
fg c h hy l ie vaon dre o r t sin sc s ra c l e aa h lp H as m
oc w
fsi e ote e m
y v t .e ea t r pi , mp h el s
t
o r i e c t tao n i ga p unr l neaf fbr ek e r o ac ts b a les heu f as eab er aii cst f a gr t i yno onh
u t i l o i s z a p t i ao n c
e f .
M
U
f
F
A
XS
I
MI
U
MZ
E
n s t ti f m
f a e b n n ne l d a kat
c a e p a ce i t ty .
l
at
oart u gn o s ek rrh rsis t a
3or s c h fgy a eet at
o,d
uw
r a t snn t ni i0 f .f1ke. cdtn i s n u gh4 s
vafe i eed s cf ay o rbso nel s oea
ms
ior
cn
R
O
A S T I
I D O E F S
I a s
a i e l dqt
l r u e efo al o hsn s l e gB ,=i @tn e ;d hw
eV
f h=e v : e o c f lr
P r e rf e aLr a tosb l in1ei Bog Sd :e h .ser o : ( r: i )tB5 e;. d r 6
e6
D
T
E
f
L =t
S
o
w
V
I
G
um t
r oh mt
uf ol lea phl s o a aw bni gen oa g m
r e sa s xa e li e l m
d do euwnf m
al eb c l t
t dh # e te nt hro i, ot cseh iek d. ns e e- pse l s a t ef .
ao ~ a l
un
e d
s
0.2$6
0.031
0.00046
Ratio,~ or?
Constant,/3
Constant,a
1.5
0.26
0.043
h
E
u e
7
.
N
Ratio,~ or;
0.25
(lmstant,~ - 0.024
Constant,cr 0.00027
W
s
LO
1.0
0.16
0.022
eo t
i
L =ga l
PD
IL
E N
/
f
3
0.333
0.041
0.00083
2.0
0.34
0.060
0.4
0.056
0.0016
2.5
0.38
0.070
h eo nt t n I f =gka m
A
D
G
T
G
F
EE
t a
3.0
0.43
0.078
n hdx
0.5
0.080
0.0035
3.5
0.47
0.086
0.667
0.116
0.0083
4.0
0.49
0.091
ii f bskm te u sa t mun w pc e pe eo
S
Somepreferable welded joints of plate edges:
LL
T
s t i f
w
e a l m
B I B L I O
O
d t me
V o j 1t A a
3
K
m
hf eb na i t n eatgt sta tc
hwy eaehe d abi in nt o t leeh rk o mec li ot rnt et yn i t n
d b pi n nli a g ano o cds u y eit e s dd i
ed
er .
G R A P H Y
h e sa ot ei hf i gt rof fr ndeo lsrp l h eao e dw
p i en ne r g s
:
Ss z at a Dk. r e, f e oln Re.s e: c c ts t i a do n ng u l af r
u
214
RECTANGUI.AR TANKS
UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
WITH TOP-EDGE STIFFENING
NOTATION
= factordependingon ratioof lengthand heightof tank,H/L (SeeTable)
2 = modulusof elasticity,psi.;30,000,000forcarbonsteel
G = spectlcgravityof liquid
H=
I =
1 =
L =
R =
height of tank, in
maximumdistancebetweensupports,inches
length of tank, riches
reactionwithsubscriptsindicatingthe location,lb./in.
s = stressvalueof plate,psi.as tabulatedin Code,TablesUCS-23
t
t.
t~
t*
= required plate thickness, inches
=
=
thicknessof bottom, inches
=
w = load perunit of length lb./in.
Y = deflection of plate, inches
REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS
‘=’-
/
B
,.Dl_
T h i t
c m k bn u e as asf s , t l
e y os
b
op
ti i l et
aosn
um
tti r i ef r fa
s u p p o r t e d .
‘
T h i cf s k bn hi e n s cas i r, el a sl
c o r s r e o r s vi vi
ec
e
.
M
a dx e i f om
l pe uc l m
t i a o nt
=
H
6
]
S
~
T
I
a 0
F
G.
FF E
0H
NR I
3
N AG
L
M
R, = 0.3w
0.036 Gl%
Rz = 0.7W
2
Minimumrequiredmomentof inertia
for top-edgestiffening:
w=
~
w
H
I
=
W2Eta
-
~
B
O P T
LT
S H
U P P EBO BR
W
4
I
1
M T
DA
“
=
*
a
sx
pi o m
sa
uuc fp m
i ap n o g r
t i h i ov cb k oe n t e n st s o
m
M
g
I
OA
TN E E
B
1
‘
1
G.
”
4
’
~
.
215
R E C T A N G U L TA R A
E X A M P L E
D
E D S
IA
G
TN
N
S
K
S
A
C
C
T
P
a op t a t c 6ia gth ny a= 8 0c kl ff e al p: p o r 0uo txn i
o
nw t G
a e= 1 nt
t e :
r
;
s
o a c i hu b e dt- s f he ta ae pd fe e d nocs h ai pg k~ a n
r e p f r eo rpo sro er i td i d o n e
s f :
L = 4.31 x 1.5 = 6.47 ft. = 78 inches
H = 4
x . . = 2 6 f 3 = . 3 6 i 1 8nt 7 c 7 h
W
o it t d 4 athf = .h5 n i f e3nt k c 1 h
s = 1
3u
7S s 2 5 C im 0 a n ,8t
eg r A i 5 a
l
C o r a r l ol so 1 w
i 6 ioa n c /e : n
1
.
m a0 t . e l. y
r c=ee4 i d tf
.
.
e
e
y . :
3t
4 s
2 s
HIL = 34178 = 0.43; /3 = 0.063
R
E
Q PU
t=
I LT R H E A
I DC
K
T
N
E
S
10.063 X134x 10.036 x 1
78
S
= 0.18 in
+0.0625 corr. allow = 1/4in.
S
T
I
0.036
w.
F
FF E
NR I
1 X 342 =
X
2
N AG
M
E
= 0.3 x 20.808 = 6.24 lb/in
Ri = 0.6 X 20.808 = 14.57 lb/in
2
R
20.808 lbiin
6.24 X 784
~min= 192 x 3Q000,000 x 0.l~T5
= 0.214 in4
1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 3/16 (.18 in4)satisfactoryfor stiffeningat the top of the tank
B
O P T
L
W
T
i n
u o bm
OSA H
UM PT P EBOE BR TN E E
=eb4 1 =ea2 if r mn
f cs
DA
h ;
e
M Y
6 s
S
lb =
L
2
5
4
k 0 4
i “=
1
O u
t sp
t i l h h inOa c r ka.g tc n 1ae e le s8ac su 7btl
s
p f as uc p i po n o gr t sr :
IB=
1=4x0
.187’m
“
n’
6
’
am5o t ae sv dx h
ei
m,
216
RECTANGULAR
TANKS
WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS
N
O
T
= F
P
A
T
I
O
ad
e c p o et
N
gheight,lf/1
t n i g on
nn o d lr i r aena
t
f h
d
(SeeTableon page 213)
E=
m
o o ed l ua ps l t ui
c ss i
t
y f i,
.
If = heightof tank inches
I = momentof inertia,inq
?=
= specificgravityof liquid
the maximumdistancebetweens[iffcnings
i a n
on the longeror shortersideof [hc t
L = l
eo t n i a g n
nt c
h kh
fe,
vt
or ap
epl l s a u s s t
e e i f
e
pq
ut lhi i r ica ek n dnt e=c sa e sh
9
.
9
s
= r
s
=
t
“
;
’
~
l
”
nc
s
,
pc,
h k e
,s
.
.
e t t lh s iu ica aka n nt l e c s e sh
-
:
:
S
S
l
l
!
!
!
!
A
1
L
R
E
Q PU
I LT R H E AI DC
K
T
t
L
O l
A
b D
~
0
E
=
/S
.
N
’
,i
0
3
r
n
6 =G0.3W
=H
R,
2
2
Rz = 007W
—...
S
T
I
F
FF E
R
e
NR I
qs
N AG
i
E
ue mi c ro t oe dvi d ue o s rl nt tui
rn
if s fc e a nf l i
0 . 0 6 4 2GH31
. 0 . 0 3 6
z=
M
M
s
ei
m
q m u ou oi mmr
Iti~ =
‘1 ‘4
192 E t.
ee d
n
t
f
n
g
217
R E C T A N T
G U LA A R N
W
V
IE
E
D
E D S
IA
G
K
S
R S TTT II FC F
H AE NL I N G S
X
A
TN
M
P
L
E
S
A
E = 30,000,000 psi
Content:Water
n
G=l
L = 78 i
H= 34 in
B = 52 i
n
s = 13570psi
HI! = :
1 = 26 in
R
E
Q PU
t=
I LT R H E A
I DC
T
I
F
z
FF E
=
N
E
S
S
0.22 X 34 X 0.036 X 1 = o ~15 in
.
1
3
7
5
26 X
+0.0625 corr. a
S
K
T
= 1.31: /3= 0.22
NR I
= l 3/16 i l
N AG
M
o
0
w
E
0.0642 X 0,036 X 1 X 343 x 26
13750
=
0,172 in3
2 x 2 x 3/16 (.19 in3)satisfactoryfor verticalstiffening
0.036x
w=
I
1X342
2
=
6.24
X
X
=2081b,in
.
784
X
~1 = 0.3 x 20.8 = 6.24
=
n
218
RECTANGULAR TANKS
Under Hydrostatic Pressure
WITH HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS
NOTATION
E =
G=
H=
I =
L =
P =
R =
s =
modulusof elasticity,psi.; 30,000,000tor carbon steel
SpeCifiC
gravityof liquid
heightof tank,in
momentof inertia,in.4
l
eo t
an n
kg ,
it n
ch h
ef s
pressureof liquid,psi.
r
e
wa
sc u t i b i s noc td rnt i i kcp hatx tsl it h bn i g . o
/ ne i , n
.
stressvalueof plate,psi.
requiredplatethickness,inches
t =
t. =
L
S
P
A
O
C
I
N
G
F
S T I F F E N I N G SHI = 0.6H
T
H
I
L
C
K
}
Ob
N
E
S
. A /
1 =
S
i
H2 = 0.4H
0.036 GH
0.3
s—
w = 0.036 GH2
Dn
.2
R1 = 0.06 w Rz = 0.3 W Rz = 0.64 w
M
f t
O I
S T
N
I
F
E
F
R
F E N
r
m
o i
s
11=
RI L4
1R E ta
9
2
T
O
I F A
I N G
M
i
nr
ei
qm
m u u o i om i rm en e de n r t t
f i n t e ro m
s et di i f a frt e n i n g
Rz
1 =—
L’
192 E to
2
219
R
W
T
I
E
H
S
N
E
DESIGN DATA
Designed Capacity= 1,000gallon = 134cu. ft. (approx.)
Content: water
s = 13750psi., using SA285 C material
Corrosion allowance = 1/16in.
The side ofacube-shaped tank forthe designed capacity: 3~~=
5.12 ft.
Preferred proportion of sides:
width = 0.667 x 5.12 = 3.41 ft; a
p 4 ip
rn
oc x h . e 2 s
L
= 1.500 X 5.12 = 7.68 ft; approx. 92 inches
H=
5.12 ft; approx. 60 inches
For h
6
i
i
s.
n
,
r
SPACING OF STIFFENINGS:
H =36 i
H1 = 0
Hzn = 60.4H = 24 in.
.
.
REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS:
t = 0.3 x 60
0.036 X 1 X 60 = o.2X ~ .
13,750
+ 0.0625 corr. allow = 5/16 in.
LOADS:
w=
0.036 X 1 X 602 = ~ .~ ~b,k
2
RI = 0.06 w = 3
l
.b
/ Rz8 =i 0.3 wn =
9
19.44
lb/in
l
MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR STIFFENINGS:
11 =
12 =
1
3
X 9 .:
x 30,000,000
9 x 0.25
8 2
9
= 0.4690 in4
2
19.44 x 924
192 X 30,000,000 X 0.25 = 0“967 ‘4
4
220
T
F
R
IS
UOP
-E P
O
D
R E C TO A N T
G U LR
AA R N
U
Hn y d d r Po ser t ea r ts i sc
R
T
K
S
u
r
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T a
t v u o o h h is esto i df a f t e snve i ofn ilyg h s t d,a ma er b es n sug pa fk pe
m
e c o n o bms t i rc a tl ol y i d
sy e .
N O T A T I O N S
a
f
A= R e qc us r ie rc ao et o id s or n s a e l
t r
s i o i
qd n e ,
. .
,
.
a = h o r ip z iio n t t a c l n h
e pr
tii i t c
ca n l h
,
.
b = v
G
s
p g e rc o lia
f vi = i i qc t u y
i *f d
P= p r oe l s i sl qu ru e i b d f ,
.
?‘
4 .
+
+
s
s
vt
or ar
em l a s= tp uoes r e si af dl4 i ,
= r
e
qp
ut lhi i r cai e k dnt e s en s* ,
.
vt
o r ap
em ll a sP pt ua es r et i fas e l ,
i
; = s
R
E Q U I R E D
P
L
A
T when
E a- b
T H I C K N E S S
L
T
R
S
O O
R
I
A
O
D
E
D
L
X
G=
A
1
0.7
A
M
.hl
=
P
t
t= ,
L
%
E
l
.
n = 60 in 0 .
hl
n
0 .
hz = 120 in
S = 20,000 psi.
0J
,
S = 2
Sp= 20,000 psi
t =
P
P=ab 0.036 Gh
S
A
D
E D S
IA
G
TN
A
e n f g wt hi t 2=fd 3h t 0 .e th 5i f =g ,
a = 6 i
b = 6 i
V
N
D
E Q CU I R R E O D
S
E C T A I O NR A L E
O T R
I O
F E
E
t = 0.7~
x
s0
0
60
0
i 0
x. 1 x 0120
15’
.
3
6
20,000
= 0.625 = 5/8 in. plate
P =a
A = 1
b
0
. =0 6 03 x 66 0Gx *0h . 02 3 61 x 1 25l 0 = ,
5= 0
20,000
, s . 5i = 175Z r
q2 7 n o
8
PI = ab0.036Gh1 = 60x60x0.036x60= 7,776 lb.
Al = 7,776 = om389Sq.in. = 3/4 # rods
20,000
.d .
5
b5
$ s
2
.
os
l I.
—
C
Vesselsor parts of vesselssubject to thinningby corrosion,erosionor mechanical
abrasion shall have provisionmade for the desired life of the vesselby suitable
increase in the thickness of the material over that determined by the design
formulas,or by using some other suitablemethod for protection(code LJC-25bi).
The tie does not prescribethe magnitudeof corrosionallowanceexceptfor vessels
with a requiredminimumthicknessof less than 0.25in. that are to be used in steam,
water or compressedair seMce, shallbe providedwith corrosionallowanceof not less
than one-sixthof the required minimumthickness.The sum of the requiredminimum
thicknessand corrosionallowanceneed not exceed1/4in. This requirementdoes not
apply to vessel parts designed with no x-ray examinationor seamlessvessel parts
designedwith0.85joint efficienq. (Code UCS-25).
Forothervesselswhenthe rateof corrosionis predictable,thedesiredlifeof thevessel
will determinethe corrosionallowanceand if the effectof the corrosionis indeterminate, thejudgmentof the designer.A corrosionrateof 5 roilsperyear(1/16in. = 12
years) is usually satisfactoryfor vessels and piping.
The desired life time of a vessel is an economicalquestion. Majorvesselsare
usually designedfor longer (15-20 years) operating life time, while minor vessels
for shorter time (8-10 years).
The corrosionallowanceneed not be the samethicknessfor all parts of the vessel if
differentrates of attack are expectedfor the variousparts (Code UG-25c).
Thereare severaldifferentmethodsfor measuringcorrosion.The simplestwayis the
use of teltaleholes (Code UG-25 e) or corrosiongauges.
Vesselssubjectto corrosionshall be suppliedwith drain-opening(Code UG-25 f).
All pressurevessels subject to iintemal corrosion,erosion, or mechanicalabrasion
shall be providedwith inspectionopening(CodeUG-46).
To eliminatecorrosion,corrosionresistantmaterialsare usedas liningonly,or forthe
entire thicknessof the vessel wall.
The rules of liningare outlinedin the Codein Part UCL,ApendixF and Par. UG-26.
The vessel can be protected against mechanicalabrasion by plate pads which are
welded or fastenedby other meansto the exposedarea of the vessel.
In vesselswherecorrosionoccurs, all gaps and narrowpockets shall be avoided by
joining parts to the vessel wall with continuousweld.
Internalheads may be subjectto corrosion,erosionor abrasionon both sides.
222
SELECTION OF CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS
T
t
a i bnh f uo
ro l mt aaef t or i lo pnlh
oi a w a in gt ne
tg e e
am
s
ps n t
a
a
Footnotes have been generously used to explain and further clarify information contained in this table. It is most important that these notes be carefully read when using
the table.
In rating materials, the letter “A” has been used to indicate materials which are
generally recognized as satisfactory for use under the conditions given. The letter “F”
signifies materials which are somewhat less desirable but which may be used where a low
rate of corrosion is permissible or where cost considerations justify the use of a less
resistant material. Materials rated under the letter “C” may be satisfactory under certain
conditions. Caution should be exercised in the use of materials in this classification
unless specific information is available on the corroding medium and previous experience
justifies their use for the service intended. The letter “X” has been used to indicate
materials generally recognized as not acceptable for the service.
Information on metals has been obtained from the International Nickel Company,
the Dow Chemical Company, the Crane Company, the Haynes-Stellite Company,
“Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys” by McKay & Worthington, “Metals and
Alloys Data Book” by Samuel L. White, “Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering” and
“The Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,” Third Edition by McGraw-Hill.
a
H
o
sw
ge
vo ar es uar m
c , cd er s ees f s u l el
a
a
per
and
a
a
e
l
e c con nt dry ui c c t dai vl i t y
—
)
.
c
223
by any
i c
h
e sm
i t c to a6a170F
l lbut,
bs y being
l a plastic,
e
it is not recommended
unless confined
* Sources of D
A -a A
r tm
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s at
&
C
r -: o n
J -
a
D-
g
P .
U”
—
224
C
R
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A n Good; F G F
d
et o pi c oe n n d di
=
C
a
u
a Du n t u i table
o
no s:
o t ec
=
N
r
e
c
o
mo m e n d et d .
x
i r t e fh ao o od a ut ti n t n o e gt n e x s
t d
.
Resistance Ratings:
C
w
C
h
e
m
i~
z
w
5
c
&
v
:
o
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232
F
C
THE TABLES BELOW ARE FOR DATA OF FABRICATING CA}) ACITIES OF THE SHOP
WHICH HAVE TO BE KNOWN B T
V
E D HES S ST
I Y
GCE EN OLE L
HH
R U
. BEEN
M
A
LEFT OPEN AND ARE TO BE FILLED IN BY THE USER OF THIS HANDBOOK
ACCORDING TO THE FACILITIES OF THE SHOP CONSIDERED.
MAXIMUM
WIDTH in.
ROLLINGPLATES
TENSILE
STRENGTH
OFPLATE p
s
i
MAXIMUM
THICKNESS i
NE
MINIMUM
DIAMETE; Rni
.
NOTE:
FOR MATERIAL OF HIGHER
STRENGTH THE THICKNESS
OR WIDTH OF THE PLATE
MUST BE REDUCED IN
DIRECT PROPORTION TO
THE HIGHER STRENGTH
{
LA
LN I G N
LG
MINIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
MAXIMUM
SIZE
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
LEG
OUT
Q
O
MINIMUM
DIAMETER in.
LEG
IN
3
R
MAXIMUM
SIZE
E
4
S
LEG
IN
.%
Q
LEG
OUT
ROLLING BEAMS
MAXIMUM
SIZE
ROLLING CHANNELS
MINIMUM
DIAMETER
i
FLANGES
Q
IN
Q
FLANGES
OUT
MAXIMUM
SIZE
ROLLING FLAT BAR
Q
ON
EDGE
MINIMUM
DIAMETEllin.
233
F
C
NOMINAL
PIPE S1z i?
MINIMUM
RADIUS in.
SCHEDULE
BENDING PIPES
PLATE
THiCK~ESSin.
MiNiMUM
PLATE
iNSiDE
i
THICKNESS
RADIUS in.
MINiMUM
iNSiDE
RADiUS
n
BENDINGPLATES
WITHPRESSBRAKE
MAXiMUM PLATE
MAXiMUM
PLATE
DIAMETER
in. ::AHMoELTEEi:
THiCKNESS
in. OFHOLE
in “ri-ilCKNEss
PUNCHINGHOLES
vliNiMUM
iNSiDEDiAMETER
3E’VESSEL
Accessible FOR
iNSIDEWELDING
inches
TYPES OF WELDINGS
AVAILABLE
FURNACES FOR STRESS
RELIEViNG
WIDTH
ft.
HEIGHT
MAX. TEMPERATURE
ft.
F.
A
I
LENGTH
ft
234
—
P
I
s
o
b
e
a np
do t ii
A
tnu n o gp
IT
B PN
UE
bp u
N* EB D D I
oh eet t a br
e c co m t p ari e aos t s nre dn eo, o h s p
paud
EN
G
, ei s er e ht r r a et n t t f i ce
hd nn e sh
ous l esn t si en tt f qr et eup s ad s
l ieh
r
tube tends to flatten or collapse.
To prevent such distortion, the common
practice is to support the wall of the pipe or tube in some manner during the
bending operation.
This support may be in the form of a filling material, or,
when a bending machine or fixture is used, an internal mandrel or ball-shaped
member may support the inner wall when required.
MINIMUM R4DIUS:
The safe minimum radius for a given diameter, material,
and method of bending depends upon the thickness of the p
w
i ba
possible, for example, to bend extra heavy pipe to a smaller r
at
pd
pel
ho i
i u
standard weight. As a generalrule, wrought iron or steel pipe of standard weight
may readily be bent to a radius equal to five or six times the nominal pipe diameter. The minimum radius for standard weight pipe should, as a rule, be three
and one-half to four times the diameter. It will be understood, however, that
the minimumradius may vary considerably,dependingupon the method of bending. Extra heavy pipe may be bent to radii varyingfrom two and one-halftimes
the diameterfor smallersizesto three and one-halfto four times the diameterfor
largersizes.
d
d
R
(
t 4 3
S
t
aP
f d
n
I
d i a
i
r
R
to 4d)
o )(
Ee
pd
Hx
2
Pe t
%
a ir
MINIMUMR4DIUS
*FromMachinery’sHandbook,
Industrial Press, Inc. - New York
va p
y
235
PIPE ENGAGEMENT
LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT
I
Nominal
Pipe
Size
I
I
1/8
I
I
1/4
I
I
3/8
I
I
I Dimension [ Nominal I Dimension
Pipe
A
A
Size
inches
inches
1/4
I
3-1/2
3/8
I
4
3/8
I
5
1/2
I
6
3/4
I
I
I
9/16
I
8
1
I
11/16
I
I
I
I
1-1/4
1-1/2
I
I
11/16
2
I
3/4
I
I
I
I
2-1/2
I
15/16
I
I
I
I
I
1-1/16
1-1/8
I
I
I
1-5/16
I
1-7/16
I
10
I
1
12
I
1-3/4
I
D I M E DN NS IA O NL
F SO V L A R OOI T A WT I
I T
A OP T PH R
I EN A
N GD I NR G
R
O
1/2
}
I
-
I
5
N
DRILLSIZESFORPIPETAPS
Nominal
Pipe
Size
1
b
I
Tap
Drill
Sizein.
/ 1
Tap
Drill
Sizein.
Nominal
Pipe
Size
1
8 /
23
2
2
-
1/4
7/16
2-1/2
2-9/16
3/8
19/32
3
3-3/16
1/2
23/32
3-1/2
3-11/16
3/4
15/16
4
4-3/16
1
1-5/32
5
5-5/16
1-1/4
1-1/2
6
6-5/16
1-1/2
1-23/32
-
3
/
.
236
BEND ALLOWANCES
For 900 Bends in Low-Carbon Steel
Metal
Thickness
(t) in.
Bend Allowance Inches With Inside Radius (r) in.
1/32
1/16
3/32
1/8
1/4
1/2
0.059
0.087
0.066
0.079
0.093
0.146
0.254
0.050
0.062
0.078
0.090
0.125
0.188
0.250
0.313
0.375
0.437
0.500
0.105
0.128
0.146
0.198
0.289
0.382
0.474
0.566
0.658
0.750
0.101
0.118
0.142
0.160
0.211
0.302
0.395
0.488
0.580
0.672
0.764
0.114
0.132
0.155
0.173
0.224
0.316
0.409
0.501
0.593
~ 0.685
0.777
0.129
0.145
0.169
0.187
0.243
0.329
0.424
0.515
0.607
0.699
0.791
0.168
0.183
0.202
0.217
0.260
0.383
0.476
0.569
0.661
0.752
0.845
0.276
0.290
0.310
0.324
0.367
0.443
0.519
0.676
0.768
0.860
0.952
0.032
r&I
‘1
4
ben~~l~o~~n~e
=a+b+c–
w=a+b+c+d–
w=a+b+c+d+e–
(2 x!end allowance) (3x bend allowance) (4x bend allowance)
Note: w = developed width (length) of blank, t = metal thickness,
r = inside radius of bend.
EXAMPLE: Carbon steel bar bent at two places.
The required length of a 1/4 in. thick bar bent to 90 degrees with 1/4 in inside
radius as shown above when the sum of dimensions a, b and c equals 12 inches, is
12 -(2x 0.476)= 11.048 inches
MINIMUMRADIUS FOR COLD BENDING:
The minimum permissible inside radius of cold bending of metals when bend lines
are transverse to
direction of the final rolling, varies in terms of the thickness,
t from 1-1/2 t up to 6 t depending on thickness and ductility of material.
When bend lines are parallel to the direction of the final rolling the above values
may have to be approximately doubled.
—
237
LENGTH OF STUD BOLTS
FOR FLANGES *
1. Length of the stud bolts do not include the heights of the point.
(1.5 times thread pitch)
2. Plus tolerance offlg. thk’s.
Sizes 18in. &smaller 0.12in.
Sizes 20 in. andlarger O.19 in.
3. Minus tolerance ofstud length
Forlengths upto 12’’incl. O.O6in.
For lengths over 12“ to 18” incl. 0.12 in.
For lengths over 18” 0.25 in.
4. Rounding.offto the next larger 0.25 in. increment.
5. Gasket thickness for raised face, M & F and T & G flanges 0.12 in. For ring
type joint see table page 346 and take half of the dimensions shown, since
in dimension “A” only half of the gasket thickness is included.
*Extracted from American National Standard :
ANSI B 16.5 - 1973 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
1
238
P
V
D
IN THE PRACTICE THERE A
S
E RVD E
I FRFW
EAE RLO EAD N E T TY A I
P R E VS S
E . UB
S RM
S E EA TL K DS IR A
NHYAWG L
I W
N WEG T A
S S YT
SH
A
M
E CT O N
H S O
I D T
E
D R ,A
C B I BL ES
MAA
A
A VE T NE
N
Lp OE S DS SH
DI L OI T
I BO
E
R A R L O TE R R ESSC OHS
ME MM E. N E DE
I E T D FH O O L H PL
D OR ~N OE
N
P R A C
A T G I EC NAN E A
L R CA CL D
EL PY T E D .
A. Select the scale so that all
HORIZONTALVESSELS
4
f
3nd View
Ref.line
1-
ELEVATION
w
Saddle
MIS~~~~~SEOUS
~
B. Show right-end view if
necessary only for clarity
because of numerous connections, etc., on heads.
In this case lt is not necessary to show on both
views the connections etc.,
in shell.
C. Show the saddles separateGENERAL
ly, If showing them on the
SP~~EC~~CA-
BLOCK
TITLE
1
openings, seams, etc., can
be shown without makin
the picture overcrowd f
or confusing.
end view would overcrowd
the picture. On elevatlon
show only a simple icture of saddle and ! he
centerlines.
D. Locate davit.
E. Locate name plate.
L
F. Locate seams, after everyth.mg 1s m place on elevation. The seams have to
clear nozzles, lugs and
saddles.
G. Show on the elevation and
end view a simple lcture
F etc.,
of opemngs, internas,
lf a se arate detad has to
be mat e for these.
H. Dimensioning on the elevation drawing. All locatlons shall be. shown with
taded chmenslons measured from the reference line.
The distance from ref. line
~odbeshown for one saddle
The other saddle
shaY1. be located showing
the dimension between the
;-w$~~ bolt holes of the
END VIEW
I. Two symbolic bolt holes
$~aytdy
tlgn%~le~~t~
straddling the parallel lines
with the principal centerlines of vessel.
239
P
R
E
VS
SE D
U SER TES A( EI cL L Io N n G
O
r
i
‘-E*
e
n
t Ea
tl i e o vn
a
t Bi
M I S C E L L AD
N E EO U TS
b
[
TIIle
G
SA
c
.
)
A. Select the scale so t
a
openings, trays, seams,
etc., can be shown without making the picture
overcrowded or confusing.
VERTICAL VESSELS
+
t
h
B. If the vessel diameter i
unproportionally small to
na
s
e
the length,
draw the
width
a
of the vessel in a l
o
s
t ch
s a ae p
n f e a dr
ea ot l la
eL c S i
f
i
tc. T i o o r in e h sin nt
t
v
b i ao s ec
i n f o r a m at b t
c
ao n t o e iz
e
pI
a
Block
D. S
t
ho
r
ln
i
r
av eo
l r s l
a a t i e o no
h u we pm ,
l i oo n h
z o lt ne
i oe h sn
t
aw t
E
.
F
.
3
mS
.
@
:
u
.
---
Em
G.
ORIENTATION PLAN
degrees: 00, 900, 1800,
2700 and use it in the
same position on all other
orientations.
240
—
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)
Nozzle on
Top or ~ottom
00
~—+
H. It is not necessary to show
internals on vessel orientation if their position is
clear from detail drawings
or otherwise.
J. Draw separate orientations
for showing different internals, lugs, etc. if there
is not space enough to
show everything on one.
,
K. For vessels with conical
sections, show 2 orientations if necessary, one for
the upper section, one for
the lower section.
L. Two, symbolic bolt holes
shown in flanges make
clear that the holes are
straddling the lines parallel
with the principal centerlines of vessel.
~1
M. If there is a sloping tray, ,
1800
(
partition plate, coil, etc.,
in the vessel,show in the
orientation the direction
of slope.
J
O
(JO
27oo
.
.
●
t
w
1
1800
8 Lowest 0
Point of
Plate “D”
ORIENTATIONS
2
PREFERRED LOCATIONS
Of Vessel Components and Appurtenances
A. Anchor bolts straddle principal centerlines of
vessel.
B. Skirt access openings above base minimum to
clear anchor lugs, maximum 3’-0”.
c. Skirt vent holes as high as possible.
I
I
D. Name plate above manway or liquid level control, or level gauge. If there is no manway,
5’-0” above base.
I
-.
r
H
I
E. Lifting lugs - if the weight of the vessel is uniform, “E” dimension is equal .207 times the
overall length of vessel.
F. Manway 3’-0” above top of platform - floor
plate.
G. Insulation ring must clear girth seam and shall
1
be cut out to clear nozzles, etc.
H. Insulation ring spacing 8 - 12 feet” (approx.
length of metal jacket sheet).
J. Girth seams shall clear trays, nozzles, lugs.
.,
K. Long seams to clear nozzles, lugs, tray downcomers. Do not locate long seams behind downcomers. Seams shall be located so that visual
inspection can be made with all internals in
place. Longitudinal seams to be staggered
I
&
%’
+
1
i p 8o
s
s0 i
b
0l
ef .
L. Ladderand platformrelation.
3_u
v
.
+
A
M. Davit and hinge to be located as the manway
i most accessible, or right hand side.
s
N. Ladder rung level with top of platform floor
plate.
The height of first rung above base varies,
.
minimum 6“, maximum 1’-6”.
242
COMMON
ERRO RS
in detailing pressure vessels
Interferences
A.
Openings, seams, lugs, etc. interfere with each other. This can occur:
1. When the location on the elevation and orientation is not checked. The
practiceof not showingopeningsetc. on the elevationin their true position,
may increasethe probabilityofthis mistake.
2. The tail dimensionsor the distances between openingson the orientation
do not show interference, but it is disregarded,that the nozzles,lugs etc.,
havecertain extension. Thusit can take place that:
Skirt access opening does not .clear the anchor lugs.
Ladder luginterferes with nozzles.
.
.
The reinforcing pads of two nozzles
overlap each other.
Reinforcing pad covers seam. .
Vessel-davit interferes with nozzles.
This can be overlooked especially if
.
the manufacturer does not furnish the vessel-davititself, but the lugs only.
f Lugs, open%gs, etc. are on the. vessel seam.
on perimeter
of the skirt for the required number of
! There is no room
3
.
anchor lugs.
a
b
c
d
e
Particular care should be taken when ladder, platform, vesseldavit etc., are
shown on separate drawings, or more than one orientations are used.
B.
Changes.
Certain changes are necessary on the drawing which are earned out on the elevation. but not shown on the orientation or reversed. Making changes, it is
c.
advisableto ask the question: “Whatdoesit affect’?”
For example:
Billof material
The changeof materialaffects:
Scheduleof openings
Generalspecification
Legend
Orientation
The changeof locationaffects:
Elevation
Locationof internals
Locationof other components.
ShowingO.D. (outside diameter) instead of I.D.(insidediameter)or reversed.
D.
Dimensionsshownerroneously:
l’4Yinsteadof 10”
2~0’insteadof 20’etc.
E.
Overlookingthe requirementof specialmaterial
)
2
1
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)
\
E
M
S
W
G
.
D
P
R
T
E
E P S
M
P
E
@ SS
R
O
U
A
T
R
I
U
R
E
A X A H
A
A M
O I R G KN &INC N
GT
EF
.Y X
.
L
I
z
o
W
z
u ‘
c
S
8
E
W
BM
P
R
O
I
T
I RL
E
W
W W
C I
B
E N
F
E F
I
R
W
I
Y
/ D
S S
T. QC
EC
C N
R
FE
H
T I I P O P NI
GS
H
ST
L
A
E
D
SS
F IS EO M
E ( CS
E L
I
P
E
G
U
T B
H
ETL
I I N
A
E
R
A
x
RA
.
O
LSI
W
LP
T . R
E
LT
/S R
H
I L O
OH
E
A@ 1
T
ST
FL
H
A
N
K
N
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Z
.
G
D I ON A
E
N
C
SE
M 1 E
Z
E
L
CE
KB
A
B
O
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T
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G
c
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o
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TA
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A
S
K
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.
A
S
BN
CO
D
T
E
H
D
.
E
I
L
L
E
.
S
.
A
T
0
K
K
A
D
P
W
F
G
N
H
R
S
.
LI
Y
A
T
S
E
NW
.
T
T
N
O
D I O G R A P H I C
I TM I N A T I O N
A
G L )O N G I T JU
E
F
F
I
C
I
.
N
G
G
B
O.
5
E
*
a
z
T
T
.
T
t
I
m
V
R
.
.
a
~
. D
E
.
E
S
RE
S
QE
E
L
U
D
S
I
:
A
S
W
P
H
P
I
E L
R
P
I
P
GB
O
I
X
N
H
.
G
ST
.
d
m
—
5
1
)
●
! I
OPENINGS
PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)
I
Detailingopenings as shownon the oppositepage with data exemplifiedin the scheduleof
openings below, eliminatesthe necessity of detailing every single opening on the shop
drawing.
Y
I
c-1
A/-f
/lvLET
M-l
/%llvw/ly
2 6
3 3
/8’ 3
c 0G
w 0~
w0N
—
“- ? -& ~–
f- .
–
—
) 0 ) ( “ ’ I 5 ( 5343
H
—.
. Y.
= 6&” S* 53-49
X 0
H
. . 24*X~2“
S/l 5
M
SEnVICE
SIZE
RATING
TYPE
D
29Z” MIN.
8 A
“ MlIv.
v
// /~
-
yd” M//u..
~/
5
2
~-
M
BORE
yg- Nw.
j 0 7T
a
# 0
%
b
c
”/ & “
O
R
WE LO SIZE
L
1
E
LE OF
GS
/~
r
246
TRANSPORTATION
OF VESSELS
Shipping capabilities and limitations.
1.
TRANSPORTATION B TRUCK.
The maximum size of loads which maybe carried without special permits
a. weight approximately 40.000 Ibs.
b. width of load 8 ft., Oin.
c. height above road 13 ft., 6 in. (height of truck 4 ft., 6 in. to 5 ft., Oin.)
d. length of load 40 ft., Oin.
Truck shipments over 12 ft., Oin. width require escort. It increases considerably the costs of transportation.
2.
TRANSPORTATION BY R41LROAD.
Maximum dimensions of load which may be carried without special routing.
a. width of load 10 ft., Oin.
b. height above bed of car 10 ft., Oin.
With special routing, loads up to 14 ft., O in. width and 14 ft., O in. height
may be handled.
247
P
O
S
T
S
U ER
F E A F CL
E
S
P
U
R
P
O
S
E
T
m
p
ahu o r p ipa
eio t ns p t r e ei s nhe of r ga vs a ts sit euo nT
r e fp ae r fac eh l e it . a
t c o r 1 hr b op sr ei .vtoe ecn n o t o i nc,h nyo tg r aa r ocgfe s tte i vr v nf ese t ouhsa s r s m
f ea
2 b r
i n .uh ie lb e ics tt r ,io y-v cpt eh er , mo i cop at el pr t m ia ae h st i e r n fi e a t l .
T
a
p
b
ar
am h ib s un u tie sr t s aet tbe s l ef oie fht
aa
s co i cn toh en i m oi d c na l sf .
s e on tcv i thre oh sn m
i eef mne t ap,
a
S
U
RP RF E PA A CR AE T I O N
T
p
r r ih e mq f uaa si reus yc i ocp t e ej s a is t f r iru loe n o mhm t os
bvrci s aed a u l l li s f
g
r o ea
fa
os m
i ren a e, M t i s lt gdi i ect n br lal .u i hsl t hl - l ehg r osa iei y o, y c r x e ki o
w
fh
oo i s t r cr us mhc s t t uus b r esnat e tl qe h u r e l no hot lpo e l r Io i ate tnmt i go n ih .
s
i ic
na a a t dl at hn ei c te gts tr mh ed tie sp hl tr yop a rv ool ie tt d,et ces tt s hit o hen o e
e
d v t t e r u or a lh d , l i e oi snpo n eh l cg i ao nmdt pig e l enm
s ft s ,et l i i aycs
ce al tl l
e n c o ui np t r e a r ec dt i c en .
I m s
p
r
ot
i i nc b a l c a r ol f ald s ce p lks ht er wy dgi ,ol m
i l i iepoml ir ev n nvil i fre o gnl m e e
vt l i h dm o es had orci
o atsug le l r eeis ea l rt a , lt e s ,m er c,o , v
e . de .
E C O CN O N
O SM
I D E
I R CA T I O N S
T
s e l o hep c a ta s i eoui p n rrn ne f p f baat r cead t t etyi oe noc a h n sn i dnip
a p
r o o e cb o l n eo mm i c sf .
T
c
a d
e
x
d i
s a n
o s
S
T
a
t
t
clu
rt
o p oh i na
os i r2 e m n5t oa lf - l t o l t3 s eyc 0 o p %soha ai sr snts rft etu i ct t n t f hgu r
v o a u n ht s a q g i iue p an i galaf gpi i p ht Sa yn r p ie et n oxtrm
s . c ot t e o t y n
tor h
o p a pe
jn a l s i i et i os n fu p etrrh e fb p saa rnt cae ct e i o on p nohr e p tas d r ae t t
f d f ee i rvg e ar ni erat p ye r osi p on o1s trg 1t i n0o F n ex 1 atf o 2mc o p.o l oh er
d bi la a s 1bt i tn 0og h i - u it ms1tgt
ohe h2t h h es a w r aabh nr i u t nTs f chre i d n oehg
u p ~r e f p saa r hcab fbt eoi a o unla a gl t n ai dc n i e ce lndrh o set avit s e ee fsdh
s
ee
E L E O C P T I SA O YN I S
TN FE T M
S
t
ao t h b f ol l pelhe o ss aw a inegg ne gurt e s i v ste d p el e r pse shao c si op nt y te e s i r
e
s
tt n ir me
aqq h dtuu eiao pr n eetf a dvi
t ai sy r o en ci fro otn v du rTii st dci o e n ash
a b t u lh h a b t eaet
de fr a v t eekSr e S e t nt o h r neuP c m
a te Ciue onr l euts snpi cen ic g li f’
a i r e c oo m m
n ne n d a st i o dn s .
C o
a s
S
ca e eat
n
s
P
s ti ds e er vi vnha g re o i pr a a aeb ip ll rne ots i b ii lan fed g mv t si r ,s e a t bq t l su e
oi ps t ma a a n n cu i f e a c nt u fr et r s .
C
E O CN D
I I A T IL O N S
A B R A S I O N
W
t
ph a m
i eh nr t uaen i b nser tsga ig s asit odoht nho t, e oc s oei i dpoah a ntr t i i cf n ue l
i m p o F r mt a a n xaot d.i h mb e ucsr l m
il oei at na b, ns a i a etnh p g i l ns ic ss ke s alt
id t
f
a
cP r t e to r er sa yt am . he u np t hs oc oos w p hph asa r att eei xs mc f re eeh l t l r ec o ne h
and rougheningthe surface.
Urethane coatings,epoxies and vinyl paints have very good abrasion resistance. Z
rich coating,and phenolicpaints are also good. Oleoresinouspaints may develop m
greaterresistanceby incorporationof sand reinforcement.
i
u
248
H
T EI M P E GR A T H
U R E
B
t e e m lp e o r o5a t0 uw0 r -et so6 0 ba 0g °t f s F aou f ir c o ofon ha optdc h i e o n os gr
t r e i a s ta t mi se fAna ct 5t b o 0 r 0yso . a- blast
6v cleaned
0 0e °surface
F is desirable.
Recommended Paints:
u
to
2
2
3
3
7
8
C
O
R
2
3
4
5
8
0
0F
0F
0F
0F
0F
0
Oil base0 5ppaints limited
period
0 0 or phenolic
0
An alkyd
vehicle
0 0 modified- alkyds
0
Specially
0
Colored0 5silicones 0 0 zinc coatings
0
Inorganic
above
550 F
Black or Aluminum silicones
0 F - Aluminum
1
2 silicones
0
0 up to 1600-1800 F
Silicone ceramic coatings
R C O H S E I MV IE C
A
L
S
See tables I and V for the selection of paint systems.
THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF PAINT
Theoretically, one gallon of paint covers 1600 square feet surface with 1 mil (0.001 inch)
thick coat when it is wet.
The dry thickness is determined by the solid (non volatile) content of the paint, which
can be found in the specification on the label, or in the supplier’s literature.
If the content of solids by volume is, for example, 60%, then the maximum dry coverage
(spreading rate) theoretically will be 1600x .60-= 960 square feet.
THE CONTENT OF SOLIDS OF PAINTS BY VOLUME $%
I
%
%
50
1
2
&
3
4
70
70
15
1
6
5
6
8
9
Varnish Paint
Aluminum Vinyl Paint
White
14
103
104
Black Alkyd Paint
Black Phenolic Paint
White or Tinted Alkyd Paint,
70
106
Black
37
57
47 - 50
In practice, especially with spray application, the paint never can be utilized at 100
percent. Losses due to overspray, complexity of surface (piping, etc.) may decrease the
actual coverage to 40-60$Z0,
or even more.
.
)
- .
P
T
A
I
A
I P
s
T
B SA
@
E , TM
1St
Coat
2nd
Coat
3rd
Coat
(:?7)
104
( I .3)
14
104
(1
104
i
Condensation, chemical fumes, brine drippings and Other extremely corrosive conditions are Q present
G
S
Paint and Dry Thickness, Mi]s
See Table IV
E;=
~ 0:
WL+
N
YL I S E TN
~
C
Ps
I
z
c
.-o
:?=
System
Number
N
2
Not
or
Req’d
::h,
&
:;::.
ness
104
(1’.;)
5.0
104
(i .3)
(1‘7)
I
3
(1
I
(I
I
I
(
I
( 1?)
( IC5)
104
(1 .5)
104
(1
(
I
( I .5)
(1
( lc5)
Steel surfaces exposed to the weather,
high humidity, infrequent immersion in
fresh or salt water or to mild chemical
6
a
or
Not
R
E
8
5.0
I
(I
Steel s
exposed to alternate immersion. high humidity and condensation
or to the weather or moderately severe
chemical atmospheres or immersed in
fresh water
Immersion in salt water or in many chemical s
c
severe
weather exposure or chemical atmospheres
4.02
5, 6,
8, or
I , 2, 5, or 6
3, or ( 1.5)
5. or 6
( I .5)
I 03
(I
5, 6
or 103
*
4
9
G
9
(1G5)
Fresh water immersion, condensation,
very severe weather or chemical atmospheres
10
Complete or alternate immersion in salt
water, high humidity, condensation, and
exposure to the weather
Not
Req’d
(lHs)
3
**
( 1!5)
5.5
H
H
H
6.0
6
or
8
6
or 8
6
or 8
404
Condensation, or very severe weather exposure, or chemical atmospheres
4,05 Condensation, severe weather, mild chem]cal atmospheres
9
Not
Req’d
3
**
8
4,0
(192)
9
9
(1:5)
F
F
4.5
9
4,0
I
Steel vessels
p
t
f
w
s
f
w
Dry, non corrosive environment, inside
of b
t
w
t
Longtime protection in sheltered or in8.01 accessible places, short term or temporary
in corrosive environments
p
1
G
G
Corrosive or chemical atmospheres, but
should not be used in contact with oils,
solvents, or other agents
Underground and underwater steeJ struc-
3
(1?)
G
G
G
G
3
n
o
c
ing
1 and
2 or
3
m
Req’d
e
p
7.0
(1
~
n
a
l
3
K 6.25
I
,/
M
(
L
)
(wet)
12
63
63
Not
(
)
)
)
d
r
w
i
Not
R
R
u
(1.5)
Not
Req‘d
6
tures
U
c
G (2.0)
G
8
6.03
10.01
(1%
6;r
w
9.0 I
3
6
or for high tempera-
ture
*Four coats are recommended in severe exposures
6
0
Req’d (1!-18)
(25)
(8! 5)
35
**The dry film thickness of the wash coat 0.3-0.5 roils.
250
T
A
I P
BS
A
YL I S( Ec T
No
G
.-o
Uz=
Ob
{stem
Imber
sPcPs
;
Fresh or sea water immersion, tidal and
splash zone exposure, condensation, burial in soil and exposure of brine, crude oil,
sewageand alkalies, chemical fumes, mists
High humidity or marine atmospheric exposures, fresh water immersion. With
proper topcoating in brackish and seawater immersion and exposure to chemical acid and
I
I ~,oo
I
6
:;
P
R
e
f
e
r
A
I
e
n
T
I a
1
b
W
l
E
T
O
d
)
n c nk
h i iroils
n
te
;=
gbl
1
,Zg
Not
Req’d
coat
2nd
Coat
(’l:)
(’l:)
3rd
Coat
&
::!t
;;:-
32
Zinc-rich coatings comprise a number of
different commercial types such as:
chlorinated rubber, styrene, epoxies,
polyesters, vinyls, urethanes, silicones,
Epoxy Paint System
P RB E I T RL E AI T
E
S PME EC N
,I FT I C A T I C I N S
c
t
a T
e
See Table IV
subject to chemical exposure such as acid
and alkali.
T
a
E-
:
?J&~
nE , T
t Mi n S u
e
To
e
a iP
TT R I E NA
I
ut
G
T
M
rn l p
E LN
oe
T
sdS p e e c i f i c
N
u
m
S
S
P
C
1-64
Saturation of the surface layer of rusty and
scaled steel with wetting oil that is compatible
with the priming paint, thus improving the adhesion and performance of the paint system to be
applied.
2
C
C
P O
H
o n vt
O S L
SP U
H AD
RT T RF E E A A CT ME ES N ST 2 P
es r ut of
i rsteel
hn gf to insoluble
a
c e salts
e
of phosphoric acid for the purpose of inhibiting
corrosion and improving the adhesion and performance of paints to be applied.
3
4
BASIC ZINC CHROMATE-VINYL BUTYRAL
WASHCOAT(Wash Primer)
Pretreatment which reacts with the metal and at
the same time forms a protective vinyl film which
contains an inhibitive pigment to help prevent
rusting.
HOT PHOSPHATE SURFACE TREATMENT
Converting the surface of steel to a heavy crystallinelayex of insoluble salts of phosporic acid for
the purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improving
the adhesion and performance of paints to be
applied.
SSPC-PT3-64
SSPC-PT4-64
C-
2— .
P
T
%
e
f
e
A
I ,
r
e
n
c
t
T
I a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
b
S
SB U
e
T
l
O
LC
A
I
N
T
I
N
G
PRL R FE E
PA A CRSI A
E~ T
~ lI FO I NC A T I O N S
oa
iP
EE
AN N T I
ut
rn l p
oe
e
V
L
5
N
G
Removalof oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and contaminantswith solvents,emulsions,cleaningcompounds,or steam.
HANDTOOLCLEANING
Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose
paint by hand brushing,hand sanding,hand scraping,hand chippingor other hand impact tools, or
by combinationof thesemethods.
POWERTOOLCLEANING
Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose
paint with power wire brushes, power impact
tools, power grinders,power sanders,or by combination of these methods.
FLAMECLEANINGOF NEWSTEEL
Removal of scale, rust and other detrimental
foreign matter by high-velocity oxyacetylene
flames,followedby wirebrushing.
WHITEMETALBLASTCLEANING
Removalof all mill scale,rust, rust-scale,paint or
foreignmatter by the use of sand, grit or shot to
obtaina gray-wh~te,uniformmetalliccolor surface.
COMMERCIAL
BLASTCLEANING
Removalof mill scale, rust, rust-scale,paint or
foreign matter completely except for slight shadows, streaks, or discolorationscaused by rust,
stain, mill scale oxides or slight,tight residuesof
paint or coating that may remain.
BRUSH-OFFBLASTCLEANING
Removalof all except tightly adheringresidues
of mill scale, rust and paint by the impact of
abrasives. (Sand, grit or shot)
PICKLING
Completeremovalof all mill scale,rust, and rustscale by chemical reaction, or by electrolysis,or
by both. The surface shall be free of unreacted
or harmfulacid, alkali, or smut.
NEAR-WHITE
BLASTCLEANING
Removalof nearly all mill scale, rust, rust-scale,
paint, or foreign matter by the use of abrasives
(sand, grit, shot). Very light shadows,veryslight
streaks, or slight discolorationscaused by rust
stain, millscale oxides, or slight,tight residuesof
paint or coatingmay remain.
sd
Se p e c i f i c a t i
N
u
m
b
S
1-63
SSPC-SP2-63
SSPC-SP3-63
SSPC-SP443
SSPC-SP5-63
SSPC-SP6-63
SSPC-SP7-63
SSPC-SP8-63
SSPC-SP10453T
I
252
——
.
P
A
T
:e
t
~
r
e
1 a
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
1
12
13
14
15
16
102
103
104
106
107
.—
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
o
P
n
b
c
l
fe
Mo
e
I
A
I
a
N
P
t
T
B A
e
r
I
W
LI
i
Red Lead and Raw Linseed Oil Primer
Red Lead, Iron Oxide, Raw Linseed Oil and
Alkyd Primer
Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Fractionated Linseed
Oil Primer
E
P
Z
R
A
W
R
x
tR e L n R de aee Bad
aoLd
r
i
m
e
r
D
Z
i u O
nsi xa P it cnh d V
e, n
L
I e Oe
ar xa P di ohd dV
e, n
l
u V m Pi i n a un m i y
( hC
o i V
l o ot P i r eea n dr
I
O
r exZ
Ci 1 oh i d r dRo en L
nm
N
G
NE
a
l
T ,
S
N
u
m
1-64TN0.
1
2-64
2
No.
344TN0.
3
nd di O, n i ws e d e di e
d
4
6 44
neak P o r, l na id 5-64T
i c i sNo. hn5
6
nean P o r, l na di i c i -s 6 hn 64
8-64 No. 8
n l
t
i) y
n l
t9-64 No. 9
, ai O
t nca e s,
e iw
e
d
11-64TN0. 11
and Alkyd Primer
12-64 No. 12
Cold Applied Asphalt Mastic (Extra Thick Film)
13-64 No. 13
Red or Brown One-Coat Shop Paint
14454TNo. 14
Red Lead, Iron Oxide & Linseed Oil Primer
15%8TN0. 15
Steel Joist Shop Paint
Coal Tar Epoxy-Polyamide Black (or Dark Red) Paint 16-68TN0. 16
Black Alkyd Paint
102%4 No. 102
103-64TNO. 103
Black Phenolic Paint
White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Types I, II, III, IV
10444 No. 104
Black Vinyl Paint
106-64 No. 106
Red Lead, Iron Oxide and Alkyd Intermediate Paint
10744TNO. 107
Paint; Red-Lead Base, Ready-Mixed
Type I red lead-raw and bodied linseed oil
Type II red lead, iron oxide, mixed pigmentalkyd-linseed oil
Type 111red lead alkyd
Primer; Paint; Zinc Chromate, alkyd Type
Paint; Zinc Yellow-Iron Oxide Base, Ready
Mixed, Type II-yellow, alkyd
Paint; Outside, White, Vinyl, Alkyd Type
Primer; Vinyl-Red Lead Type
Vinyl Resin Paint
Paint; Antifouling, Vinyl Type
Paints; Boottopping, Vinyl-Alkyd, Bright Red
Undercoat and Indian Red Finish Coat
Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 11 (Vinyl-Alkyd)
Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 27 (Vinyl-Alkyd)
Compounds; Rust Preventive
Coal Tar Enamel and Primers
Coal Tar Base Coating
Coating, Bituminous Emulsion
TT-P-86C
b
m
z
l
: T
N
+ t
< Tt N
:
~
U
l
:
~
m
“
&
~
;Z
z.~
TT-P-86C
~z
TT-P-86C
32
z~
TT-P-645
~k
MIL-P-15929B ~ j
MIL-P-16738B ~ 2
MIL-P-15929B ~ &
a II
VR-3
Lg
MIL-P-15931A I >
*
!+;
MAP44
X’2
MIL-E-1593513 .5 :
MIL-E-15936B ~ ~
52-MA602a
~ .5
MIL-P-15147C j z
MIL-C-18480A ~ ~
MIL<-15203c
2
P
T
A
V C
H
B
E
I N
IN
A
L
RM E I SE CI SAO,T LCA N
O C AME T
A
Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 3
Acetic acid, 10% . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4
A
ac
g e c l . t . . ai. . i 1 c2 dc1 i 1 1 a,1 4 l 3 3 4 4 3 4
Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
Alcohol, amyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 2 3
A
l b c nu o o th . . r 1.
oy 1ml1 l 1 a 1 , 1l 3 .2 2 2 2 1
Alcohol, ethyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
A
l ic s o o h. .p . o. r. 1 lo 1 ,p1 y1 1l 1 2 1 1 1 1
A
l m
c
o e . h. t. . o. .h 1 l 1y , 1 1l 1 . 1 2 1 1 1 11
A
l
u c m h i l . .no. . 1ur 1m
i 1d 2e 2. 2 4 31 1
A
l
u s mu i l . .np. . 1uh 1 m
a1 1t 1 e1 4. 1 1 2 2 1 2
Ammonia, liquid . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1
3
A m m c o h n l . i. o. 1u r1 m1i 1 d1 1e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2
Ammonium hydroxide . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1
3
A m m n o i n . t. i. . r1u 1 am1 1t 1 1e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2
A m m s o u n l . i.p. 1u h1 m1a 1 t1 1e 3 . 1 1 3 3 1 2
Mdline. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
2
24
4
Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 4
Boric acid . , . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Butyl acetate. . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 31
C
a c l h c .l . .i .o . . u1r 1 m
i 1 1d 1 e1 2 1 1 2 2 1
C
a h l y cd r .i . o. . ux1 i1m d1 e 2 . 1 1 2 21 1
C
a h l y pc o ci . .h . u1l o2 mr2 i 3 t 2e 2 4 1 1 2 21
C
ad i r s ub. . l. . p.o4 h4 4ni 1 d 1 e1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
C
at e tr r a bc .h . .lo4o 4r 4ni 1d 1e 1. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Chlorine gas . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4
C h l o r o b . e. .n. .z . e. 4n 4e 4. 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Chloroform. . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
C
h a r 1 o c . . m. . .i 2i 20 2c d 4 3 3 , 4 2% 2 4 4 2 4
C
h a r 6 o c . . m. . .i 2i 20 2c d 4 3 3 , 4 2% 2 4 4 2 4
Citric acid. . ; . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 21 1
C
os u p l . .p. . .h . e1 a 1 1tr 1e 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Diethyl ether. . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11
Ferric chloride. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3
Ferric sulphate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
F o r m a l 4d e . h. .y. 1d 1e 0,1 1 1 1 3 %
1 1 2 2 1
F
oa
r2 c m
. . . .0i , i 1 1 dc1 %1 1 , 1 3 . 1 1 2 2 1
F
oa
rc c m
. .o. .i . i 1 n 1 dc 1 e 1 , 1 . 1 3 21 1
Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 41 1
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
H y d r o a c h1 lc o . 1r i01i c1 1 d1.%1 3 , 1 1. 3 3 1
H y d r o a c h3 lc o . 1r 2i0i c2 1 1d 1% 3 1, 1 3. 3 1 3
H y d r o a c hc lc o . 1ro 2ii c2 1n 1d 1 3e 1, 1 3. 3 1 3
H y d r oa f l 1 uc o. . r1 ii2 c 1 0 1 d 1 1 3, 2% 2 2 21
H y d r oa f l 4 uc o. . r1 i2i c1 01 d1 1 3 , 2 2% 2 2 1
T
C
TI
EN F R G I
A
L
3
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
44
2
4
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
4
1
2
1
3
4
2
3
2
3
P
T
A
V C
H
B
A
I
N
T
I
N
G
E L
RM E I SE CI SAO,T L
CA N
O C AME T
A
(continued)
TI
EN F R G I
N
m
vc
8
3,
2 2 2 2 3
H y d r o a f l 7 u c o. . r1 i2i c 1 5 d
%
4
1 .3 3
H
y
dp re or 3 og . x1e 1i n1 d:% ei ; , 3
2 .3 3 : 4
H
y
dp er ro 3i g o 2ex 2 0ni 1 d3 2e 2%
, 3
1 2 2 1 2
H
y
ds ru o.l . .gp. . 1e h n1i
d
e 2
1 4
H y p o c h ao l .o. .r . oc1 u: s 1 : i ; : 4 d 1 3
1 4 : 2 4
Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . .4 4 1 1 1 1 2
1 4 44 2 4
L u b r o i c. . .a . .ti. .i n 4 g1l 1 1 1 .2
1 2 2 1 2
1
2
1
1
1
1
M a g s n ue sl. . .i p. 1u h m a
t
e
4 3 3 1 3
M
ee
kt t he. . h. .yt1 1 yol2 1 n1l 1 4e
1 4 4 2 4
1 1 2
Mineral oil . . . . . . . . . .4 4 1
3 3 1 3
1 : 2 2 4
Nitric acid, 5%. . . . . . . . 1
4
3 3
:
4
2
2
;
Nitric acid, 10% . . . . . . 2
2 4 24 : :
3, . 3 . 4
2d c;%
N
ai
4 t c . .r . 0.i . i
2 4 34 2 4
N
ai
c t c . .ro . .i . i n d c :e 3, . 3 . 4
3
3 4 44 3 . 4
1
:
1
1
:
N i t r o b . e. . n. .z. .e . n e .
2 4 4 2 4
3 2 1 1 1 3
Oleic acid . . . . . . . .. ..3
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
Oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
4
; 1 1 1
Phenol, 15-25% . . . . . . .
4
3
Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P h o sa p 1h c o. . .r 1i i 1 c01 d1 1 1 , 3 1% 1 3 3 1 3
P h o sa p 6 h c o. . .r 1i i 1 c01 d1 1 1 , 3 1% 1 3 3 1 3
P h o sa p ch c o . .or 1 ii 1 c1n 1d 1 e1 ,3 1 . 1 3 3 1 3
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
Potassium alum . . . . . . . 1 1 1
2 2 1 3
P o t h a y s d s r2 i o u1 x2 mi1 :d 02e 2 , 4 1 1 %
3
2 2
P o t h a y s d s r9 i o u1 x2 mi1 d4 52e 2 ,
%
P o t p a e sr m
s ai .n 2u g 2 m
a 1 n 3 a 2 t 2e 3 ; ; 3 3 ; 4
P o t s a u s l s . p. i. . h1u 1am 1 t 1 e1 1. 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sea water . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1
Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
.
S b o i sd u. .i .l . .pu1 h1 m1a 1t 1 e 1
1 1 2 2 1 4
:
4
1
1
2
2
S
o c ad r bi. . .o . u. n1 am t e .
1 1 1 1 1
S
o c hd l . i. o. . . ru. 1 i md1 e .
; ; 1 1. 1 1 1 ;
S
o h yd d ir1 o u. x1 ;i0m1d : e ; ,%
4
1
2
S
o h yd d ir2 o u. x1 2i m d 0 e , 2 4 1 1% 2 2 1 3
1 2 2 1 3
S
o h yd d ir4 o u. x1 2i m1d 04 e 2 , 2 4 1 %
S
o h y dp o ic .h . ul. 1o 2rm1i t4 e3 . 3 4 1 1 3 3 1 4
Sodium nitrate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S
o s ud l . i.p. . .hu. 1a 1 mt 1 e1 1. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S
o s ud l . i. p. . . hu. 1 i 1mt1 1e 1 . 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S
u d l i p o. . .hx. . . u1i 1 dr1 1e 1 . 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
S u l a p 1h c u. r- i1 i 1 0c1 d 1 . 1 1, 3 %1 1 .2 2 1 2
S u l a p 3h c u. . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1, 3 %1 1 3 3 1 3
3 3 1 3
S u l a p 6h c u. . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1, 3 %
3 1 23
S u l a p ch c u. . . r. oi2 i 2 c d 1n 1 1, 3 e; ;
: 4
44
1 1 1 3
Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4
1 1 1 4 : : 4 44 : 44
T r i c h l o r o e .t .h. y. .l e n4 e
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
m
.
A
255
CHECK L
F
I
1. Codes and Addenda..............................................................................
2. Drawings:
detailsrequiredbyQCManual shownon drawing. . . .
Headscorrectlyidentified..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..---.
All metalcorrectlyidentified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----Nameplate facsimiliestampedcorrectly:
MAWP,MDMTand RT.............................................. ..................
Approvalby fabricator(on drawing) ..............................................
Revisionsor metal substitutionshownand approved. . . . . . . . . . .
a)‘“ All info&
b)
c)
d)
e)
9
3. Bill ofMaterial:
a
b
c
d
e
All materialidentifiedas SAor
) SB ----------------.......
RequirementsofUCS 79 (d))specifiedwere applicable. . . . . . . . .
Requiredmaterialtest reports) specified ..ti.-....=.
----- . . . . .
)
Shoporder, serial number,and/orjob
numbershown. . . . . . . . . .
) approved
Materialrevisionorsubstitu~on
and shownwhenapplicable ... ... . ....... ... ....~..~--.-..”.””.....~.”-””
4. Calculations:
9
5.P
Dimensionsused match drawing ....................................................
Correctstressvaluesandjoint efficiencies(S &E) used.. . . . . . .
Correctformula&dimensions used for heads ---------------Do nozzleneckscomplywith UG-45? -..--..-..---.-.=.
....
Requiredreinforcementcalculationsavailablefor all openings. . .
Specialflangeorstructural loadingcalculationsavailable . . . . . .
Identificationwith S/O or S/N andapprovedby fabricator. . . . . .
Externaldesignpressurecorrect-template
calculations&template available. .... ... .... . .. ... ... .. ... ... .... .. ...
MAWP&MDMT matchesdrawingand specifications.
MDMTcorrect formaterials used (UCS-66,UHA-51) . . . . . . . . .
O
a Is job n
s
(
a
u
p
.......................................
b) C~rrectspecification(SA or SB) used ............................................
c) USC 79(d) & UG 81 requirements specified as applicable ............
d) Material Test Reports requested .........................................."".".""."""
e) Immaterial ordered identical to Bill of Material
or drawing requirements? ...............................................................
d=
6. Welding:
al Are correct WPS(s) shown ondrawin~s? ................. ””””..”...””””.”.”””.”
b> Are complete weld-details for all welds shown on drawing? .........
c) Are copies of WPS(s) available to shop
s u p efor rinstruction?
v i s ..............................................................
o r
E
256
CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTORS(corztinuec/)
1 I
QC
7.
Al
d) Isa Welder’sLog and QualificationDirectory
kept up-to-dateand available?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e) Are WPS,PQR, & WPQforms correct and signed?......................
f) Are weldersproperlyqualifiedfor thickness,position,pipe
diameterand weldingwith no backing(whenrequired)?...............
g) Is sub-arcflux,electrodesand shieldinggas(es) used t
same as specifiedon applicableWPS?. ...........................................
h) Do weld sizes (fillet& butt weld reinforcement)
. ...............................
complywith drawingand Code requirements?
i) Is welder identificationstampedor recordedper
QC Manualand./orCode requirements?..........................................
I
Non-DestructiveExamination& Calibration:
a) Are SNT-TC-lA cmalificationrecords with currentvisual
examinationavail~blefor all RT techniciansused? ....................... .
b) Do film reader sheets or checkoff recoid~sbo.wfilm.
intemretationby a SNT’-~CLeve1
I or II examiner
—.
or interpreter?..................................................................................
c) Are the requirednumberof film shots in the proper
locationsfor thejoint efficiencyand weldersused
(UW-11, 12,& 52)? ........................................................................
d) Is an acceptablePT and/orMT procedureand personnel
qualifiedand certifiedin accordancewith Sec. VIII,
Appendix6 or 8 available?.............................................................
e) Is the PT materialbeing used the sameas
specifiedin the PT procedure?.........................................................
Do
all radiographscomplywith identification,
o
density,penetrameter,and acceptancerequirements
of Sect.VIII and V? ........................................................................
!3) For 1331.1fabrication,is a visual examination
procedureand certifiedpersonnelavailable? ................................. ,
h) Are tested gasesmarkedor identifiedand
calibratedas stated in QC Manual? ................................................
i) Isa calibratedgage size per UG-102available
for demovessel?.............................................................................. I
I
ABBREVIATIONS:
Authorized Inspector
AI
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
MAWP
Maximum Design Metal Temperature
MDMT
Quality Control
$;
Radiographic Examination
Serial Number
s/N
Shop Order
Slo
Welding Procedure Specification
Wl?s
257
PART II.
GEOMETRY
1.
AND LAYOUT OF PRESSURE VESSELS
GeometricalFormulas........................................................................... 258
2. GeometricalProblemsand Constmction.......""".."""."""-""""".".""""""."..."""""-"
268
3. Solutionof Right Triangles .................................................................. 270
4. OptimumVessel Size ............................................................................ 272
5. Flat RingsMade of Sectors .................................................................. 274
6.
Fustrumof ConcentricCone ................................................................. 276
7.
Fustrumof EccentricCone ................................................................... 278
8.
Bent and Mitered Pipes ........................................................................ 280
9.
Intersections.......................................................................................... 281
10. Drop at the Intersection of Vessel and Nozzle ..................................... 291
11. Table for Locating pointS0n2:l
Ellipsodial Heads ............................ 293
12. Length of Arcs ...................................................................................... 297
13. Circumferences and Areas of Circles ................................................... 300
1
A p p u r4 t ............................................................................
e n a n c .e s
312
258
G E O M E T FR O
I C RA M
L
(
e
S
❑
l
’
b
xS
Q
U
A%
A
A = a2
d = 1
b
b
o
R
.~
4
1
=
a
4
a
R E C
A
A
a
A
d =
T
A N
r
G
L
e
x
7
1
E
=
=
a
b
~
~
a =$
-
A
or- b = —
a
o
i
gn n e
eg
)
r
-
r
P A R A L L E L O G R A M
A
A
r
e
=
a
A
a
x
=
b
=
A
a
T
= J
A
b
y
A
r a .
A
900
A ,6,
S
2
R I G H T - A TN G
R L IE D
A
c
A
;
, d o 7 a =0
o
L
E
e
a = 0
b =
b
A
=
a =
B
l ap ee h cs a
r
.
I
D
ao m
t e fp
U
axb
A=,
e
=~
N
G
a
L
E
~
’
b ‘I/==
~=
a2 +b2
A
A
CA
A
NU T G R
T
r
LI
e
EA E N DG
=
a
L
E
b
.
h
[
A
w
;s :
O
A
*
*
A
“
’
\
B A T N UT G RS LI E A E N DG
A
r
e
=
a
b
x
h
=
~
A : ~ s (w : s ; ; ~ : x: s - ’b ’
s
s
L
-
E
c
)
259
E
(
S
Q
U
A
Given: Side
Area
Find:
D
i
Side
Side
R
oS
ro
A
M
tm e Fu
P
L
E
S
l aP ea h c s a
i
gnn e
eg
)
E
a = 8 inches
A =
D
i
a d g=
Area
A=
Side
a =
Side
a =
R E C T
Given: Side
F
iArea
F
X
~2 =
82 =
1o
n a. a=
d
= 12
0.7071 d =
G
‘
6 s i
q n
4 . .
1l 4 .
41= 11 4 41i
x.
83
n1
1 . =
3/ 61 s 2 2 q2 / . 2 i
n4
0
. x 1 7 1 =0 8 . i 7 3 1 1 n 2
= g
i *
N G L E
a = 3 in., and b = 4 in.
n A = ad x b = : 3 x 4 = 1 s
2
.
.
.
n
A
a d g= -o
n
a = l_
a = A/b = 1
=3i2
b = A/a = 12/3 = 4 in.
q
=
/
P A R A L L E L O G R A M
G
i H v e a e= i 8 in g a : t h n s t b =n . 1i h i
F
iArea n A = adx b = :8 x 12 = 9 s
q
Height a = A/b = 96/12 = 8 in.
Side
b = A = 96/8 = /12 in.
R
IA
NG T G R
H LI A
T E N DG L E
Given: Side
a = 6 in., and side b = 8 in.
F
iArea n A = ad x b = : 6 x 8 = 2 s
2
S
c i=
d h ~ 6 e+z 8
m
S
i
d
e
a ‘
~– 8 = ~1
Side
b ‘~c2 – az ‘*102 – 62 =4 1
.
~
n
.
-
i
=
4
,d d
-
n 2
f5
.
i
=i
n
.
en e
i
n 6
2
.
.
a
q
.
=
*=
2 – 0 1‘
–
=
-
i
n4
.
=2f l
2 =06 6
0 =3 8
i=
i2
i
i
0
0
A
CA
NU T G R
T LI EA E N DG L E
Given: Side
a = 6 in. Side b = 8 in., and side c = 10 in.
+ 10)= 12
F
iArea n A = sd z % (a
: + b + c) = %(6+8
Ad s (s- a) x (s-b) x (s-c) =i12 (12-6) X( 12-8) X (12- 10)=
24 sq. in.
OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE
Given: Side a = 3 in., b = 4 in., and c = 5 in.
Area A = s = % (a + b + c) = % (3 + 4 + 5) = 6
Find:
A= # 6(6 -3) X(6-4)X (6-5)
=fi
= bsq.-in.
4
6
n
n~
n~
260
G E O M E TF R O
I C RA M
L U L A S
e
xS a o m
t e fp
l ap ee h c s a i
gn n e eg
(
R
IT
A
= A
= a
2
=~ l
= 0
= 1
A
h
[
b
h
a
a
R GI
A
WH N 2 G
4TI LA
r
e
e
.a
.
4
7
4
A
e
A
a
~
1
0
1
A
m
r
4
7
4
T
u
R
D
A
:
A
@
G
L
E
a
h
E
Z
O
b h
I
D
e
=
a
a
+
)
O
N
E
A
R
A
r
e
=
a
R
aRo c id r c i u mcu=s c irs i b r ef d c
l
R
ao i dn s ic c uri i sr b e cf d l
e
2
a0. = 2 5 R . = 93 = 5 r 8. 9 z 4 8 6 z
a = 1.155 r
0
a .= 0
8 R.
6 8
6 6
6
R = 1,155 r
E
G O U C L T AA R G
O
N
R
A
a
,(3
N
a = 1.155 h
r
G H U E LX AA R G
A
A
R
R
r = R
4
A
R
1
r = 1
a = 0
r
=
a
1
h
R
2 i
R =
r =
a =
R
@
Eo
2
=
f
HL
(
‘=
w
P
A
(c
A
=
x
h = 0.866 a
&
e
5G
a
— 2
E Q U I L A TT ER R I A AL
6
E N
T
)
r
e
a
=
ao c id r c i u mcu=s c irs i b r ef
ao i dn s ic c uri i s r b e cf
a . = 2 8 R . = 23 = 8 r 8. 2 z 3
a .= 1
3r .
0 =0
7 8
a .= 0
2R.
0 9
7 2
R. = 0
7 r.
6 8
5 2
E
G P UO L L AY R G
O
=
N
u
o
r n
e
as m
=
’
@ = ~go” – a “
=
A
*
~
-
J
r
d c
l
d l
e
8 1 z
2
4
8
e
4
e
4
N
ib
ed
r
e
261
EXAMPLES
(See Formulas on the Facing Page)
RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH 2 45° ANGLES
Given: Side
a = 8 in.
64
Find:
Area
A=~ a2 =7 82 = ~=
32sq.-in.
Side
b = 1.414a
h = 0
=
. a = 70
=
0. x 8 7= 5 01
.i7 6
1 5
n6
8
E Q U I L A TT E
R R I A AL N G L E
Given: Side
a = 8 in.
= 0d
x .a: = 0 8 x .8 6= 6 8 6i . 6
9 6 n2
8
h
F
i
n
5
95 = h2 . 2 7s4 8 .q 2 .7 4 - 1
= 8 X 6 x =. —
Area
A = ~a
2
2
T R A P
Given: Side
F
iArea
Z O I D
a = 4 in., b = 8 in., and heidt h = 6 in.
(
b h = ( a 4 6 =+ 3 s 8+.-i . ) )
nA = d z
:
2
R = a = 1.155 r = 1.155x3.464=4 in.
REGULAR OCTAGON
R= 6 in., radius of circumscribed circle
Given:
Find:
Area
A = 2.828 R2 = 2.828 x 62 = 101.81 sq.-in.
Side
a = 0.765 R = 0.765 x 6 = 4.59 in.
REGULAR POLYGON
Given: Number of sides n = 5, side a = 9.125 in.
Radius of circumscribed circle, R = 7.750
Area
.
i 2 n
E
R
E
G H U E L X AA R G
O
N
Given: Side
a = 4k.
5
x .a: = 2.598
x 49 = 4 8 1 w 2 .
F
iArea n A = 2d
r = 0
8 x 4 6= 3.4646in.
x .a = 0.866
Find:
.
r=m=-v=
625ino
nra
5 X6.25 X9.125 = 142.58 sq.-in.
A = ~ =
2.
X
6 q
- 5
i 62
8n
n
.
262
(
d
G E O M E TFR O
I C RA M
L U
e
xS a o m
t e fp
l ap ee h cs a
C
I
A
A
R
C
L
r
A S
gn n e eg
)
E
C ie r c= u ma f e r e n c e
A= r2 x ~ = rz x 3.1416 z
d
L
i
n = d
3
x
.
x 4
1
1 x
6
@
L
eo a n f
C
A
I
R
ag
S
C
a tnr =
UE L CA
ra = A e
A
A
<
v
C
:
I
R
A
A
A
A
S
C
.
1
8
.
U
E
2
LG
ra
o s r
em
2
AM R E
7
c g
n
1
r
2
&
4
9
A e
0f d Icx0a r 8 e 7
R
T
O
R
= a=a r A
=
‘ r X
r x a x 3
a =
1
5
7a
a=—
r
a
o0h g.
6
0
2A
Y
6.
N
T
=n
a cg = C l =
cea i =ot t nar or f iu r ae
oe
sn
ga
l
c = 2r x sin a
T
<
Q
a
—
*
+
+
0
D
D
0
0
A
A
A
z
E
L
a
—
b
.
L
x =
u
Q
L
.
I
x
P
S
E
rP = P ee =r i a m e t
=a3
. x xa= x1 b
4b
1
a p p r of x oi m
f r ap ntmee ut o il
.
1 ( a4 + 1b ) 6
{
2
P = 3
x
—
L
A
w
~
E
L
o
L
pc
I
P
S
E
a oo t e ii l n n l g
= R
o am
.
—
az - ( 2C x y2 )
m4
Y =
c
d
~
(
ti
at i =ct m
i nx
ps
e
r
6
ea
t
z
s n
a oa o
er
z
r
e
i f j xr
—
w
N = the required number of holes (diam, d) of
which total area equals area of circle diam. D.
os
i
2
EXAMPLES
(See Formulas on the Facing Page)
CIRCLE
Radius
r = 6 in.
A = r2x ~ =
Given:
A =
=
= 12ZX0.7S5Q
C = dx =
x
if a = 60°
dx a =
=
CIRCULAR SECTOR
Given: Radius T = 6 in.,
a
= rx
x
a =
I
R
S
C
xa =
U
E
x
= 6x
LG AM R E
Radius
r = 6 in.,
A
a
= r2 x ~ x —
.
x
x
=
Sq. h.
=
=
N
a
x
= 18.85
x
6
r
C
=
=
= 62 x ~ x ~
= r2 ~ x ~
Area A
=
T
=
X~
=
A =
Chord c = 2r x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x 0.7071 = 8.485 in.
E
L
L
I
P
S
E
Half axis, a = 8 in. and b = 3 in.
Area A = ~ x a x b = 3.1416 x 8 x 3 = 75.398 in.
P =
+
) =
@
=
E
G
L
L
i A
) =
I
P
S
E
va = 8 ein.
x andn b = i 4: in., then s C = ~ = ~ = 2, x = 6 in.
~ = ~
-
~
2
c
-(
E
H
+
)
2
(2
2
2x
.
)
.
‘ 6
X
m
%i @holes have same areas as a 6 in. diam. pipe?
N= (’/d)2 =
(6/0.25)2 = 242= 576 holes=
Area of 6 in. @pipe= 28,274 in.2
Area of 576 H in. #holes= 28,276 in.2
(
G E O M E TFR O
I C RA M
L U
e
xS a o m
t e fp
l ap ee h cs a
C
o
v=
i–
A S
gn n e eg
)
E
l
u
m
e
RI
ES
u
m
~3 1
S
I
I
Q
P U
V = V
o
—
I
B
V = V
b
~
U
L
i
RA
l
M
e
—
J
L
:
.;
P
R
;
:* ’
,:
I
S
-
’
:
=
C
&
M
T
f : oh : c r ‘b; m
ai Ay rpu efaa elpsoa f easl n d iso ho”nere nf=esa dca eu
‘
i h i p e r p e nt de i cs fu ul as r r n f
a
c o de
m
prrn y
.
w
C
.
v
Y L I
Volume
.
.
;
“‘
. —.
%
+
C
q
. (—.
h
%
L
d
3
v
~
-
R
P
I
: 0:
U O SC
’
i s ne du r ri a c f af la
82
x ’
h
E
S = A
o =c r o s
4
= 1
1
6
=. x r x0 h
n ue
4
i r
2
7
c fa a af l
2
d
= 1.5708 dc
T
UO
M
N
F
E
S = A
o =c r o s n ue i r
i
0.2618 h ( D2 + Dd + dz ) = a = R–r
c.
s =% 1.5708 C( D + d )
I
l
” x: : 7 = d
N
i
Volume
v
v
h
:
. . x r x1 h
“
S = 3.1416 rc
.
0
;
Volume
F
‘
:
O
v
.
;
N D E R
o =c ry
S = A
c fa a af l
~
265
E
(
C
Given:
F
U
Side
iV
Side
oS
ro
B
E
a = 8 in.
on V =l ad =u 8 : =m 5
ce
a = G
F
X
A
M
tm e Fu
u
P
L
E
l aP ea h c s a
.1
8i
~-
3i
i
gnn e
n2
=
C
G
F
A
R
I
S
M
ue A r=nn 1 f s : aq a c. d h -=e 8 iin. n
i E vs
iVolume n V = hd x A =: 8 x 12 = 96 cu.-in.
Y
i
iV
o C ry
C
G
F
A
F
G
F
L
O
i
iV
I
vr
n
.2 ,
x7 0
2=6 44
;
x
2
5
n
—
. 72
- 2.
4
.
zc2 57
6 u5
i9
u 1x 22.
c = ~
‘ 3
1
=
6
{41
~3i =+ . 4
o C r o S n ue i r S =cf 3a aa f. crl x ce1 = : 4
1
6
= 3
. x 6 x11
43 = 2 1. 5 64s 2 q1 . . 86 - 8
R
9
d
N D E R
= e 6 in., nand h : = 12 in.
on V =l 3d u . x : rm x1 h =e 43
1. x 6 16x 1 =4 12 1 3c
l i S ne du r rSi a=fc 3 afa l .cx d xe1h : = 4
1
6
= 3
. x 1 1x 1 =4 4
15 s 26 q .
. 23 - 28
N
E
v r e= 6 in.,
n and: h = 12 in.
on V =l 1d u . x: rm x0 h =e 4.
)
.
S
Q P U
RA
RI
ES
M
Given: Side
a = 8 in., b =6in., and c ‘4 in.
F
iVolume n V = adx b x c : = 8 x 6 x 4 = 192 cu.-in.
v
9b = = n = 1 2 . = 6 i
—
=1
= 8- i
a !
8 4
b
6
x
x
c
= —1
9 ~
2
= 4i
n
c .
a
2
x
x
b
6
P
G
F
eg
n
.
h- .
i
4n
4= n 1
i7
i
n
UO C
S
T
U
O
M
N
F E
32 , n 7
a e D m= n2 e i :t a e d n=r 1 i n h. = 1n 4 , 0i d . .
i D vi
V =d 0
1=
8
2 2
d
)
iVolume n
: . h ( 2 + D 6+ d D
0
. x 1 2 0( 6 +. 21 x231 8+ 17 4 =5 2 2 27 c
3u24
17 2= 0 =
8 42
. C ( D5+ d 7 1
0 . X 1 )8 5(
Surface
S = 1
6
7 s 8 q . .5 -8 i 6 n
.
6
.
5
2.7
2 +
266
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS
(See examples on the facing page)
See tables for volume
ical, elliptical
on page
and
and surface of cylindrical shell, spherflanged and dished heads beginning
267
E
(
F
oS
X
ro
A
M
m
t e Fu
P
L
E
S
l aP ea h c s a
i
gnn e
eg
)
SPHERE
Given: Radius r = 6 in.
Find: Volume V = 4.1888 r3 = 4.1888 X216 = 904.78 CU.-hi.
v= 0.5236 d3 = 0.5236 x 1728= 904.78 cu.-in.
or
= 4 x 3.1416 x 62 = 452.4 sq.-in.
Area A =4Tr2
or
A=
T d2 = 3.1416 x 122 = 452.4 sq. in.
S
G
P
F
S
G
H ES R E I C
G AM L E
N
T
i R v a r e= d6 in.n iand: um = 3s in.
iV
on V = l 3 d
= 3
. x 3 1(
A
Ar 2 r
u. x m
: m1(
4 =6 1 1
x e
e4 =
m
@
1
r 6
-4c 6
1u;
2. . ) - 3
z
= r2 Xa 3.1416x=X 6 X 3 =m 1
-
i 7 n
.
1S
3q
..
-1
i 0
P
H E Z R I CO A L N
E
i R v a r e = d6 in.,
n i Cl : =u 8 in.,s C2 = 11.625 in., and h = 3 in.
3 X 82 + 3 X 11.6252
+ 32 = 248.74 cu. in.
Find: Volume V = O.5236X3X ~
4
(
)
Area
T
G
F
A = 6
O
R
i Radius
v
Re =
on V =l
iV
A
A r=
. X 6 X23 = 18
13s
q32
..
- 1
i
0 n
U
S
6 in.
n and : r = 2 in.
1d u 9 R: m
x r. = e 17
9 = 7473.7 3Cu.-in.
z
93X 6 X .22
9
3
9eR = . 3 a 4 9 x 6 7x .2 = 844
s7r7 q 8 3 .
.
- .
i
7n
—
268
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
x
AJ
LOCATINGPOINTSON A CIRCLE
z
.
.
EXAMPLE
= Sin. X= 3 in.
~ind Y ==
=~
= %=
4 in.
y =x =q~’
&
q.
D
L
E
O N F G PF TL C
=
.+
L
p
:
~ ~
t
,@
T
‘
e
o
T
LO IE N
D
RE
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
n I g ndt
hi s = ao= i m
f 2 ed 4t e e i r
t n
l T ah i o ct fk :enp1 i e l s as
d
i
a Lm 2 e
t 1 1e5 r 8
FINDTHERAD;USO
COF AI R
e ~
q
A
HY
x
A
C
3
L
U
A
: ‘ ~ ~ ~ : ~~ ; ’ : : i n
TO FIND THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR ARC
When the Radius, R, and Chord, C are known,
strike an arc from point A and from point B
with the given length of the Radius. The intersecting point, O of the two arcs is the center of
the circular arc.
y .d~
I
o
q
T
P
I
w
y ‘b
p
o t
a
#
FJ
J
. A
M
z~
D
T
t
IC
E NOH NA C
O TDI
Ch
REE A
C RU
L FA
hC a eh oD i r m
n endM ean ,ks i no, dn ro,
p
r Ao a f o i P
rn nB
moo t o i
s
o it a dtC
or he t h n i ns nc t ef e erh sc. e tc t
ow
s i t i nl r
atiT t ii snng t heh rhp t s s e co . t i
s
t l r h aOi i ti n cg f eheo t t hsnc
i, t r hesc e
r
c
.
~
C + 41W ; Y=R-A4 =
2
a a tf
r
i r
k
8A4
k
c
F
CONSTRUCTION OF A CIRCULAR ARC
The Radius is known, but because of its extreme
length it is impossible to draw the arc with a compass. Determine the length of Chord and Dimension M. Draw at the center of the Chord a perpendicular line. Measure on this line Dimension M.
a B
B
lni
D
As i a e nd c .
Connect points
B a m
e M an d si mu Dp /e erd rn pe se ni d 4oi cn u l
R e p t e p a r th o i t cnt e rgi de uq asr hu e ec s c t o
a
M w cb a e i yb i a l s 4, te ccll i t eTi te m
ho n s e
v
o o r t t t ir ic a ahet nps g o l rtf ehe ic s n
ieht
c
a u
lr
a c
r
.
- .
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
I
SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES
R
E
Q
U
NOWNSIDE OR ANGLE
I
R
E
D
E
FORMULAS
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
( E N C I R C L E D )
t
@4
a b
b
Sidea s 6 in. b = 12.S67 in.
a F
A
A
i n‘n
ng ‘ 0 l .d
A ‘ ~
’
a
=
Sidea
tan B = ~
F
b
b
c
A
= 6 in. b = 12.867 in.
A
B
i n=
1
= s
Side a = 6 in. c
a
sin 0.S00
c
B =+
A
c
0
= 30°
a
B =y
a
=
C
c
=
Side a = 6 in. c = 12 in.
B
c
= 12 in.
A =~
A =~
A
@
.
8
6
e1
2 l~ d.
= 3 in. b = 4 in.
c -
b
c
c
2
ng
=
Sidea
b
e4
a
= 0
.
O
5
S
a = 3 in. c = 5 in.
b =
‘
= 4
A, a
a
A
(
b = a x cot A
b
a
A
a
A
AA
b
i
)
c
a
A = 250, side a = 6 in.
b = 6 x
= 6 x
=
a = b x
A n=
?300,
side
g
c =-
A =
a =
=
A
a
=
=
l6
—6
b =
x
x
in.
e
=
=6
A&
@
A b
A A
c
A
Angle A = 30°, side b = 12 in.
=
12
c i—
n
= F
= 13.856
@
AA
c
A, C
b
b
c
C
,
a
= c x sin A
b = C X COSA
Angle A = 30°, side c = 12 in.
a =
x
= 12 x 0.500 = 6 in.
A = 3o0, side c = 12 in.
30°
Find side b = 12 x
12 x 0.866
A
I
= 10.392 in.
d
6
971
A
F
r
uof Es C t C uE
E
Given:
X
A
M
M
d
Nm
C T
P
R OI
L
C
N
E
i e ata the mlarge
a eend, t D n=e 36 rin.
4.
C
of Circles for
t
h
A The Bottom
300
6Q0
~oo
1200
1500
Factor c times
mean radius =
Chords, Cl C2. . .
in.
c1 = 9.317“
Cz = 18.000’
C3= 2S.4S2”
C4= 31.176“
C5= 34.776*
‘6 =
“Segments
=1
e
At The Top
Factor c times
mean radius =
Chords, Cl C2 etc.
S 1,2... ft.-in.
s:, 2. . . ft.-in. ,
in
c1
=
6.212“
s; = 4’-0 %
S1 = 6’-0 ~
s;
= 4’-1 yz
C2
=
12.000”
Sz = 6’-2 Yle
S; = 4’-2 IMG
s3 = 6’-4 ~
C3= 16.968”
S4 = 6’- 67/lG
S: = 4’-4 ‘/fj
C4= 20.784“
Ss = 6’-7 I946
S: = 4’-5 Yl(j
C5= 23.184“
HZ + & G G’. sl~
t
‘*G=-
=
4’-511/lG
E
272
O
T
l
T
(
et
o
p
E
M
F
S
P
a vu
eofi a c s l e cso r ad e t w
p laathe cminimum
i i i n t material,
ty
theh correct r
o a
d n i
ags mb t hde eh t t a ee o r r m
l i n l e ed .
p
rt h oi al m eftu et nmd i ig aoc th m
b f fhe
tboa tee f ru o l npn lh r eo od wc iey
rT ie l s hi st m1u eirp aet0 e e l s ld0s i hnp os a0eo a i i ds ad as l r ud m s e
de
b
F=~
V
, where
CSE
P=
c=
Design pressure, psi.
C
S = S
E = J
o
r a r l o l soi iw oa nn c n e
vt
or am ea l tp s e u rs si ea
e of f i c i n e n t c y
,
.
lf i ,
c n o hf t
apa e ac tr ra li
ht n gnse h g a t ei df nt ee c d tsha d i op t era v tce e e i d sth
h o or i z t ovt n l t ar ele l pi hy r e t s nve no ote aE
i enh g l
u e e
f
t
ir n t e orhms e v cmeto ir eoat n ir v c t a v leen l o yaf ha l d
du ) e e
f .
The length of vessel = ~
, where V = Volume of vessel, cu. ft.
D
D
=
Inside diameter
of vessel, ft.
n
EXAMPLE
D
Design
P= 100 p
F
t
F =
oi
a
t
a
:
V = 1s
c , fi
S0 = 1t , u 0 6p .0 , E s= . 00 , i 0 C. = 0.0 8
p dt hn i i aa m dm
l u e e mt nn e
rg
t d h
100
0
F
c
.X 1 0 6
60 ,
rD =
h 5.6 ft.,
o as
= 0
02
05
i .
.0
n1
X
5 ft.rm6 in. t a
Length = 4 x 1,000
3.14 x 5.52
.2
8
-5
. ,i
00
l
y
= 42.1, say 42 ft. 1 in.
* FROM:
“
Gulf Publishing Company,
—
Houston.
permission.
273
100,000
80.000
50,000 1 I I I I I I 1 I
1II
40,000
6
I
,
\
20,000
,
5.000
,
,
I
I0
8
.
b.UUUk
1 I I
1
I
I I II
1
I I I I I
1
,
, ,
,
!
[ , , , !
I
I I i
,
,
,
,
,
I
I
,000
1
i
I
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
I i
4.000
..- I 1I1 1[I I I
3.000
2.000 I 1
I
,
f
1
1
I
I
I t.
[
[
1. +[
t
%~ fz~
i
I
w 1+ I 1 I M
i
r
1
I
I
1 1 I
1 r , I I
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
10.
1
2
8
4
3
910
VESSELDIAMETER,D FT.
CHART FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM VESSEL SIZE
(
f
Sap
fc
e a xi p ln eago ng a t ei o rn )
274
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS
L
Making flat rings for base, stiffeners etc., by
dividing the ring into a number of sectors,
less plate will be required.
1
Since the sectors shall be welded to each
other, the weMing will be increased by
increasing the number of sectors.
ONE
PIECE
d
Q
The cost of the weMing must be balanced
against the savingin plate cost.
o+
The chart on facing page shows the total
plate area required when a ring is to be
divided into sectors. This area is expressed
as a percentage of the square that is needed
to cut out the ring in one piece. The figures
at the left of this page show the width of
the required plate using different number of
sectors.
2
SECTORS
ER
0,866 D
3
SECTORS
~
u
D z Outsidediameterof riu.
d = Insidediameterof ring.
0,707 D
DETERMINATK)N OF THE REQUIRED
PLATE SIZE
4
SECTORS
~
m
n
1. Determine D/d and D2 (the area of square
plate would be required for the ring made
of one piece)
0,500 D
2. R
e
n
0
D,
S
3
6
E
C
8
T
3
c
r
Os
f
e
d
Re
e c r ( ha f
o n t tr
ae
i i v t ni d n
Sc
t
o
3. Determinethe requiredarea of plate
4. Divide the area by the r
*
~
D
T
R
O P
M
po aa d t ca rm
p i g tn
qag h uw
e i r t r f h ee
d e neg sht du io m
ro
r
s
e
qw u o i i
r
a ls
aah t l ot o t ewe ph s t hn f a
bt l t eo at hnp i
gl n hta e ht
S
E
C
T8
O
R
S
5 A
a l l d(o w 1mai n. df acn f e xc l
c
u b t e t s t i ewa n c ea gt t e e onn dr
o t Tp
t f e e
E QH W
U I I R EE D D
H l h a
LF
RA
I O
T FN E
G R
S
O A
S
E
D
C
T
EO
RF S
S E
x Oa eF m aP p c l ea ei
gn n
p
o
L 13
FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS (cont.)
100 90
%
LL 80
o
@
~ 70
u
$ 60
&
q 50
CA
$ do
&
* 30
CIa
+
~ 20 —
&
10 ~
o
2
EXAMPLE
w
—
.L.
~
3
4
5
6
NUMBER OF SECTORS
7
l.1
a
Determine the required plate size for a 168 in. O.D., 120 in. I.D. ring made of
6 sectors
1. Did= 1.4; D2 = 28,224 sq. in.
2. From chart (above) the required area of plate is 50% of the area that would
be required for the ring made of one piece.
3. Area required 28.224x 0.50= 14,112 sq. in.
4. Divide this area by the required width of plate (facing page). Width = 0.5
X 168 = 84 14,1 12/84 = 167.9 inches, the length of plate.
5. Add allowance for flame cut.
=
m
a
~
1
169 “
-
.
-
F
r
-
uof Cs O tN Cu E mNC T R I O C
G
i
v
M
M
H
D
t t e Rr
R
= D- DI
b—
o T n R i a c
:
m
e
iqP hn u le i
ar
e
qP h u
r a ee
tan c1 = +
2
e -
n
E
d
i e aa t m la = e e ta n eh rnr
d
ie aa t m sa e e tm n eh
nra
eo t if
r g u= h s
tt u
T
C
e
D
DI =
H
e
N
s
.r 1
R
oa n l
o
a
li
e et d
d
D
rl = —1
2’
,
c
k
m
f
/
P=
x3
T
R
e
qP h u
li
r
ae
+
277
F
r
of
u C s O tN Cu E mN
C T R IO C
N
E
Made from two or more Plates
t
-
%
G
i
v
e
n
D
D, =
H
n =
M
M
H
N
D
e
b
=
t t e Rr m
e
D
- –
,
:
d
i e aa t m la = e e ta n eh rnr
d
i e aa t m sa e e tm n eh
nra
eo t if
rg =u h s t t
uf e
u o p m (l b s a ee t cr t e of
iqP hn u el i
D
—
2
r a ee
l
d t
tan W = *
-b
I
D
c
rl
= ~
+H
=
D
e
.
Elevation
l’%
2
x
Y
b
2
1
/
c
R
s
DXZ
2
Rxs
Rxt
exs
exc
m
X 5
t
7
> +%
~ + 1
2
~
2
2
+
&
i
.
2
R =
i =
a =
i
o
9
6
n
n
n
n
s
W
o it R d e
qP t h u= Rlhi
+r 1fa ee d -t
L
eo t n R
eg qP th ui hl i
r af ee d t
t F
r mu h f s
at r u e odm
me
2 P
Reauired
Plate
:l 2
Y
a +Z t
Xe
s
+
:
F
Determination
r
of
u Es C t C uE N
Cm T R OI C
of the Required
Plate by Layout
N
E
and by Calculation
1. Draw the side view and half of the
bottom view of the cone.
Divide into equal parts the base
and the top circle.
Draw arcs from points z’, 3’, 4’,
etc. with the center 1’.
c
F
t p r
1o 2 oh3i e n m
° °t
s
at w r c r i Oei
k nc t e t
S
t f a a pr rto aoi 1 no i g
(
m 1 ma
er t ska
pes
adu h
o t b
oc
oht i t ct r
o cf oe
a i n at 2‘en r s er dc
2
#
Side view
of cone
4
O
of the top circle.
A
o
C A L C U L A T I O N
T f
t
c iu
ro t vhnp a bt ocl uda hrle ace u l t a f
O
the
B
only (marked
S3)
If the bottom
C3 .
circle divided into 12 equal spaces,
2 R x sin 45°
S3
W
=~H2
R hdenoted ethe mean r radius ofe the base
circle.
See example.
Fig. B
+ C;
970
L
F
r
uof Es C t C uE
E
X
A
Nm
C T
M
P
R OI
L
C
N
E
E
at the large end,
D = 36
in.
C
C
C
etc. using
=1
c
c
=
=
. .
=
S1 = 6’ -0 %
=
~
=
=
=
=
.
=
=
=
C~
~ 1, 2 . . . ft.-in.
H2 + D2 = 6$- 8Y2
s;, 2. . .
=
=
=
=
=
,
s; = 4’ -0 %
s; = 4’ -1 %.
=
=
=
“
“
‘
6
BENT AND MITERED PIPE
2
I
&
C
,
/
k\
./
r
[
.—.
\
\
\
‘F
}
: 17 - ---16
— ‘–
;
:b
.
!
-w
I
‘Y”
h
1
= (
a
1
= (
- a
t
i n t e rhp s e i cln t i ena g
n
p e r p e n t d t i c a u l oa tr xh
i o
c y l t i ni n d t e hr r is ,ae c t i e o
r
e
l
l
i
p
s
e
.
!Cl
C
O
N
S
T
R
U
O
C
T
T
I
O
N
I
N HT
E
IC2
\
\
\
S
E
C
E
T
L
IL NI
G
P
S
E
D
it
cv i r ic uh dm of ete r e ne c e
c
y il
ie n np qd a ea utd r
r a orn t l
a e
l a e e m d eia pvn n i toc s i i t h
T
m
a a oh t jxe
loi et il h r i
sp
l
o d n i gbs
tee at st in w
t cn e e h te
s
e p c oa t t i m nn a nig ti h nsx
do
t
d
i
ao ht m c e y t l Teehi rn d ef
p
oo t i e
nl c l tbh di s pe a f s et
e
m
bi u
nt s c e i h o dth on
yr g d
c
y
ls
i p bn pad r eco rj a ee c d t i
s
oh b c o a l cw ua le an t ix or yn es
h e t .t i h
p
l b i e f W l i t eomi d w
m
b l
o as a l t o ui br yp
aei a d ny t f
l
d o ew n - e c s oT m tte , r hs ch i
n
o t ep
a l s t h r a es n qt f h eu ei
c l e s a ra h a b nt al c i ea l s k nl
c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
D E V E L O P M E N T
T
l
e H nih e g t qt t
hec u ,
aih
c u m f o et rc e y n l cD hi e n i d v e f e
t
l
i h t i s n i nn a htu s o em m o b e
e
p q a at u c i rr a c u htmlo f e s r e sn e
t
c y l hD
i n a d er e el r .ea
m
t
h e r d o i a upv e gri cp hse ni d hoi c nu
t t
l
hD i e t nit e l r oe mes i .hn e
o e
e
la a es
m
c oh be cf ohn
t w
a
c u l Ba c t o i n o n t n e e. c t i hny g
p
oo t i e
ln ec th mb os e
n fa et
s
t
at
s i t r en t hc le h eo dtd -i o e u t n
i n t e r a s em c tb i u on nf a s
d
c
u o t p t a f i t pu n t m g e i oi r t t n p
i
e
n
t
g
c
,
.
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
f
c a l co uof l length
a t i rofo n
e l e m e n t s .
T
c i r c u h m of te r c e nye c el h i
n
i d
i i v 1 ie n d p q e ats du r
oa t
T
a
o n ah s g e = c2l e t 2 e i - of
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
.
T
a
o nt h i ng t e rlhp se e ecl t fi ean
t t
a
o t xh c
y i=l oh4 i e ns d f
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
.
c = r x cos 22-1 /2°
1
,
c, = r x cos 45°
c%= r x sin 22-1 /2°
a ,o ~ 0 )
s °
h
l
h
a =
l
=
e 2 2 o 0t a
) scs 4°
a.
si 40
in 0°t
e
‘2==
cq 4
c
-
4 a
P
1.~
*G1
When
282
I
o e
I
C
d q i
a uwm a e a toi nfie nl r t gtse r 9 s l e h c te i o0f n
1
I
—
I
.
I
1
1d
‘/4 O
T
L
D
it
i
e
e
d
p
oo
o i n t
D
D
c
l
a
D
p
t
o
c
t
F
O IH
IN T E N
R S EE C ET I FO N
c v i r ci u h md of te er c e ny e c l e hi n
np q
a a ut d
ra a eo rn t ll a e as m d
ai
vp ic o sT i i i h no nt ne h rt s e . c
t ie
ln ed th m
e st e t e n lfr et m s i i h
e r s e c t i o nf .
E V E L O OP M
P EA N TT T E R NF
s
tr lr
oa a e i i gl qw h ent tut n
ea g
i r c u m o f t e rc e yn cl eiDh n itd e v rf es
i i t
s nn n ea hut o esm m op qb e aee u
t
c i r c uh m of et r sec ne yc el hi n d
a er
l
t ea hm e r we do n n ai u t v g i c
e r p e n t d t i c ul hl a i rD e en t s ee o r es
l
e o e hn e g al bte ep m
chr o e jf hen c
c a l c u ( l ae t ixS o b arn . e m
e B l p o el
o n nt e e c pt i ohnot gn e i l
e e nh md
s t r o eh curve
t c of the
h uintersection
ee d
t
can be developed.
EXAMPLE
for calculationof lengthof elements
If the circumferenceof cylindersis divided
into 16 equalparts a = 22-1/2°
c1 = r sin a
C’2= r sin 2 a
C3 = r c a
c4 = r
o
s
-
I
o u
I
C
n d ei
qa wmu a e a tofi nile n r t gtse r 9 s l e h c te i o0f n
inder into as many equal parts as necessary
for the desired accuracy. Draw an element
at each division point. Project distances
c1, C2 etc. to the circumference of the
larger cylinder and draw elements at each
points. The intersecting points of the
elements of the large and small cylinder
determine the curve of intersection.
D E V E L O OP M
P EA N TT T E R NF S
D
a s r t l r of
aa e ii lgw
q hetn tut n
aeg
ht
c i r c u m o f te rc e yn cl eiDh n itd e v rf es i . h
l
f
t i s
c onm yh il a e it rnsl n e d l e a ht r
n
u o e m p qb a tae u c i r rr ac u fhtm l f e s r e sn
o t
s
c m yh l aDi n afl deer e l r e a. m
t
h e r d o ia u pv eg ir cp hs e nti dt hoi c nu l a rh
l
D i e t nt e l r e meo it .hnne el g e ht me he
b p r o oj ce a c l t c iu( oly ean t xSi o a nr . me
b
e Bl c oo nw nt )e e c. pt i ohnyo gn
i
t e
l
et h sm t e r on eh ctet sco ut h u ee r d
vh
i n t e r c s be dc te i v ao e n l o p ne de .
T
c u r ohv t a h t ui et r oh le
al fh e r
c
y
li d i e n t ed b r e t m r l i n e oes dh n
g
e
l
ec Cm e e s n p1 t t a s a cdch i,i 2 ns .e gt
c a b c e e w t
a h ct s l i , . e, or c h, n h g
a
o t rp
a v c rho t t i ls i nc aae hyl r lw g
1
E
f
D
i
c1
der.
X
A
M
P
L
E
c a l c o ou ll a te oi r eon nl ge m t ef hn
i t v c i i rd c ui hm no f t eg rc e ny ec le h i1 =n
1 e n p q
ata u= 3r
oa t 2 sl 0 ,
= r sin 30°
C2 =
r
cos
300 C3 = r 1 =
t sf .
d @
f ee 1r °
14=
@ R
c,
, 2
, +
=
284
I
C
w
n
i i n t e roat s e c hxt i nn g e
a . b .
I
I
r
—
—
; 1! -
-+
.
,
1’
I I
I
~
;
+
T
L
O IH
IN T E N
R S EE C ET I F
O
D
it
cv i r i c uh dm of ete r e ne c e
b
rc
ya ol nb i vcn
doi h i e
r etn
a m
e
a pq
a na nu e sr cay e t sl
f
t
i
n o t a h ec nc Dud r r ee a dr c
a e
l a e e m d eia pvn n i toc s i i t
T
p
oo ih in t en r o s t tee c s t i of
c o r r e s ep o l n de d i m
ne g te e n r t m
t
l
o i ni h t e r sn e c e t ie o fn .
T
m
l
i
w
m
L
d
.
D
D
t
c
n
c
t
t
o
c
B
e
t
k
f
- –‘
y*-*
-
,
I
I
.
\
.
-
C
s
E V E L O OP M
P E AN TT
T
E
a s r t l r oa e ii l gqw eh n ut n
t
c i r c u hm o f t e rb e o n rec e ha
y al di
n i i d nvt e s nri
d ad ht e
u o em
p bq a eat u cr r a
f ith l
u m f e D r e an rc e e .l a e
m
h e r d o i a upv e gri cp hse ni d hoi c n
t
l
Di eh t n t e l r eo me i . hn
t
e
l
ebh m
p r e o n fjo ete cs t
a l c u ( l ae t ixS o b an , e m
e l p o e
c o n nt ee c p t i o hnoty ng
i
l
et sm t e r on eh ct t sco u h u ee r d
i n t e rhc s eb cd t e i veoa en l o
c u r ohv t a h t ‘u ter oh e
c
ya il d i e i nt e db r nt em ri n
eo e n l
egc C
m te e s h n 1 t tpf s
t
a dh n i s a etb ca egn mc t e t
ah t
l i
eo r ca hn o ht g r e t e
c
ya (l ei il n se vd an e te ri o
E
X
f c a
D
c
c,
i
y
A
M
P
L
E
l c o ou l l a eo t e i n olr neg
vt
il
s
n
m t
ci i dr c iu h mn of tge r e n e c e
1i e nn pd q eaa =t 3ur r
aot 2
= r sin 30°
C2= r cos 30°
/1 = {
R + C2
12 =~ R2-(r
—
1
16 = R
il
e
J
+ C1)2
4
R2- (r - C1)2
-
2
285
I
C
B
3
2
1
%
2
/
4
I
3
A
C
T
D
c
m
t
e
D
r
s
b
e
c
e
o
d
o
o
c
l
e
a
o
a
(
L
O IH
IN T E N
R S EE C ET I F
O N
cv i r i c uh dm of eet r e ne c e h
y
l o i b n v d o ei i r a te n n w h
e
a p q a annu e rcayf e t sl s s a o
d
e a hs c ic urD r ee aa drc y . a
l
ae e m d e ai n vp t i c o s
ti h o n
c r i o r p a c v l l ww e i s a i en
ar , r de
Ti l t u2o i s i hc n l ,t n .
e o ct
tp
ii d ol he tn e ar nm e i nn
t
p
oo ih ni t en r ys o te e c ts i o nf
l
e a m t e c no rnt r esh s p o nd d ie
i Pr
cr t l o pe hj s ote .te ci
st n
hte
l e vT a i t n i t oe hrnp s . e oc t ii e n gn
t
p r o aj h e e c l t eow
f n erm s e i n
e t te rl mo ii inhn t e r ns e ec t e
t
e l e vh T a st it n or e hne . t c
c u r ouv t a h t ui tr oh e
l fh
i t o b d e n t e b r etm i s no e dh
eo a n a ag r e tt r 2chta 3 n f s s cf , e
f
t pr v
olohc i a dl amc e ue l n a w
e x e m bp l ei T f lsi e s pod
ahw c .
a
a a r e m 2bc t o3
bf sact , a , i .
s
ho m o b c wa las c n u l ra yt
e
Sx
ba
eem l p oel
we
)
.
D
D
t
d
n
c
t
p
t
j
of
E V E L O O
P M
P E AN TT
T
E
R
a s r t l r oaa l ii eegw hn nq t g u et
t
c i r c u h m of te r c eo n e yc e h l
a
d
ei i in v t i sn r d d athe
u o em
pbq
a e atu rc r a
f tihl
u m f e D r e an rc e e .l a e
m w
h
er
od
aiu vp g i cph os
i iheo
nn
e n dt ti cl u D
l i a eh r t n e r eo m e
l
eo t hn e
lg eb th pm
e he
nr f te
e o cb c t a li c tou l l n a e t ir hnny g g
1~, 1 e
t ec *.x b( a Se m e l, p e o l
it
w
E
X
f c a
C6 =
r
I
N
A
M
P
L
E
l c oou l l a eo t e i n olr neg
m t ef
r sin a
a R d= h i t
‘,=w=
up
‘tc
s
,a
6
286
I
C
A
S
N
R
>
K
-—.
-
—.
I
A
I
-—.—.
1
.r
a
“
1
s
.
1
-
-
al
.—
a
,
I
a-3
\
%
B
R2
,
I
“ Iw
‘E
f
e
X
c
l
C a
x i g
A
a
e
M
P
L
E
l co uof l length
a t i rofo
m e n t s .
THE LINE OF INTERSECTION
Divide the diameter of the cylinder into equal
spaces. The horizontal planes through the
division points cut elements from the cylinder
and circles from the sphere. The intersections
of the elements with the corresponding circles
are points on the curvature of intersection.
D
D
c
t
T
m
D
p
l
c
E V E L O OP M
T E CN TY LH I N D
F
a s r t
lr a ao e i i gwl q h ent t ut n
ea g
i r c u m o f te rc e ny c ale hdi
n i i d nfv ee
t
s
n
a hu o p m m a obat e c e ry rl thi
s
p o aht
dc
i i pv neh i oag s d i i f eoen
bi t
ln
e o e a hn o d t g r c y ty e l ch hi
a e r l t e a h m e r ewd o nianu pvt g i cohs
e r p e n td it c ul l a Dri eh t n et r oe me
e o t n e gl
e bt h m
p hr e o n fjo eetb cs t
a l c ou t l al t ei oo nh1n 1g e t f h e1 t s2
P
i 2 iE l l ip H:p s o e ei nd 1a la
T
c
e p h no o r t
th e e i i ra oeh p n p a r
m
a a s t p he s e l er ityg c r m a aleo h nd
w
i he
0i q t
c ut i d h. aim aso hl t m
e 9e
h
W
e
t a ph i dw ieh ia. l
tpno i 0 h e emi
t
ti d m
i
a o h etm he s tt eleh ro
iah
i n t e r a s ed ce tv i e on l on o t p c m ye d n l th i
nc b f
i oa t
a u d b nenh seomdc rav n i en b
l t c d u i ls xat h X
at ene c e l ets 2 ,
c
xi = x ~v + r xesin a n, etc.
l s, ; P 2i F i l
S
i wm t
w
it
kt
r
ao w d
d
i
, , .
a a Dp n iHg ne s e
i c l eap a h on r ~
n h ui ha sci p k nh sl
i hie
ut i qt s r c
s
h
.
n ehd
e da
rtt yht e ei r o
e ee r ts gi c m
u afo ht ahd s
287
T
P
connecting
cylindrical
and rectangular shapes
D E V E L O P M E N T
D
it c v ii i e hr d np qc e a al ut e
d
a er
l
aea e m d w
e ai nvn
p
o
i
n
t
.
er a
ti c s
F
t
li
e o enhn e g al d b et e m
ch
e
t r i a n go ub l c a at li oc nuT l a t i ro y
e
l
ea m
t
he y n pr t oho st t e n eu es
t r i oa n sideg ofl nwhich
e s is
e
A
A
A --e
a2- t t ’o1 3
n, ct h ’ h
s
i t i h
eo d th i t r ge a snhhe s ti t
p
i
e
c
e
.
A
●
●
A
A
A-
B
t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m
l e e n ti h
1 a
d
t - r r n t i r ah liSg da - wnh S ge
w
b h S oi ae
s t q hs e t u ea aA s
s
A ai w
hdh yn p o oe A t D se dn ue
f
bo t r ui a n ng o u cl da a t i lyo cn
u
t
Fi
t o pi
no1 2nh i3 . e n d tt e
T
l
eo 1 h n 2
g3 - e -t em 2h t 3 f , a
b t
ea
t qkt
c ue o e t anoh
l r o
d i v o it st i c o iinht so ra
hc f e l p
small enough for the desired accuracy. Strike an arc with 1 as center
and the chord of divisions as radius.
With A as center and A-2 as radius
draw arc at 2. The intersection of
these arcs give the point 2. The
points 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be
Found in”a similar manner.
E
f
X
c
c=
a
A
M
P
L
E
l c oou l l a eot e i norl
r x cos a
n eg
m t ef
d = r x sin a
L
E O NE L
G E T M HE N TF S
I t
a
db eh so mc r van ci e bn e e n d
b f
to d e u v e hnl f o et p d m re eno t a
s
pi
tiw
ie h oc e ne
ns
:
one end is square
2. one or both sides of the rectangle are equal to the
diameter of the circle
3. the circular and rectangular
planes are eccentric
4. the circular and rectangular
planes are not parallel
288
T
connecting
P
cylindrical
1
3
3
4
:
- -
+
3
3
@
D E V E L O P M E N T
D
it c v ii i e hr d np qc e a al ut e
d
a er
l
aea e m d w
e ai nvn
p
o
i
n
t
.
2
2
2
2
1
- -
and rectangular shapes
A
er
ti c
F
t
li
e o enhn e g al d b te e m
ch
t r i a n go ub l c a at li oc nuT l a t i r
e
l
ea m
t
he y n pr t oho st t e n eu e
t r i one
a n sideg ofl which
e s is
A
A
A--e
a2- t t ’o1 3
n, ct h ’
s
i t i h
eo d th i t r ge a snhhe s ti
p
i
e
c
e
.
B
t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m
l e e n ti h
1 a
d
t - r r n t i r ah liSg da - wnh S ge
w
b h S oi a e
s t q hs e t u ea aA
s
A ai w
hd h yn p o oe A t D se dn ue
f
bo t r ui a n ng o u cl da a t i lyo nc
t
Fi
no1 2nh i3 . e n d
t o pi
tt e
T
l
eo 1 hn 2 g3 - e -t em 2h t 3 f
b t
ea
t qkt
c ue o e t anoh
l
d i v o it st i c o iinht so ra
hc f e
small enough for the desired accuracy. Strike an arc with 1 as center
and the chord of divisions as radius.
With A as center and A-2 as radius
draw arc at 2. The intersection of
these arcs give the point 2. The
points 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be
found in a similar manner.
E
f
X
c
A
M
P
L
E
l c oou l l a eot e i norl
a
c = r x cos a
e
=
~
-
n eg
m t
d = r x sin a
+
-d(
a)(
In the above described manner can
be found the development for transition pieces when:
1. one end is square
2. one or both sides of the rectangle are equal to the
diameter of the circle
3. the circular and rectangular
planes are eccentric
4. the circular and rectangular
planes are not parallel
b
)2
289
D
C
T
p
m
f
c
+
I
o
C =D
f
ax m
0
l i
b
a
C = D
i
a~
E X
I i r
A
e
M
tq d
C = 100 x sin
ix c
rw
c ch i
e.
No. of
1
0.00000
1.00000
0,86603
0.70711
26
27
28
29
0,12054
0,11609
0.11196
0,10812
51
;
8
0,58779
0.50000
0.43388
0.38268
30
31
32
33
9
0.34202
34
1
1
0
0
0
.
.
.
1
1
0
@
.
15
16
0.20791
0.19509
40
41
17
18
19
20
0.18375
0.17365
0.16460
0.15643
0,14904
0.14232
0.13617
0.13053
0.12533
::
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
;;
23
24
25
l e o sa
3
2
2
.
5 c8
3h
lt r e o
ls
6e
.
s
eo c hnn hf go a od dt e r eh on dsn fu iso s mr r penyb sda e
cihr t o e o f s w h
l
e
:
1
8
0
m
s
e
t
e i r
n
n
uo sm p b a e
c r
e f s
P L E :
u ai 1 r iv et ds i d i n 0 dac o meiic e 1 r0t e nhec p rq l 2t a ue
ro a 0 t l
s
1
8
0
—
1
x s 1 30
1 = i0 x 0 0 ’. 0= n2 0 ° i= 2 .n 0 6 c 26 h
1
2
0
c
5
i e ro r nncq
l fut
pht e ao h a r f e nd r
hci
idh r ehe c r u
hi r ao f m
d e e, t
la f e e at r a c , b eb ut
=t32 e x8 r0 2 . 6=37 8 8 . i 2 60n 6
No. of
Spaces
2
3
4
P
M P L E :
tq d u aii 2 ri v edt s i di n adc om ieic e 8 er t0 nhesc q r p l t ua e c ao e
pf o ta t r c a0 e roh.b s 3 l m8 e 2e : 6
8
i
t
E
b
m
ehe f
dt s i h ove aoo ict sd i
i ta f
tr l i t eo t hnsn c s goo hda
e t a l s he wu
ntr ideig i ot svtht
e
Tr
el
n e o c th ne c . g hC =t hedo
c
E X A
I i r
e
cf 8s
T
t
I
No.
c
c
c
%
54
0.06153
0.06038
0,05924
0.05814
;:
79
0,04132
0.04079
0,04027
0,03976
0“10453
0.10117
0.09802
0.09506
55
56
57
58
0.05709
0.05607
0.05509
0.05414
80
81
82
83
0.03926
0.03878
0,03830
0.03784
0.09227
59
30
38
35
90
1 01
8 02
0.
20 6 8
7 0 3 86
8 0 2 86
2 33
2 3 2
9 03
204
3.
5.
20
29
76
0,05322
9 05 6 .
7 06 1 .
4 07 8 .
84
0.03739
5
40
60 % 5
10 8 5
88
68
!8
2 08 5.
9 4
0 0.04907
7
0.07846
0.07655
65
66
0,04831
0.04758
0.07473
0.07300
0.07134
0.06976
0.06824
0,06679
0.06540
0.06407
0,06279
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
0.04687
0,04618
0.04551
0.04487
0.04423
0.04362
0.04302
0.04244
0.04188
)8
89
90
91
92
93
%
96
97
98
1::
20 0 3.
10 1 4.
00 2 6.
4
40
80
50
3
3
3
50
093 8,
0.03529
4
3
0.03490
0.03452
0.03414
0.03377
0.03341
0.03306
0.03272
0,03238
0.03205
0.03173
0
.
0
3
290
m
I
SEGMENTSOF CIRCLESFOR R4DIUS= 1
P
Length of arc, height of segment,length of chord,
and area of segmentfor anglesfrom 1 to 180 degrees
= 1 For other radii, multiply the
. values
/ l\
andradi”s
of 1, h and c in the table by the given radius r, and
J
the values
for areas, by r2, the square of the radius.
W
e
De[
T
.
i
4
5
6
-1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
h
1
Deg
0
2
9
3
3
0
9
0
2
3
i
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
3
3
3
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
I
7A
0.000o
m 0
.
0,ooo1 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.667
0.715
0.73?
—
0
c
1
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
;
~
I
1
h
T
m7
62 1,082
63 1.100
64 1.117
65 1.134
66 1,152
67 1.169
68 1.187
69 1.X34
70 [~q~
71 I.239
7? 1.257
73 1.274
74 1,291
75 I.309
76 1.3?6
77 1.344
78 1.361
79 1.379
80 1.396
81 I.414
82 1.431
83 1.449
84 1.466
85 1.483
86 1
87 1
88 1
89 1
90 1
91 1
92 1
93 1
94 1
95 1
96 1
97 1
98 1
99 1
100 1
1,763
102 1.780
103 1,798
104 1,815
105 1,833
106 1.850
107 1.867
108 1.885
109 1.902
110 1.920
111 1.937
1.955
1.972
I
1.990
I
2.007
2.025
2.042
2.059
2.077
2.094
3-F
I
c
2.11?
2.129
2.147
2.164
2.18?
2.199
2.217
~,?34
2,:5 ]
2
2
2
I
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
162 2.827
163 2.845
164 2.862
165 2.880
166 2.897
167 2.915
168 2.932
169 2.950
170 2.967
171 2.984
172 3.002
173 3.019
174 3.037
175 3.054
176 3.072
177 3.089
178 3.107
179 3.124
180 3.142
I
l
ment
A
I
121
122
123
124
I15
126
127
]28
129
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
;
,
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
h
Deg
A
1
Area
e
c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T0
&6~54
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
i
[
6
291
Ziii4
I
D
d
A R
T
I N OT E HR SP E C TT IE O N
O S
H
A
NE O L
N ZF L Z
LD
( D i m e In s ni o cn e hd
e
s
N M
~
1
1Y2
2
2
%3
NE
I
3
A
4
(
%5
0.0625
0.4375
0.0625
0.3750
0.0625
0.3125
0.0625
—.
0.0625
0.3125
0.0625
0.2500 0.3750
0.0625
0.1875 0.3125
0.0625
0.1875
0.2500 0.3750
I
T
6
%8
1.0000
1.8125
0.8125
1.5000
0.6875
1.2.500
0.6250
1.1250
0.1875
0,1875
0.12SC
o.1250
E
)
+
0.I 25a
O.
O.125C
0.12 SC
O.125C
O.125C
0.062S
0.062 !
0.062:
0.1250 0.2500
0.062 :
0.1250 0.2500
0.062 !
0.12.50 0.2500
0.062!
0.1250 0.1875
96
0.062 ! 0.0625
0. 12s0
102
0.062 ! 0.0625
0.1875
108
0.062$
0.0625
0.12s0 0.1875
114
0.0625
0.1250 0.1875
120
0.0625
—.
0.062:
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
126
0.062$
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
132
0.062$
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
138
0.0625
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
144
0.062$
0.0625
0.0625 0.1250
0.1875
292
I
I
I i I
I
I
I
dl
D
A RT
O S
(
S
h
!
i
e
l
l
a
;
.1
—
D
I N OT E HR SP E C TT IE O N
HA
NE
O LN ZF L Z
L
D
i
N M
m d eI
P I
;
n ns
e
(P A
IN
20
1
ic o hn
s , )
E
82
6
30
!.5000
4.1250
7.000
!.0625
3.1875
4.1250
8.000
[.7500
2.6250
3.3750
9
[
2.3125
2.8750
4.8750
—
4.0000
[
2.0625
2 5000
3.4375
4.6875
[
1.8125
2.2500
3.0625
4.0625
4-
[
1.6875
2.0625
2.7500
3.6250
6.0625
8.0000
1.8750
2.5000
5.3125
6.8125
[.0000
2.3125
4.8125
6.0000
5.0000
).9375
2.1250’
4.3750
5.4375
0.4375
).8750
2.0000
4.0625
4.8125
9.0000
36
).81 25
1.8750
3.7500
4.5625
8.1250
38
).7500
1.7500
3.5000
4.2500
7.3125
40
).7500
1.6875
3.3125
4.0000
6.7500
42
).6875
1.5675
1
1.1875
3.1250
3.7500
6.3125
2.6875
3.1875
5.2500
1.0625
L.0625
+
0.875
1.0625
5.6250
.
0
D.000o
0
0
0
.1.0000
7.1875 12.0000
I
3.0000
0.7500
0.9375
1.1875
2.3125
2.8125
4.5625
0.6875
0.8125
1.0625
2.1250
2.5000
4.0000
0.6250
0.7500
1.0000
1.8750
2.2500
3.6250
1.4375
1.7500 2.0625
2.4375
0.8125
1.3125
1.5625 1.8750
2.2500
0.7500
1.1875
1.4375 1.7500
2.0625
1.1250
1.3750 1.8750
1.937.5
0.875C
1.2500 1.5000
1.8125
2.375(
0.8750
1.
96
0.3 12! 0.4375
0.500(
0.6875
——
0.6875
102
0.3 12! 0.37s0
0.500(
0.6250
0.812 :
1.0000
1.1875 1.4375
1.6875
2.250(
108
0.250(
0.3750
0.437$
0.6250
0.750C
0.9375
1.1250 1.3750
1.5625
2. 125C
114
0.250(
0.1875
0.437:
0.5625
0.6875
0.8750
1.0625 1.2500
1.5000
2.000C
120
0.250(
0.1875
0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.8125
1.0000 1.1875
1.4375
126
0.250(
0.3125
0.375(
0.5000
0.625C
0.8125
0.9375 1.1250
1.3750
1.8125
132
0.250(
0.3125
0.375C 0.5000
0.625C
0.7500
0.9375 1.1250
1.3125
1.750[
138
0.182! +0.3125
0.375C 0.4375
0.5625
0.7500
0.8750 1.0625
1.2500
1.625C
144
0.1 82!
0.312 :
0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.8750 1.0000
1.1875
1.5625
0.3125
E
I
,
293
I
TABLEFOR LOCATINGPOINTS
ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS
t
From these tablesthe dimension
y can be found if the diameter,
D and dimensionx are known,
~
~Ient ‘
L
3 = 12
Y
2.9580
2
2.8284
3
2.5980
4
2.2360
5
1.6583
0
6
—
— D = 14
x
Y
1
3.4641
r
I
3.3541
2
3.1622
3
4
2.8722
5
2.4494
6
1.8027
70
D = 16
Y
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
—
3.9686
3.8729
3.7081
3.4641
3.1225
2.6457
1.9364
0
) = 18
z
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
T
T
2
3
4
i 5
6
7
8
9
x
7
T
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
91
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Y
4.4721
4.3878
4.2426
4.0311
3.7416
3.3541
2.8284
2.0615
0
I
!
2
i
R=t
n
r
e
ao h hd
7
=7 0 ?.2284
)
7.0710
Y
D = 26
6.8738
4.9749
T
Y
6.6332
4.8989
T
6.4807
6.3442
4.7697
6.4226
2
6
4.5825
6.3245
3
5.5901
4.3301
4
6.1846
5.0990
4
5
6
4.5
3.5707
6
5.7662
3.7416
3
7
5.4772
2.6925
2.1794
5.1234
8
0
0
4.6904
9
~= 32
)= 22
4.1533
10
T
Y
3.4641
11
Y
7.9843
2.5
12
7
5.4772
7.9372
0
13
2
5.4083
—
7.8581
3
5.2915
) = 28
7.7459
4
5.1234
T
Y
7.5993
5
4.8989 - Y
6.9821
7.4162
6
4.6097
6.9282
2
7.1937
7
4.2426
6.8374
3
6.9282
8
3.7749
6.7082
4
6.6143
9
3.1622
6.5383
5
2
.
9
1
2 6.245
6.3245
62
5.8094
11
0
6.0621
7
5
12
=24
5.7445
8
4
13
Y
9
5.3619
3.8729
14
5.9791
4.8989
10
2.7838
15
5.9160
4.3301
11
0
16
—
5.8094
3.6055
12
) = 34
5.6568
13
2.5980
Y
Y
5.4543
0
14
—
8.4852
7
5.1961
) = 30
8.4409
2
4.8734
x
Y
8.3666
3
4.4721
7
7.4833
8.2613
4
3.9686
2
7.4330
8.1240
5
3.3166
7.3484
7.9529
2.3979 l L’
l —(
i
5
6
7
8
9
0
,1
,2
,3
,4
is
—
e i
7
7
8
9~
[0 ~
[1
[2
[3
,4
.5
,6
,7
—
T
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
—
ua e
sd
f .
7.7459
7.5
7.2111
6.8738
6.4807
6.0208
5.4772
4.8218
4
2.8722
0
‘=36
Y
8.9861
8.9442
8.8741
8.7749
8.6458
8.4852
8.2915
8.0622
7.7942
7.4833
-
7
.
6.7082
6.2249
5.6568
4.9749
4.1231
2.9580
0
D =38
x
Y
9.4868
2
9.4472
9.3808
T3
41 9.2870
5
9.1651
-J
1
2
294
TABLEFOR LOCATINGPOINTS
ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS(Cont.)
T
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
=38
9.0138
8.8317
8.6168
8.3666
8.0777
7.7459
7.3654
6.9282
6.4226
5.8309
5.1234
4.2426
3.0413
0
=40
Y
9.9874
9.9498
9.8868
9.7979
9.6824
9.5393
9.3675
9.1651
8.9302
8.6602
8.3516
8
7.5993
7.1414
6.6143
6
5.2678
4.3589
3.1225
0
T
=42
x
, Y
1 10.4881
8
9
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
21
x
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
9.7082
9.4868
9.2330
8.9442
8.6168
8.2462
7.8262
7.3484
6.8007
6.1644
5.4083
4.4721
3.2015
0
=48
Y
11.9896
11.9583
11.9059
11.8322
11.7367
11.619
11.4782
11.3137
11.1243
10.9087
10.6654
10.3923
10.0871
9.7467
9.3675
8.9442
8.4705
7.9372
7.3314
6.6332
5.8094
4.7958
3.4278
0
= 54
Y
13.4907
13.4629
13.4164
13.351
13.2665
-L
2
3
4
5
6
7
10.4523
10.3923
10.3078
10.198
10.0623
9.8994
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
13.1624
13.0384
12.8939
12.72791
12.53992
12.32883
12.09344
11.83225
11.54346
11.225 7
10.87438
10.48819
10.0623
9.5916
9.0691
8.4852
7.8264
7.0710
6.1846
5.0990
3.6400
0
1 =60
x
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Y
14.9917
14.9666
14.9248
14.8661
14.7902
14.6969
14.586
14.4568
14.3091
14.1421
13.9553
13.7477
13.5185
13.2665
12.9904
12.6886
12.3592
12
11.1803
10.7121
10.198
9.6306
-7
17.9374
4 17.8885
5 17.8255
6 17.7482
7 17.6564
8 17.5499
9 17.4284
10 17.2916
1 ‘66
11 17.1391
x
Y
12 16.9706
1 16.4924
13 16.7854
2
16.4697 14 16.5831
3
16.4317 15 16.3631
4
16.3783 16 16.1245
5
16.3095 17 15.8666
6
16.225
18 15.5885
7
16.1245 19 15.2889
8
16.0078 20 14.9666
9
15.8745 21 14.6202
10 15.7242 22 14.2478
11 15.5563 23 13.8474
12 15.3704 24 13.4164
13 15.1658 25 12.9518
14 14.9416 26 12.4499
15 14.6969 27 11.9059
16 14.4309 28 11.3137
17 14.1421 29 10.6654
9.9498
18 13.8293 30
19 13.4907 31
9.1515
32
8.2462
20
13.1244
7.1937
21
12.7279 33
5.9160
22
12.2984 34
23
1
1
. 35 8 4.2130
3
2
24
11.3248 36 0
10.7703 —
=78
;;
10.1612
Y
27
9.4868 Y
19.4936
28
8.7321 -i29
2 19.4743
7.8740
30
3 19.4422
6.8738
31
4 19.3972
5.6558
32
5 19.3391
4.0311
33
6 19.2678
0
7 19.1833
=7
8 19.0853
Y
9 18.9737
1 17.9931 10 18.8481
17.9722 ~
2
18.7083
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
9
8.2915
7.4833
6.5383
5.3851
3.8405
0
295
I
TABLEFOR LOCATINGPOINTS
ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS(Cont.)
D=78
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
19.2029
18 18.9737
19 18.7283
20 18.4662
21 18.1865
22 17.8885
23 17.5713
24 17.2337
25 16.8745
26 16.4924
27 16.0857
28 15.6525
29 15.1905
30 14.6969
31 14.1686
32 13.6015
33 12.9904
34 12.3288
35 11.6082
36 10.8167
9.9373
37
8.9442
38
7.7942
39
6.4031
40
4.5552
41
0
42
=90
F
18.554
18.3848
18.2003
18
17.7834
17.5499
17.2988
17.0294
16.7407
16.4317
16.1012
15.748
15.3704
14.9666
14.5344
14.0712
13.5739
13.0384
12.4599
11.8322
11.1467
10.3923
9.5524
8.6023
7.5
6.1644
4.3874
x
0
T
1 =84
2
x
Y
3
4
20.994
-i2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20.9762
20.9464
:
2
7
20.8507
20.7846
20.7063
20.6155
20.5122
20.3961
20.267
20.1246
19.9687
19.799
19.615
19.4165
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
v
22.4944
22.4778
22.4499
22.4109
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
T
21.8174
21 21.5812
21
22 21.3307
22
23 21.0654
23
24 20.7846
24
25 20.4878
25
26 20.1742
26
19.8431
27
27
19.4936
28
28
19.1246
29
29
18.735
30
30
18.3235
31
31
17.8885
32
32
17.4284
33
33
16.9411
34
34
16.4241
35
35
15.8745
36
36
15,2889
37
37
14.6629
38
38
13.9911
39
39
13.2665
40
40
12.48
41
41
11.619
42
42
10.6654
43
43
9.5916
44
44
8.3516
45
45
6.8556
46
4.8734
47
x
0
48
7
7
= 108
2
Y
Y
3
4
26.9954
-i. 5 3 2 6 3 0 . 72 8 26.9815
6
9
. 6 2 2 9 3 9 . 13 8 26.9583
1
1
7 23.7434
4 26.9258
8 23.6643
5 26.884
9 23.5744
6 26.8328
10 23.4734
7 26.7722
11 23.3613
8 26.7021
12 23.2379
9 26.6224
13 23.103
10 26.533
14 22.9565
11 26.4339
15 22.798
12 26.3249
16 22.6274
13 26.2059
17 22.4444
14 26.0768
18 22.2486
15 25.9374
19 22.0397
16 25.7876
20.1556
19.8997
19.6278
19.3391
19.0329
18.7083
18.3644
18
17.6139
17.2047
16.7705
16.3095
15.8193
15.2971
14.7394
14.1421
13.5
12.8062
12.052
11.225
10.3078
9.2736
8.0777
6.6332
4.7169
0
=96
Y
23.9948
23.9792
23.9531
23.9165
7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
4
4
50
8
51
52
53
54
-
x
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
25.6271
25.4558
25.2735
25.0799
24.8747
24.6577
24.4285
24.1868
23.9322
23.6643
23.3827
23.0868
22.7761
22.4499
22.1077
21.7486
21.3717
20.9762
20.5609
20.124F
19.666
19.1833
18.6748
18.1384
17.5713
16.9706
16.3325
15.6525
14.9248
14.1421
13.2947
12.3693
11.3468
10.198
8.8741
7.2801
5.1720
0
= 120
Y
29.9958
29.9833
29.9625
29.9333
29.8957
29.8496
29.7951
296
TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS
r
ON 2:1 ELLIPSOIDALHEADS (Cont.)
T
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
&
❑120
29.7321
29.6606
29.5804
29.4915
29.3939
29.2874
29.1719
29.0474
28.9137
28.7706
28.6182
28.4561
28.2843
28.1025
27.9106
27.7083
27.4955
27.2718
27.037
26.7909
26.533
26.2631
25.9808
25.6856
25.3772
25.0549
24.7184
24.367
24
23.6167
23.2164
22,798
22.3607
21.9032
21.4243
20.9225
20.3961
19.8431
19.2614
18.6481
18
17.3133
16.5831
15.8035
14.9666
14.0624
13.0767
55
56
57
58
10.9896
10.7703
9.3675
7.6811
59
54543
60
0
— D = 132
x
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
;;
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Y
32.9962
32.9848
32.9659
32.9393
32.9052
32.8634
32.8139
32.7567
32.6917
32.619
32.5384
32.45
32.3535
32.249
32.1364
32.0156
31.8865
31.749
31.603
31.4484
31.285
31.1127
30.9314
30.7409
30.541
30.3315
30.1123
29.8831
29.6437
29.3939
29.1333
28.8617
28.5788
28.2843
27.9777
27.6586
27.3267
26.9815
26.6224
z
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
7
Y
T
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
26.2488
25.8602
25.4558
25.035
24.5967
24.1402
23.6643
23.1679
22.6495
22.1077
21.5407
20.9464
20.3224
19.666
18.9737
18.2414
17.4642
16.6358
15.748
14.7902
13.7477
12.5996
11.3137
9.8361
8.0622
5.7227
0
= 144
Y35.9965
35.9861
35.9687
35.9444
35.9131
35.8748
35.8295
35.7771
35.7176
35.6511
35.5774
35.4965
35.4083
35.3129
35.2101
35.0999
34.9821
34.8569
Y
5
34.7239
34.5832
34.4347
34.2783
34.1138
33.9411
33.7602
33.5708
33.3729
33.1662
32.9507
32.7261
32.4923
32.249
31.9961
31.7333
31.4603
31.1769
30.8828
30.5778
30.2614
29.9333
29.5931
29.2404
28.8747
28.4956
28.1025
27.6948
27.2718
26.8328
26.3771
25.9037
25.4116
24.8998
24.367
23.8118
5
2
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
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50
51
52
53
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
J@
22.6274
21.9943
21.3307
20:6337
19.8997
19.1246
18.303
17.4284
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297
LENGTH OF ARCS
1. These tables are for locating points on pipes and shells by measuring
the length of arcs.
2. The length of arcs are computed for the most commonly used pipesizes and vessel diameters.
3. The length of arcs for any diameters and any degrees, not shown in the
table, can be obtained easily using the values given for diam. 1 or degree 1.
4. All dimensions are in inches.
EXAMPLES
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A.
3P
O.D. = 3
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141.3750
155.5000
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56.5625
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620.08
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620.86
621.25
621.64
622.04
622.44
622.83
623.22
623.62
624.Oi
624.40
624.79
30791
30830
30869
30908
30947
30986
31025
31064
2W.
%
%
3/8
%
%
x
%
625.18
625.58
625.97
626.36
626.76
627.15
627.54
627.94
31103
31142
31181
31220
31263
31299
31338
31377
205.
%
%
3/8
>5
%
3A
~8
2
%
%
~8
628.32
628.72
629.11
629.51
629.S(3
630.29
630.58
631.08
%
x
?5
%
%
%
~8
631.46
631.86
632.26
632.65
633.05
633.43
633.83
634.29
%
~
?’4
%
g
g
X
Circum.
Area
634.60
635.00
63S.40
635.79
636.18
636.S7
636.97
637.36
32047
32086
32126
32166
32206
32246
32286
32326
637.74
638.15
638.54
638.93
639.32
639.72
640.11
640.50
32366
32405
32445
32485
32525
32565
326435
32645
640.88
641.28
641.67
642.07
642.46
642.85
643.24
643.63
32685
32725
32766
32806
32846
32886
32926
32966
3/8
%
%
%
%
644.03
644.43
644.82
645.21
645.61
~.~
646.39
646.78
33006
33046
33087
33127
33168
33208
33249
33289
31416
31455
31495
31534
31574
31613
31653
31692
2@5.
%
x
>s
ti
%
%
~8
647.17
647.57
647.96
648.35
648.75
649.14
649.53
649.93
33329
33369
33410
33450
33491
33531
33572
33613
31731
31770
31810
31849
31889
31928
31%8
32007
207.
650.31
650.71
651.10
651.50
651.89
652.28
652.57
653.07
33654
33694
33735
33775
33816
33857
33898
33939
~8
%
>8
%
%
%
B
?“6
%
58
%
%
%
~
%
x
;
%
%
%
;
z
%
%
%
%
y8
312
D
3
..
C
F
.—
II
I
.—.
t
\
Y
s
I
H
N
O
Z O O
1
2
3
4
5
STIFFENER
TA l El
A w
T d
U
d
F f r
I
Of N P iT E
mc Sa
3 ec
h ba
s l ar
e uq
FIL
AN
l
V
N
EG
RO OT
PI
CE RAN L I
tsa : e rr t i ab. l e o
en
l
ol /ln f t w
id .8ni l u s oe l ”u s e l
t d
ht v ae a gei s. exae ttcd i ese nnfs ldss e i tc v t e i o
i i rev noe t .qi sgw uo t t hiu sori hm e a s hdi t s
nn h
oou ep s dn e t.i nplrae yri etn vhinge
f dg e ,i r r t e s d
l
I
>
n
eg e
o
N
f
313
FIXED STAIR
AND HEALTH (OSHA) STANDARDS
F
F
b
s i
wt
bx pa
ir e i w
o
rdvol h ip s ed nelr eeae cdtr eri s o eest n i gstbr a u et a l el t eva w vre e e el
l
s i t a s x i b rdh ewe at sa cd y i as llga o nf l reto e dt iri n a o oylm v l hrd a e inf meot si a cv e i al p a e
l e t u t vec h a m
ea s t oacrr o vns cr n eli on oytn 1 r oa gp t , e o d a 0u
n 0d d f 0s
.
n
M
i
wn
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o ns
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t
gra
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:r
e
e
s0
.
R
p
a s i bl ph i r n aoo gt v osI i s d l op ehai e ed dxe s n pt eel a no Hi sra wnefs al d dby rh s a . i a l
r oo a lv
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oe nac d i sl s tcn oa td pti srre ew eof at fe ydr r s sa , i bd ehl sigy c e hnnd de i t n
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t
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A
t n
H o r i
3
bns rah he i a da sn l doi lpgn - ar elb s lie s y t a n t .
orvil tei r n ena si h n w
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sf a oir rd u sa st bot lse a e i i d r e s
.
m eg i
a us
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oeuv
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u o d
p h ar s et h vf ei e sir e npr f ete gc d i e a ol
f r e u q ou pe s en tn l rie y n g ds ,
A = ~
– (
RR
B = ~ R – (
1R
/
a
+t / /
2)
2
2 2 1
+
GE
T L-B
n s e
d
s
d
.
, l y
D
.
D AF
L E L ID A N
I
6
c = R + 2!4 – A
D = R+
R
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r =
D
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2’/2 –
ao f d
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di i
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a+ 1I
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i a u n s g f e
am
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/ 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 /
14 /
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f e
GE T L-F
OF
S AND
S U, DIAMETER
G
F PINS
S
3
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2
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# 300*
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1 / 1
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I
I
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4
1 14
4
-
.“
LADDER
S
S
2
3
in. min.
in. max.
I
T
D
E
E
PT
7
0
H
RS O
2
in. min.
30 in. max.
UT G
HE
4
m
SIDE R
[note
u
1
N
1 C
l
2 H
c
a
3 A
4 I
e
i
c
5 T
t
6 A
7 P
g
in
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e
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f eg b e r s o0s o t v
e
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.
o r i z o o n fl t a a fl pl. n ysl d ase it b tfhnp o gr ar oa m
l v l ei e dl 3 v ef ae od e s
rt
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il me W
b n i sg hn tadg e hef a .rvue i ret s cp r yl e ee a s t dbf shepo ,rr am
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o M
6
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h de v a yddom e usa. i h gro oi degi p as pn l i v g na
s t nr ua c gnat uw g r , ai ul l r df e s s e sr
al ieeov ya e dmrd n i et r oiemt c l b ad e l
a
g
e
.
r e c o hm mm e i n .snd e e oi ds mi r u ui am
z n n id o ae d t lrfm e eo mcss p raoh e l nr
2 1 ix 3 i f o / b a/ l nnl a t2 2x ah1 8bro . au t f ga,r / he qu r ru i ep 4 snr s t a el c ye t
b
a u s l re h ns rd .a bl hr sg r e d am
e p o lsv
el de .
r o C
t e o c aot its v i. ce n hpn g or:a ooi fae m cp ni eo tnp eor o ah dl d ae i d
not
a l v a n i z i n g .
316
M IST
M
e
t
E XT R A CT OR
e
x i t rb as s ce tp om
a t rr usa in t d i esnyl s gii trf qa vb, u l r aes i
pdt lo iseo q m
ar u
i
mt t p p rec r o f ho vo. r v m
e aa pn rec r eei oq o u c i u pefT m
s s ae nm
sh t as . n er u
fu
m r r o e pe o l t m d a aams ae tlv ai i rsnia c l r a he b qsdln uae is i r nh ey nz ad
Q
e
4
- A
d
t
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‘
C
-
B
T
Y
O
M P E XE
I T R S AS C FT OT R S
\
D
E– A
T
A
S
6I 1
than 6 ft.
m
I
U
PO
L
PM
I
D
E– C
T
A
OE X
RI T TR AS C F
T OT R S
s 2support in .center
e
beam
of mist
5 extractor, when the diameter is greater
U
SPECIFICATION
THICKNESS OF PAD
THICKNESS OF WIRE
MATERIAL OF WIRE
DENSITY lb./Cu. ft.
PRESSURE DROP
MATERIAL CARBON STEEL
BEARING BAR
WIRE
MESH
G
R
B
C
IC
E
W
W
~>,
6 >!
.011“
.01 1“
TYPE 304 S.S. TYPE 304 S.S.
9.0
5.0
0.5” TO 1“ WATER GAGE
lx3/16°
1“x3/1 6“
R
BD
O
A
S
S % R
AB RS
IP NA GC
I 3N
R -G
4
R
B
S O P
A
S
C S I
N
R
G
E l I bf G .
H
/
sTt
q5 .
O
I O DS
ET
N
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I F 1O
E
N
Y4qi
9
.
3/ 1
4
.7
21
1 -
4
6
“
7.
“2
-’317
NAME PLATE
Pressure vessels built in aemrdanee with the requirements of the Code maybe
stamped withtheofficialsymbol ”U”todenoteTheAmerican SocietyofMechanieal
Engineers’ standard.
Pressurevessels stamped with the Code-symbolshall bemarkedwith the following:
1. manufacturer’sname;preeededwiththe words:“eertifledby”;
maximumallowableworkingpressure,(MAWP)psiat temperature,°F;
minimumdesignmetaltemperatureat pressure,psi;(MDMT)
manufacturer’sserialnumbeq(S/N)
“yearbuilt
Abbreviationsmaybe usedasshownin parenthesis.
2. theappropriateabbreviationsindicatingthe typeofccmstruction,sexvice,etc.
as tabulated:
Wheninspectedbya user’sinspector
USER
Arcor gaswelded
w
LethalseMce
L
Unfiiedsteamboiler
UB
Directfting
DF
Fullyradiographedand UW-ll(a) (5)not applied
RT 1
JointsA & D fullyradiographed;UW-1l(a) (5)(b) applied
RT 2
Spotradiographed
RT 3
WhenRT1,RT2or RT3are not applicable
RT 4
Postweldheat treated
HT
Partof the vesselpostweldheat treated
PHT
Nonstationa~PressureVessels
NPV
1.S
“UM”
y
s m b u hb w to asv hl i el e x hs efl e iesm
dn nrpse[ pet Ule eCo cs- d t oli mo( nd k
)e
]
2 F v
em os o 8sa fa 9e n 5 ld, sr iYs %
ntt cuYe oe n, k ea 0 mhedil ms0e slap fln, sa d ett aeheh fti s bco ke r nsey e l s l sr
Mi n
p n a a[ p r a .oema tf r h e ;ie rec C kr s U
lne ee 1dos Ls e5n slTd . ( - e c 1
)
—
C
USER
ml
W
R
1
H
E
R BT
I
F
OMEGA TANK CO.
MAWP250
650°F
MDMT 650°F at 250 psi
E
(
s
L
D
N
v
E
MA
P A
L
Y
X
A
M
P
E
T
Tw
e
i s n h s sb pau eee sc l t e es
L
E
E
dr
inspector,arc welded,usedin lethal
S/N-19560
b
1996
-
I
e
r
v
i
c
e
,
T
T
[
used
on skirts, supports, etc., it shall be marked: “Duplicate”.
b nh l
ta
5 e ol ih h / l s T aei Ct 3no s gd n e h -a2h s s y. m. ne b e onur l
Letteringsizes
mi
ba d
at om l pd t emlh dbhea s , t e atee mr t c pac o eyih dm
a e e p, rd se , s s te dr .
Commonlyu m as f t n e e pr a0i o l dai s lma. t as r t i ne3o n1t e li ce2e s .as s)e rnt l b e r 8o e
T n
p
ash l b sh ma w ae etet eu lln e i a dnl v s eeu oel l mda st o eoo sudb ner i t al e c r d k h e n
v
ie i n s s aus ll ea o ti lscen d sea , ot
e dp md nl
n a e ae c nl w
m
e lia a ; qye rs u v, i
c
o l n g t e ra a ov5 bf l ag ,e og be l r ue o, o t vtu
t ne c d
.
s
b sh
t
318
PLATFO
Conforms
RM
3 f!. 6 an. max.
.
30 an,min.
t
jA%’&l/4
IF
7
tiANORAl L POST
ANGLE 2x2x3/8
MI DRAIL
BAR 2.1/4
P
l
a s t bf fh o a r b a mir s is l ce
i n
e
f
c s e u s fis sat
e ir
P
l
b
s
e ec
a c lt t e e id
hra f yiab o p l
t li
o dn
d
f
hi m t
so
h
aota
i wpo
kre e
p
n n s
i n nr
g
d
.
a f t a f b o ri r is mc e as sct
f
pe
o
et
npkd
hdi
on,e
in n
gr
o a nn s l
l
S
E
C A –T A I
c d k
ed
d
c io
n l ne ae
ct l tb ibl o d onr
N
.
4
A f
O
s l
t
ee
I
od e
Clearance
.
$
M a n u f sa c f t hu u r 1e rar e n l ix 0 sl
b
A
o oe
b
s l
af i st
a u s l
m
o
P
ao
n sr d a lb hsr g r
e
d
cn
hpn t
w
a s lu
M
s
pa o as
M
s
pa o a h
D
o
9r
6 # di
p
f le
B
1 o@
B
h
kr
l
9o o $
npi
/ t
l/l
ge
xm
ae
s
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oe0
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s
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$---+Fl
6
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l tt
e i c1 l k ne
s
, p
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e 1t
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.
les
pce
.
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nh rl/ i c
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-——.
1/4 BENT PLATE
or e: oi
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.
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ucx
rCHECKERED
%
aPLATE
-—
oa fe h r s
re h
v
si
czp s
t h
s
re e CHANNEL
n d
.
6x8.2
. o . a r f .
A L T E R N S A UT I P V PE
O
SKIRT
OPENINGS
1/4 IN CONTINUOUS
FI L LET WE LO
/ INSIOE ANO
VENT HOLES
I s
e o h my d ri o occ oa n r e b to nf s h
c o m b lu s i t oi q bg lu et ai
ds s
s
sk
b i hp rr a owt v m
l s i i dli e e tnd
m
o t
2 ui
v w nh mel o cf o nl
c
a ah
a pt i o e1s dgs d ei sbgh8 l rs e
a
pT
av
hr
ehst o c . h nl
l e ae t e
h
i n e s u Fl aas t ilm od bone . e a v
u
c
os ou p p e l i i dnp g
e
r
ACCESSOPENINGS
PIPE
OPENING
The shape of
openings may
be circular o any other shapes.
Circular
openings are used
most frequently with pipe o bent
plate sleeves. The projection of
t
thickness of
h
sleeve equals
fireproofing
minimum 2 inches.
The projection of sleeves shall be
increased when necessary for reinunder
k certain
i load- r
forcing the s
ing conditions.
D
&u
O
Y S
P A
K
a(
m
= 1 e
it6 D e n -r
PIPE OPENiNGS
The shape of pipe openings
circular with a diameter of 1 inch larger than the diameter of flange.
Sleeves should be provided a for
a
copenings.
c
e
s
s
D
T
i
E
C
I C S E R S F ST E
S
c
r
t
2 )h
320
VORTEX
T
l
p
u
i
C
n
BREAKER
o rh v p o b o rr se ei tet a e ek l f eix t m
r u si n n d ae shvsto ioe r r ao t b eel
u
i
d
s
.
q
a r f l o a btn s- a pa fslf ar f d te lequr ue we s nas wt eil o yiet
od i z a m
z
e l t ee r .
F
t
s
l
ex
t d dt i thw
mh
a h
d
oi eo e gf fg e r cr tu ei h v sene n es fsd wsv c i e oe r n lr dt iiwe tn oi gi o h n ds
b
sa
hhfb f of t
ul ote i nel
moudd i hz ea rTm
z hs e l teea ee h itr b o. g ou h e h tv t
h b a o h bu t lno a dod u hi lze abt z m
m f leb e s t e u e ia r v ni er tc er y qha e u le i
ac l r e f ago r rea t ne or cah e s
eo
rn r s
.
.
.
—
.
.
—.
——
—
—
———
62!!3
.
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.
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,
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q
V
O
R
T OE LX
O = D
—
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II N Q G U
2D
2D
#
I
I
A
DF
O MP
-
$
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R
tl
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+
+
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F--i
1
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M
R
J
A
a
I
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>
u
-
%
F
1
I
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I
I
1
LC
t 1 ec r
R
PAN
L
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B T AA
S DF
S
TF
ai s a /pr l t :ob lg e or 4w
a ean
G
L E E
r
r i 1
I
R
AB
TA I
FN
FG
S
x t 1 li i b e - n tr ag1
e f e F r Me Pn ac te “ t: V e o r r cs t. boe. pnx r i ena vgT e On
o
A
u
r u4 n 1 ga
l9u , s 6
t 9
, .
rh /
s8
at ne G dhe ” i
.
n
321
PART III.
MEASURES
AND WEIGHTS
1. Table ofProperties ofPipes, Tubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
2. Dimensions............................................................................................ 334
of Heads, Flanges, Long Welding Necks, Welding Fittings,
ScrewedCouplings.
3. Weight..----ti ----------------------------------------of Shells and Heads, Pipes and Fittings, Flanges, Openings,
Packingand Insulation,Plates, CircularPlates, Bolts.
374
5, Area ofSurfaces ofShells and Heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
6. ConversionTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
DecimalsofanInch, Decimalsofa FooCMetricSystem,Inches
to Millimeters,Millimetersto Inches, Square Feetto Square
Meters, Square Meters to Square Feet, Pounds to Kilograms,
Kilograms to Pounds, U.S. Gallon to Liters, Liters to U.S.
Gallons,PoundsperSquareInches to KilogramperCentimeter,
KilogramperCentimetertoPounds perSquareInch,Degreesto
Radius,Minutesand Secondsto Decimalsofa Degree,Centi-
322
P
S
c
c
hn
aa
Sched
eu
P
da m w
u b l ed ee e n sir i gsga n i aha dt gi tor nr we s e A m iBe -e N
1-n-n.fortt 3
s bl pn to al
A
nei o B d e N
1npy f 3sl tSe as d6 io pI nt l . i ee9 s r p s e
ar
e No.
o
Weigh[
Designation
& alloy
s
‘
80
4
8
...
40
80
4
8
S
X
In- u
side
diam.
in.
side
diam.
in.
Wall
tWeight
t
per
foot
lb.
.186
t
,049
3
.068
2s
g
$
.095
S
.410
.364
s .30s!t
.065
.088s
g
.119S
.330
.424
.
.535
.
0
.423
.567:
.738
.405
.
0
.
.405
- .405
0 s .
?.
w
ft.
3
;
Inside
$urfac(
per ft.
Sq. ft.
Transverse
area
sq. in.
7
.106
9
.106
5
.106
.0804
.0740
.0568
.0364
0
0
0
5
.1073
4
.0955
3
.0794
7
5
1
iq. ft.
lb.
0.03!20
6.0246
.0157
1
S h
e l
-
S
X
.545
.493
.423
d
Std:
0
.670
.622
.083
,109s
X-stg.
0
.546
.466
.252
.147S
.187
.294
.834
.824
.742
.083
.113 s
.1545
.675
.614
.434
.188
.218
.308
X-stg.
“
4
80
160
...
8
...
...
80
“
80
S
<X-stg
std.
4
8
160
-
0
0 t
0
1
4
8
“
0
0
0
0
.
<X-stg
“
1
std.
80
40s
80S
140
...
. . ..
...
...
....
.
...
.220
.220
.1764
.1637
.3568
.3040
.1013
.0740
.0216
.2’20
.2!20
.220
.1433
.1220
.0660
.2340
.1706
.0499
.857
1.130
1.473
.2660
.2301
.1875
.275
<275
.275
,
.
.
6
5
4
1.727
1.940
2.440
.1514
.1280
.0633
.275
.275
.275
,
2
,
3
,
.
92
,2
8 4
87
.3775
.3620
1.633
1.495
.344
.344
.344
1
1
1
.
.
.
3
3
3
2.561
1
2.850
1
3.659
1
5
5
5
.344
.344
.344
1,660
0
1.660
1.660
...
40
1
4
8
...
...
0
1.900
1
.1550
,1316
5
5
5
8
. ..
...
40s
.2333
.1910
.1405
1.404
1
1.678
1
2.171
1
80
160
...
.40
...
.1497
5
,1295
.1106
3 s
3
3
1
1
1
t.
0
0
0
2.375
2.375
2.375
1.806
2.272
.7080
.6471
.434
.434
9
3
5
. .
..
..
5,
4.7
2,2
.9630
.
.8820
. 0
.497
0
.497
7
.4403
8
.4213
1
2.221
5
2.036
7
.200
9 S
.281
9
.400
2
20
30
40
60
.7648
. 0
.6082
. 0
.4117
. 0
.497
6
.497
8
.497
4
.3927
3
,3519
6
.2903
0
1.767
1
1.405
2
.950
8
.109
.
s
.154
.
.167
.
1
2.638
3.652
0
3.938
0
1.583
5
1.452
6
1.420
4
.622
7
.622
7
.622
1
,5647
.5401
.5360
3.654
3.355
3.280
.109 s
.140 s
0
S
.109 s
.145
9 s
.
.
.
9
2
2
2
0
1
0
.177
.177
.
.
.
1.660
0
80
160
...
6 .177
1 0
1
1
1
4
40
s
s
S
,
.
.
W, 5 4
. 56 4
. 71 4
I
13 56
3 74
2 34
9
1
3 ,3 3
305
3 32
323
P R O P EO RP T ( I EIt Sc
S
Nominal
pipe
size
;
k a
t
Stainless
steels
“
2
!
‘
i
.
1
21
.
.
..,
:
.
2.375
2.375
9.375
2.375
9,375
X2.375 -
s
t
Weighi
per
foot
“lb.
.188
.218
.250
.
4.380
5.022
5.673
1.363
1.279
1.196
.622
.622
.622
.5237
.5074
.4920
.312
.343
.436t
6.883
7.450
g
9.029
1.041
.767
.769
.622
.622
.622
.4581
.442$!
,3929
3
5
6
7
2
2
2
1
1
1
80
160
...
8
...
...
0
2.875
2.875
2.875
2.323
S
,276
.375
.552
13.69
...
...
...
...
.120
,125
.148
4.33
4.52.
5.30
3.62
3.60
3.52
,188
.2) 6
.241
6.65
7.57
8.39
t
254
.289
.300g
t
.312
.406
.438
.600g
40
,.
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
3.500
.
S
...
...
...
...
...
...
1
,
...
...
...
.
....
..,
<
3.500
3.500
- 3.500 s
....
....
. ..
X
3.500
3.500
3.500
-3.500 s
....
...
. .. .
....
0
4
4
0
8
8
0
...
...
...
...
.
...
,
...
...
...
.
...
.
3.760
3.744
3.732.
3.704
3.624
3.5480
3.438
3.3640
3.312
3.062
2128
.
s
s
S
.
4
.
...
4
.
4
4
.
u Inside t Trans-s
rsurfac f verse a
e t
per ft. area
t
Sq. ft.
sq. in.
i
c
.
.
.
.853 9
.851 9
.940 9
8.346
8.300
8.100
1
1
1
3.34
3.20
3.10
.
.
.
.819 9
.802 9
.790 9
7.700
7.393
7.155
1
1
1
8.80
9.91
0.25.
3.06
2.91
2.86
.
.
.
.785 9
.765 9
.761 9
7.050
6.700
6.605
1
1
1
0.64
3.42
4.32
8.58.
2.81
2.46
2.34
1.80
.
.
.
.
.753 9
.704 9
.687 9
.601 9
6.492
5.673
5.407
4.155
1
1
1
1
4.971
5.38
4.81
4.78
21.047
I .047
.9840
.981
5.58
6.26
7,71
9.11
11.17
I 2.51
4.75
4.66
4.48
4.28
4.02
3.85
I.047
I .047
I.047
I.047
1.047
1,047
.978
.971
.950
.929
.900
.880
13.42
3.73
3,19
2.53
1.047
I .047
1,047
.867
.802
.716
I
.
.
,
.
..753
..753
..753
..753
..753
.1 ?8
.134
5.61
5.99
6.26
6.18
6.14
6.1 i
1.115
1.111
:
,142
,165
.188
6.61
7.64.
8.56
6.06
5.99
5.80
1.105
1.093
1.082
4
)
4.238
36
3.547
3
2.464
6
1
2 ..753
’
30
5.6900
7.6462
0
1.6381
0
6.6095
8
.5564
5
.4627
0
.203s
.217
40s std.’ 3.500
..
s
)
u
) f
q f
.
....
, .
. Fn E
thickness
in.
2.635
2:469
2,441
;60
...
4
.
X-stg.
...
diam.
in.
0
2.875
0
2.875
2.875
...
1
diam.
in.
1
4
“80
3F
eOutsidt i Insideg Wallh
iesigm
ion
.40
,..
...
3
80s
,,
,..
...
...
V
Po
5.453
63
4.788
79
4.680
26
1
13.75
10.32
9.89
9.28
8,89
8.62
7.37
5.84
0
2
6
4
5
7
0
324
P R O P EO RP T I( E It S c
Schedule
Nominal
pipe
size
a
w
ll
tl
4.500
~, :()()
.205
.’237
,250
10.79
4.500
4.090
4026
4.000
11 35
5.71
5.51
5.45
,.,
4.500
4,500
4,500
3.958
3.938
3.900
,271
.281
.300
12.24
12.67
13.42
5.35
5.27
5.19
12.31
12,17
11.96
80S
4.500
4,500
4,500
3.876
3826
3750
.312
.337
.375
14.00
14,98
16.52
5.12
4.98
4,78
11.80
11.50
11.04
160
...
...
...
...
...
4.500
4.500
4.500
4.500
3.624
3.500
3.438
3.152
.438
.500
.531
.674
19.30
21.36
2260
27.54
...
1
5.563
0
5.563
5.563
5.563
5.295
5.047
4.859
4,813
.134
s
.258
.352
.375
7.770
14.62
19.59
20.78
9.54
8,66
8.06
7.87
1.456
1,456
1.456
1,456
1.386
1.321
1.272
1.260
22.02
20.01
18.60
18.19
5.563
5.563
5.563
5.563
4,688
4.563
4.313
4.063
.437
.500
.625
.750
23.95
27.10
32.96
38.55
7.47
7.08
6,32
5.62
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.456
1.227
1.195
1,129
1.064
17.26
16.35
14,61
12.97
6.625
0
6.625
6.625
6.357
6.287
.
6.265
.134
s
.169
.180
9.29
11.56,
12.50
13.70
13.45
13.38
I .735
I .735
I .735
1.660
1.650
1.640
31.75
31.00
30.81
6.625
6.625
6.(525
6.24?
6.187
6.125
.188
.219
.250
12.93
15.02
17.02
13.31
13.05
12.80
I .735
I .735
I.735
1,639
1.620
1.606
30.70
30.10
29.50
6.011
6.065
5.875
5.761
.277
.280
s
.375
.432
S
18.86
18.97
25.10
28.57
12.55
12.51
11.75
11.29
1.735
I .735
I .735
I .735
1.591
1.587
1.540
1.510
28.95
28.99
27.10
26.07
5.625
.500
.562
,718
.864
32.79
36.40
45.30
53.16
10.85
10.30
9.15
8.14
I .735
I.735
I .135
1.735
1.475
1.470
1.359
1.!280
24.85
23.77
21.15
18.83
0
8,625
8.625
8.625
.148
s
.158
.165
13.40
14.26
14.91
23.6
23.6
23.5
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.180
2.178
2.175
54.5
54.3
54.1
8.625
,
8.625
.
8.625
.188
.203.
.219.
16.90
18.30
19.64
23.2
23.1
22.9
2.26
2.26
2.26
2.161
2.152
2.148
53.5
53.1
52.7
80
120
;tainess
teels
40s
40
40s
80
80S
.
...
120
160
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
40
...
80
120
150
8
w
,
l
.
6
’
No.
4
5
.F n E
)utsidt
liamrt.
‘arbor
alloj
eels
40
I
Po
...
...
...
1
...
.
...
.
.
...
4
std.
8
X-stg.
6.695
6.625
0
6.625
6.625
0
Xx-stg
6.625
6625
6.695
6.625
..
...
...
...
..
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
,
.., .
....
....
....
....
.,.
\
in.
939
~ater
]er ft.
Urliice
[
;
)er
1
1
Transverse
area
sq.
13.15
12,73
12.57
10,32
9.62
9.28
7.80
)
P R O P EO RP T (I E It Sc
Po
.F n E
’
Inside
surface
)er ft.
iq. ft.
Transverse
mea
$q.
Schedule No.
Nom
inal
pipe
size
Iarbon
i alloy
teels
;tain ess
teels
. .
.,.
2
Weight
designa
tion
.
.
8.625
8.625
Outs id
iurface
>er ft.
;q. ft.
22.7
2.26
52.2
22.5
22.2
2.26
2.26
51.8
51,2
21.6
21.4
21.3
2.26
2.26
2.26
50.0
49.5
49.3
...
8.625
8.625
8.625
.375
.406
.469
21.1
20.8
20.1
2.26
2.26
2.26
48.7
47.9
46.4
80S
..
8,625
8,625
8.625
.500
.593
,6~5
19.8
18,8
18,5
2.26
2.26
2.26
45.6
43.5
42.7
,..
...
...
...
8.625
8.625
8.625
8.625
.718
.812
.875
.906
17.6
16.7
16.1
15.8
2.26
2,26
2.26
2.26
40.6
38.5
37.1
36.4
.. .
10s
.,.
..
.. .
, .
..
. .
,..
,
.
.
,..
40s
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
...
....
0
0
0
0
80S
0
0
...
1
.250
.277
.
.
01
water
per ft.
pipe It
.322
.344
.352
.
...
.
.238
Weight
per
foot
lb.
8.625
8.625
8.625
.
...
...
...
,
, 0
thickness
in.
....
...
,,.
...
:nsi de
iiam.
in.
8.625
40s
...
8
)utsid
liam !l
0.420
.
0.374
..
0.344
.
.165
7
.188
7
.203
7
18.65
5
21.12
5,
22.86
5
36.90
36.70
36.50
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.73
2.72
2.71
85.3
84.5
84.0
0.310
..
0.250
..
0,192
..
.219
7
,250
7
.279
7
24.60
5,
28.03
5,
31,20
5.
36.20
35.90
35.30
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.70
2.68
2.66
83.4
8?,6
81.6
0.136
.
0.054
.
0.020
.
.307
7
.348
7
.365
7
34,24
5
38.66
5
40.48
5
35.00
34.40
34.10
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.65
2.64
2.62
80.7
79.3
78.9
9.960
.
9.750
.
.395
7
.500
7
.531
7
43.68
5
54.74
5
57.98
5
33.70
32.30
31.90
2.8 I
2.81
2.81
2.61
2.55
2.54
77.9
74.7
73,7
9.
..
,
0
.
.593
7
64.40
5
31.10
2,81
2,50
71.8
.,.
.,,
....
0
,
0
.
.718
7
.750
7
77,00
5
80,10
5
29.50
29.10
2.81
2.81
2.44
2.42
68.1
67.2
...
...
...
...
...
....
....
....
.843
7
I,000
7
1,063
1.125
7
89.20
5
04.20
5
509.90
i 6.00
5
27.90
26.10
25.30
24.60
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.81
2.37
2.29
2.26
2.22
64.5
60.1
58,4
56.7
.180
.203
24.16
27.2
52.9
52.0
3.34
3.34
3.24
3.23
120.6
119.9
.219
.238
.256
29.3
31.8
33.4
51.7
51,5
51.3
3.34
2 3.34
3.22
3,22
3.12
119.1
118.5
118.0
...
...
10s
...
...
,,.
...
..
.
0
.
0
.
0
0
7
.
3.34
)
326
P R O P EO RP T I[ E It S c
S~hel
Nom
inal
pipe
size
~isrbOr
allo)
eels
Weight
iesigne
lion
t
)
Outsidt
jiamn.
I
~
12.750
1
thi~ kness
in.
~t’eighat
per
root
lb:
.279
37,2
.
w
Mt.01
v
)l
u
I
u
l
50.7
3.34
3
40.0
3 . 50,5
03.34
1
C 3
0
,
116.1
rranserse
Irea
q. in.
.
116.9
1!2.750
1
12.750
12.090 .
43.8
3
49.7
33.34
3
0
.
114.8
12.750
12.062
3
45.5
49.7
43.34
3
4
114,5
.
73.34
3 5
113.1
.
S
2
.
I!2.750
I 2.000
.
49.6
3
48.9
.,.
12,750
11.938
.
4
53.6
48.5
03.34
3
6
.
111.9
12.750
11.874
.
4
57.5
48.2
33.34
3
8
111.0
.
12.750
11!750
.
5
65.4
46.9
03.34
108.4
.
I !2.750
11.626
.
73.2
5
46.0
2 63.34
3 0
3 2
106.2
.
12.750
11.500
.
6
80.9
44.9
23.34
3 5
103.8.
..
....
12.750
11.376
.
88.6
6
44.0
83.34
2 7
.
.
12.150
11.064
.
8
108.0
41.6
43.34
2 3
.
12.750
11.000
.
8
110.9
41.1
73.34
2 5
.
12.750
10.750 1
.125.5
39.3
0
3.34
0
20
.
.,,
.
...
12.750
10.500 1
.140.0
1
37.5
2
3.34
25
.
.
....
12.750
10.313 1
. 150.1 !
36.32
3.341
29
.
...
....
12.750
10.126 1
.161.0
3
34.9
1
3.34
22
.
.
.
. .. .
I4.000 t 3.624
.
I4.000 I 3,560
.188
28
53.4
3.67
3
.
.220
32
53.0
3.67
3
.
I4.000 13.524
.238
35
52.5
3.67
3
.
I4.000 13.500
0
.250
37
52.1
3.67
3
.
I4.000 13.375
I 4.000 I 3.250
.312
46
50.8
3.67
3
.375
55
59.7
3.67
3
I
.
I4.000 I 3.188
.406
I4.000 1
3 .438 .
58
631
59.5
58.5
2
3.67
3.67
4
3
I
.
I .
1
3
. .
.
6 40
6
I
I
I
1
3
.
2
1
2
7 50
8 58
8 67
0
1
.
.
.
1
Std.
.
’
40s
CONT.]
,
.F n E
t No.
80S
1
Po
,
1
X-stg.
,
...
...
....
.
.
I
1
2
1
41
.2
14,000 1
2
14.000 1
14.000 1
11
.
11
..
11
.
11
.
14.000 1
14.000 1
.
.
,
.
0.
.
96
1 057
1 19
.1
.1
.1
.I
.
3
.
63.67
2
3 9
.8
03.67
0
4
93.67
0
23.67
3 0
3 3
3 5
.2
.5
.9
50.0
2
8
53.67
53.67
00
33.67
53
3 6
3 0
3 7
.4
. 7
1.
33
30
94
26
1.
1.
2.
W.
55.9
1
55.3
5
54.7
8
00
51.2
8
47.5
0 1
3.67
945
5
45.0
20
3.67
507
3
43.5
31
3.67
438
1
42.6
48
3.67
08
!
327
P R O P EO RP T (I E It Sc
Po
.F n E
’
)
S~hedule No.
Nom
iniil
pipe
size
;tain ess
(eels
..
Weight
designa
...
,
1
...
1
2
...
..
1
0
0
4.20
192.0
Jipe
II
l
)utsid
urface
)er ft.
q. ft.
[
;
q
l
5
.
0
.238
0
0
4.20
1W.o
5
.
0
.250
0
0
4.20
189.0
.281
4.20
187.0
1
.312
4.20
185.6
t
344
4.20
184,1
1
.375
.406
.438
4.90
4.20
4.20
182.6
181.0
180.0
1
1
.469
.500
.531
4.90
4.20
4.20
178.5
176.7
175.2
1
.656
.687
.750
4.90
4.20
4.%!0
169.4
168.0
165.1
4.20
4.20
4.20
160.9
152.6
144.5
6
..
...
.,.
.
....
.
.843
1.031
1.218
...
....
1
.
4
4.90
3
8
1
.
5
.
5
4.20
0
4,90
9
0
1
...
.
1
...
....
1
...
...
....
...
..
. .
..
...
.,.
...
....
b
1
.
1
,..
...
. ..
. ..
8.000
8.000
8.000
8.000
8.000
8.000
.. .
...
0
.2. . .
. 4. . .
....
. 6. . .
r
‘
ft.
....
,
...
.
1
0
.188
wt. o’
...
...
.
6
1
tVe aI
per
foot
lb;
w
.
....
.
.
4
thickness
in.
5
...
..
,
3
Inside
~iam.
in.
...
...
u
3
135.3
132.7
129.’0
04.6
102.5
01.2
4.58
4.55
4.51
241.0
237.1
233.7
0
99.5
98. ’2
97.2
4.48
4.45
4.42
229.5
927.0
924.0
0
96.1
95.8
99.5
4.40
4.39
4.32
92!?.0
220.5
213.8
91 .!2
88.5
83.7
4.29
4.!22
4.11
210.6
204.2
193.3
79.2
75.3
79.7
71.0
3.W
3.89
3.83
3.78
182.7
~
0
0
.
0
8.000
8.000
8.000
8.000
).000
$.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
I.000
o
0
0
0
0
8
1
7
328
P R O P EO RP T (I E It Sc
Schedule
.F n E
’
)
No.
.
alloy ‘less
:eels
s
1
Po
tion
in.
...
....
...
,
in.
per
foot
ness
~utsidi,
water
surface
per ft. per ft.
Inside
surface
per ft.
verse
0
.
...
...
...
. ..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. ..
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
.
.
....
....
....
....
....
...
.
.
...
...
...
.
....
....
....
.
....
....
.
....
...
...
2
.
I
42
.3 .
0.
7033
1 07
1686
66 2.
2
42
0 .3 .
0,
9023
1 05
7680
63 5.
4
3
.
4 . 9
. 239
4 . 5
. 22 8
, .3 . 0.
t. 3 . g0
. .
1 014
1 02
36851
61 7.
4 .0 .
1 .005
00
181.0
00
2
0
6
2
.
. .
2
X
. .
..
...
....
....
.
.2
,
....
42
,
s42
5
228
329
P R O P EO RP T (I E It Sc
Po
S
tain!ss
eels
a
a
1
2
2
0
0
0
6
6
6
6.68.
6.64 .
6.61.
8
8
8
0.
0
0
C
6
6
6
6.58 .
6.54 .
6.51 .
8
8
8
6
6
6
6.48 .
6.45 .
6.41 .
——
8
8
8
6
.
0
...
...
....
....
, .
.
.
.
...
...
...
.. . .
....
....
....
.. ..
.. ..
1
....
....
....
....
. .
,
I
0
0.
0
!
!
2
2,
2
2
2.
. ..
2
2
2
0
....
# .
.
...
5,33
2
5.20.
5.14.
5.06.
0
....
....
.
0
‘
6.28
1
.
...
...
...
l
6
6
6
4
0
n
u
134.4
0
130.9
0
127.0
0
?
.
)lutside
e
.
urfa~e
er ft.
q. ft.
141.4
80
k
4
.
0
tipe
ft.
lb
1
)
0
4
2
0
wt.
d of
mv
’
0
4
....
....
0 . 1
.
Veight
i a
)er
‘Oot
b.
a
2
160
.. .
ws
t
2
. .
....
....
140
I
i
n
i
Weight
iesigna
lion
.F n E
0
6 .
6
.
.
.0
6 ,
6 ,
6 .
.
.
.
0
0
.0
2
2
2
6
6
6
.
.
.
0
0
0
0
169
1860
0
C
0
0
3
3
3
0)9.3760 .
0!9.250 .
019.125
.
.
0
0
0
0
99
0
119
138.0
C
C
(
7
7
7
7.69 .
7.66 .
7.62 .
677.8
672.0
666.2
8
8
8
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1580
1770
1960
(
(
(
7
7
7
7.59 .
7.56 .
7.53 .
660.5
654.8
649.2
8
8
8
.
.
.
1360.
0.
153
?30
w
z
w
—
—
a
;
i
X2
x:
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
I
A-*
l-lmm
,
q
,
,
,
,
0
mq
,,
,,
,
,,
N
,,
,
,),
-
,
,
-
,
,
,,
,
,,
,,
,),
,,
,
,,
,,
,
,*
,
,
*,
,
,,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
O
,
,
,
,
,,,
,
,
I
!
I
,
,,!
q
*
N.tl-l ,
0
,
,
u) q
,
,
,
,
332
PROPERTIES
Sq. Ft.
K’all
O Do
T
Tubing
I
ness
OF STEEL TUBING
Sq. Ft.
E
x I w
r
n
a
l
hInlernal i S c u S k rf u Tf- rh a ef coI a r e ec [ ei
Area
I
Per Ft.
Per Ft.
W
Tubing
L
L
Ft. L
I
Constant
c
\
c ODA
Metal Area
(Transverse D
Metal Area)
“
ID
.I
.1518
.604
I
I
]
.
.4477
0
.4596
.4717
.229 I
.2291
.2291
.150
.3848
.135
.125
.110
.105
.095
.4185
.4418
.4778
.4902
.5153
.085
.075
.065
.060
.055
.050
.5411
.5675
.5945
.6082
.6221
.6362
7/8
7/8
.055
.050
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
●
6
.1977
.2003
.2029
0.522
.482
.441
.755
.765
.775
698
717
736
I.159
1.144
1.129
.1536
.1417
.1296
.2618
.1833
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.1911
.1964
.2042
.2068
.2121
1.362
1.247
1.168
1.046
1.004
.918
.700
.730
.750
.780
.790
.810
600
653
689
745
764
804
1.429
1.370
1.333
1.282
1.266
1.235
.4006
.3669
.3436
.3076
.2952
.2701
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2618
.2: 73
.2225
.2278
.23(M
.2330
.2356
.831
.741
.649
.602
.555
.507
.830
.850
.870
.880
.890
.900
844
885
927
949
970
992
1.205
1.176
1.149
r. 136
1.124
1.1[ 1
.2443
.2179
.1909
.1772
.1633
.1492
Liquid velocityin feet/second : pounds per tube per hour
Cxs
g
l
S
F=
gravity
w
I
C
o cu H r
Et
X
Ee ! Cs I HyN
A AS N
!T TGI
I
TE
333
PROPERTIES
OF TUBING
W
T
BWG
E
S
l
ness
,Area
/8
/8
/8
/8
1
/8
i8
/8
!8
!3
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
[
[2
13
14
1
[
[7
18
19
20
~
1
1
12
13
[4
15
/4
16
/4
17
‘;:
19
L
I
I
i2
I0
I1
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
I~
.
.
,
.
W
L
C
L
per
I
i8
w
M
(
I
S
L
S
v
T
C
Inches
C“
L
I
I
0
0
0
0
0
I0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
I6
. 6
, 1
.1
9.14
1.
816[~
1.
718[
.1
6.189
.1
2.
( 5.1 3
4.1
. 2
2
4. 2
.I6
3.14
.2
21[5
.2
3118
.1
2.
( .1 3
0.1~
.~
2
9.14
.
81[6
.2
7.[
2
.
18
1 ,1 3 0
3 .16 9
.168 5
. 65 3 f
5 . 61 ~2
6 .162 5
.16 38
1 .16 9
,1 932
,161 5
~ . 64 84
0 . 92 4~
1 .19 4 o
.192 9
.196 5
. 97 35
. 98 ~5
. 0 74 . 0 76 .0 68
5 6
. 0306 .601
666 ,4o7
. 1365 . 366 ,8 59
, 355 . 3 65 ,2 4 2
, 374 ,5 64 .6 49
. 2344 . 964 .2 36
. 3353 . 364 8. 3
. 5383 . 863 .2 30
. 4 92 . 1 26 .8 26
. 439~ . 562 .4 23
. 331 .9 62 9. 10
1 659 .6. 3 6. 0 82
. 3638 . 339 8. 85
. 3638[ . 93 1. 873
, 4637 . 637 2. 6
. 696 .2 [36 4.
9
, 645 —.8 35 —6. 57
V
—
ID
,
l 3 35 1 4 8, .8 g 7 [ 6 5
5 7
28 5 [
5 1. 0
~1 46 1 3 3 [ .3 3 8 4 5 5
24 44 1 8 8 1.5 5 0 3 49
1
28 44 . I. 2 5 18 3[ 2 5
8 3 I144
90 9
5
34 44 1.263
30 53 1 5 0. .0 1 1 1 2 9
34 59 1 0 4, .2 4 1 0 1 7
39 55 [ 16 8. 4 5 2 0 5 1
35 50 1 2 1. .5 7 1 0 1 5
1 7 4. .6 9 9 0 0 9
30 55 —
2 041 1 8 5 . .8 8 2 2 5 2
32 50 [ 0 0. .1 1 7 2 4 0
3 53 1 4 5. 3. 4 6 2 4 2
0
35 54 I.6 8, 6 835 1
4 [ 8. 1 9 2 7 4
47 5 54 1
. . 53 1 1 2 — 6
469 —8 [ 2 4 4—
.
I
I
l/4
20
1/4
22
/8
8
~/8
)/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7/8
7’/8
7/8
10
I
.
12
13
14
15
16
17
[8
19
20
22
I
—
I
L
1
[
i
I
I
1
.777
,
.
.
.
,
.
1 .
16 .065
[
.
[
.
[
.
20 .035
~ .
.
0
0
.
.5945
.
0
.
0
.
0
.
.
0
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.5
.5
.
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
1
1
1
.284
.277
.2
.251
.243
,245
,27
,229 [
I
.266 3
5.265 2
.26
7.263 8
8.269 9
9.269 2
.269
1! 692 8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.1138 . 889 8. 83
.~[57 —, 488 7. 17
. 217 . 787 0. 68
. 3186 . 186 3. 54
. 3105 . 685 4. 41
. 3104 . 984 6. 48
. 4133I . 38 9. 435
. 193 —4. 83 1. 27
W
‘
v
f
S
g
w
C
.
740
1
1
1
I
[
[
—
o ou H r
=
p
s
Cxs
g
l
F z
Et
X
Ee
Cs I Hy N
A AS N
f T TG
I
o
28
1
8
—
49
69
69
19
1
13
.
.
1
1
1
14
81
91
31
61
9I.
. .
. 3. 53
. 5.—94
.[7. 29
. 8. 54
. 0. 98
[I. 0
. 3. I 1
. 4 10
—
I
7
4
0
5
7
00
01
01
— .
m
w
86
8
8
86
92
98
93
97
1
1
1
22
21 4
21 6
1 90
11 4
11 2
2 0 26
5 01 0
09 4
c
f
9
A
7
7
A
A
1
7
1
T
S P t Sa 3- i 1 t n 0 l . ee 4 s 0 es
TE U T E
I
334
H
F
c
f
v
e o so
s a m em l ra e ds n dli af i elm l ueld it m
hpe s raoe s iu d ama l s r d o se
se
o m w
m o l hn dl a yi , avr l me a ge esu t sse eb eur r w lua h sel m
ii l i e s ylpo th e tr i ch a l
l a a d n ih g n s ee
hda
e dd
ds
.
H
S
me
T
b oa s
R
FA
ea d ao wms
IL G A H
N
T
lecy oe lne ssf tds r u e c rt di o n .
G
E
F
o h r b e um t at e -t wtdd es l dns he ndh hee s
lot aeoefr l a lwvd i at gt henh
t g eh e
h
i n et
h t a i ot c s h d k a hsce tha c rteo t r nC ld ePi lnoU
h g a &G3d oE re- e 3 3.
2
i p
r ha
ce e t xh i ea m
cc ni eds e p a h psue r w
i t c sas rl t i fr e l a ta ie ndg ghh et
s
.
T
u
l s he o us n t afgr e la tl ai2 i hng ngfh f eetc l sl hi : pIo 1se oi i s dnf a r l /c ,
h o e 2
f
l a a d n ia g nOs ie
hdnf n hec ed m dhi s o phde h e esr i ca ra l d
s
.
F
f
o h
l
a
r t e mh . t aei t cddsh k a she bah ur et —
t nn-t l wi e se l hd hdes d t aa
n
g
e
.
r
al ov i t l g
On the following pages the data of the most commonlyused heads are listed.
Thedimensionsof flangedand dishedheadsmeetthe requirementsof ASMECode.
W
E O IH
G ES Ht A Tab
V
O
U ES M p A E 4
O LH
eDeb gF o iSlp n e3n e ia s n
SURFACE OF HEADS See page 425
De Fa! S
1e
w
g g7
6
n e
4
335
DIIU EN SIONS
n
OF
S
D=
D
Y
i
h
d
nd
eo
ih
H E M I S P H E R I C A= Li
h
MU
os ed
L(R) = i
nr
ih
x
d
o e
au
r = ~
B I OTS
k
LT
SEA
H B D L N EE
i s ao hi m e med i ts epae h eer lr il c i afnpl s
au d t d i s aso i A
m , de f etS l e &ar M n
se
ha
ed
ds
.
nd
E L L I P S O I M=
D A L
f
HEADS
i o pF &
di D ht e
s eh
fa h
o
fd
sa o d i d o d iA i eu f S sl &a fM nh
s a e u h i af e s o ddrf im
e s n u ts l doe a n
pt re e r s n s a ur l r e .
ci
f sto
~n m u
od cA
l
rof em
i r nu
pdtl orea n e sr s n s
k fi ~ lS l &
eu da
Mnsi
g sf E e
.
t = w
t
h
ai
cn
k o ln o m
em s i l s nn,
i a m l u
mr
D
A
F
SL
A
NM
D G I E E SD
&H
AE D D
1 M EL I N I S 1N O LN
C S H
E N
WALLTHICKNESS
D
14
16
18
20
22
24
3
L(
r
h
M
L(
r
h
M
L(
;
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
h
M
L (R)
r
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DIMENSIONS
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FLANGES
FLANGE FACING FINISH
In pressure vessel construction only gasket seats of flanges, studded openings, etc.
require special finish beyond that afforded by turning, grinding or milling.
The surface finish for flange facing shall have certain roughness regulated by
Standard ANSI B16.5. The roughness is repetitive deviationfrom the nominal
surfacehavirigspecifieddepth and width.
Raised faced flange shall have serrated finish having 24 to 40 groovesper inch. The
cutting tool shall have an approximate0.06 in. or larger radius resulting 500
microinchapproximateroughness/ANSI B16.5, 6.3.4. 1./
The side wall surface of gasket groove of ring joint flange shall not exceed 63
microinchroughness. /ANSI B16.5-6.3.4.3./
Other finishes may be furnished by agreement between user and manufacturer.
The finish of contact faces shall be judged by visual comparison with Standard ANSI
B46-1 .
The center part of blind flanges need not to be finished within a diameter which equals
or less than the bore minus one inch of the joining flange. /ANSI B 16.5-6.3.3/
Surface symbol used to designate roughness ~ is placed either on the line indicating
the surface or on a leader pointing to the surface as shown below. The numbers: 500
and 63 indicate the height of roughness; letter “c” the direction of surface pattern:
“concentric-serrated”.
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SYMBOL USED IN PAST PRACTICE
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RING NUMBERS
NominalPipeSize
‘/2 3A 1
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150
3
2
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5
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5
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67
77
78
357
A
S’1’UDDING OUTLETS
All
1
.
SIZE ~lCK
(BORE)
TAR
B
lt2
1.50
3/4
1.50
1
1.50
1 1/4 1.50
1 li2
1.50
2
1.75
2 ID
1.75
3
1.75
3 1/2 1.75
4
1,75
5
2.00
6
2.00
8
2.00
10
2.25
12
2.25
14
2.56
2.56
16
18
2.75
20
2.75
3.00
OD
3.50
3.88
4.25
4.62
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.50
8.50
9.00
10.00
11.00
13.50
16.00
19.00
21.00
23.50
25.00
27.50
32.00
STUD
‘F
OD CIRCLE
CJMI
2.38
1.38
1.69
2.75
2.00
3.12
2.50
3.50
2.88
3.88
4.75
3.62
4.12
5.50
6.00
5.00
7.00
5.50
7.50
6.19
8.50
7.31
8.50
9.50
10.62 11.75
12.75 14.25
15,00 17.00
16.25 18.75
18.50 21.25
21.00 22.75
23.00 25.00
27.25 29.50
STUDS
NO. SIZE TPI
13
13
13
13
13
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
TAP
HOLE
DEPTH DEPTH
E
F
0.75
1.25
0.75
1.25
0.75
1.25
0.75
1.25
0.75
1.25
0.94
1.50
0.94
1.50
0.94
1.50
0.94
1.50
0.94
1.50
1.12
1.75
1.12
1.75
1.12
1.75
1.31
2.00
1.31
2.00
1.50
2.31
1.50
2.31
1.69
2.50
2.50
1.69
1.88
2.75
OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI
CJMI
2.62
4
1.38
12
13
3.25
4
5/8
1.69
11
2.00
3.50
4
5111
11
2.50
3.88
4
5j8
11
4.50
4
3/4
10
2.88
3.62
5.00
8
5i8
11
4.12
5.88
8
3/4
10
3/4
5.00
6.62
8
10
7.25
8
314
5.50
10
3/4
6.19
7.88
8
10
7.31
9.25
8
3/4
10
3/4
8.50 10.62 12
10
10.62 13.00 12
7/8
9
12.75 15.25 16
1
8
15.00 17.75 16
1 1/8
8
16.25 20.25 20
1 V8
8
18.50 22.50 20
1 1/4
8
21.00 24.75 24
1 1/4
8
23.00 27.00 24
1 1/4
8
27.25 32.00 24
1 In
8
TAP HOLE
DEPTH DEPTH
E
F
0.75
1.25
0.94
1.50
1.50
0.94
0.94
1.50
1.75
1.12
0.94
1.50
1.12
1.75
1.75
1.12
1.12
1.75
1.12
1.75
1.75
1.12
1.12
1.75
1.31
2.00
1.50
2.31
1.69
2.50
1.69
2.50
2.75
1.88
1.88
2.75
1.88
2.75
2.25
3.19
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
20
20
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/?3
518
5J!3
518
5/’8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
718
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
3
SIZE ~lCK
(BORE)
B
1/-2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 In
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
TAR
1.50
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.00
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.25
2.56
2.75
2.75
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.44
OD
3.75
4.62
4.88
5.25
6.12
6.50
7.50
8.25
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.50
15.00
17.50
20.50
23.00
25.50
28.00
30.50
36.00
‘F
STUD
STUDS
358
SIZE ~lCK
(BORE)
B
l
3/4
1
1 1/4
1V
2
2l
3
31
4
5
6
8
12
14
16
18
20
T
1.69
1.94
1.94
1.94
2.19
1.94
2.19
2.19
2.44
2.44
2.75
2.75
2.94
3.19
3.19
3.44
3.62
3.88
3.88
4.31
OD
A
r3.75
4.62
4.88
5.25
6.12
6.50
7.50
r
8.25
9.00
/
10.75
13.00
14.00
16.50
20.00
22.00
23.75
27.00
29.25
32.00
37.00
‘F
S
CIRCLE
CJMI
1.38 22.62
1.69
3.25
2.00
3.50
3.88
2.50
4.50
2
2.88
3.62
5.00
4.121 5.88
2
5.00
6.62
7.25
2
5.50
6.19
8.50
7.31 10.50
8.50 11.50
10.62 13.75
12.75 17.00
15.00 19.25
16.25 20.75
18.50 23.75
21.00 25.75
23.00 28.50
27.25 33.00
O
R
T S
D HOLE
S A
DEPTH P DEPTH
T
U
NO. SIZE
U DT
TD
E
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
20
20
20
24
24
13
1/2
5/8
5B
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
11
11
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
58
8
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1318
11
1518
1
1718
F
0.75
0.94
0.94
0.94
1.12
0.94
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.31
1.50
1.50
1.69
1.88
1.88
2.06
/ 2.25
2.44
2.44
1
2.81
1.25
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.31
2.31
2.50
2.75
2.75
3.00
3.19 2
3.44
3.44 8
3.88
9
SIZE ~ICK
(BORE)
B
1/2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
TAR
2.19
2.19
2.44
2.44
2.75
2.44
2.75
2.44
2.94
3.19
2.94
3.44
3.44
3.44
3.62
OD
‘F
O
4.75
5.12
5.88
6.25
7.00
8.50
9.62
9.50
11.50
13.75
15.00
18.50
21.50
24.00
25.25
1.38
1.69
2.00
2.50
2.88
3.62
4.12
5.00
6.19
7.31
8.50
10.62
12.75
15.00
16.25
S
T S
CJMI
3.25 4
3.50 4
4.00 4
4.38 4
4.88 4
6.50 8
7.50 8
7.50 8
9.25 8
11.00 8
12.50 12
15.50 12
18.50 16
21.00 20
22.00 20
3/4
3/4
7/8
7f8
1
7/8
1
7/8
11/?3
11/4
11/8
13t8
1318
13/8
1 u2
24.25
27.00
29.50
35.50
2
20
20
20
20
U DT
U
T
CIRCLE NO. SIZE
2
m
TPI
D
10
10
9
9
8
9
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
D
DEPTH
E
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.31
1.50
1.31
1.50
1.31
1.69
1.88
1.69
2.06
2.06
2.06
HOLE
S A
DEPTH
F
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.31
2.00
2.31
2.00
2.50
2.75
2.50
3.00
3.00
3.00
I
359
4.75
5.12
5.88
6.25
7.00
8.50
9.62
10.50
12.25
14.75
15.50
19.00
23.00
26.50
29.50
32.50
36.00
38.75
46.00
STUDS
STUD
‘F
OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI
CJMI
10
3/4
1.38 3.25 4
10
3!4
1.69 3.50 4
9
2.00 4.00 4
7E
9
2.50 4.38 4
7B
8
1
2.88 4.M 4
9
3.62 6.50 8
7/8
8
1
4.12 7.50 8
8
1Us
5.00 8.00 8
8
11/4
6.19 9.50 8
8
7.31 11.50 8
1V-2
8
8.50 12.50 12 1318
8
10.62 15.50 12 1518
8
12.75 19.00 12 1718
8
15.00 22.50 16
2
8
16.25 25.00 16 21/4
8
18.50 27.75 16 21/2
8
21.00 30.50 16 23/4
8
23.00 32.75 16
3
8
27.25 39.00 16 31/2
SIZE ~IcK
OD
(BORE)
TAR
B
STUDS
STUD
‘F
OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI
CJMI
SIZE ~lcK
(BORE)
TAR
B
2.19
1/2
2.19
3/4
2.44
1
11/4 2.44
11/2! 2.75
2.44
2
2lr2 2.75
2.94
3
3.19
4
5
3.62
3.44
6
8
3.88
4.31
10
4.56
12
5.00
14
5.50
16
5.94
18
6.38
20
7.31
OD
TAP
DEPTH
E
1.12
1.12
1.31
1.31
1.50
1.31
1.50
1.69
1.88
2.25
2.06
2.44
2.81
3.00
3.38
3.75
4.12
4.50
5.25
HOLE
DEPTH
F
1.75
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.31
2.00
2.31
2.50
2.75
3.19
3.00
3.44
3.88
4.12
4.56
5.06
5.50
5.94
6.88
~
m
3
1
11
1l
2
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
3
3
5.25.
1
5/ .
6 .
4
7
7 /.
9
8.00
f.
3 7
9 .
9
1 . L 04
12.oo
.
5.00 1
6
1 .
46
4
5
1
2
2
5
6
8
1
1.38 1
1 .
2 .
2 .
2.88
T
.
.
98
1
16
3.50
94
. 5 94
43.75
4.25
. 2 44
5.12
4 . 2 54
5.75
44
2
6.75 58
.
.27.75
548
9.00
98
10.75
. .
028
12.75
8
14.50
. .
5 017.25
.
2. 0
5 21.25
08
6
7.12
5.12
0
24.38
12
3
6 30
0 75
5 51
11
1
1101
11
110
1
19
09
08
8
8
28
8
98
5 02
65 2
270m
08
28
58
TAP HOLE
DEPTH DEPTH
F
E
/1
/1
11
1
/1
1
F1
/1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
4
8
8
3
4
.
.
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374
WEIGHTS
1.
The tables on the following pages show the weights of
different vessel components made of steel.
2.
All weights are calculated with the theoretical
steel: 1 cubic inch= 0.28333 pounds.
3.
To obtain the actual weight of a vessel, add 6’ZOto the total
weight. This wilI cover the overweights of material which
corn-es from the manufacturing tolerances and the weight of
the weldings.
4
The weights of shells shown in the tables refer to one lineal
The weights tabulated
in columns
foot of shell-length.
“0. S.” are the weights of shell when
headed by “1.S.”
the given diameter signifies inside or outside diameter.
5
The weights of the heads include:
A. For ellipsodial heads: 2 inch straight flange or the wall
thickness, whichever is greater.
B. For ASME flanged and dished heads: 1?4 inch straight
flange.
For hemispherical heads: O inch straight flange.
c.
T
s
m
s
C
7.
A
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weight of
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375
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W
D
I
‘
E
SS
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
1~
1
1
1
1
SH
3
1
1‘2 ~
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A
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A
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3
3
4
4
5
3
3
4
4
5
2
2
3
4
4
1
41
26
82
30
23
28
34
49
54
41
46
52
69
62
32
48
53
51
67
24
39
43
58
55
10
28
26
36
46
21
38
44
51
78
9
6
2
9
6
6
6
7
7
8
5
6
6
7
7
5
6
7
7
8
24
44
65
68
07
60
85
90
1 6
1 1
78
783
88
94
19
75
72
80
198
299
61
785
12
100
58
51
65
70
86
84
1 1
1 8
10 4
111
2
9
6
2
9
8
9
9
1
1
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
82
48
96
810
10 0
10 6
1 2
12 7
23 2
25 8
14
10
15
10
216
140
163
18
109
126
100
119
128
102
103
103
111
110
121
132
128
244
261
278
294
06
12
29
36
53
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
22
24
36
37
211
12 8
424
25 0
637
26 3
31 9
47 5
43 1
69 7
311
617
113
529
025
145
125
100
190
208
214
286
308
470
592
135
250
274
398
312
311
481
55 2
632
722
69
19
69
29
89
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
49
50
62
74
85
39 2
840
42 4
053
65 6
75 3
84 9
92 5
1 21
1 27
621
227
923
5391
3352
213
243
274
23
30
554
616
828
1 960
7 1 72
437
550
674
879
721 0
2
2
3
3
3
02
20
13
3
23
97
1 8
1 0
1 2
1 3
277
8880
480 1
912o
16 34
1 23
1 9
1 5
1 1
2 70
1314
3 0376
5 8337
5 8499
4 451 7
32
13
03
53
54
3
0
9
8
8
1 04
1 16
1 38
1 40
15 2
853 1
185 3
127 4
159 6
181 8
1
2
2
2
2
8
2
6
2
2
97
96
92
94
97
3
3
3
33
33
34
15
I76
I8 8
I 1525
81 6
1 84
40
2 3 9 4814
476 8 40
2 392
438 0 40
2 8 54
0
2
5
1 46
266
26 8
113 9
145 1
168 3
3 64 9
3 66 6
3 67 5
90
92
05
893
1 93
1 03
1 23
1 4 5
49
40
51
52
53
59
390
192
093
995
376
W
O
S
& H
W
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1
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1
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2
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3
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1 0
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106
124
132
17
15
13
11
109
10 2
12 4
145
161
197
091
110
1~
22
134
145
703
812
193
126
130
I5
104
13
143
262
1
0
9
09
28
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
13
14
25
26
12 2
413
14 6
815
15 0
250
278
296
31 4
33 2
127
135
143
611
189
14
413
712
013
314
151
164
27
257
280
164
135
126
137
268
281
291
320
349
379
48
57
76
96
15
1
1
2
27
39
41
54
66
216
29 8
431
33 0
646
35 0
43 4
618
702
91 6
917
521
125
829
633
717
281
205
258
300
369
32
465
568
731
209
22
359
471
507
408
586
784
892
1 10
24
92
60
58
460
79
81
93
1 6
1 8
58 2
861
73 4
8
05 1
98 26
1 10
1 34
1 68
1 2 1
1 6 6
3470
312
354
4
496
4539
38
36
35
04
04
7
6
6
8
1
837
986
1 79
1 22
15
693
576
8691
2912
1244
1 48
342
1 86
424
1 4 3 617
1 2 9 899
2 01 7 72
00
42
83
24
6
471
514
556
599
532
94
25
05
05
05
5
1
9
8
8
157
120
25 3
26 6
24 9
1876
1808
1430
1452
1885
2
2
3
3
3
5
5
6
4
3
55
38
11
94
78
0 291
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52
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5
5
53
35
4
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1 242
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4
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1
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8
9
10
11
12
2
2
2
2
3
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9
1
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21 0 4
1 385
41 5 7
1 709
61 01
1
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9
1
1
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65
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73
81
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4
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5
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30
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56
74
82
2
3
3
3
3
9
M
P
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6
22
42
36
84
50
2
3
3
3
3
8
H
S
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
7
S
4
5
6
7
7
2
2
6
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5
5
6
7
8
6
4
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5
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8
L
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1
8
6
5
7
7
0
3
7
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676 7 06
: 16; ; ;:
22
33
45
50
65
38
57
67
86
1 5
82
64
45
27
18
4
3
3
2
1
377
WEIGHT OF SHELLS 8C HEADS
W
D
I
V
E
S
S
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
M
A
SH
0
T AH
/
.
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CLK
N
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9
2
E E L
HEAD
L
E
I
L
H .
S
L
E
S
6
H
/
E
L E1 & M
H
0
S
EDI
L
L
S
L
F.&D
L
I
6
7
8
9
1
6
7
8
9
1
4
5
7
8
19
3 2
43
4 6
85
07 0
47
58
78
99
10
71
82
1 2
1 3
14
67
86
90
1 1
11 7
50
68
077
199
12 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
13
14
15
16
218
29 4
1
63
14 8
015
110
121
142
262
283
14
15
16
126
147
130
165
190
121
152
13 1
14 4
160
175
280
299
145
153
163
175
126
148
260
282
204
9
01
23
45
57
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
27
28
29
20
31
16 2
417
18 6
820
21 0
204
334
355
486
417
168
278
299
20
241
196
220
266
203
253
291
208
226
330
340
180
207
216
227
230
336
358
480
412
554
89
01
23
45
77
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
32
45
59
62
85
22
35 8
48
51 0
64
447
649
851
1 73
1 15
261
233
325
3170
4192
293
351
242
497
313
621
3 7 0 764
3 3 1 907
246
386
425
555
649
586
792
928
1 64
1 10
99
75
71
771
933
3
4
4
4
5
3
4
4
4
5
98
11
15
18 7
1 1
78 2 1 67
81 1 1 9
94 24 1 1
10 4 2’ 31
1 0 66 2 52
5
5
6
6
6
05
50
16
62
26
1
2
2
2
2
21
1
14
1
26
7
7
7
73
37
74
3 0
3 4
3 7
4
7
1
4
7
33
48
55
06 4
175
46
68
80
12
104
9
1
3
5
7
2
9
8
8
4314
42
44
4536
58
5859
572 2 54
595 7 53
4
9
6
4
5
1 30
1 72
1 03
144
148
832 0
926 2
, 00 4
. 83 6
. 77 8
1
1
2
2
2
6
2
81
42
04
8 296
6 559
6 12 0
6 75 6
9 38 3
9
1
5
7
9
618
632
65
789
703
3
0
8
6
6
8
3
9
8
9
2 31
2 25
208
282
356
. 41 1
. 24 3
!98 6
!61 84
!35 2
3
3
4
4
4
76
38
90
5
14
3 02
8 66
5 20
9 2 84
3 49
2 329
6 383
3 436
!09 6
!62 8
~216 2
5 76 6 04 6
5 39 9 69 1
9 4 62
3
48
718
03
350
78
2
3
3
3
4
74
96
17
79
61
2 032
28 34
2 674
4
5
5
38 4 728 7 70
50 6 842 8 80
87 6 867 1 80
64
69
65
71
70
1
0
0
3
378
W
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S
& H
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5
M
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H
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L
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1
1
1
5
7
18
12
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3
4 2
45
60 6
817
28 0
54
77
91
104
17
96
19
1~
3
16
19
8 1
83
90
17
111
14
1
1
1
1
Q
1
1
1
1
1
15
16
17
29
2
214
15 4
616
18 8
3 019
131
’64
287
201
324
013
216 2
319
253
276
116
178
0
118
11
189
140
~16 1
~81 1
125
228
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
21
23
34
35
37
21 2
242
23 6
285
36 0
358
481
424
558
591
020
23
426
720
023
267
218
266
215
261
214
335
356
358
409
2
3
3
4
4
2
3
3
3
4
48
52
66
80
14
327
41 8
545
69 0
763 0
624
854
1 94
1 44
1 4
236
236
2460
462
1 7465
328
312
31
46
74
4
5
5
6
6
4
5
5
5
6
18
1 2
1 6
10
2 4
97 22
1 814
1 564
1 09 8
1 31 6
1
2
2
2
3
4
04
24
4
45
0 1568
0 561 6
~ 664 2
5 668 0
0 762 9
35
5
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56
47
6
7
7
8
8
06
70
17
72
28
2
2
2
3
3
12 73
2 168
24 59
2 920
26 35
3
4
4
4
5
57
05
25
45
78
6
4
4
1
7
776
770
875
879
975
87
87
48
38
89
1
8
9
I4
9
83
3 8
39 - 4
4 6
9
6
6
7
6 42 1 46
366 3
95 8 970 6 09
3 45 7
2
5
5
2
1 75 3 1 0 9 4 0 1 35 7 0 7 8 5 0 8 2
~
5
1 71 1 1o 0 7 56 0 6 38 1 5 7 2 8 8 2 9
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
9
1
1
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7
8
I
8
L
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I
T AH
I
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8
2
6
0
4
2
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3
792
13
57 4
9
0
2
6
0
60
070
91
134
156
5
3
5
165
298
496
63
88
1 ~
117
132
8
2
7
2
156
178
183
11
112
156
271
296
31
355
16
31
56
7o
95
235
241
250
372
386
480
415
559
594
639
20
45
79
04
39
471
615
2 760
6 934
2 1 28
303
441
459
173
387 1
673
807
1 61
1 35
1 9
1
2
5
1
0
1 23
15 7
19 2
25 6
22 1
102 3
116 5
181 7
185 0
140 3
1
2
2
3
3
30
71
13
55
07
2
4
8
4
1
39
73
17
51
05
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0
9
0
21 5
23 9
35 4
30 8
36 3
1644
298 9
293 2
237 5
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3.
4
4
5
6
49
82
24
67
09
1
3
3
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84
29
64
00
63
57
711
053
1 496
—
379
W
O
S
& H
W
D
I
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S
S
1
1
1
1
1
2
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I (JZ
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
3
M
A
1
2
2
2
SH
0
/
.
E E H
L
I
4
E L
L
CLK
N
L
E
”
1
6
D
E H
SA
E&I1
i.L
?L
;
T AH
H
M
0DP
40
26
83
15 0
6
98
104
120
146
10
16
12
18
014
90
1 8
114
146
18
19
21
23
24
~17
18 4
610
11 8
023
272
298
214
340
376
25 2
426
28 6
839
31 0
402
448
594
620
666
9
1
1
1
1
7
18
13
15
16
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3I.
S
S
3
/
L
FLS
EL
3.L
A
&I
E
175
17
29
14
16
18
57
160
386
145
167
71
98
16
1?
133
I590
7
4
2
09
16
210
426
622
828
124
11
253
296
241
284
169
251
253
275
36
183
102
115
430
259
288
205
333
360
407
34
61
89
16
33
420
636
932
338
634
249
295
353
315
389
318
370
441
403
515
272
287
306
328
34
435
572
629
677
704
61
88
25
53
90
354
472
49
55
05
537
752
3 917
2 1 22
3 1 67
453
509
646
8011
1 563
861
1 23
1 15
1 7 0
1 90 3
4 601 9 36 7
8 685 7 5669 5
4 769 7 7721 5
2 743 8 6774 9
~ 838 1 5826 5
15 3
17 8
25 3
25 8
21 4
1915
14 8
18 1
11 4
25 7
2
2
3
3
4
5 2878 4
0 8930 7
7 3982 2
5 1034
6 0 0
3 1 1
4 1086
30 9
33 4
31 9
42
48
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
36
37
39
41
42
3
3
4
4
5
3
3
4
4
5
54
69
83
18
13
233
57 8
462
77 00
6922
712
960
1 28
1 6
1 4
5
6
6
7
7
5
6
6
7
7
18
13
17
22
~7
1 742
181 6
1 6 94
10 12
1 656
2
2
2
3
3
8
8
9
9
1
0 8
80
1 9
9)
21 0
2
3
3
3
4
1
1
1
1 30
31 1
1 41
4 0 63 62 5 7 35 5 11 2 5 15 1 5 58 1 53 7 0 3 7 28 5 8 8 5
5 0 138 0 9 7 18 8 19 9 8 12 2 2 51 1 04 8 5 9 8 42 2 0 5 0
5 1 54 46 4 8 92 5 17 6 1 10 2 2 69 2 54 8 0 4 9 65 6 2 3 7
2
7
1
6
2
2
24
2
0 136
20
02
84
66
59
4 31
18
4 14
581
5 96
05
580 6 79
2 0 6 52
930
048
3462
1 7545
2 2528
4 813
7 998
3 974
5 1 50
4 13 6
28
~0
22
43 4
03 6
1
4
8
2
6
27
490
813
336
59 0
1
33
5
8
0
6
3
2
3
5
73
7
2
6
1
32
46
5 68
6 81
7 05
0
5
5
0
1
7 2
~ 0
4
5
8
8
9
2
7
8 9
5 9
1 1
380
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W
D
I
J
E
S
S
SH
1
12
7
M
A
0
/
.
E E H
L
L
I
CLK
8
N
”
SA
E L
L
E
S
S
1
H
M
0DP
E&I1
I.L
?L
I
T AH
5
E H
D
.
L
SS
I.
EL
,
[
A
E
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
82
13
15
17
19
50
472
94 6
18 6
17 0
80
10 9
12 7
14 6
27 5
14
13
11
01 0
29
12
103
132
177
100
399
154
170
179
117
16 0 ~
386
157
171
199
80
110
130
150
280
1
1
01
21
41
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
11
23
25
27
38
21 9
11 4
613
25 8
027
293
2z 2
35 1
48 0
42 8
42 7
726
925
24
532
259
295
242
208
257
273
25
297
359
321
111
137
257
271
298
210
340
370
410
450
61
91
21
41
81
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
30
42
44
56
58
29 2
431
32 6
834
46 0
56 7
51 6
65 4
70 3
85 2
831
130
538
837
246
316
382
358
326
308
313
425
427
559
511
319
334
353
476
493
590
640
790
740
890
11
41
81
21
61
4
4
5
5
6
3
4
4
5
6
60
75
91
1 6
1 2
248
54 8
479
95 20
160 4
81 0
1 86
182
1 8 0
2 04 4
544
8401
3564
0627
681 8
481
49
52
05
06
683
4 899
4 1 65
8 1 01
4 10 7
513
687
873 0
909 2
1 95 5
01
950
412
1 31
1 1 5 015
1 1 8 719
2 1 4 13
8
6
7
7
9
8
9
6
7
7
8
8
1
1
2
2
2
1 6 72
18 2 9
1 724
10 36
2 896
2
2
3
3
4
20
46
72
99
25
0
8
9
2
7
745
709
864
939
995
7
9
2
6
2
27
67
38
08
09
5 18 3
8 21 9
6 20 5
6 ~6 1
0 39 7
1 11 8
1 971
1 134
2 89 8
2 951
2
3
3
4
4
5 51
5
0 78
5 6 31
1 7 94
67 7
4
3
5
2
8
1 50
11 6
17 3
13 0
19 7
0
0
1
4
8
11
15
10
18
15
8 38
9 44
4 4s
1 44
3 592
32 5 5
93 5 0
53 0 4
13 9 8
74 4. 3
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
9
1
1
1
1
}2
1
1
1
8
3
9
4
0
9
1
1
1
0 9
100
11 0
121
1 I 85 1
3 6
3 0
4 0
4 1
4 1
2 43
12 87
734 1
23 05
36 9
1 I }23
1:
31
143
1
52
5 92
6 3
4
48
54
I
:~4
9
4
0
0
1
2
2
0
0
1
1
13
16
18
1
41
2
2
5
0
8
17
12
27
22 2
28
1 5 17
7 6 10
3 6 13
9 7 27
8520
8
0
4
5
4
24
21
28
25
22 9
8 41 6 1 54 5 13 3 8 50 3 34 2 8 1 9 24 5 2 0
8 9 57 6 11 2 2 13 3 6 68 3 94 6 3 7 9 28 8 2 9
31 39 8 0 17 2 015 4 863 4 554 9 3, 23 40 2
381
WEIGHT
OF SHELLS
k HEADS
WALL THICKNESS
DIAM.
/ESSEL
1*8
12
0.s.
SHELL
HEAD
SHELL
1.s.
1-1/16“
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
1.s.
0.s.
HEAD
ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS
139
160
182
203
224
117
138
160
181
202
98
118
144
168
200
76
93
113
139
162
93
124
159
198
242
148
171
193
216
239
124
147
169
192
215
104
125
153
178
212
83
102
122
150
175
100
132
170
212
259
246
267
289
310
331
223
245
266
287
308
228
257
288
330
374
187
214
242
273
313
290
343
400
462
528
262
284
307
330
352
238
260
283
306
328
242
277
311
350
397
202
231
261
294
338
310
366
427
493
563
353
374
396
417
438
330
351
372
393
415
421
471
523
579 ,
637
347
383
421
460
502
598
673
752
835
923
375
398
420
443
466
351
374
396
419
442
448
500
562
614
677
373
412
452
495
539
638
7! 7
801
890
984
459
523
587
651
715
436
500
564
628
692
698
897
1121
1371
1646
556
698
869
1059
1“268
1015
1318
1661
2043
2465
489
557
625
693
761
465
533
601
669
737
741
953
1191
1457
1749
597
749
931
1134
1357
1082
1404
1769
2175
2624
779
844
908
972
1036
756
821
885
949
1013
1945
2270
2620
2994
3394
1496
i 743
2008
2292
2596
2926
3427
3967
4547
5166
829
897
965
1033
1101
805
874
942
1010
1078
2067
2412
2783
3181
3606
1590
1851
2134
2435
2758
3114
3647
4221
4838
5496
102
108
114
120
126
1100 1077 3819
1164 1141 4268
1228 1205 4743
1292 1269 5175
1356 1333 5697
2917
3258
3617
3996
4393
5825
6523
7261
8039
8856
1169
1237
1306
1374
1442
1146
1214
1282
1350
1418
4057 3099
4535 ‘3462
5038 3843
5498 4246
6053 4667
6197
6939
7724
8550
9419
132
138
144
1420 1397 6243
1484 1461 6815
1549 1526 7411
4809 9712
5243 10609
5697 1I 544
1510
1578
1646
1486 6633
1554 7241
1623 7874
14
16
18
~o
-)?
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
5108 10329
5571 11282
6053 12276
382
W
O
S
W
D
I
/
E
SS
1
1
1
1
1
Z
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
~
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
%
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 /
M
A
SH
.
T AH
I
CLK
- 8
.
E E H
L
. E
0
& H
L
FS
L
H
s.L .
E
&I 1.
L
E
6 -
H
E H
M
P
D
0
D
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.
1
1
1
2
2 (
15
18
10
13
25
93 2
14 5
17 6
180
12 )
118
132
166
280
224
11
115
32 9
623
827
100
143
183
229
275
160
109
121
~24
296
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
27
20
32
35
47
~
25
27 4
62 9
32 8
03 4
358
39~
436
570
524
121
435
839
133
637
236
298
353
321
391
279
381
314
357
429
3
4
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
49
52
64
67
79
47 2
49
41 6
854
56 0
67 8
732
806
950
1 14
041
445
849
343
7570
374
460
451
441
47
502
526
647
609
4 762
5
5
6
7
8
4
5
6
7
7
71
1 9
1 6
1 3
1 0
26 9
8 608
49 32
1 050
16 78
1 88
1 1
1 3
2 25
2 47
0
6
4
5
55
3511
0634
95
7
8
95
16
773 0 37
897 4 28
8
9
1
1
1
8
9
9 0
1 0
1 1
8
5
4
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
01 2
1 03
11 3
1 24
21 5
4 2 323
4 2 13
5 3 84
5 4 54
6 5 264
9
0
3
2
0
1
1
1
1 36
31 6
147
7 5 05 20 71 04 2 0 13
7 6 785 6 41 28 6 1 15
8 7 46 43 11 44 3 3 17
1 512 3 69
2 7
3 91
18 25
2 5
22260
3
4476
2
994
3 0 920 3 6 5 55
3 1 62 86 4 5 79
2 1 6 92
8 8 7 26
3 5 8 40
08 2 9 64
4 0 9 89
S
1 ” 1
SA
E L
N
S
3
L
L
s
FS
/
EL
s.L .
H
A
E
&I .
236
117
142
178
203
238
7
2
48
73
08
260
280
314 5
344
368
374
419
45
590
645
34
69
’ 05
30
85
396
1~
61
181
116
498
412
541
566
659
701
686
931
1 87
1 52
21
66
11
670
121
894
1 02
1 40
19 7
16 5
691
189 0
177 3
184 6
132 9
1 28
1 4
1 00
2 62
2 25
6
3
2
5
782
545
09 4
64 7
29 2
923 8 98
1 48 6 49 0
1081
1051
6
7
18 1 7 18 1
10 8 2 18 2
0 24 2
6 20
139 3
0 2 77 6
3 97 1
4 50 9
94 8
50 8
12 5
14 3
16 1
18 0
10 9
6
5
8
6
8
8
6
7
9
4
16
12
16
12
19
4
9
7
0
8
3
3
4
5
6
1 914 6
9 917 7
0 018 8
3108
2398
4732
2 39 1 5 2 9 5 2 5 7 7 5 7 4 3
2 40 2 3 3 7 0 0 6 3 0 3 3 1 9
42
56
50
66
62
2
3
4
5
5
0 39
8 76
64 7
34 2
1 52
5
0
6
1
7
7 6 94
5 757
3 8 13
0 9 77
81 3 2
3 99
6 57
3 16
4 75
60 3
470 6 9 57 4 61 0 7 1 1 0
589 7 6 66 0 31 6 2 9 2 6
188 8 4 60 8 11 2 7 0 3 2
8
7
1
6
3
3
4
8
383
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W
D
I
J
E
S
S
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
~
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
M
A
SH
-
.
E E H
L
0
1
/
L
E L
I
CLK
4
N
L
E
1-
”
SA
E
&1
[.
:
] z?7
T AH
H
0D
M
S
S
5
/
E H
D
]I,
L
1
6
EL
‘LS
.;L
A
EI
&
0
3
5
8
14 2
14
1 6
18
J 0
17
14
20
27
34
104
2
5
8
l
12
16
20
25
21
185
9
4
1
o
150
170
10 4
13 4
260
3
3
3
3
4
1
3
36
49
41
22
2 4
36
3 8
40
31
47
75 4
15 1
67
4
8
2
6
0
~7
33
31
328
47
2
4
2
0
2
291
318
340
377
400
50
08
46
84
22
4
4
4
5
5
5
54
57
69
72
75
2
4
44
5 6
68
61 0
72 4
81
69 7
12 4
19 1
4
9
5
0 0
581
456
459
475
54
56
6
0
1
5 1
6 4
439
553
582
671
684
70
28
860
351
932
5
6
7
8
8
5
6
7
7
8
87
1 5
1 3
1 1
2 9
724
92 1 8
1 40 4
1 87 0
1 660
17 8
1 8
2 18
2 38
3 i 608
2
0
1
5
52
152
16
056
50 0 17
55 4 48
5 0 79
8 0
61 4
9 14
7 13
26
747
95 1
1 53 4
1 52 8
3 01 4
9
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
1 44 2
52 8 8 2
32 2 4 0
12 0 7 8
93 2 6 6
3 89
4 92
4 95
5 $8
6 92
3
3
7
4
4
56 9
53 0
1197
59 3
1281
5 7 9
15 4 7
1
1
1
1
1
01 3
1 04
11 5
1 26
21 7
4
5
5
6
7
1
18
19
1 37
31
1 4
7 7 86 82 41 1(0 0 16 5 1~ 88 81 8 762 2( 31 03 ~ 2 2
16 3 9 11 9 086 9 56 / 9 11 49 7 3 6
8 68S 68
2I 35 5(
9 49 7 24 01 1( 6 426 6 24~ 0 985 0 37 ( 7 01 85 5 5 0
1
2
Q
2
2
1
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7
0
1
1
2
3 732
4 54
5 344
5 15
6 056
7
38
9
40
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2 8 51
0 9 55
81 !0
61 C51
29
17
1159
5
12
12 3
7 16 3 7 14
3 16 1 0 16
2 16 1 5 15
6 016 3 015
2 16 3 11
8 23
1 24 0
8 37
1 34 2
9 44 3
4 1 58 4
5 9 56 4
6 168 5
7 692 6
7 70 7
127
1
1
1
10
38
66
94
22
1
513
1
8 557
2 1 8 92
2 4 1 37
3 3 7 72
3 9 6 18
1 395
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14 ( 2
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851 5
1 7 98
9 8 33
8 9 77
61 12
: 41 68
3 86
2 66
4 05
10 4
01 8
384
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W
D
I
J
E
SS
1
1
1
1
1
Z
?.
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A
1
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2
2
3
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L
.
0
3
.
.
:
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373
322
462
49 8
402
890
969
1 38
1 18
1 97
4
93
12
11
10
28
729
1 8 28
1 47 5
1 6 90
1 64 2
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
1~
1
1
1
1
8
9
9
72
62 8
2 52
3 43 0
3 33
1
1
1
1
1
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1 2
1 3
1 4
2
3
3
4
4
0
1
1
1
1
1
01
1
11
1
21
5
5
6
7
7
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
2
1 39
~
3 0
2 41
5
06
6
7
8
142
04
954
85
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1
1
2
2
3
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15 1
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8 9 56 26 1I3 96
9 0 478 4 01 72
1 0 307 4 9I5
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138
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4
5
401
451
312
384
368
456
447
365
393
424
458
584
12
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76
01
33
40
80
31
92
52
6
6
7
8
8
500
559
5280
6781
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52 7
52 9
612
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775
70
857
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34
561
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643
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5
5
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623
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15 0 6
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17
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2 35
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758
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1 94
67
1 37
3 38
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2
4
1
4
2
1 66
125
145
204
28
13
12
15
12
14
6
5
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23
34
31
44
42
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1
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132
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226
289
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547
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216
245
275
204
333
59
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146
165
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234
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4
5
5
5
6
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25
28
21
3
4
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CLK
1
1
2
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34
37
40
43
56
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8
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3
3
4
4
4
2
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9 18 0
1 16 0
60 14
6 13 1
8 11 2
1
2
3
4
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1 0 77 7
3 12 8
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2
3
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6 56 5
3 65 6
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2 75 8
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3 434
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7 40 5
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7 50 ~8
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: 427
696 0 4 76 8 91 1 5 8 5 i
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817 3 2 645
385
WEIGHT OF SHELLS tk HEADS
W
D
I
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SS
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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0
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CLK
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L
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2
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2
3
3
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2
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11
14
28
21
34
162
410
13 6
826
29 0
166
198
230
372
324
328
620
922
334
736
152
292
254
211
381
142
26
29
42
16
170
08
42
73
01
177
20
24
37
31
44
7
1
4
8
3
4
4
4
5
3
3
3
4
4
37
40
44
57
50
232
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639
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055
466
508
65 0
722
884
138
540
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353
339
427
411
419
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2
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49
82
45
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03
47
77
44
57
61
74
87
1
4
8
1
4
5
5
6
6
6
4
5
5
5
6
63
76
80
93
96
58 2
46 2
6 56
87 8
81 0
96 6
1 38
1 10
1 03
1 95
658
1500
7621
3652
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521
58
57
63
61
26
89
62
86
29
04
84
87
50
84
91
1 4
1 8
1 1
1 4
8
10
52
83
14
87
52
32
87
82
77
2 157
6
4 0 22 3
1 8
2 8
2 8
387
7 3 90
56
51
56
52
59 4
7 4 93
7 5 97
6 01 8
7 7 96 8
7 8 90 1
56
54
62
61
61
6
7
8
9
1
6
7
8
9
1 0
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
1
1
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19
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
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5
01 6
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11 8
12
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9
9
8
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2
3
4
5
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1
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1 7
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2 13
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816 5 3 3 29
8
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850
915
1 71
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1
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98
3
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4 82
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1 6 64
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8
7
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6
7
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18 8
14 8
7
4
4
7
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72 392
728 4
73 04
630 5
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5 6 524
6
54
7 8? 545
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2 4 3 1 2 2 38 4
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2
3
4
5
6
4
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2
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3635
4 2
44
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2 29
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23 171
23 5 7
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1 1C 8 1 15 7 2 64 6 24 3 0 7 9 S5 8
9 1 {8 2 16 8 7 68 7 2 5 5 7 71 5 1 90
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2 : 4 9 1 { 4 31 S
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62
6
6
6
6
25 6
636
84 6
386
I
WEIGHT OF SHELLS tic HEADS
W
D
I
‘
E
SS
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
M
A
SH
0
-
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5
.
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L
L
L
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CLK
H
MD
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L
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N
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L
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A
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2
2
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
3
13
27
20
34
37
18 2
411
24 6
828
31 0
186
211
265
300
455
250
285
329
634
039
164
217
273
244
319
143
286
210
35
349
186
128
257
294
337
97
33
79
25
71
66
92
38
84
10
4
4
4
5
5
3
3
4
4
4
41
44
57
51
64
235
38 4
642
45 8
059
400
54
609
774
858
44
948
43
958
652
395
485
489
488
593
428
436
539
653
647
368
406
431
573
572
27
83
39
0s
81
66
12
68
24
80
5
6
6
6
7
5
5
5
6
6
78
81
95
98
1 2
62 2
466
79 6
883
86 00
2670
8621
6472
1714
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52
55
63
67
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854
98
1 71
1 65
694
728
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78
54
40
6
2
47
13
89
4 55
4 31
7
8
9
1
1
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
2
2
2
1 7
1 09
11 0
2 21
22 2
2
2
2
2 33
2 4
2 5
1
1
1
2
2
5
6
6
0
1
3 2
3
3799
4 4
4 5
5 6
6
7
7
8
9
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1 7
1 05
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61 3 1 3 97
72 7 1 4 41
72
82
83
93
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7 94
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1 176
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1 3
4
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1 18
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5 1 15
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57
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1 35
78
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14 1 8 27 0 1 1 8 4 5 2 8 1 1
18 2 8 24 1 2 2 0 8 5 1 2 9 9
8
6
5
4
5
9
9
9
6
5
14
1
15
14
10
6 11
15
7 10
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5 18
3
4
5
6
7
3 2 2
5 3965
7 3
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4 4565
9 5207
2 5
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0 5892
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7
3 3008
2
43
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6
7
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7
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1
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6
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4 12 5 8 18 8 8 6618
1
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65 9
137 3 1081
418 0 1
867
196 4 1 184
516 8 9
1
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9
3
0
387
WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS
W
D
I
J
E
S
S
SHELL
1
1
1
1
1
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
M
A
0
-
3
.
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L
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L
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2
2
3
3
4
1
2
2
3
3
25
29
23
36
30
19 2
242
26 6
280
34
107
244
392
339
497
27 2
139
437
934
242
186
233
204
378
359
262
210
394
368
472
192
238
273
315
355
117
256
314
353
422
87
26
64
13
42
4
4
5
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
44
58
51
65
79
37
41
45
59
62
554
601
769
836
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346
954
451
068
340
434
442
559
569
446
579
503
67
771
392
427
560
500
649
571
639
798
877
1 55
91
69
18
77
350
6
6
7
7
7
5
6
6
6
7
83
86
90
1 4
1 8
57
68
63
47
07
9 815
2 979
613
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748
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1 01
7660
1 98
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70
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1
7
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1
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14 0 8 20 0 8 1 6 1 1 3 0 6
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This gage system replaces U.S. Standard Gage for Steel Sheets.
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WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds
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ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
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ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
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WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
14
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24
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34
34
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44
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55
5
6
6
6
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18
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W
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161
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171
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9031
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2
3
4
5
6
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4
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2332
2350
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2670
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2713
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2756
2777
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2820
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2864
2886
2908
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1
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2212 3942 4673 4393 5023 6754 6474 710
0312 3042 5873 8593 1223 3954 6784 840
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6522 2343 9173 5803 2633 8454 5184 191
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8243 3373 8303 2433 7464 1594 6524 165
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1002 1336 1671 2005 2339 2673 3007 3341 3675 4009 4343 4671 5012 5346
1009 1345 1681 2018 2354 2690 3026 3363 3699 4035 4371 4708 5044 5380
1015 1354 16922031 2369 2707 3046 3384 3723 4061 4400 4738 5076 5415
1022 1362 17032044 2384 2725 3065 3406 3747 4087 4428 !768 51095450
1028 1371 1714 20577399 2742 3085 3428 3771 4113 4456 4799 5142 5184
1035 1380 1725 2070 2415 2760 3105 3450 3795 4140 4485 4830 51755519
1041 1389 1736 2083 2430 2777 3124 3472 3819 4166 4513 4860‘52075555
1048 1397 17472096 2446 2795 3144 3494 3843 41924542 4891 52405590
1055 1406 1758 2109 2461 2813 3164 3516 3867 4219 4570 4922 52745625
1061 1415 17692123 2476 2830 3184 3538 3892 42454599 4953 53075661
1068 1424 1780 2136 2492 2848 3204 3560 3916 42J2 46284984 53405696
~
1075 1433 1791 2149 2508 2866 3224 3582 3941 42994657 5015 5374 5732
1081 1442 18022163 2523 2884 3244 3605 3965 4326 46865047 5407 5768
1088 1451 1814 2176 2539 2902 3264 3627 3990 4353 4715 5078 54415803
69 3
920
140
470
701
921
251
582
802
132
462
783
113
443
874
14 3
524
955
285
605
036
466
996
327
757
277
608
138
568
9 09
529
059
58
010
530
061
691
121
410
W
C
P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
DIA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
181
J/4
ZE
‘
/
~
82
2532859 365055 4
1095 1460 1
2
12!320
1102 1469 1
82
2
229383533050 367267 4
1108 1478 1
2
229564533251 369578 4
82
1
182---- 2297455633463 371890 4
1487 11
2
4 9 2992
4
1 61
4
1
2 2618
2 33666
4 0 3010
1 41
5!
53
16
2 2634
9 3387
4
1 61
5
5 1 30296 34074 3
1
3 2650
4
i 2 30473 34284 3
1 51
5t
16
4 2666
4
6 3 3066! 34493 3
1 6
5
p
G
2682
4
6 1
6 5
M 43084 34702 3
2699
4
1 6 1
5
1
6T2715
7 531034 34911 3
1 6 1 1 1 17 11 1 51 72% 91 62 031 53 171 43 311 39
1
1
11
52
792 733 7673 0513 2454
1 6 1
11 8 52
892 % 733 5773 9613 4654
1
1 6 11
52
992 9 833 2873 9813 6854
16
1 9 11
52f 992 i 933 9973 8913 8~5
1
1 7 22
62 002 0 043 608
8124 91 4
1 7 1
22 0 62
102 % 143 328
7224 13 4
1
1 7 22
62
202 1 243 038
7424 34 4
1 7 1
22 1 62
202 % 343 748
6524 56 4
1
1 7 22
62
302 2 443 458
66G
2 78 4
1 7 1
22 2 62 402 % 543 168 5834 994
1
1 7 22
62 402 3 643 989 5934 11 4
17
1 3 22
6!2 502 A 753 699
4134 33 4
1
1 7 22
62 612 4 853 309m 42z3 544
1 7 1
22 4 62
712 G 953 019
4434 76 4
4
4
12787 1704 2129
5 2555 2981
- 3407 3t
1 7 1
22 5 72
812 % 153 5493 3748 8 2954
6 1221 1 5 4” 1 2795 8 -5 1 23 0 1215 1 33 44436 4
i 17 ]
4
B 4
17
1 7 32
72”
013 - 463 7703 3144 8594
17
1 7 32
7?2
113 4 563 4903 3254 1694
1
1 7 32
72 622 84 6 34 2013 32 54 0 3198
I
5/16
I
TT
II
%
‘3/16
0 4380
5 04
3
1 04
7
6 04
1
2 04
14
14
7
14
7
14
8
8
4
25
8
25
8
+
1501 2 241 116
5494 7335
9594 4535
3794 0735
7994 i9 5
1104 3 45
6304 0 45
0504 6 45
4704 3 45
89 4 0 55
3114 755
7314 3 55
2415 0 65
66= 7*6
1825 4 6:
25
6
0255 8175
1m7
8 35
75
359
4835 0275
9035 7485
424 4 6
I
2
I 15/16 I
1
5
175
15 544
0
5
15 975
4
375
685
5
15 405
7
8855
25 935
0
18
46
5
3
x2
385 326 996
65
6
695 636 526
85
0
995 936 057
05
3
35
E
9 2m
8
3
6
405 536 117
55
9
605 846 648
75
3
1481 25214 916 25 1 05 8 75 2
0275 2115 5146 708
09
9475 4415 8356 339
a2
7775 5615 2656 969 66
99 94
6957
6 15 559 6
226 92 6 120
3
51~8
426 3566 750
16
4485
726 6686 381 90
3658
936 006 911
8
299
~
3
7
19
236
541
536 867
272
69
0395
746 289
812 24
0659
046 628
542
9805
36
36
6 13
8=
5:6 5896 8;3
8305
12
515
16
8 6 9196 5 3
4963 264
09
7415 2156
9
0a1 7 3 6 86= 8 4
6966 2906 534
96
316
8
552: 1966 72 6 26;5
8
582
3266 15 7 095
%
850
4
7
G
6
6
7
6
6
G
m m p
I
5792 6238 6684 7129
] 1367I 1822 i 2278I 2734 I 3189 I 3645 I 4100 I 4556 I 5011
*
186
186Y?
187
187X
1443
1451
1459
1467
188
188X
189
189fi
1
1
1
1
1924
1935
1945
1956
1966
1977
1987
+1998
2406
2418
2431
2444
42458
42471
42484
42497
2887 3368
2902 3386
2918 3404
2933 3422
2949 7 3441
2965 8 3459
2981 9 3477
2996 9 3496
5
2
0
8
+
$
5 9 9 3 1 6 4i 9 2 1 6 9 9
-
411
W
C
P
ILL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
DIA
K
3/16
‘A
5/16
WEIGHTS IN POUNOS
~%
7/16
‘/2
‘/16
5/8
‘ ‘/16
3A
‘3/16
~8
‘5/16
1
4
1
2
W
W
s
B
iqh
Length
U
%
Inches
u gs o p o d1u t n
n
D
ao Bm i eI
to n e
h f te
i
9
2
2
3
3
6
6
7
8
.
.
.
.
. 3
1 . 7
1 . 0
1 . 3
3
4
4
4
8
9
1
1
.
.
.
.
1 .
1 .
20
21
7
0
4
7
5
5
5
6
1
1
1
1
.
.
.
.
; 2
2
23
24
2
2
3
3
3 : .
4 .
4 5.
4 7.
4 4 8
7 59
1 .5 1
4 .5 2
6
6
7
7
.
2
.
6 .
7
8
8
8
.
; .
9 .
2 .
9
;
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
7 .
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
.
.
6
6
6
6
3
79
7
7
7
R
79
97
0.
1.
S
B
to
8
1
4
6
4
5
5
5
7
1
5
9
6
6
6
7
9
1
4
6
1
4
7
0
2
6
0
3
7
7
7
8
8
0
2
4
.0 9
8 9
:5 9
.3 1
. 1
. 1
. 61
. 31
3
6
9
2
9
5
5 . 0
. 3
9 . 5
. 8
. 10
44
. 4 1
. 01
9:
.5 ~
. 1 206 0
. 6
. 12 213 16
.7 1
. 2 221 26
. ;1 0 . 8 1
. 2 229 47
. 1 4 .9 1
. 32 237 58
, 91 8 . 0 1
42 246 3 8
. 21
. 10 1
43 254 7 9
, 61
. 20 1
53 262 1 :
. 31 ;
. 91
53 271 5
. 31
. 31
91
63 2
. 61
. 41 2
7
1
4
8
8
8
9
9
6
8
0
2
5
8
1
4
.
.
.
.
91
31
61
01
.
.
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.
2 9
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11
4
6
8
0
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.5 1
3 1
7 .
.
.
.
31
401
;01
02
. 9~ 2
72
74 2 9
85 2
41
71
01
41
71
1
1
1
2
5
7
9
.
.
,
.
402
812
112
512
822
;22
32
932
642
352
052
763
95 2
0: 2
12
26 2
90
21
52
82
37 3
58 3
78 3
93
1
5
9
3
1 8
1
1
1
9
2
5
8
.0 1
.8 ;
.5
.3 1
.0 1
.6 1
1 1
:6 1
. 2
. ;
.
. 12
.
. 0
. 1 9 7
. 5 9 0
. 81 4
, 11 7
. 51 2
. 81 6
.
.
.
.
.
4
3
3
3
3
67
:8
8
89
9
4
0
5
13 3
74 :
35
96 4
57 ;
18
79 :
30
20
01
93
74
1
1
2
3
55
;7
8
09
4
4
5
6
5
5
5
5
81
62
43
35
6
7
8
9
45 5
0; 6
6 6
29 6
80 6
80 5
42 6 . 4 2 1 , 1 3
16
97
7 ;
6
61 2
2
. 43
A
B 8 a
n Si f
5
1
6
2
8
3
.93
80:
50
213
914
0. 1 2
4
9
5
0
:4
5
8 76
16
32
. 32
. 42
. 42
52 2
62 2
73 2
83 2
4
9
4
9
7
2
8
3
21
2
2
2
3 .1
1
8
6
3
32
72
13
64
1
%1 4
1 7
%1 0
;
.
.
.
.
63 2
74 2
74 ;
84
84 3
09 3
3 ;
60
1
1
.8
n s
4 1
5 . 1
7 . 7 6
9 . 3 7
1 . 9 7
3 . 5 7
5 .5 8
7 .3 8
3;3
03
783
483
1.
4
6
9
rc l
es d 0 n s
1
%
. 212
. 12
. 22
. 22
1
%1
1
%1
.5
3
This table conforms
3
6
0
4
3
3
3
3
0
4
7
0
I
9
1
3
4
4
4
90
\: 3
6
1 8
8
8
8
9
%
2 1 8
2 47 1
2 54 5
2 62 9
3
7 53
3
1 :5 5
3
4 .6 6
30 7 6 8.
31 1 6 9.
41 ; 6 0.
6; .
: 2
7 .
: 3
74.
4. 4
75.
4. 4
77.
4. 5
78.
4. 6
89.
4. 7
8; .
; 8
8 .
0
9 7.
51
33.1
1
N
ea rhn xn die ap
Y2
34.6
36.2
37.7
Per Inch
\dditional
ua e t h a
10 3
2; 3
3
03 3
53 4
94 4
35 4
76 4
17 4
57 4
08 ;
49
:1
2
23
84
0
9
2
42
2
7. 5 3
.i nHn u Aei N Isx 2 hda B1ute8.2.
gsd o
t n
413
W
O
NOZZLES
W
A
Wi
(
Ne N lt F dS ael ihR aenI ic nngP nf go k r ce ia nd g
fT Q a R ue b of iel r ec n r c k e )
CLASS
S
150
1
2
3
4
6
8
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
11 2
12
25
6Y
9
1
2
4
6
9
1
1
2
3
4
5
900
600
300
13
15
4
7
1
1 0
2 32
264
316
63 8
72 0
1 84
4 6
6 5
1 5
11 5
24 5
32 5
58 5
67 5
91 1
108
1 9 3
1
1500
1
2
4
7 0
120
2 70
3 85
5 60
7 15
9 90
1 30
3
8
2 1
4 6
8 3 1
1 0
18
3
7 0
0
1
250
365
675
955
75
65
5 7
5 9
5 4
NOZZLES
for Quick Reference)
C
S
3
4
6
8
150
300
6
900
2
4
7
1
1
2
2
4
5
7
1
4
6
1
11
26
44
59
84
1 4
1 0
1
6 5
1 2
22 1
39 0
57 5
60 5
82 6
100
1 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 8
771
1 07
2 00
4 11
6 12
9 64
1 91
1 0
2 0
2 0
5 5
0
S
C
l
l
00
00
0 0.
0 1.
R C EO
U
W P E L DI
0 2. 0
0 5.2
0
0
0
9
N
G
2
6
2
8
1
b
b
45.2
0.4
46.3
01.7
0
1
6
4
6
0
3 6
0 0
0 5
0 0
0 4
1
12
36
65
1 6
1 6
1
6
3
4
5
9
5
4
7
3
S
3
2
1
%
3
6
0
0
2
8
3
6
1
9
1500
31.4
31.
961.
0 187
. 3
.30
57
414
WEIGHTS OF PACKING
P
S
I
C
%
E
%
1
4 3
6
9
5
7
%
2
1
~
x
Cu
Fnu
e d bo s
0
3
4
5
5
6
5
5
4
8
6
3
2
0
3
4
6
4
4
2
2
x
%
3
3
6
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
9
7
.
72
4
4
5
7
2
.
4
05
1
2
9
4
4
.
4
67
2
1
2
7
4
7
.
4
45
2
7
5
3
3
3
4
%
4
4
6
%
4
7
1
4
2
5
5
2
7
l
t
4
3
1
l
c
2
9
l
or
6
1
3
5
x
1
i
R Z A
SR E C
HI
I
G
N P
RG A
I I L N N TL A
A
R
AM R
N
R C
LB
AO S N
I
CI E CB
A EO
RC
B
S
E
L T
S A
T
L T OP E N
6
%
oP
.
2
6
T
d
c
o ah n f d
T
S
w
e o hi c
1t
C0 e
et
nt r e se aec l odhi
nt
oei m
t rc Ua aeS t Sl u t rh o e Cn
e
w
f ea
g a s h r i et t p bse er o c fo eneo n tmlt a egn hSe t t aae ilf nr s l
o 15 e p A2% l pl
0u,e 3 m r%M
i
n7 o, ou N m%ni 1
ce , 1k l
e 5r
WEIGHTS OF INSULATION
P
C
A
LS
O
CI
PU C N
LI
IU C M A
U
FDE
SB O
T
E
I
NW E
G
F
F
w
m
e
LF
O
A
c hod a
eo s i j eag
RO A
LO
B
S
SE
AI
M
1
T
2
.
9.0
FOAMGLASS
M
I R OC
G
L
A
S
S
L
R
8
.
4
-
8
neo i v cs r aea il 8 s g t st n d ew0h f el we i d cg%
hs
c ahak t et a lt b i f n snm
, h ogo ri sb d t e e u d r e
-
1
hoot i e t v
.
sc e
.
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
METALS
62°F.
N-octane
............................0,70fjrl Sulphordioxide
............................ z.z50
Aluminum
.............................. 2.70 Cyclopentane
.....................0.7501 Water
vapor
................................. ().fjz3
Antimony
............................. 6.618 Methylcyclopentane
..........0
.7536
SOLIDS
Barium
...,,.,,..,,..,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,.,..,,.
3,78 Cyclohexane
.........,...........,0,7834 MISCELL~NENJS
Bismuth
..... .......................... 9,781 Methylcyclohexane
...........0
.7740
“
2
Boron...................................2.535 Benzene..............................0.8844 Asbestos..................................
A s p...............................
h a l t , u m
. . s. .0 . . s . . Toulene..........,......,,.,.,,.......O.87l8
. .:Z. . . 0. 8, ,. 6 0
......................,..!,
B
o
r ............. aH
x
. . . . . . . .Z . . . . . 0. 8, , .4 4
L
I
6
Q
F
U
I
2
D
S
B
c
r
o
..........................
i
m° c . m.k
o,
. . . . . . . Z. . . . 0. 3., . .. 8
6
i0i Brick,
c fire.................................
d
H
. . . . . . . Z.A . . A.c 0. ...........................
2., e. .. c 8 t 1.06
h. . e.o. .r8 .l cB
. .,i . ha.r ................................
l 8. i. .a 0 c
,
2.ok3r
B
. n. . .z0. . .. e. . A. : .T .l c. 0.c7o., . om
, . .8 m
A
l
p
c
o
u
h
o
l
r
,
e
.........................
0
B
.
p
r
r
i
7
e
c
s
9
k
s
e
,
.......................
2,2
Cadmium............................... S,648
C
a ..................................
l
c
i 1 u ~m . “ . ~” ” 50 ” 0 ~” ~” 4” . . ~” a. jo . ~. ~~o~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ t[1~”~ . ~. .3
C
h ...............................
r
o
m
i6 u
m . ..................................
9
Bromine
.
.................................
2
C . eP ; r m
t l a 9n de ( s e nt )j :7: lt : : j ;, j j
Cobalt.................................... 8.71
a a c ri d , ,b. . . . o. . . . .0l. , , . i. . C, . c. . .,. . . ...h.. . , . . . , 9. . a. . . . . . . . . .2l, 6, . . . , . . .k, , . .
Copper................................... 8.89 C
da i s u l rp h i d be , . .1. .o. . . .Charcoal,,....,,...,.......,........,...,,.
. .n. ,. . . . .
2
06
Gold....................................... 19.3 C
C
o
t
t
o
o
n
s
e
i
e
d
l
......................
0
C
.
a
n
o
t
9
h
a
r
a
.......................
1l3c i , t
Iridium................................. 22.42
ur rCoal,bituminous
,i c
..................... 1.3
I - c a s tr, . . . , ,7. .o. . . . .0, . .E3. n, . -.s .t 7u .hl....................
7p e3 h 0.72
I -w
rr . , o .7 ,ou . , 8g. .Fluoricacid
0 nh, - , t 7. ...........................
. , , 9 0 1.50 Concrete................................... 2.2
G
a
s
o
l
i0.70n Earth,dry.................................
e
................................
1.2
Lead................................... 11.342
K.
e ................................
o 4s
e0 1 n E e . w ae t , . . , , r. .8. , . . . t. . . . . .1.0h. . , , . . . .,. . ,
Magnesium,.,,..,...,...............,
1
7r
n,
s
e 0.94
i 3e Emery
d .......................................
l
4.0
M a n...............................
g a n e7 s L e i o ............................
M
i
o
i
l
,
n
.
.
,
,
,
,
e
,
.
.
.
.
r
.
.
0
.
.
.
a
.
.
.
G
.
.
.
l
.
.
........................................
.
.
.
,
l
9
a
2
s2
s
M
e( Fr . . c. 6. . u. . . .r, 8. . y. .5 . . .° . 1) 34
6
, . c. , ,. .r.....................................
.., a 2n
i 2 0t
e
M o l ..........................
y b d e 1n u Mm 0u a c ird , . i. .. . . .a. . . .t1. .2, . i. , G
a .................................
p
h
t 0.76h Gypsum
a
.................................... 2.4
Nickel...................................... 8.8 N
NitricAcid
............................
1.50
Ice
............................................
0.9
P
l ..............................
a
t
i
n2 u 1m
,
3
7
i7
i 0v0
I e s.l a gl, , . r. , . . . ,9, . . . . . , .o. , , .2. 2, . . . . . . . .n, . . .
P o t............................
a s s 0i u O.m o ................................
8l
0,97 Limestone................................ 2,6
S
.......................
i
l 1 v0 . e4 2Palmoil
r- 1 .................................
0 . 5 3
P
e
t
o
r
o
l
e
.........................
0
S
...............................0
o
d
i
u , m9
7
1
2 i u Mm . . . a. , , . .l. . .r.8, . , . . .b, . . . , .2.2.l. . . . , . .e, . . .
p h c o 1 r i Mi c . a ...................................
sd 7 o
n 28r
y
Steel ....... .............. ... ........... 7.85 P h o a s ....................
Rapeoil
.................................
0.92
Mica.........................................
2.8
T
a .................................
n
t
a
l1 u
m 6
.
6
1,84
Mortar...................................... 1.5
T e ................................
l l u r i6 u Sulphuric
m . acid .......................
2
5
Tin,.........,,..............,...,..,,.......
7
‘ . “. ” : ” + < ”2. ; ” ” . ” 1” 9” . ” po w
. .ho o 0“ sc :p. . h” . o. ”1r0” ”u ” ”s ”
. t. 0, i ,5 .n P
. e, ,. l,o .P . a, ........................
8 sa
t 1r 7 e
ri
T
i ...................................
t
a
n
i 4 u Tm u r o .pd de . n,.........
Quartz...................................... 2,6
T
u ....n................
g
1s - t
e 8Vinegar
1 n ...................................
9.
.
6 1,08
1
Uranium................................. 18.7 W . . . . . a. . , , . . . . . ,t, . . , , . . ,1,e. . . 4 . .S. . .r. ...d,r. ya. . . . . . . .0. .n. . , , . . . , . d1. .0, . . . , . . ,,, , ,
t
e e 1 r S , .w a.a, . . . , , 0, .n. . , , .e. , ,2d. 3. , , . . , , ,. . ,
V
a .................................
n
a
d
i 5.6u Wm s a...............................
Z .............................
i
7 n . 0 Whaleoil
4 c - ...............................
7 . 1 6 0,92 Sandstone................................ 2.3
Slate......................................... 2.8
B
8r
7
6
5
r9
C 2a
C 3O
C 4O
C 5O
C o1
GASSES32°F,
HYDROCARBONS
60/60°F.
..................... .........2.7
.............................................. 1.ON Soapstone
Ethane
................................0.3564 Air..
Sulphur
....................................2.0
Propane
.,,...,,,,..,,..,,,.,,0
.5077,,
O.5O77‘cetY’ene
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~„
0920 ~~~bituminous
........................ ~.~
N-butane
............................0.5844
........................................... .
I s o ..........................0
- b u t a
N - p..........................0
e n t a
[ s o -.............
p e..........0
n t a
N
- ............................0
h
e
x
a
.n e
n.
e
. nC e
n.
e
5 ,
6
6 ma
6 ,
6
3
3
1
2o .r . n, ,4 . b,o ,
6
4
,
.
3 - m e t h .y .1 . p. e. .n. t. a. .n6.e . . . 6. . . 0 8
2 2 - d i m e t h y l b u t a n, e
a
9
,
.
.
,
.,
2 3 - d i m e t .h y. l ..b u. t .a6 n., e . 6. . . 6 0
.......................... 0
.
6
8
8
2 - m e t h. .y . l. h. . e. . x. .a . n6. e. . . ., 8. . , 0 3
.
,
1
Taprock...................................
3.0
0
. 07,x,o, , i, . ,nd,, , , e, . , , . %
.
7
.
0
N
4
2
0
.
i
.
o
l - d i m e t h y l c y c 0l o p e n. tOa n e7 . .x, , . .5, . ,y, , . . .9. , ,g, , . . 2, , , e, , . , , . . ,n, , , . . . , ,
.
xa
.
416
V
I.D.
of
Vessel
t
S
A
H
Cylindrical S1-iELL/LIN.FT.
w
2:1 ELLIP. HEAD*
o
t
.
in.
Cu.Ft.
Gal.
Bbl.
Water
lb.
Cu.Ft.
Gal.
Bbl.
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.7
4.3
4.9
5.6
6.3
7.1
7.9
8.7
9.6
12.6
15.9
19.6
23.8
28.3
33.2
38.5
44.2
50.3
56.7
63.6
70.9
78.5
86.6
95.0
103.9
113.1
5.9
8.0
10.4
13.2
16.3
19.7
23.5
27.6
32.0
36.7
41.8
47.2
52.9
58.9
65.3
72.0
94.0
119.0
146.9
177.7
211.5
248.2
287.9
330.5
376.0
424.4
475.9
530.2
587.5
647.7
710.9
777.0
846.0
0.14
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.39
0.47
0.56
0.66
0.76
0.87
0.99
1.12
1.26
1.40
1.55
1.71
2.24
2.83
3.50
4.23
5.04
5.91
6.85
7.87
8.95
1o.11
11.33
12.62
13.99
15.42
16.93
18.50
20.14
49
67
87
110
136
165
196
230
267
306
349
394
441
492
545
601
784
993
1226
1483
1765
2071
2402
2758
3138
3542
3971
4425
4903
5405
5932
6484
7060
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.2
4.8
5.6
8.4
11.9
16.3
21.8
28.3
35.9
44.9
55,2
67.0
80.3
95.4
112.2
130,9
151.5
174.2
190.1
226.2
0.98
1.55
2.32
3.30
4.53
6.03
7.83
9.96
12.44
15.30
18.57
22.27
26.47
31.09
36.27
41.98
62.67
89.23
122.4
162.9
211.5
268.9
335.9
413.1
501.3
601.4
713.8
839.5
979.2
1134
1303
1489
1692
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.19
0.24
0.30
0.36
0.44
0.53
0.63
0.74
0.86
1.00
1.49
2.12
2.91
3.88
5.04
6.40
8.00
9.84
11.94
14.32
17.00
20.00
23.31
27.00
31.03
35.46
40.29
*vo]ume within the straightflangeis not included
f
w
o
Water
lb.
8.17
12.98
19.37
27.58
37.83
50.35
65.37
83.11
103.8
127.7
155.0
185.9
220.1
259.5
302.6
350.4
523.0
744.6
1021
1360
1765
2244
2802
3447
4184
5018
5957
7006
8171
9459
10876
12428
14120
71
V
I
.
of
Vessel !,
i Cu.Ft.
i
12 ~
~~
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
3’2
34
36
38
40
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
0.08
0.12
0.19
~ 0.27
I
0.37
0.50
0.65
0.82
1.10
1.30
1.64
1.88
2.15
2.75
3.07
3.68
5.12
7.30
10.08
13.54
] 17.65
22.32
28.47
35.56
42.51
52.14
60.96
73.66
84.35
97.32
108.7
127.0
147.9
i
S
A
DF &D.
. M
S HEAD*
A
n
Gal.
0.58
0.94
1.45
2.04
2.80
3.78
4.86
6.14
8.21
9.70
12.30
14.10
16.10
20.60
23.00
27.50
38.30
54.60
75.40
101
132
167
213
266
318
390
456
551
631
728
813
950
1106
Bbl.
.
lb.
*VO1umewithin the
Cu.Ft.
G-d.
13bl.
0.26
0
1.96
1
0.05
7.83
12.08
17.00
28.33
31.49
40.49
51.15
68.40
80.81
102.5
117.5
134.1
171.6
191.6
229.1
319.1
454.9
628.2
843.9
1100
1391
1775
2216
2649
3249
3799
4590
5257
6065
6773
7915
9214
0.42
0.62
0.88
1.21
1.61
2.09
2.66
3.33
4.09
4.96
5.95
7.07
8.31
9.70
11.22
16.76
23.86
32.73
43.56
56.55
71.90
89.80
110.4
134.0
160.8
190.9
224.5
261.8
303.1
348.5
398.2
452.4
3.11
4,64
6.61
9.07
12.07
15.67
19.92
24.88
30.60
37.14
44.54
52.88
62.19
72.53
83.97
125.3
178.5
244.8
325.8
423.0
537.8
671.7
826.2
1003
1203
1428
1679
1958
2267
2607
2978
0.07
0.11
0.16
0.22
0.29
0.37
0.47
0.59
0.73
0.88
1.06
1.26
1.48
1.73
2.00
2.98
4.25
5.83
7.76
10.07
12.80
16.00
19.67
23.87
28.63
34.00
39.98
46.63
53.98
62.06
70.91
80.57
s
wt. of
Water
lb.
4.83
.
0
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.49
0.55
0.65
0.91
1.30
1.80
2.41
3.14
3.98
5.07
6.33
7.57
9.29
10.86
13.12
15.02
17.33
19.36
22.62
26.33
H
HEMIS.HEAD*
E
wt. of
Water
7I
3384
flange k not included
16.34
25.95
38.74
55.16
75.66
100.7
130.7
166.2
207.6
255.4
309.9
371.7
441.2
519.0
605.3
700.7
1046
1489
2043
2719
3530
4488
5606
6895
8368
10037
11914
14012
16343
18919
21752
24856
28241
418
PARTIALVOLUMESIN HORIZONTALCYLINDERS
t
o
Partialvolumesof horizontalcylinder
equalstotal volumex coefficient
(found from tablebelow)
t
3“
EXAMPLE
‘E
HORIZONTALCYLINDERD = 10 ft., Oin. H = 2.75 ft. L =60 ft., Oin.
TOTALVOLUME:0.7854 x D2 x L Find the partialvolumeof
the cylindricalshell
Totalvolume: 0.7854 x 102x60= 4712.4 cu. ft.
Coefficientfrom table:
H/D= 2.75/10= .275
Refer to the first two figures (.27) in the column headed (HID) in the table
below. Proceed to the right until the coefficient is found under the column
headed (5) which is the third digit. The coefficient of 0.275 is found to be
.223507
Total volumex coefficient= partial volume
4712.4 X .223507 = 1053.25CU.ft.
cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519 = U. S. Gallon
cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016 = Liter
COEFFICIENTS
H/D
O
.00
.04
.000ooo
.001692
.004773
.00s742
.013417
.000151
.oo~223
.005503
.009625
.014427
.000429 .000600
.002800
.006267
.010534
.015459
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.018692
.o~4496
.030772
.037478
.044579
.019813 .0203g2
,025715 .026331
.032081 .032740
.038867 .039569
.046043 .046782
.02095.5
.026952
.033405
.040273
.047523
.10
.052044
.0598!50
.067972
.076393
.085094
.053579
.061449
.069633
.078112
.086866
,054351
.062253
.070469
.078975
.087756
.055126
.063062
.071307
.079841
.088650
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.094061
.103275
,112728
.122403
.132290
.104211
.113686
.123382
.133291
.095884
.105147
.114646
.124364
.134292
.096799
.1060.s7
.115607
.12.5347
.135296
.’21
,,22
.23
.24
.20
,lh~~ig
.152659
.163120
.173753
.1845.50
.143398
.153697
.164176
.174825
.l&5639
.144419
.154737
.165233
.175900
.186729
.145443
.155779
.166292
.176976
.187820
.146468 .147494 .148524 .149554
.156822 .157867 .1.58915 .159963
.167353 .168416 ,169480 .170546
.178053 179131 .180212 .181294
.188912 190007 .191102 .192200
.25
.19.5501 .196604 .197709
.198814
.199922 .’201031 .202141 .203253
.30
.2.5’2315 .253483 .254652
.264039 .265218 .266397
.255822
,267578
,256992 ,25fj165 .259338 ,260512
.z68760 ,269942 .271126 .272310
.31
1
2
3
4
5
6
.022115
.028208
.034747
.041694
.049017
7
.022703
.028842
.035423
.O4241O
.049768
.055905
.063872
.072147
.080709
.089545
.098638
.107973
.1.17538
.127321
.137310
.099560
.108920
.118506
.12831O
.138320
.100486
.109869
.119477
.129302
.139332
8
9
.001212
.004077
.007886
.012432
.017593
.001445
.004421
.008310
.012920
.018141
.023296
.029481
.036104
.043129
.050524
.023894
.030124
.036789
.043852
.051283
.058262
.066323
.074686
.083332
.092246
.059054
.067147
.075539
.084212
.093153
.101414
.110820
.120450
.130296
.140345
.102343
.111773
.121425
.131292
.141361
.261687 .262863
.273495 .274682
419
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
H/’D
O
4
1
.2~()&?7 .2S1820
.50
.51
..55
.56
57
.58
.59
.311918
.3YI104
.336363
.348690
.:16108’2
8
9
.285401 .28659/3
.297403 .2!3M5(i5
.309492 .310705
,319219
.3314.51
.343751
.3.56119
.308545
.320439
.332678
.3449%5
.357359
.3697!)0
3~1660
.333905
.346220
.358599
.371036
.3~~8~l
.33.5134
.347455
.359840
.372282
.:{74778
.3872X?
.399834
,41~42fj
,4~,5(j5~
,:]8102+
.393.553
.406125
.418736
.43137s
.382274
.394S08
.407:384
.+19998
.4:12645
.383526
.396063
.MM645
.421261
.433911
,384778
,397320
.409904
.42’2.52.5
.435178
.437712
.450394
.463096
.475814
.488542
.444050
.%)6741
.469453
.482176
.494906
.445318
.458012
.470725
.483449
.496179
.446587
.459283
.4719!97
.484722
.497452
.447S57
.460554
.473269
.4S5995
.498726
,507640
,5~o~69
..533090
,345799
,558486
..508913
.,521642
.534362
.547068
.559754
.,510186
..522914
.53.5633
.548337
.561021
.5114.58
.524186
.536904
.549606
.562288
.571154
.583789
.596392
.608956
,~~147(-j
.572418
.585051
.597650
.610210
,622725
.313134
,:3~532~
.349926
.362325
.
.mOOOo .501274
.
.
.
.
7
.5635.55
.576212
.588835
.601423
.61397(I
.(WI
,61 .638918
.(351310
.::
.Iii
7
6
.283013 .284207
.’294995 .’296198
.307068 .3082S0
.277058
.WvW2
.301O2I
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
5
.63.518!)
.647598
.659946
.672226
.684434
.630210
,64264]
.6!5501.5
.667322
.679561
6.
.696562
.708610
.691720
. -. . .706207
.702.597 .703802
.714599 .71.5793 .716987 .718180
.727690 .728874 .730058
.739488 .740662 .7418 :)5
.66
.fii
.(;s
.(icl
.70
.7.511s 1
.7627X+
.~74’21i
.~%547
J9674?
.71
,;~
.i94,jl i
;,~j:]$;
,763909
.77.5:35.5
.7! Ui(ii4
.797859
.753.506
,76.50.59
,776493
,7S779,S
,708969
.74417X
.7.5.%+27
.767356
77876.5
1 li900-K\
.8011x6
.’W7X(XI
.S08XW4
.
.805600 yoml
.X16537 .817622 .X18706
.x~731~ ,s~~387
.8:17934 .S38987
.7X
,79 .847341 .84X37R .84941:1
.X11(-M .812180
.819788 .R20N;9 .821947 .%23024
.S:30.520 .831584 .832647 .8:~~i08
.841(R5 .842133 .X43178 .844221
,%51476 .8.52506 .%5:{532 .%54557
.768.502
.813271 .814361
.825175
.835824
.846303
.856602
.Tii
.76
.77
.
.80
.81
.82
.x3
.x4
,S57622
.867710
.877.597
.887272
.896725
.858639 .X5965.5
.868708 .869704
.87857.5
.888227 .X8918(I
.897657 .8985S6
.861680
.871690
.881494
.891080
.900440
.H62690
.872679
,882462
.892027
.901362
.863698
.873667
.883428
.892971
.!302283
.86470’4
.874653
.884393
.893913
.903201
.866709
.876618
.886314
.895789
.90502!3
.905939
.914906
.923607
,93~0~8
.940150
.906847 .!)07754
.!-)15788 .916668
.9~4~(jl .925314
,Q~~~$~ .933677
.940946 .!)41738
.9095.57
.918419
.927089
.935313
.943312
.910455
,919291
.927853
.936128
.944095
.91135o
.920159
.928693
.936938
.944874
.912244
.921025
.929531
.937747
.945649
.914021
.922749
.931198
.939352
.947190
.952477 .953218
.959727 .960431
.966.595 .967260
.954690
.961829
.968576
.90
.91
.92
.947956 .948717
.9.5.5421 .95614S
.962522 .963211
.949476
.956871
,!-363896
.950983 .951732
.958306 .959019
.!%5253 .965927
420
PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (cont.)
H
,!13
.!-)4
(
/1
2
D3
4)
5
.96922S .!l(}!)Kifi .!)70.51!) .97 11,5X .971792 ,972422
.97.5.504 .976106 .!)76704 .977’297 .9778%5 .978467
6
7
.973048 .973669
.979045 .979618
.95
.!)s1:{0s .wlw!)
.!)82407 ,982!)48 ,9S:34S.5 .98401.5 .984541 .985060
.9(;
,9s6.7%3 .r)xiotu) .Wii.ww ,!)XS().YI.WM530 .Wmol .989466.989924
.!)7 .99I‘2.5X.!)!)1(}90 .9!)’2114 .!)w2,5:{().992939 .!3!)3340 .993733.994119
.98 .{}!).5~~~.!)!)5,579 .995923 .9!)6257 .!)96581 .996896 .997?00 .997493
.99 .!)98:30s.!)!W.5.5.5.!)98788 .!KX)O(M.!?99212.9!39400 .999571.999721
1.00 I
.
0
0
0
0
(
M
)
8
9
.974285
.980187
.974897
.980750
.985573
.990375
.994497
.997777
.999849
.986081
.990%21
.994966
.998048
.999947
421
P
A
R
V
T
O
IL I A
H
U O LMR IE Z C
SO YN L
T A
N
I N
L D E R S
( p e r R
c e e n olt Daa gi t e at i Vmo oen tl
eu f r m
e . )
L
*
4
2
2
PARTIALVOLUMESIN ELLIPSOIDALHEADSANDSPHERES
D
I
Partial volumesof ellipsoidalheads and spheres
= total volume x coefficient (in the table
below)
EXAMPLE:
D = 10ft., Oin.
H = 2.75 ft.
Find the partial volume of (2) 2:1 ellipsoidal
heads of a horizontalvessel. The total volume
of the two heads:
O2618 XD3 = O2618 X 103 = 261.8 CU.ft.
,Oe;ficientfromtable
0.0
Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal
Headson Horizontal
Vessel
Total Volume: 0.2618 D3
QAQ
Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal
Headson Vertical
Vessel
Total Volume= 2.0944 D3
HID= 2.75/10= .275
Refer to the first two figures (.27) in the
column headed (H/D) in the table below. Proceed to the right until the coefficientis found
under the column headed (5) which is the
third digit. The coefficient of .275 is found
to be .185281
Total volumex coefficient= partialvolume
261.8X .185281= 48.506 CU.ft.
cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519= U.S.Gallon
cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016= Liter
O.u
Sphere
Total Volume= 0.5236 D3
COEFFICIENTS
1/D
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
2
3
4
7
s
1
9
5
6
O
.0000oO.000003.~~lz .ooO02i.ooOOM.000075.000108.000146.000191.000242
.000298.oao360.0004Z9.~503 .000583.00066S.000760.00085T
.0009~ .001069
.001184.001304.001431.m15G~.0017m .001844.001993.00’2143
.002308.002474
.002646.~~szs .003006.0031%.0033R9.003589.00379.5.m~~ .004zzz.004444
.004672.WMN15
.00514~.ms:~~~.00.5638.005893.006153.006-i19
.006691.006968
.007250.00753S.OM’831.008129.008433.008742.009057.009377.009702.010032
.
.
.
.
.010368.010709.01105.5.01lM7 .011764,
.
.
.09
.018176
.022842
.01!3620 .019069
.023336 .023835
.0195~:3 .019983
.0243:]S .024847
.020447 .020916
.025360” .025879
.021390 .021869 .022353
.026402 .026930 .027462
.10
.028000
.028542
.029642
.030760
.031326
.031897 .032473
.141883 .142969 .144059
.146Z18 .147347
1:18042 1:;9719
14!)554 .150663
,140799
.145152
.08
.
.029090
.
.
.
.030198
.
.
.
.
.033053
,
.24
.137.56S
.148449
423
P
A
R
V
ILIN ELLIPSOIDAL
A
U
L
M
E HEADS
S
A
T
O
SPHERESN
D
COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
H/D
O
1
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
,17~~~9
.184086
.19615,5
.2084s4
.161912
.1734.56
.18.5281
.197377
.2097:30
.163054
.174626
.186479
.198601
.210979
.164198
.17.5799
.187679
.199827
.’212231
.165345
.176974
.188S82
.201056
.21348.5
.166495
.1781.53
.190088
.20228S
.214741
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.26
.27
.28
.29
.15625(3 .157376
.167648 .168804
.179334
.191’296
.203<522
1.5X5(X3
. 16!I!W3
. 1s1705
J937Z()
,~0599~
.
.31
.32
.33
,:{4
.228718
.2416CA
.254826
.~fj~lgz
.
.
.
.
.
.218526
.~:]1289
.244280
.257483
.270889
.258815
.272240
.35
.36
.37
<38
.39
.281750
.295488
.309394
.323456
.337662
.283116
.296871
.310793
.324870
.339090
.284484
.298256
.312194
.326286
.340519
.285853
.299643
.313597
.327703
.341950
.287224
.201031
.31504)1
.329122
.343382
.288597
.302421
.316406
.330542
.344815
.289972
.303812
.317813
.331963
.346250
.291348
.305205
.319222
.333386
.347685
.292727
.306600
.320632
.334810
.349122
.294106
.307996
.322043
.336235
.350561
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.352000
.366458
.381024
.395686
.410432
.353441
.36791O
.382486
.397157
.411911
.354882
.369363
.383949
.398629
.413390
.356325
.370817
.395413
.400102
.414870
.357769
.372272
.386878
.401575
.416351
.359215
.373728
.388344
.403049
.417833
.3fXM61
.375185
.389810
.404524
.419315
.362109
.376644
.391278
.40f3000
.420798
:363557
.378103
.392746
.407477
.422281
.365007
.379563
.394216
.408954
.423765
.
.
.
.
.
.426735
.441619
.456.549
.471514
.486501
.428221
.443110
.458044
.473012
.488001
.429708
.444601
.459539
.474510
.489501
.431195
.446093
.461035
.476008
.491000
.432682
.447586
.462531
.477507
.492500
.434170
.449079
.464028
.479005
.494000
,435659
.450572
.465524
.480504
.495500
.437148 .438638
.452066 .453560
.467021 .468519
.482003 .483503
.4970W3 .498500
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.500000
.514998
.529984
.544946
.559872
.501500
.516497
.531481
.546440
.561362
.503000
.517997
.532979
.547934
.562852
.504500
.519496
.534476
.549428
.564341
.506000
.520995
.535972
.550921
.565830
.507500
.522493
.537469
.552414
.567318
.509000
.523992
.538965
.553907
.568805
.510499
.525490
.540461
.555399
.570292
.511999
.526988
.541956
.556890
.571779
.513499
.528486
.543451
.558381
.573265
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
.574750
.58956S
.604314
.618976
.633542
.576235
.591046
.605784
.620437
.634993
.577719
.592523
.607254
.621897
.636443
.579202
.594000
.608722
.623356
.637891
.580685
.595476
.610190
.624815
.639339
.582167
.596951
.611656
.626272
.640785
.583649
.598425
.613122
.627728
.642231
.5S5130
.599898
.614587
.629183
.643675
..586610
.601371
.616051
.630637
.645118
.588089
.602843
.617514
.632090
.646559
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.648000
.662338
.676544
.690606
.704512
.649439
.66376.5
.677957
.692~4
.705894
.650878
.665190
.679368
.693400
.707273
.652315
.666614
.680778
.694795
.708652
.653750
.668037
.682187
.696188
.710028
.655185
.669458
.683594
.697579
.711403
.656618
.670878
.684999
.698969
.712776
.658050
.672297
.686403
.700357
.714147
.659481
.673714
.687806
.701744
.715,516
.660910
.675130
.689207
.703129
.716884
.723695
.737178
.750464
.763541
.776396
.725052
.738516
.751781
.764837
.777669
.726407
.739851
.753096
.766130
778940
.727760
.741185
,754410
,767422
.780208
,729111
.742517
.755720
.768711
.781474
.730461
.743846
.757029
,769997
,
.
19792
.232578
.
.720976
.734497
.747823
.760943
.773843
.
.
.
.
f
.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
.784000
796478
.808704
.820666
.83235’2
.78.5259
.797712
.809912
.821847
.833505
.786515
.798944
.811118
.823026
.834655
.787769
.800173
,812321
.824201
.835802
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
.843750
.854848
.865634
.876096
.886222
.844873
.85.594r
.866695
.877124
.887216
.845994
.857031
.867753
.878148
.88S206
.
.
.
.
.
.848226
.859201
.869858
.880187
.890176
.849337
.860281
.870906
.881202
.891155
.850446
.861358
.871951
.882213
.892131
.851551
.862432
.872992
.883220
.893104
.852653
.863502
.874030
.884224
.894073
.853752
.864570
.875065
,885225
.895038
.80
.81
.8z
.83
.84
.896000
.905418
.914464
.923126
.931392
.896958
.906340
.915348
.923971
.93~19f3
.897913
.907257
.898864
.908171
.917103
.925648
.933793
.899811
.909082
.917976
.926481
.934585
.900755
.909988
.918844
.927309
.935373
.901695
.910891
.919708
.928134
.936157
.902631
.911790
.920568
,928954
.9369:36
.903564
.912685
.921425
.929771
.93771’2
.90449:1
.913576
.922277
.930584
.938483
424
PARTIALVOLUMESIN ELLIPSOIDALHEADSANDSPHERES
COEFFICIENTS(Cont.)
H/D
.S(}
.{\ i
O
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
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.99
1,001
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.9!).5:VZ3 .~q.5.5.56
.9973.54 .997.526
.!-)9s816 .998931
.999702 .!J9W’5S
,()()(XM)O
.!)93:;09
.!)9.5778
.99769z
.!)99040
.!)99809
4
6
5
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.
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.
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.
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.9{19143
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.9s71 ;\.; .9s7507 .!)S7S74 ,f)SS2:3[i.{)8,WJ9:1.9%S94.j
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.999417 .999497 .9!W.J71 .999(L!O
.999952 ,!10!)!)73 .WW9N3 .999997
425
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10
.
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X
I
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.
11
427
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
This systemhas the advantagethatit is a coherentsystem.Eachquantityhasonlyone
unitandall baseunitsare relatedto eachother.Thefractionsandmultiplesoftheunits
are made in the decimal system.
U
O M
M
symbol
m
unit
Length
Area
Volume
Weight/massl
Time
Temperature
meter
meter2
meter 3
gram
second
degree Celsius
equivalent of
39.37 in
1.196 sq.yard
1.310 cu.yard
0.035 Oz
second
O“C = 32°F
100”C = + 212°F
MUL~PLES AND FRACTIONSOF UNITS
S
y
prefix
b
o
m
m
m
c
d
d
h
k
m
m
c
d
D
h
k
M
I l Unit Multiplied by
i
k
i
e
n
n
e
e
e
k
i
e
]r
1
1t
1
c
k 1
1
t
l 1
g 1
i
i
i
a
o
o
a
)
0
0
0
EXAMPLE:Unit of weightis gram; 1000 gram is one kilogram,1 kg
1,000m= 1 kilometer,km
MEASURESOF LENGTH
UNIT: METER, m
z
I
*1 decimeter, dm = O.lm
Z ~ 1 centimeter, cm = 0.01 m
gs
~ ~ 1 millimeter, mm = 0.001 m
*not used in practice
N
I
o(
0
0
0
a
i.
l6
3s
m
l
t .h o u
h . u n d2
1
t e
t
0
h
u
n 2
t
h
o 3u
m
i
l 6
i
o
a
r
n
e
d
n
e
r
s
l
a
i
428
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
T
LLJ
1,()()0,000m2 = I
= I
< ~
= 1
a*
MEASURESOF AREA
UNIT: SQUARE METER, m2
2
o+
r ~
~ -J
~ L
L o
*I sq. decimeter, dm2 = 0.01 m2
1 sq. centimeter, cm2 = 0.0001m2
1 sq. millimeter, mm2 = 0.000,001m2
i p
r
a
c
t
i
c n e
MEASURES OF VOLUME
UNIT: CUBIC METER. m3
1 hectoliter, hl =
1 liter, 1 =
cu. centimeter =
cu. millimeter =
1
O.lm~
0.001m3
0.000,001m3
0.000,000,001m3
g= 1t
t
100,000 g = 1 quintal, q
1,000 g = 1 kilogram, kg
10 g = 1 dekagram, dg
$I ~
G
~~
~ ~
1
L
E
o~
G ~
~ -J
&L
MEASURES OF WEIGHT
UNIT: GRAM, g
centigram, cg = 0.01 g
milligram, mg = 0.001 g
429
4
M
S
O M
,
M
k
m
1 km
l
~
1c
1m
I
1m
E
A OS LU
d
c
R
E
EN S
mm
p
G
T F H
mm
m
m
1
m
&
1
1 0
1
1
1 0
1
p 0
1 0 .
- 2 104
1 107
m1 0 - 5 1
1 0 - 6 10 - 3 1
- 21
10
1 0 - m
1 0 - . 1 0 - 9 1 0 - 6 10 - 5 1
- 4
1
10
p
1
0
0
30
-
MEASURES OF AREA
k
h
ma
1k
1 ha
l
1
1m
10
1
0
10-’
1 m
1
1 0
1
1
1
1m0
01m
010-10
m
1d
1c
1m
1
M
m
1m
1 hl
1
1 d
1c
1m
1
10-1
It
lq
1 kg
1 dg
lg
1 Cg
1 mg
1
1
1
1
1
1
m10
m10
m1 0
1
10-1
10-3
10-5
10-6
10-8
10-9
01’
-
1
-
1
a
01
201
201
4 1
. 6 1
01
01
m
40 0
6
201010
01
40
20
1
a
21 0
1 0 1 0 - 1z 0 - 8 1 0
-1 0
1 ]z 0 - 0 (1
1
1 12 0 2 1 0
- 41
201 0
- 6 102 -. 4 1
2
. 8) 1 0 6- 1
- 4
- 1 0 - 8 10 - 6
E
EL S
A OS VU
1
1
h
10
t
1
1
2
d 3
3
1
0
1- 1
R
O
01- s
10- s
10 - J
U
M F
6
40
4 20
0
20
- 4
E
3 m
3 0
3
1
m
l m m
1 33 0
0 1( 0
1
0
2
5
3
1- 3
1 -3
1 0-6
1 0- 9
c
m
1 8
1(
1 2
1
1 2
10 .5
1 0 -8
1(
1 -3
10 - 6
MEASURESOF WEIGHT
dg
kg
g
~
105
106
103
10
105
102
104
1
102
103
10-2
1
10.4 10-2
10
1
10-5 10-3 10-1
1
10-7 10-5 10-3 10-’2
10-8 10-6 10-4 10-3
Cg
108
107
105
103
102
1
10-1
1 32
0
0
0
0
3
0
3 0
-6
mg
109
108
106
104
103
10
1
EXAMPLE CALCULATION
Weight of the water in a cylindrical vessel of 2,000 mm inside diameter and
10,000 mm length:
3.1416 x 1,0002 x 10,000 = 31,416,000,000 mm3
31,416 liter, 1
31.416 cu. meter, m
31416 kilogram, kg
(The weight of one liter of pure water at the maximum
density (4”C) equals one kilogram.)
6
3
3
430
METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
RECOMMENDED
PRESSUREVESSELDIAMETERS
Diameter in
millimeters
Diameter
in inches
630
800
24-30
36
42-48
54-60
1,000
1,250
Diameter
in inches
Diameter in
millimeters
66-72
78-90
96-120
126-156
1,600
2,000
2,500
3,150
RECOMMENDED
TANKDIAMETERS
,
Diameters
in API feet
Diameters
in meters
Diameters
in API feet
Diameters
in meters
10
15
20
25
30
35-40
45-50
60
3.15
4.00
5.00
6.30
8.00
10.00
12.50
16.00
70-80
90-100
120
140-163
180-200
220-240
260-300
20.00
25.00
31.50
40.00
50.00
63.00
80.00
The recommendeddiameters are based on a geometricprogression,called Renard
Series(R1O)of PreferredNumbers.*
Dimensionson drawingsshall be expressedin millimeters.The symbolfor millimee n r n ib e s o
odh eot )d o r da w
Hw
ht oei n tw
n f gen o esv l . r el h ro
ters, mm (no p
s
b hs
D
i
m
oah t
ea n
s5 bd i
d ol a
,wm
r w
l aA
h w
e D
ni In M
ng LE
es N
: A S II OM
L NI LSR L I M E T EE
o ii onm s ig lv l i mi em t ea txs e pyrin rsm eeb ts ese1r e s 1dm
( e 0.
Scales @Metric Drawings: enlarging the object, 2, 5, 10, 20 times reducing the
object in proportion of 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000
a i with
k Metric,
i
The
n National
g
Board
t
of Boiler and Pressure
* Reference: M
Vessel Inspectors.
g
0
2
v
1
i
I
I
1
431
’32
433
434
I
t
I
II
II
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
435
436
.
I
I
2
II
I
II
II
I
t
II
I
I 00
-
r
4
m
‘]“
T ‘“
*
A
G
I
-
-
0
r-l
Oulclcnm
0
-
w)
0
0
e
-me
c
437
-F
i
0
0
0
0
w, @ r- m m
0
0
438
—
1
I
h
—
—
—
*
—
m
—
N
—
.
t
5
i
439
440
I
1
.
1
r
:
I
t
1
I
1
I
441
CONVERSION TABLE – DEGREE
D
E
GT
1 DEGREE = +
—
1
1
0.0174533
0.0349066
0.0523599
0,06981
32
i2
;3
;4
5
6
7
8
9
0.0872665
0.10471
98
0.1221730
0.1396263
;5
;6
57
58
59
0
0
0
.
,
.
e
w
2
2
2
70
71
072 9
273 6
474 4
4
8
3
3
9
4
135
9
136
S
6 137
0
138
139
0
0
0
20
21
22
23
24
0.3490659
0.366S1
91
0.3839724
0.4014257
0.4188790
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
25
26
27
28
29
0.4363323
0.4537856
0.47123
89
0.4886922
0.50614
S5
85
86
87
88
89
30
31
32
33
34
0.5235988
0.5410521
0.5585054
0.5759587
0.5934119
90
91
92
93
94
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
1s3
154
35
36
37
38
39
0.6108652
0,62831
85
0.6457718
0,6632251
0.6806784
0.6981317
0.715S850
0,73303
83
0.7504916
0,7679449
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
0,7853982
0.8028515
0.8203047
0,8377580
0.8552113
0.8726646
0.89011
79
0.9075712
0.9250245
0,9424778
05
06
07
08
’09
‘lo
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
.
2 75 6
2 76 7
2
977 6
0,3141593
0,3316126
1
9
7
7
2
0
A
E
e
E
D
s— M
o
1
125
[26
127
128
129
130
131
9 132
5
2 133
8
134
6
1
15
16
17
18
19
.9
.2
e
120°
121
122
[23
[24
0
2
3
4
[0
11
12
13
14
D
R
SI
A
NO
i
n
uS
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
—
—
4
7
180
—
—
—
te
ec
so
~
175
176
177
178
179
0.95993
.09773844
0.9948377
1.01229
S
= 0.01745 RADIANS
0
0
0
,
0
0
442
C
T
R
1 R
R
a
d
A
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
n
’
’29“.6
171053
’14“.4
229010’39“.2
DT
= ~D
i Tenths
a
1
2
A
DI
=I 5
A
E
A7
G
N
’
5
E
EO
R7
o ~’
6
S
8E
E
S
Ten-
Thousandths
t
j
I 0 8’41”.3
1043‘Q7“.9
00 6‘52”, 5
O010‘!8
6
2
1
O0 0
“.6
00 0’41“.3
1
f
5
1
I1
3
1I
R
S
.N
D 2 E 9 G5
siiundrcdths
11027‘33“. O
1701I ‘19“. 4
114035
– D
O
2
8
1
O
E
1
2
X
A
C
S
M
o
P
L
E
S
h 8 a 2 3n t 7gr.
6 ea 4 d °
i ’ ”a o n
l Fu t t i r oo a o n po: b p
ol m s a ei
tn ge
8
26’
3
3
=
=
=
=7
1
0
0
. 75
. 0
. 40
14 6 .
1 r 8 a 4 03d
0 r 7 a5 6d
0 r 0 a1 ”6d
27 r0 6 sa 1 ’ 6d
~
2
C
S
h 1 a . r n 5a t g. dd2 eie 6
o l Fu t t i r ao a n bo: b
1
0
0
0
0
a =
. =
=
.
.
0 =
=0
.
0
1
.
r
5
5
5d 1 i 4
2
3 5
01 8 4
00 2 3
0 0o 4
=2 8
= 8
86
2
5i 4 a
3i 1 a
4i 8 a
n
n
n
s
s
s
4i 3 a
n
s
ag 2 nr
o lm
5
2
6
2
a 47 n782 8
5
7 0
1
2 2
4
26
31
71 6
se
v e
8
.
.
.
.
e o s
e
0 t >
°4
30
6°
30
.
.
’
’
”
’ ”
’ ”
’ ”
°4 ’
04 ’
°
”
443
CONVERSION TABLE – DEGREE
MINUTESANDSECONDSTO
DECIMALSOF A DEGREE
,
0333
0500
0667
0
6
7
8
13
5
6
7
8
0
1;
0
0
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
::
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
%
,
001
002
003
004
o’ 4“
o’ 7“
o’ 11”
o’ 14”
O’ 18”
0.;}
o’
o“
O.:\
3’
o“
0.005
250
0.1667
4333
4500
4667
4833
0.5000
5167
5333
5500
5667
0.5833
6000
6167
6333
6500
0.6667
6833
7000
7167
7333
0.7500
7667
7833
8000
8167
0.8333
8500
8667
8833
9000
0.9167
9333
9500
9667
9833
1.000
0
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
:;
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
::
56
57
58
;?)
,9
722
750
778
806
0.00833
861
889
917
944
0.00972
01000
028
056
083
0.01111
139
167
194
222
0.01250
278
306
333
361
0.01389
417
444
472
500
0.01528
556
583
611
639
0.01667
0
o
‘
o’
028
056
083
111
1
2
3
4
“
0
0
2
3
4
5
o
0
o
1
DECIMALSOF A DECREETO
MINUTESANDSECONDS
o“
009
0.00
51
52
53
o%
6’ 0“
0.%
0.i:
9’
0“
9’
10’
10’
11’
12’
12’
13’
13’
14’
15’
15’
16’
16’
17’
36”
12”
48”
24”
0“
36”
12”
48”
24”
0“
36”
12”
48”
24”
0.%
18’
O“
16
17
18
o.%
21
22
23
o%
26
27
28
o%
31
32
33
0.::
36
37
38
0.;:
41
42
43
0.1:
46
47
48
o%
0
18’ 36”
19’ 12”
19’ 48”
20’ 24”
21’ o“
21’ 36”
22’ 12”
22’ 48”
23’ 24”
24’ O“
24’ 36”
25’ 12”
25’ 48”
26’ 24”
27’ O“
27’ 36”
28’ 12”
28’ 48”
29’ 24”
30’ 0“
‘ and “
76
77
78
O.;’b
81
82
83
0.;:
86
87
88
0.%
91
92
93
0.32
96
97
98
1.%
10
20
30
1.%
60
70
80
2.;:
o
‘
“
30’
0“
30’
31’
31’
32’
36”
12”
48”
24”
33’
0“
36’ 0“
39’
0“
45’
45’
46’
46’
47’
4.8’
48’
49’
49’
50’
51’
51’
52’
52’
0“
36”
12”
48”
24”
O“
36”
12”
48”
24”
o“
36”
12”
48”
54’ o“
54’ 36”
55’ 12”
55’ 48”
56’ 24”
57’ o“
57’ 36”
58’ 12”
58’ 48”
59’ 24”
60’ O“
66’ O“
72’ O“
78’ O“
84’ O“
90’ o“
96’ O“
102’ o“
108’ O“
114’ o“
120’ o“
‘ and “
444
+
‘mIwl
o
&
o
d-
.
445
446
C
(
c
c
c
e
e
F
o Fn fv ea mor cs e t i t seor ton t a or itnh Ss ndm a g s er hdyert s st rAe t f ieEe f1S3cm 8e , 0T
M U L T I P L Y B
Y
B
T
A
T O
3
. x 2
8 fl 0
8 e& 3
e2
n t ........................................
i m e t e r s
.
3
9
3
7
n t ........................................
i m e t e r s
...............................
:ubic feet ...........................................
:ubic feet ...........................................
:ubic feet ...........................................
.......................................
......................................
......................................
.........................................
. ... . .... . . .. . .... . . ..
........................................
.....................................................
.....................
.....................
.....................
...................
...................
.........
. . . .. . . .. . .... .. ... . . ...
...........................
..............................
.................................................
d
....... .....................
.............
l
iters ...................................................
meters
............................ ...................
meters
................................................
meters
................................................
statute
.....................................
..........................................
..........................................
............................
...........
...........
radians ...............................................
............................
....................................
....................................
......................................
......................................
.......
...........................................
.. . .. . . ... . .... . ... . . ... . .
.. . . .. . . ... .. ... . ... .. . .. .
.. . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. .. ....
..........................................
..........................................
y
......
a
447
PART IV.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
3. CenterofGravity .................................................................................. 452
4.
Beam Formulas..................................................................................... 455
5. DesignofWelded Joints ....................................................................... 458
6.
ExampleofCalculations ....................................................................... 461
7. Bolted Connections............................................................................... 463
448
S
A
S
F
T
DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS
s~ = Bendingstress,psi
A
=Cross s e c a t i i r o n en a s l a 2= Shearstress,psi
,
.
~
AR = RequiredcrosssectionalArea, in2 S~ = Allowabletensileor compressive
I
=Moment of inertia, in4
M =Moment, in-lb
M* = Allowablemoment,in-lb
P
=F
olb
r
c
e
,
PA = Allowable force. lb
=Tensile or compressive stress, psi
s
TYPE OF LOADING
p-p
;:i;;;,
J
A, = $:in21
TENSION
.
s = + (psi)
P
A+
COMPRESSION
P
p (in2)
AR = —
s~
mA
p
.
p (
PA = AS~~ (lb)
-
s~ = ~A(psi)
~P
P/2+—
Q
Double
SHEAR
P[
Z
= Distance from neutral axis to
extreme fiber, in
= Section modulus, in3
EXAMPLES
The stress in a 2 x % in. bar made from
SA 285-C steel due to 5,000 lb. tensional
load is:
Area, A = 2 x V4= 0.5 in2;
S = $ = 5~~0 = 10,000 p
To support a load of 11,000 Ibs. in
compression, the required area of steel
bar m
f
aS 2r
sd 8io t e 5em
p
s
)
~i >
P
AR = — = E
= 0.5 inz
s~
,
AR =$~~n2)
Single
>J2~
Y
PA = AS4 (lb)
s
.L.
stress, si
S~* = AlIowat le bendingstress,psi.
s~~ = Allowableshear stress,psi.
P
= 2AS~~ (lb)
The required area of bolt made from
SA-307 B steel to support a load of
15,000lbs. in double shear:
AR =~
A=
2s,4 .*~51’~~o~=0.75 in’
A – p (in2)
2ss~
M = P/ (in-lb)
The maximumbendingmomentat the
MA = ZS~ (in-lb)
sup ort of a cantilever beam due to a
loaJ of 1,000 Ibs. acting at a distance of
M (in3)
zjQ= sr--
60inchesfrom the support:
M =Pl = 1,000 X 60 = 60,000 in-lb.
Q
s = ; (psi)
BENDING
S* = ~, (psi)
mm
d
-Y
z=~
b
u
SECTION MODULU s
y
Section modulus
If dimensionb =2 in. and d=4
axisof moment on the base. 1=42.67.
Z= I/y = 42.67/4 = 10.67 in3
axis of moment throu h center, 1= 10.67,
Z=Ily = 10.67I2 = ! .335 in3
s
449
STRESSES
A
FOR NONPRESSUREPARTSOF VESSELSANDOTHERSTRUCTURES
TYPE OF STRESS
& JOINT
SOURCE
ALLOWABLESTRESS
;TEEL
CODE
0.60x
0.60 x
0.66 x
0.40 x
Compression
rension (except pin eonneetion)
Bending
~hear
Bearing (on projected area of bolts
i s
W
oh c
E
UCS-23
Notes
1.60x The values of
0.80x 1 tables UCS-23
Bearing
Shear
o en
J L
n
ea c
OD S EI
tn ir o
TD N
E
Full penetration groove weld
tension, compression, shear
Partial penetration groove weld
1. tension transverse to axis of weld,
shear on throat
2. tension parallel to axis of weld or
compression on throat
1
x
T
E
n )
Specified
minimum
yield stress
Min.
tensile
.
}
s
F
t
r
American
Institute
of Steel
C o n s t r
5
e
n
g
t
h
L
same as for the
steel welded
American
Welding
Society
13,600psi
same as for the
steel welded
Fdlet weld, shear on throat
13,600psi
(using throat dimension)
9,600 psi
(using leg dimension)
Plug or slot weld
same as fillet weld
i
1,
.-
-
P
D
E
F
A
=
1
=
O
ON S I
i zr
I
A
Y
T
SR
I MO
BN O I JF j
r
Radius of gyration, ~~
=
e
n a Y =, D . i
s
t
a a n [ ec
i ’
.
z =n
i ’
xxe f
t i i ir
n
b
A = bd
I=
f =
.
:
,
::,
.,.
,
,,
::
.
:,:
.
E&
Z =
Z =
r = 0.577d
r = 0.289a
y
1
A =
d
1----1
r = 0.S77a
a
.
—’:”
,
.
,,
:
y =
.
,
u
k
b
y = Yzd
I
.
a
.
d
–
‘=
A = ‘~ bd
,:
.
I=
2
a
~~
:’
“i Y
A = az
, ,..
\@
“~~ .
Z
a
L
h
I=
Z = 0.118 a~
Z =
r = 0.289a
r =
d
A =
I =
Z =~’–
a—
r = 0.289 U2+ b2
K
b
a
/
\
/“
—
a
:“,,.:.”’
\
~
Y
-r = 0.408d
A =
Y=
~=
A =
y = 0.707a
I
12
~ -
Z =(0.118a’ –
r = 0,289
E!h
‘
‘ I
-
Z =
w
+
A = bd
A =
y = Y2d
Y=
I=
I =
Z=
r = 0,289d
1
-
Z =
r =
.. -
+
+
( b
( +4 a +b
1 ( 2
Q
a
a
a
451
P
F
O SR
D
E
A
=
I ON S I
TY I MO
1
= Moment of inertia, in.4
NB r
O.
z
=
O
LF S
c
z
A =
~ =: ~ –
A =
,.
y =
?
w
,,,.,,,.
.
.,.,
:,:,.-- ,.,.:,.
.:::.:.
Y
, .
F
I=
Z = 0.098(D4-d4 )/D
L
➤
[
S
c
R
-(a
z =I
u
r =
e o t c w t hai
ol‘ i n l
y wl Ri 1 nh d
e e r0
~
;
ef n
n
A =
IGi
[
1 = R’( r
z = R’[ r
r = O.
I
i
~
L
!
3
r
d
E
s
d
=
/
f
A = bd - h (b – t)
Y =
Z=
r
,
-
b—t)
dA =
4
~
.
b
–
((l?d+ a)+ dz
> 1
,
~ + 7
5z =
a
A =
Y=
0.132
6
d
A =
Y=
I
Z
r
A =
y =
i = [bd’–h’(b–O]
/12
Z
A =
/4 = bs + h(
i ~
?.....
... :~,:
fj
y =
2
+
!=
...............
Y
z =
r
be
+
1=
.::
::::—
Y
{ ii r
i =
,.,,
:,:.,.:,:,:.:.:
,.,.;.:.:.:.
.......,
d
r
x f
,
Section modulus,
1
:
452
G
C
E
‘ center of gravity
h
of an area ore body is the point through which about any axis the
loment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogeneousmaterial at the center of
ravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions.
‘he center of gravityof symmetricalareas ass uare, rectangle,circle,etc. coincideswith
h geometrical center of the area.e For arqas w1 i
c n hsymmetrical
.
a oor whichare
r
e
t
Ymmetricalabout one axn only, the center of gravitymaybe determinedby calculation.
-+
.
25
The center of gravity is located on the centerline of
symmetry. (Axis y –y)
To determine the exact location of it:
1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles
. and calculate the
area of each. (A, B, C)
2. Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles
and determine the distances a b and c to a
selected axis (x – x) per endicular to axis y – y.
3. Calculate distance y to rocate the center of -gravity
o
r
m
u
l
a
:
by the f
y = Aa+ Bb +
A +B+ C
A
s
s f ua mo rr i eon c e tg Aa= 16,
an B=
gr l14
s e sf :
and C= 12 square inches and for the distances of
center of gravities: a = 1, b = 5 and c = 9 inches.
Y
I
c
C.g”
I
Y
x
b
~-
x
a
Y
EXAMPLE #1
y = 16X 1+ 14X5+12X 9 = 4462in.
16+ 14+ 12
The area is not symmetrical about an axi:s. The
center of gravity may be determined gy calculating
the moments with reference to two selected axes. To
determine the distances of center of gravity
to these
-
Y
h
(
c
-
a
x
e
s
:
1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles
. and calculate the
c1
areas of each. (A, B, C)
2 D
a
d
t t e c r meo ig hn .r oe t a r ev e eli r
d i sn at hb aa n c t c ad e xes na, x t%e
s al,t bl, ac, t n a c y –e sx
iy
3. Calculatedistancesx
and y by the formulas:
,
... 4cj-
x
-+A.
\
a
E
A+B+C
Y
x
y = Aa+Bb + Cc
A+B+C
—al
Y
X
hct f
, -i
o s
x = AuI +Bbl + Ccl
ccl+
1
- ‘A
b
x 1’ t
e
t
i
A# M
P
A
aL
c
s
s f ua mo rr i eon c e gt A a= 1an Bgr=14
l s e sf 6
CE 1 s
n qi2
una f ac dd =rih 2sn oeeto a s n
eo g nr a at =
v 1 ibe=t c=
i r 9:
e sf 4, : b,=1
5
and c,=3
~ = 16x 4+ 14x 1+12x 3 = 2.71 in.
y = 16X 1+ 14x5+12x8
16+ 14+ 12
16+ 14+ 12
= 4.62 in.
4
C
A
rh
\
L
\
E
‘
A
a
c
B
.
I
B-
R
c
I
A N G L E
eo g h n r i at a t evi e n itr e t rhof sly e AD
c itsa it eoBE,
nn
e
bh
the
i isides
s BC
c eand Ahc Thet p e r Cp e nd d ii c .s u l t a
t cr
eo\ g ohn r t any
ta mone
ve ofe the
i r sides
t is
f yequal too
t hh
pei e hr i pr e gnt dt ih side.
ce u tHence,
hl a ra = ha+ 3
o t
T
T
p
R A P E Z O I D
D
7
c
eo g h n r i ot a t vel e ji r
a l r AB
a i l DE.
ln e
el
e
h
c
m
1
‘D
IEd
f!J--
1---
T /<
4
@
=
~
ot i thf iym
s
n n isp ni hedon e dgi
~ = h (2 a + b)
3 (a+ b)
(a + 2 b)
3 (a+ b)
a +
e =
2
3(
b
a
+
)
SECTOR OF CIRCLE
Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
2 rc = r2c = 38 ~g, r sin a
b
o!
‘T
E
an ih e x p i rd e e s g s r e sed
of
i w
A h=
i sector,c
For the area of a half-circle:
b = A r + 3 T = 0.4244r
For the area of a quarter circle:
b = 4 & X r + 3 T = o.6o02r
rA
a
E
T
T
w
f
t
”
r
r
O G
b
F
t
a
o a os r h o ai c e irx
er a t c f
lh
ef
:
b = 2 r + T = 0.6366 r
r
1
SEGMENT OF CIRCLE
The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the circle
~3
r3 s a
i
n
is:
b
=
—
A
12A = 3
in which A ==area of segment.
C
b
l=$kl
PART OF CIRCULAR RING
b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
R
r
b = 38.197 ‘$~$a
&
A
h
x g p i rdegrees.
l e s e s
•i-r
T
o
h
l
frustum
o
oc th a c
d
t
eoi g ohen r no tta
of a cone is determined
I
*
e sd
n
FRUSTUM OF CONE
For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula:
a = h (R2 + 2 R + 3 rz)
4 (R2 -i- Rr r2)
}
3
a in e
–
P
a –
r
c vef eo isr nhtu foi yar
c f f
by:
h(
2r
3 (R+ r)
R
+
)
4
C
O G
E
EXAMPLES
A
1
1
2r-o”-
-o
0
=
0
’
I
“
I
80 Ibs
75000 Ibs
’600
b
lb
lb
Ibs
x
1800
2’-6”
I
lb
600 lb
78880 lb
75000 x 50’ + 80
x=
X
2’ + 1800 X iO’ + 800
102’ + 600
X
X
2’-6” + 600
X
97’-6”
=
Ibs
4,017,760
=
78,880
= 50,935’ = 50” – I 1.1/4”
108’-0”
B
t’
6’-0”–
5’-0”
2400
I
b
1900 lbs s &
= 1000 Ibk
I
,
t
9
2’ *
56’4’)”
(17000 Ibs)
2’-0”
42’-0”
(24000 Ibs) ~
+
A[
weight:
x
17000 lb
1400 lb
1
-
.
l
9
●
x
2400 x ~’+ 24000x 27’+ 100ox 49’ + 1
=
4
2200,900
=—=
47.700
46.14’ = 46’-1] ’16”
77
Ibs.
7
1 0
,
7
14
8 0 1 ( 0 0 1’ J
9. x7
o
O
O 0+ ’ X1 0 +
4
B
D
E
E
r
I
=
=
=
=
P=
F
I ON S I
F
TY I M
O
NB
O
O W’L F
= Sload, lb.
!
M
F
=
=
=
e
=
u n i d f i os trl r mi bl ouy t e
oo f m io l e r n c nt x b e= fD , i .p s . at t ara Xan i lcx l e e i ln
o co o n r c le ncl t or aeA t ae=f dD
b de f il , e c. t i on n ,
=
R
V
v
w
Cantilever fixed at one end – Concentrated load at free end
K
A s
R
~
R
V
p = Po
M
X
p
P
r
=
tt
=
=
1
,
P
X
x
a
Ax
t = ~6EI ‘2’3 – 312X+ X3)
A free end, Arnu = $&
1
Cantilever fixed at one end - Concentrated load at any point
R= V=P
b
A support,
= P
t
When
x>a
=
–
a)
Y
Pb3
R
(31 - b)
At free end, Amu = ~
P
-II
p
u
,
b
Whenx>a
Whenx<a
A
= Pb2 (31 _ 3X – b) AX = p – ‘)’ (3b – I + %
-j
x
6
3I
E
E
Cantilever fixed at one end – Uniform load over entire span
R = V =
Vx
R
A support,
At freeend,
=
=
Wi
Wx
W12
l14max
= ~
W14 A = -
—
2 E
8
Mx=
t
( !– 4
4
+
+
! 3 1 _X
I E
1
Cantilever fixed at one end – Load increasing uniformly from free end to support
R
R
V=w
w=
-+-
At free end, A
Vx=WA
M
=
12
A support,
=
x
WI
—
=
t
3
W13
= ~m
W12
free end, O = + —
Z2EI
A a=
&
&
x () –
1 E5 4
x
1xr
456
B
O
Supported at both ends Concentrated load at mid-span
R] = R2 = v = P/2
1/2
P
Pl
A load,
= —
W
xt < h
M1 e ~
4
R2
5
P
12
F
RI
x
l
P
= —a m
4
Ao
1
B
W
S
6
u
x < h1
‘e ‘
‘
1
, e =nx– ~
E 1
Ad e a
8
/(
n– 4~ 3
1 n x
3
= dI 6
1
P
a
R2 = V2 = —
W
x
h
1
i 1– b~)s
~ when a > b A rnti = —
A l
2
&>
3
~bx
W
x<a h Ax = 3(1’
e
– nb’ –X2)
RI
x
1
m
91=– & (2al
A ends,
= + —
7
S
u
a
p a pb o e r
P,
P2
e nu d tn
W
R
x
x
t
nt
—a
1
d
MX = —
e<
A o.
a
)
-
(3f’–t 4a2)
A center, Arnax
=~
a
–3a’
d
cw
deo t nhq c seul n ota oer al qat s e uddpf a sea l r , cl
=
x<a h MX= PX
e
=W
V=P
R
RI
B
T
ot
+ $
i
h
= —e
:1
I
’31a
– n3a2 – X2}
When X>u
AX
(3h - 3X2– az)
but x <(1– Q) = ~
At ends, 6 = Pa 2EI(1 – a)
1
8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from ends
+ P2b
~2 =
+ P2(1- b)
RI = V1 =
PP
I
1
a
b
Whenx
when RIQ1 Ml = RI a
=
– PI
–
v
but X
h M2 = R2eb
Max w
RI
R1
W
x<a h
M. e= RI X n
1
B
W
x ah
e
n
>
but x < (1 - b) MX = RI x – (X – a)
a both ends Uniformload overentirespan
)
R =
~
1
‘
c
=
WI
e ‘
-
n ‘
l
V=W
—-j
(
2
W
t
center,Arnu= ~
1
*
At ends,
V
)
P
M
~
( - xx)
-e m r t- ’
j a
Ax
–
‘
E
’
Pbx
Max when a >b
b
,
2 X X/ 1 x ’
to C e no dn tc e ld n t tah ra aospt e d oa n
Pb An l
a < b h R~ = V/ e= —
o
=
p a pb o e r
Max w
t
=
+
’
O= —
24EI
m
457
B
o
F
ends Uniform load partially distributed over span’
(2cn + b) c
a< h
=
e= ~
Max w
,l~lR
lvlaxwhena~:V
W
2
x
X
I
F
12
p
a ib
1/2
<,
e x
\
–t
a
oC oen n ct de l nd ta hrm ao sti e dd a-
$tte;e~;er and
~
M...
. ~
V
‘
M.1 =e ~. (4x/ –n 1)
xx < h
A
=
s
–
pd a t n
8
P
2
A =
&
X
-
4
Fixed at both ends Uni~orm load over entire span
~
V
R = V =
\
/ II[i ;IIII1] ‘
\ /
R
x
3
–a
a+
/
A
e>+ b) u n= (
x<
=;
W
$
i
\
hb
RI
=
R=
$
=~(2.,~)
At x = a + ~
2W
w
=RIX
When x <a
~ ( I – a)2
When x>a but
Mx = R
W
x
h b)
>
=e(
–a n
+
Mmax
‘b
‘
O
M
1
‘ ‘
A e
I
m
n
=
x+
=
-7 w
x(
JA
s center,
t , M =
(61x– i2 – 6XZ) .
W/2
Wd
=
W14
At center,
=
)
t
(1 - X)2
= —
3
Both ends are overhanging Uniform load over entire beam
R = V{ + V2 = w(a + l\2)
VXI = WXI V. = W(X– 112)
x
u
I!!
x
a
a
R,
RI
For overhang,
= ~
B
e s t u wp
A
~
Whena
M
=
.
A support,
M
= $
M.
pe =o e ~ r n(lx
t –s X2–
, a’)
– 4
t
x total length or A = .3541
WP
== —
1
M
C
6
t
458
D
W
J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
GROOVE-AWELD
a u
Groove w
s
ac
a f t m
i a
t
o t b m
t j
F g
W
t
s
o
t
FILLET WELD
of w
S
u e
l
e
The size of an equal-leg fillet weld is the leg
dimension of the largest 45° ri ht triangle inscribed
in the cross section of the wel8 .
throat
/
,.‘...
b
d
I-1---J%’
The size of an unequal-legfilletweldis the
shortestdistancefrom the root to the face of the
filletweld.
face
,,
Throat dimension= 0.707 x leg dimension
K
root
MinimumWeldsize*
\
Thicknessof the thickerplate, in.
Minimum fillet weld size, in.
over
1/2
3/16
3/4
‘/4
‘/2
%6
ZY4
%
6
6
‘/2
5/8
* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined
Economyof filletwelding
1. Use the minimumsizeof filletweldrequiredfor the desiredstrength.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld in di~ectproportion, the volume (and costs) of it
will increase with the square of its size.
2. L
p
3. A
o
ow
s
f p
tc a e a e vc t c l e oen t t b r diri c oei dat acy ,c d ea s i i s doli oebwy l n e- ,w e l d
i t i o n .
wi pt lr ae l nl s t vyet l e f r t s t edoa l hyc rg h r csi o ete e rea ve ot ne eg tr h
/
)#
,
AllowableLoad
The strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electrode used.
For carbon steeI joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,600 (9.6 kips) lbs
f
W
er 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibson a %6” le x 1“ I
Fo
e
x
at
am l p l l oh eowr a: %
ao xb 1 ell ae f
C
o
mL b
oi
n ae
S
s h at eb r e aoe ntn
v e c t Io i r b i a ola tl ye
m
e
t
h
o
d
w
oi d 4 xln%
0 ne =“l 2
4 0“eIlg
t
db
d d
s
sord r sis s t niddr og t e ne sac r slcul e o nsm
a t bd r ec ii oo cn am g b
s. l t ea hhat ss pde t r noiaoesn vcir mi ya pd cl edoi nsf s i ne e r dv
.
-rd7
D
W
J
FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS
subjectedto bendingmoment,in2
~
= Length of weld, in.
W
f = A l l l o ow w$o b9 elk ae
p m .l
e eg
a
rr
= B
e m n o d k mi
en i ng
A
V
e sr
thk i e c i aa l r p ,
= F
wi
l l d e i l m eiel n ts i d o
l ~i .=ddL n op , f o 6 wi s k al e p l li d e nd
e
a
l
ii
o nw n e
ea c
l l h
t ps , = Avera se vertical shear on fillet
V =
weld, Eips per lin. inch of weld
w~ = Bending force on weld, kips per
P = Allowable concentrated axial
?
w
“
“
BENDING
VERTICAL SHE,AR
COMPRESSION
RESULTANT FORCE: W = ~W,2 + W22+ W32
EXAMPLE #1
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5
inches and the tensional load 20 kips.
20,000 Ibs.
~ . -P- .’ 20
—=
8.5
A,,,
2.35 kips per lin. in.
o
w
w =
=—
0.24; use X“ fillet weld
f
$
.
EXAMPLE #2
Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6” each
side) and the load 9 kips.
& 62
Section modulus, (from table) SW= ~= ~= 12 in’
9,000 lbs
3’
M 3x9
= 2.25 kips per lin. inch
Bending Force, ~ = —
12
w
v
Shear ForceW, = ~W= ~ = 0.75kips per lin. inch
Resultantforce, W =<W~2 + WJ2 =
d
~
2
+ 0
=
kips per lin. inch.
W
2.37
Fillet weld size, w = — =— = .247”; use K“ fillet weld
f
9.6
460
DESIG~
x—.
W
OF’
J
PROPERTIES OF WELD OUTLINES
1
I
d2
s. = —6
-- x
t
s ‘ ~d
z
I
S
L
= b
W
d
— —
b
iY
—
i
r
+
I
d (
=t~
S (
S— (
+ d
o
dl ( + d
o= —tx t
o
6 (2b + d)
b
x
r at bottom)
(max.stress
Y
+
I
--b
Y
1-l
s
. b
4
p
b
w
4
)
mW
+ :
)
)
3 b
W
)
d
x
,v
I
d (
= t~
S (
b
+
o
p
2
w
d
b
)
1
Y
I
d
A‘
x
~
I
Y
;W = (
b
(
–
fm
-
SW.
d (2b + d)
2
o~ t
t
o
m
)
)
+
a ob a o r x t
ct . o e m t )
b
t
d
x
-
1
dx
1
hi
l
x
+
–
x
S
0
. ~
d
w
2
)
461
E
C
AX
E
C
AX
EXAMPLE #2
I
._===------=--- _-.---=
=---- .- .
A vertical vessel is supported by two
beams.
The weight of the vessel is 20,000 lbs
1 = 120 in Assume pin joint
The load on one beam:
Moment:
I
d
10,000x 120
P
M =—=
4
4
l
= 300,000 in-lb
Required section modulus:
10’-0”
z=!!
S*
Assuming for allowable stress, SA: 20,000
psi,
I
b:
I
:
I
Section modulus:
z= 300,000 = 15 in3
20,000
The section modulus of a wide flange
8WF 20 is 17 in3
Moment of inertia: 69.2
Stress at the center of wide flange:
M
Sz=—=
10,000 lbs
A
I
300,000
17
= 17,647psi
Deflection:
A
A
48EI
=
10,000x 1203
~
=
48 x 29,000,000 X 69.~=
.1794 in -
%6
h.
463
B
C
FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
REQUIRED LENGTH OF BOLTS
REQUIRED
BOLTLENGTH=
GRIP+ D1MENS1ONS
BELOW,i
NOMINAL
BOLT
D
I
: A T S1EW HR AE 2 W
SRO
* Ny W”
1
I1
%
7
/
1
1
A ,
7
1f
I
/
1
1y16
1~
1%6
f ?46
1E
1 I1
1Y
s
S
8
5
/
1
6
1
1
l
e
R
8
1~
1i
1
h
SE H R E
6
/
1
1
c
A
SH
1~
1
7
n
1l
1
7
2
2/
‘
8
z ~
1
~
6
1
6
MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE AND SPACE
The minimumdistancefrom the center of bolt hole to any edge
MINIMUM
EDGEDISTANCE
BOLT
DIAMETER
A S
H
7
7
AA R
R
E
1~
5
3
1/8
1y2
1
1%
1
1
E T D
m
—
m
/
.
4
~
~2
2
4
3
g
8
m
.y
45 4
l
y
z
4
1?
l
y1
R
o
m
1~
2
~16°
/
1
4
‘
BOLT HOLES shall be
8
7
1y
/
L
3
/
2
EOTO D L
L /E
D
8-
I
y
4
z
D
S8 T
B
larger than bolt diameter.
ALLOWABLE LOADS in kips
SA 307 unfinished bolts and connected material: SA 283C, SA 285C, SA 36
NominalDiameter
o B
o
T
A
eS
n t
i r
A l
i T
A
L
S
l
l
s r i el
e
a
lL o wo a
e
n
s
l
i o
h
o
w
a
e
ba
i
a Sb
d
Da
vi
es
0
,
s
.0
n
l e4d
o n n
l i e3
s
o 6r
2 .0
6
n
u
n
s ,
4 g.
8 b.
9
1y /
1/
7
3
f t
23 .0
.
6 l .
1 l .
51
11
4
l
8
1E /
634. 0 0466 . 0 5107 . 1 7569 . 1 7361 .
.
07e .
12e
y
3954
125. 9 2 9.1 3 23 .21
8. 37
182 1
194. 5
7.2 4
185. 4 2 9.0 4 24 .73
39, 81
5.5 8
162 2
49
7.
10
2.
PARTV.
.MISCELLANEOUS
1. Abbreviations........................................................................................ 466
2.
Codes, Standards,Specifications.......................................................... 470
3. Boiler and Pressure VesselLaws.......................................................... 474
4.
5.
List ofOrganizations Sponsoring or Publishing Codes,
Standards or Specifications Dealing with Pressure Vessels . . .. . . . . .
476
Literature............................................................................................... 479
6. Definitions ............................................................................................ 483
7. Index ti_~.___~~_~~~fi~ti.~.ti.~~~.~~~mu~~tiomofiu.ti.ti.
m.o.ti.~. 494
466
A
COMPILED:From 1 ASAZ32.13-1950ABBREVIATIONS
.
FOR USE
ON DRAWINGS
2. ASAZIO.I-I941 ABBREVIATIONS
FOR
SCIENTIFIC& ENGINEERINGTERMS
ABBREVIATIONS
GENERALLYUSEDON
VESSEL& PIPINGDRAWINGS
ADDED:
Ccw
cfm
AnchorBolt
AmericanInstitute
of SteelConstruction
Allowance
Allowable
AmericanNational
StandardsInstitute
AmericanStandard
Association
AmericanPetroleum
Institute
Approximately
Asbestos
AmericanSocietyof
MechanicalEngineers
AmericanSociety
for TestingMat’ls.
AB
AISC
ALLOW
ANSI
ASA
API
APPROX
ASB
ASME
ASTM
AVG
A
bbl
Barrel
B
B
B
BE
B
B
B
B
b
BL
BO
BO
B
Bt
U
R
v
e
CFW
CG
CG
cm
%
%to%
co
CONC
CPLG
CORR
ALLOW
COUP
CRS
r
a
g Cse
CounterClockwise
CubicFoot per
Minute
ContinuousFillet
Weld
CommercialGrade
Centerof Gravity
Centimeter
Centerline
Centerlineto
Centerline
Company
Concentric
Coupling
CorrosionAllowance
Coupling
ColdRolled
Steel
Carbon Steel
c
C
oi
e
l
oo P t
o
t
rK a
rT i h
n
C
et C n
to c
e
CT
e
n
Cl t
C
u
C l
iD
n
Cu t F u
c df
f eC l o c
Pt i o
C mp
o
Tt
HW u Wn
Cm
cT
k
e D t
D o w n
t ue i r s mD h a
l
DE
oE
u
i
t
H
e
D
e
t
E
ve
e l D l
d
W
Cr
vV
l c
e
B
B
B
We
BW i r m Wire
i Gn
c
CA
Gauge
Degree Centigrade
Corrosion Allowance
g
h
a DIA
m
DIAM
DIM
DP
Diameter
Diameter
Dimension
Design Pressure
e t
R t
bu
bo.
kw
deT
cc
xH
a
T
n e
e
i
o
s
ri
e g
o m e
b
t l
v
a
i
.
w
i
i
t
467
ABBREVIATIONS
(cont.)
DT’L
DWG
Detail
Drawing
HLA
HLL
HighLevelAlarm
HighLiquidLevel
EA
EH
EL
ELEV
ELL
ELLIP
Each
Extra Heavy
Elevation
Elevation
Elbow
Ellipse, Elliptical,
Ellipsoid
Equal, Equally
Et Cetera
External
Fahrenheit
Face to Face
Flanged & Dished
Flat Face
Figure
Finish
Flange
Far Side, Forged
Steel
Foot, Feet
Cubic Foot
Fillet Weld
Gram
Gage
Galvanized
Gallon
Gage Glass
Gage of Outstanding
Leg
Gallon per Day
Gallon per Minute
Grade
Heavy
Head
Hemispherical
Hexagonal
Handhole
Hole
HLSD
High Level Shut
Down
Hot Rolled
Heat Treatment
Inside Diameter
inches
Including, Included
Inspection
Internal
Joint Efficiency
Kilogram
Liter
Pound
Pound Force
Pounds
Level Control
Liquid Control Valve
Long
Level Gage
Lineal Foot (Feet)
Low Level Alarm
Liquid Level Control
Low Level Shut
Down
Long Radius
Low Stage
Long WeldingNeck
Meter
Machine Bolt
Mark
Material
Maximum Allowable
Working Pressure
Maximum
Manhole
Minimum
Marked
EQ
ETC
EXT
F
F-F
F&D
FF
FIG
FIN
FLG
FS
ft
FT3
FW
13
GA
GALV
gal
GG
GOL
gpd
gpm
GR
HVY
HD
HEMIS
HEX
HH
HL
HR
HT
ID
in
INCL
INS
INT
JE
kg
1
lb
lbf
lbs
LC
LCV
LG
LG
Lin. ft.
LLA
LLC
LLSD
LR
Ls
LWN
m
MB
MK
MAT’L
MAWP
MAX
MH
MIN
MK’D
468
7
ABBREVIATIONS
(cont.)
mm
MMSCF
MSCF
MW
N
N&C
NLL
NO
NOM
NPS
NS
NTS
OA
OD
OR
OSHA
Oz
Ozs
P
PBE
Pc
Pcs
Pcv
PI
—.
k
PROJ
PSE
psi
psia
psig
Millimeter
MillionStandard
CubicFeet
ThousandStandard
CubicFeet
Manway
North
New& Cold
NormalLiquidLevel
Number
Nominal
NationalPipe Size
AmericanNational
Taper PipeThread
NearSide
Not to Scale
Overall
OutsideDiameter
OutsideRadius
OccupationalSafety and
HealthAdministration
Ounce
Ounces
Pressure
PlainBoth Ends
PressureControl
Pieces
PressureControl
Valve
PressureIndicator
Plate
Projection
PlainSmallEnd
Pound per Square
Inch
Pound per Square
Inch Absolute
Pound per Square
Inch Gage
RAD
REF
REINF
REPAD
REQ’D
RF
RJ
RTJ
RV
s
s/c
SCF
SCH
SCR
SCR’D
SDV
SERV
Sht.
SF
SHT
SM
SMLS
so
SPA
SPEC
SPGR
SQ
SR
Ss
s-s
s/s
STD
STL
STR
SUPT
SYM
T&B
TC
TBE
Radial
Reference
Reinforcing
ReinforcingPad
Required
RaisedFace
RingJoint
RingType Joint
ReliefValve
Schedule
ShopCoat
StandardCubicFoot
Schedule
Screw
Screwed
ShutdownValve
ServiceSheet
StraightFlange
Sheet
Seam
Seamless
SlipOn
Spacing
Specification
SpecificGravity
Square
Short Radius
StainlessSteel
Seamto Seam
Standard
Steel
Straddle
Support
Symmetrical
Top & Bottom
TemperatureControl
ThreadedBoth Ends
-
ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
Psv
R
TEMA
THD
THK
TI
TLE
TOC
TOS
TS
TSE
T-T
TW
TW
Pressure Safety Valve
Radius
Tubular Exchanger
Manufacturers
Association
Threaded, Thread
Thick
Temperature
Indicator
Threaded Large End
Top of Concrete
Top of Steel
Tube Sheet
Threaded Small End
Tangent to Tangent
Tack Weld
Thermowell
TYP
USAS
VA
VOL
v
WG
~ OUT
WP
WT
XH
XX STG
Typical
United States of America Standards Institute
Valve
Volume
With
Water Gallon
WeldingNeck
Without
Working Pressure
Weight
Extra Heavy
Double Extra
Heavy
Double Extra
Strong
470
STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
C
PRESSURE VESSELS, BOILERS
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
I
I
I
Iv
v
V
V
V
I
x
X
P
M
N
H
N
R
B
R
P
R
W
F
R
1995
B
S
P
B
p
P
C
E
R
V
a
f
o
f
C
a
R
f
—D
C
o P
1 D
B
I
Q
P
I
O
o H e
B
2—A
e
u
i
P
o N
V
b
P
P
Components
British Standards Institution (BSI)
1500 —Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,
Petroleum and Allied Industries
1515 —Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical,
Petroleum and Allied Industries (advanced design and con
struction)
Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
B-51 -h41991 - Code for the Construction and Inspection of Boiler!
and Pressure Vessels
TANKS
American Petroleum Institute (API)
Spec 12B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production
Liquids, 1990
Spec 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, 1982
CODES,S
S
1
Std 620
Std 650
U
N
1
N
5
f
Shop Welded Tanks for Storage
of Prop
duction Liquids, 1988
Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of
Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 1990
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988
L
A
D
N
N
N
N
S
S
S
t
S
t
W
I
A
L
U
L
W
(
n
a
T
f
F
a
C
b
T
f
F
a
C
n
A
(
AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water
Storage
F P
F
L
L
3
5
5
A
&C
P
P
(
L
S
a U
G
G
r
C
a H
G P
l
PIPING
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
N
—1
—1
— 1
— 1989
—1
—1
S
P
F
C
L
R
I
(
m
P
G
P
P
a
P
P
R
T
P
P
w
Gas Transmission
P
S
1
A
and Distribution
r
e
Piping Systems
HEAT EXCHANGERS
E
S
s
J
M
5 E
w
1
A
A
a
I
P
G
a
tt E
x
J
PIPES
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI B36.19-1976 Stainless Steel Pipe
ANSVASME B36.1OM-1985 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
CODES,STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
FLANGES, AND VALVES
F
I
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ANSI B16.25-1992 B
ANSI B16. 10-1992 F
ANSI B 16.9-1993
ANSI B 16.14-1991
ANSI B 16.11-1991
ANSI B16.5 1988
ANSI B 16.20-1993
E
a
F
F
F
F
w
F
T
P
A
R
F
u
E
D
o
a
V
W
P
P
S
P
B
B
a
a
L
T
S
F
a
F
a
O
G
S
F
S
a
a
F
A
G
S
f
N
S
P
M
A
(ASTM)
1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Iron and Steel
Products
Volume01.O1/SteelPiping, Tubing and Fittings, 131 Standards
Volume 01.03/Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Wire, 95 Standards
Volume 01.04/Structural Steel, Concrete Reinforcing Steel,
Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings, Steel Rails,
Wheels, and Tires — 135 S
The American S
f
T
a
M
M
I
I
U
S
C
B
S
C
P
o B
— 1
C
O
n (
o
(
t
Steel Structures Painting Manual
Volume 1, Good Painting Practice
Volume 2, Systems and Specifications
U
S
b S
—
B
a P
V
L
S
o B
a P
V
L
C
C
a P
(
R
a
S
R
a C
473
CODES,STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS
Environment P
C o Federal Regulations, Protection of Environment, 198840- Parts 53
to 60
(Obtainable from any Government Printing Office)
A
S
o C
E
(ASCE)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASCE 7-88 (Formerly ANSI A58.1)
r
TABULATION OF THE
BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL LAWS
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
JURISDICTION
Alabama
I
II
NNNN
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
YYYY
YNYN
YYYY
YYYY
YYYY
YYYN
YYYY
YNYY
YN
NN
YY
YY
YY
NN
YY
NN
Georgia
YYYY
YY
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
YYYY
YYYY
YNYY
YYYY
Y
Y
YY
YN
I
o
wY
Y a
XV VIII(1)VIII(2) XI
NN
Y
Y
Y
YYYNNY
YYYYNN
YNYN
YNYY
YYYY
YYYYN
Y
Y
Y
YNYY
YNYY
YYYY
YNYN
YNYN
Nevada
New Hampshire
YNYY
Y
YNYY
YYYY
YNYN
YNYY
YYYY
YNYY
YYYY
YNYY
YYYY
YYYY
YYYY
YYYY
NNNN
YNYN
YYYY
YYYNNY
YYYY
YNYY
YYYY
N
YY
NN
N
Y
YN
YY
YN
YY
YY
YY
YY
NN
NN
YY
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pemsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
I P
1 (
y
N
NN
YN
Y
N
YY
N
Y
N
N
B o o
1 1
wi
)
VIII(l)- PressureVessels
e
s
VIII(2)-PressureV
XI-I n Is n e s r p ve
N
Y
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Y*
KEY:ASMECode
SEC
u
c
l
e
Y
N- Lawdoesnotcover
*-Onlyportionsof
Codeorcall
jurisdiction
Y
y
Y
N
y
N
N
SOl.JRCE:
T
c
o h nt
da
be io un
::;;:t$;n ;::5:::0;::5;;
Law5RulesandRegu,ation~
CoP~right 1994 uniform
Boilerand PressureVessel
LawsSociety.
[t doesnotlistalltheexemp-
N
tionandvari~cesinthem
N
laws and regulations.More
detailedinformation
is avail:::5u;::;:;:n:::;:;:n:;;
beobtainedfromthejurisdictiomlauthority
ortheSociety.
N
Y
ls
YY
YN
YY
.
475
TABULATION OF THE
BOILER
OF T
A
P
V
U
S
A
L
C
(continued)
JURISDICTION
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
New Foundland &
1
11
YYYY
YNNY
YYYY
YNNY
YYYY
Y
Y
YYYY
YYYY
Y
N
IV VIII(1) VIII(2) XI
YY
NN
YY
NN
YY
Y
Y
Y
Y
YY
YY
Y
Y
Y
N
SEC
I P
Labrador
Northwest Territories
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Quebec
Saskatchewan
Yukon Territory
Albuquerque
Buffalo
Chicago
Denver
Des Moines
Y
N
Y
YNNY
YYYY
Y
Y
Y
YYYY
YYYY
Y
Y
Y
YNYN
YYYYNN
YYYY
YYYY
YNYN
Detroit
Los Angeles
Memphis
Miami
Milwaukee
New Orleans
New York City
Omaha
St. Joseph
St. Louis
Seattle
Spokane
Tacoma
Tucson
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St. Louis County
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Y
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~AME& ADDRESS
4MERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING
15Eisenhower Drive
~mmm, NJ 07652 (201) 368-9100
ENGINEERING & SAFETY SERVICE
hMERICAN INSURAN CE SERVICES GROUP, INC.
\5 John Street, New York, NY 10038
AISG, INC.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE**
ANSI
11West42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900
U
Sn
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at m S etet a rIde n ni ds(s c a tfUarai d tS s u At ne S
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AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
1220L Street, Northwest
Washington,D.C. 20005 (202) 682-8375
API
AMERICANSOCIETYOF MECHANICALENGINEERS
345East47thStreet
NewYork,N.Y. 10017 (212)705-7722
ASME
AMERICANSOCIETYFOR TESTINGANDMATERIALS
1916RaceStreet
l?hiladelphia,
PA 19103 (215)299-5585
ASTM
AMERICANWATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
6666WestQuincyAvenue
Denver,CO 80235 (303)794-7711
AWWA
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
P.O. Box 351040
Miami, FL 33135 For Orders Only 800-334-9353
AWS
BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION*
389ChiswickHighRoad
LondonW44AL
*BfitishStmdwdPublications
areavailablefrom
BSI
The American
N
a StandardsInstitute
t
i
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n
a
l
CANADIANSTANDARDSASSOCIATION
178RexdaleBlvd.
Rexdale,ONCanadaM9W 1R3
COMMERCIALUNIONINSURANCE COMPANY
OF AMERICA
1 Beacon Street
Boston, MA 02108 (617) 725-7304
CSA
)
d
L
O
SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDSOR
SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING ANDPRESSURE VESSELS
N
& AA
D
DM
R
EE
S
A B B R E V I A T
S
COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC.
1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1004
Arlington, Va22202 (703) 412-0900
CGA
EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591
EJMA
HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC.
1300 Summer Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115 (216) 241-7333
I N T E R N A T IC OON N
A LF E R
O E N C E
B U I O
L FD F I I N C GI A L S
5
S Workman
3
0
.
Mill6 Rd.
F
ICBO
Whittier, CA 90601 (310) 699-0541
THE NATIONALBOARDOF BOILER AND
PRESSUREVESSELINSPECTORS
1055CrupperAve.,ColumbusOH43229 (614)888-8320
NBBI
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
P.O. Box 9101, Batteryrnarch Park
@incy, MA 02269 (617) 770-3000 (800) 344-3555
O C C U P A T IS O NA A ALF
E
TN
H
E AAD M L
I N IT
S T RHA T I O N
2 Constitution
0Avenue,N.W. 0
NGPA
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D
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Washington,D.C.20210 (800)344-3555
S
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I AN S
E T N IL T UK T E
7
0
OakwoodRd.,LakeZurich,IL60047
(708)438-TANK
STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL
40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Telephone: (412) 687-1113 Fax: (412) 687-1153
SSPC
TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS
25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 332-0040
U N D E R W R L
I T
A E
B R
O SR A T OI R I E SN,
3 PfmgstenRoad,Northbrook,
3
3IL60062 (708)272-8800
C
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UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
2100 Second St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20593 (202) 267-2967
U
V
3
N
I B F OO A IR P M
LR
E L S
S SA O E C W
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N Evergreen
0 Rd., Suite 240 8
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EN S R S U DR
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.
Louisville,KY40243 (502)244-6029
E
UBPVLS
L
S
S
O
O P
D
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A
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S
P
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V
NAME& ADDRESS
ABBREVIATION
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY
401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460
USEPA
WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL
345 East 47th St.
New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7956
WRc
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
345 E. 47th Street
New York, NY 10017 (800) 548-2723
ASCE
LITERATURE
1. S. Timoshenko, Strength of AZateria/s, 1955, D. Van Nostrand Co.,
New York.
2. S.P. Timoshenko, Theory of P[ates and Shells, 1959, A4cGraw-lYiii
Book Co., New York.
3. R.J. Roark and W
Y
F
f S
1975, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
a
S
5th Ed.
4. K.K. Mahajan, Design of Process Equipment-2nd Ed. 1985, Pressure
Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
5. L.E. Brownell and R.H. Young, Process E
D
.
1
D
V
John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of Print)
6. M.B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure VesselDesign and Analysis, 1967,
Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
7. H.H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1986, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York
8. S.S. Gill, The Stress Anaiysis of Pressure Vesselsand Pressure Vessel
Components, 1970,
9. J.F. Harvey, Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels 2nd Ed.
1974, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume I. Analysis, 1972, ASME.
11. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume II. Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME.
12. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume III. Materials and Fabrication, 1976, ASME.
13. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York.
14. W. Flfigge, Stresses in Shells, 2nd Ed. 1973, Springer - Verlag, New
York.
15. R. Szilard, Theory and Analysis ofPlates, 1974, P r e n t i cI e - Hn a l l c ,
E
n
g
C
l e lN
w
io
of
d f J
s
,
.
16. M. Hetdnyi, BeamsonElasticFoundation,1974,TheUniversityof Michigan
Press, Ann Arbor.
1
Foundation Design
7
Handbook
. (Collected
1968,Hydrocarbon
Processing,Houston,TX.
18. Design of Flarzgesfor Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No. 45, Taylor Forge&
Pipe Works, Chicago,IL.
19. M. L. Betterley,Sheet Metal Drafting, 1961,McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc.,
New York
20, B. F. Forman:PressureVesselComputerPrograms,1995,PressureVessel
HandbookPublishing,Inc., Tulsa, OK.
21. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of Process
Equipment, 1984, John Wiley & Sons,New York.
22. Kohan, AnthonyLawrence,Pressure VesselSystems, 1987,McGraw-Hill
Book Company,New York,NY.
Do
eR s Pressure
n
s n Vessel
. ,i Design
s Manual,
,
1987, Gulf Publishing
23. M
Co., Houston,TX.
481
S
COVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE
(
B
B
n
uT r m t theb w e fo der
r hse wk at r( s l oi su ei b) n hj t eg
c
ht
e O C
n y d l iSi n h nd e r gl i l c s af , l — Flange
1 4Design&Analysis,—8
A
e
n n o aSmooth,—6
dl
ys s , i
s
fFlangedandFluedExpansion
Joints,—4
BoltedJoints,— 9
BrittleFracture,LowStress,—6
Buckling,
—6
ofFlatandCurvedPlates- Formulas,
—3
BucklingofShells,—6
CastIronPressureVessels,—9
CodesofVariousCountries,—24
Collapse,FatigueandIncremental,
—6
Composite
Materials,
—12
ComputerAnalysisofPressureVessels,—8
ConcreteforPressureVessels,—12
Cone,ConicalSectionwhenHalfApex
AngleisGreaterthan30°,—7
ConicalHeadsandReducers,—6
Corrosion,—
6
CorrosionResistantMaterials,—12
Cracks,Development
of,—6
CreepEffects,— 8
Cylindrical
Shells,Analysisof,—6
DeadLoads,— 7
Deformations
inPressureVessels,—3
DesignofFlanges,—4
Rectangular
Tanks,—4
TallStacks,— 4
TallTowers,—7
Discontinuity
Stresses,—7, 9
Division2 ofASMECodeComparison
to Division1,—4
DynamicStability,—11
DynamicandTemperature
Stress,
Formulas,—3
EarthquakeLoads,—7, 24
EconomicsofDesignandConstruction,—9
ElasticStability,—8
PlatesandShells- Formulas,—3
ElasticStressAnalysis,— 6
ElevatedTemperature
Effects,—10
EllipticalOpening,StressConcentration,
—9
ExpansionJoints,FlangedandFlued,—4
PipeSegment,—4
ExternalLoads,—10,24
ExternalPressure;StressAnalysis,—8
Fatigue,—9, 10,12
Fatigueandincremental
Collapse,—6
Filament-Wound
PressureVessels,—9
FlangeDesign,— 4
FlangesandClosures,—11,24
FlangeswithFullFaceGasket—21
FlatClosurePlate,—6, 24
FlatPlates- Formulas,—3
Stressesin.,—9
FloatingHeads,StressAnalysisof,—4
Foundation
Design,—20
Fracture,—6
FractureMechanics,—
10
FracturePropertiesofMaterials,—12
Heads,StressAnalysisof—8, 11,24
HeatExchangers,
ShellandTube,—4, 24
HighTemperature
Materials,—12
HubFlanges,Rotationof,—4
HydrogenEmbrittlement,—12
LegSupportforVerticalVessels,—4
LigamentStresses,Analysisof,—8
LimitAnalysisandPlasticity,—
10
LobedPressureVessels,— 9
LocalLoading,StressAnalysiso~—8, 11
LocalStressesinVessels,—7,23
LowStressBrittleFracture,—
6
LowTemperature
Materials,—12
LugSupportforVerticalVessels,— 4
MaterialsforVessels,—6, 7,9,24
MembraneStresses,—
7,9
MitredBends,Analysisof,—6, 8
ModularConstruction,
—9
Non-BoltedClosures,—9
Nozzles,—11,24
Nozzles,Intersection
StressAnalysis,— 8
Nozzles,StressesinVesselsExertedby,— 15,
16,17
NozzleThermalSleeves,—9
ObliqueNozzles,—
6
PerforatedPlatesandShells,—11
PipeBends,StressAnalysiso~—8
PipeSegmentExpansionJoints,— 4
PipeSupportsat Intervals- Formulas,—3
PipeLoads,— 7
PipingSystems,StressAnalysisof,—6, 11
Plasticity,—10
PlasticCollapse,—
6
Plates,TheoryandAnalysisof,—18
Prestressed
ConcreteVessels,—9
Rectangular
Tanks,Designofi—4
.e
S
U
B
(J c E a Cz
T
f hS u
R e i n f oo rO c p e em n e i n2n t g
R
S u i p p on ~ — g2
R
o o t H a F tl ai n uo g ne
S
a D d oe d s ~2l
ie — ,g
S
e A i n as l11my s i i sc
e
d
)
s , — 7f S,
u o Vp 4epb Lso
sur4
6
S
u Lugs,Stresses
p
p Eoxerted
r
s , f—
b 4 inVesselsby,— 24
7n
, TallStacks,
4 Designof,—4, 24
, —
TallTowers,Vibrationof,—4
SelectionofMaterials,—6
ShallowShells,—14
SheetMetalDrafting,—22
ShellandTubeHeatExchangers,—
4
ShellsofRevolution,
Analysisof,—6, 24
SlidingSupportsforHorizontaland
VerticalVessels,— 7
SphericalShells,Analysisof,—6
StressandStrainDueto Pressureonor
BetweenElasticBodies- Formulas,—3
StressConcentration,
—9
StressesinHorizontalVessels
SupportedbyTwoSaddles(Zick),—7
StressesinFlatPlates,—9
StressesInVessels,—8,14,24
Formul~—3
Stacks,DesignsofTall,—4
StructuralDynamics,
—11
SupportofVesselsbyLegs,—4, 7
etg
t
l sf s , ,
Tanks,DesignofRectangular,—4
Temperature,
EffectsofElevated,—10
Temperature
Stresses- Formulas,—3
ThermalStresses,—7, 9
ThickCylinder,—
9
ThickShells,Anslysisof—6
TubeSheetDesign,Fixed,— 4
VerticalVesselsSupportedbyLugs,—4
1
Vibration,—
AnalysisofTallTowers,—4
InducedbyFlow,—11
WeldDesign,— 7
WeldedJoints,Designof,—6,9
Welding,—12
Wind-Induced
DeflectionofTowers,—7
Wind-Induced
VibrationofTowers,—7
WindLoads,—7, 24
3
DEFINITIONS
f
a
t
—T r
e o m
s h uo m rv a fate ael
a s r t o h otn rf l r o imai uc hy tocgdi oht nm
n s o a ol t i ol ha gq ieo cu rod im ,bad i n, a
h
e
r
e
o
f
.
e
l
Pressure— The pressureabovethe
absolutezerovalueof pressurethattheoretically obtainsin emptyspaceor at the absolute
zeroof temperate, as distinguishedfromgage
pressure.
rc f i e a
l — W
i aew l o pe h en t r inef f
tr i s o r n
q u mi
o a aL
e w l e d iq i
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T
po m
m en a np t e a t r o y f
I d n o il tn ow
n a gd o i hdn rg
— Material backing up the joint
duringweldingto facilitate
obtaininga sound w a
e
t r
h o
o
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—A o al
n na uo s r m
u b ygbs f t e ea a n r c e f s B
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ev p t r i ao anpl cel gor i nt ocisn ei s t i dn g i a f f o a s o
t
rr
t o m e lw o ew mf er xino c tr ete sept ;t i o h nh ws ,
e
c o m ap uo n s me un er et at sl ale lml e le y in ct s .
t
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i i n t e pr s bel c eta zi t n(nn gw ee ed seumr n c e t o t ia al
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m i s el
tl
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m
m
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p
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t rt nh n ue f
a b a t o h xw
n ru t ohmi t u oyio g s hmch
e h
a i z
ri hc e o iewr nt ec o aii oesd ; ehntt ts pt
r o t a a vm a i rt he t a r a iyi ea nl fif ez i ae n de i t t f
h o m
h o ag uei n ne p o i nnu l fs
ao
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—T
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I db I
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wls bfi e oi oi lnn
eea a s f t et air i e n g s g us e e s .
n e t
f
— A threaded sleeve u
t c so
n
hTei e hwrp i h f en a t t s eho ea bv. rr yne
eoa
eens l nx yt t dhieu prr
sne i oaa t r l pd
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l
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i n t e fr mw i i te i tl el nl dt
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s u uw ra s e l i ft tl ee b ryt ee odhn hhca
at o l j
ioe w ai h n e i tr p c,
n h
m
ue
t tn e a a e nd ll st eee simv p orae r nt a
t i n c or whe me i e l n dTte ss i
n l l ad ua et i crenn r g iod
i ny f migh o eia m
o l
a a pi np r o r xn i m e a te e el y
p
r s e i st u s rs c i uepva aelsf l l ao s l l sl s ye
i ht
o
sh
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opposite to t
f
l
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.
other line.
—T l
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A cn
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s ls a u as p te s n ed eo d m d t b p a hr o e d x i u csy c oeo bi ss neys g i
t
t r h e f v ah a e l
r i t s oe e d
wc >a c u t or s a i aec en x ceg cr eoup sa os r
gravity in forcing the plate
b c
a f u a c s tr i aie ncxgy kcgs ui e nt es gs
against a seat, shutting o
f
f r od r e un ip n t g u , r
h
a
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r
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eo r nt e
m
sh
ou o evr dii ft n d fa gi cmo aeehb n p s r oi nbooes nd dt u r cf
d
e s fa s e u f cm i ot cs s a s s f euhl r s arle
s m o i ro s u mf f t st es
ntec oe sr s n iao
p a wr t omi arI e nl eklt l y ie a mt doi l n a. t ehf or
td ,
f e c o m ps or et s r s
d
e m f c ie t ac gh tt rrt hs fo ri ut n gyh i a hsd he o tee rn d u s i od n
m a It t e d r e ai raf h le e b. mmc r oft ee vs
ea e isd s n d y e s uf o a r d mc i a s t oa i hpo np
o ag t
t ot
“a dr ee h s coef “ asr m
hs i ecn mrg a ” e ro m
s f rtop - erv r ead m e ls af ons i rf e m
; na
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s
d e uf o ar r mc ea ot m
i
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— A
m
a
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ti m n i pi n he nir mt mgih suioes cm
i bk
p
h c yh a sr a ico ttce dr ai is lt pf i cfhos ea r
h C- s A eo - l e d 6.
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h o
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act v u e( r ssU
—
r o
t e ve bn a hets se di -u rmer e f te aa l c x e
s
— T
m
m he e
p
fo w s e
el od s i dn
gr .
t e m p ( e t r ath t t ru h ro i e euc h xkg nph e e
ui
— Penetration
w
e h
xo cn p echd ro -an ef dt t i prtn ic g o o anh so
s
i (d
U
e C r G eo -d d.2
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)
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o c a h ho u a ts
n en h eg f e ie
af t
r
s
wt r r e ti ue s s sp t s nhes t f cht re i t a a o i ot h nr
, — T r r e o ma ha tt x
ii e
c o no p d s i twu hi t io p enr t o p ah fohe r i trs i no li n ear ol eo ntq f ua ra i aal nr c deo t dt u
s
p
et , c oi
rmt mi e gin h cin nior eam
l
i
m
i
t
.
s e ac t ir o ne a al
.
M
oo m
e
n
t
f
eo c n t sro a mi e l e e
—At
—
T m
o o ih m n o e e n tre d tt e ti t f ee a r ofmfa s i hf un no ee r o fc e t a
a a
w r r e it as e pt n e a ch
t
o n
axis is the sum of the
—T p
r a et h ts
s
u
+
p
r oo bd b t um a c ui t n osl ae p t d r i ve y -s ae ws s u i hfnrs oe ei r
l
m
p
el
e y la oi et
n mc oge phnh eI st r an fhtee e xtas m.oc l a e t x hl e
Q
i
a
b t r square of eitsh
aa l y l ew o ow p ar r bake l i isie u sn sugn ru
r
distance from the axis.
k a a s e u l i b pt e t a es bvt eol t t eteh o t
The Moment of Inertia (I)
p
r r e e s dl s i e tue p vvr r ieit ne cf ghv e e
for thin walled cylinder
q
o u p ( ee U
n C in A n o t-g
d. 6
0e
u
about its transverse axis; 1 = n r’t
where r = mean radius of cylinder
t = wall thickness
N
d
t
V
e
—e A
a
z
l
l
ve a
e
T it
a spp h pe ko re f i. rig ne mr i gn ai
o t oi
p
e oh n
i nn f g e .
— T
ie a in tlt a t i
c lrhseo fn es is t i
ivar eet (edi ohs
A03 o -)d d. 6
or s
c o ma
ole
iact h n ca g
l o z
if h s e i int
b rre t e eee fm o ps are ras a tonc ua r S
nce s c oei c a s dl r
g
s i e on a m
cv
t ese i uymt onb b b n je e feb rn sc
f ttd a ooeo -sr e i nt olie n geus lt mi a g
cs F r i c r.eu eaa ms sl i es
i i t nl f
ogib ht ri n n; m
t et sorehe s e e d c 1 t iy0 C
oe n0h 0ri on”f m
r t D bee ceo rof le xn a si s d.i
n
es
uuha t tr sr f e aaenc l ch t ei
o do nec . a s
r e s mi s a at u a s snkt tc e ase en i iu t nts ile
— T l o n g s ih t uuo d r i nf es a alu f ci o t e p a eftb ore lma pet ea i r nar bt g u
F
.
f
s e i i t a mb rr es ee um
ot sb rb b s j e e n e 1 rn c 5 t d0
o0 - ”
—T
a
i
t
d
t e m pt e w
r a b ht mu iar
m
o t e p o tt v a ha b e
f t s p eoo chp ieo ftr
U
2 C2
tdn sua G Ua e G-- ( -n U
— T
n
u o whm e pb l
ede rc ri o nno of u dg ni a t- iu i fno l nioo nna r g xfi m t i
c e d u r Te - c g l ra os us hopi f.m i ca a tt i e o s nr iwt a t irl fp s rte o phsloh r i sti i nom n ea il
b
o ah a r s d e c nhe aa br iad alc it tnte yr i s t n i ch
d e
o fo vca ik om e eits
p
u o g r r p iot or u s pte nei d nuo f ug hm c sbo e —e Ge rp
(
U
C
A
o
d6
0e
)
w p r oe c( e dSl Cu erI eodc s .t d i X eo
n
)
A c
as
mrl t a bl t e oiei tl renCs i tla ohl e
dd n e e — H
eav a
et
(
t w
e x cio Seh tpA a t c- hi l 6oea a ns1 r s 2 it f fa) si uee fd t f e i msc p it e er ro nae tt ul r i
P
1 N
o
.
.
r
e ss t i wrd eua h s ta srli e eor sc h s
m e c t h r a ena ai w ct eam ll en d n it n
—T w
m
deh ee pb tloo ps ea i d t rPl ne rd veo esya e sps - u s ar beneph lr o sas t t
a at
e
dt
:
g
r a e t s l a s o iao w ox h nn e
i g l e hsd tf r. e e
W
t
hv
e a esht cs
noe rl nle e st
s u b s( t aU Cn c Weo s , - d
2e
— T
p
r oo sh pu es a t r a te i U
yn i pn Sn f fg B t i o( r- e i Ue l a dW e m-r
s2
p r e( cv t i ti a e s bp i l e bye rh dl m e aee n oP
f ee r)no v et resa pss- us s a ruetn de brl f i js t er d
m
w
a
i tr t ui Thp ot to i nauu eurh t e l .rsi w se t me t hshno iod wc he k je ng eonle xsedi s c
t d
et p n r ooo y h p it oeoe fe r l l t ed oy i 5 wn i f (gi
nU r / g W
n
82 . )
u
s n lt
d eo
ea a d r d y
.
W
t
ch
a(
ehrP 1 s b- nm otN ea ntoe
t h ie c x 1M
k icn a we s ece s o nd nl ns de c
a a t t a (nc C
h mTse nU
o dat seCf db S
Plug Valve— One with a short sectionof a
coneor taperedplug throughwhicha holeis
e x c e p t i o n s ) .
cut so that fluid can flow through when the
hubt l w t n p elh
holelinesu w t i ia no
t
p
i r
l oh9
tf
uia b0
tl el geo ° s cdo
heeu t t d e—, H
k t , ew w d eso . pl
ta n pet b p t la pna i
e d r a i t ni o gn s
ert
.
—Av
w a r h el l i
i e a c a i hl r d c doup elr banel rsea s s eyp u el or ca eiinr f e dim c e n
i
m
e o an ml
b
un e e ra r pte n f t ooop up r ec r nom
r nan dat ioi tl
j
To h i m o nomh
t
al .
ae e y
r y
n b p a oro c t i oa l t ml e y p — rA m
c eo ng t te an a i e
I
po ii a td r bh,
p
l f e iw t wl e
il
eyc e yt l d ilo ns h dp rdhci ec a aro lw
d
v
a
i
l
o
r
a
i
n
d
o
i
u
n
g
gs s .
m
e
t
a
l
.
I
F
p
r
ve o s ce s su o rs e e n l
ep l
d
s t rp uw c ml t eb i o lu n a d g
s — yA e o w
c
w
e
h
t
s
w
e
s
i
r
c
e
o
e
h
m
s
b
i
u
p
n
l
o
l
e
e
u
i l sj
io r e ai e n d i nt p sn
n f o r ca e m
r o e o n p t u ps ern e dns s -u r e .
i
i nn p
rg s e osst
s Pr, u nr urns i e c—mA n - a so r o tray s rm h ea
a ut t a r(c h Um
C
a e Wan lo tf -s a d 1 n se7 o tt)
r d
er - s
s
a
co h h
m
w e ce
naei r te r sd t tt rf isa c t ih i on n s .
T C U a o W b dl 1e
2e
)
—Aw
m
o
E313
I
=!==
t
t
(
a
c o mv hp mel e s t e s da e
l
y
b t
be a p s r ti e l iseo h es ydi ud yrr ro ee s t an ut if c
t w
t ev h c e s ashse bna sft nnfwei e eoll i lt l
yet e d
h
w
o ta t
tor t
haee l
cs cri t erabq ei s nun f ngi
od
t
e
a
t o l( ce r e s a er ti r Tte v pdai nc i een hnus )m . a t A ei c
p
r
s
i
t
P
m
r
r
m
a
e
i
e
r
m
s
s
m
y
i
s
a
b
t
r.r r a y
t p
r es e b s 1h ss t u at . irmt el am2 x lh eie 5 m s u e m
d
i
i
v
“
g
i
n
e
a
d
n
“
e
e
t
l
r
d
o
a
n
o
l
ce ”g a o
c
a
t
A
a l l w o owp ra r btke bl sis e stn o uag r m e p
oe e d
n
ep
nr m ei e rmsm aiabto lrw
r r a yi neh en
t v
e(
sUh C s G eol1e d .O
eO
)g
s d i s it t r s i bt utr tnuhe oc dh t u n r ea
Ratio— Theratioof lateralunh
r e d i s ot l r i o b u aoct ai r o cno ea u s rf d
strainto longitudinal
unitstrain,underthe
y i E
e lx doa p i m rn s p gi al t. m
ge r sea r enr
—T
a
a
t
e o a sr e i css o i t t n ii idrs cea hl erff -y ls i a m
d th i
n ep t u r eol et r s ln s e L
a uo ly r o i ea e mc ir do dia sin ct nnlso gr at ot i td ao r i
i s lt rl i bboi u e sta en vi dtdt d r si e en;c hogs n wds ic nth e ti aso i n t tuso c hra sch e ec
ep
noo a ftr h rt
ali e lo
an a ff t afd oi a rlp pu ol t noirs c eia tn t m
t bi rh oe n e
e x E
p ex ocas t m
e e csp d o la. t nge drse ra enr f
– A n na ae ua si ti t en nhgs i e ttb irn recs men a t aa sgd rl ssi rt en; r ugos c
e a rb hl r e fo l ao u blot qs l iu oyen w
yn dg cie s hcd oi n n ty ig n u i t y .
s
or t l e mu op te Lr i a imtou u qnrf e us s . i
d oe s
d
r
d t ou p l ee uht rt s t r a
u e a n o c f h sii ur on wg sa i ia ee t l , n de M t r tor —, T
t T es sectionmodulus
i
oas
nh m f
.
a mh a i ipt
el c ur
ni h ag le
dc s . s r e o a cob
w r
e ti e s
pipt r et ic nchhe ac t inei opt xr a
—T p
r o po h a ce s e l st s emi se noo if cghm nw -ere
enrti et stt a pi t fh ea x
rr a od t i nha a t ori i oabc no u sj b g e tdhn aci b n itvt d ni d i -df s htet aard t nht y cxoe e a
ar
oe i ns c o uo u n t ra gds epnd ne sf s smio s t r i zeonp e om
d to ss o ei Tt ct s hnet e i t coh
( i UC l A o m
d6 .
0e
) m
o l d a ud r e l t g uet er s f ml l i yne he x
s
t
e i
oa
d — iT r u
oa s g hdyf r i a u t eo r ias b eo fonng eg m ti a ha t v e f r m
S
e
M
c
o
(
t
d
o
i
a
u
o
l nZ
a a
w r r e it a sge patf ini e ta cvhx
t e iho
n
s
s e
t
w
h
c
a
y
i
(
l
i
r
l
i
~
n
e nl
qr
ou t o aq
ur ooa he bn bttt ai f ite ny e
d
y
a
i
b
t
r
a
o
a
n
t
s
u
x
v
e
i t v m i odo i ihm non t eega w
nr e ttr h i f ae
tf e a h
z
=
Pnt
4-+4
e t t s a pb ht e ax c ar t i h oe t s a y e .
re
eoa r d ae
w
r =h m
L
e — nA t g i t n e h
d ni s c r at t i m n g
o c y il i n d
p em c i i o nfm ii a e ml xd u eiw mm n ui gr m r t t
h
l
th = w t h ia c k n
e f n aw g i t i t rl thi anhsn hd ngi c nag t e e e d .
i
n
s
d
c
f
f
q
w
t
i
f
R
o
s
d
r
s
l
R
p
s
wu
e
f —
r A am c a t o otv reh y rm e i ei a iSrl tg— S
hfi yt nhr e e ug cl l mt e u t l m
re aa ne l
nc d
w o p r io t p mne t ri hs t t aiu hfe i a s tk s a st bo e oM
pi t oe at m
s o rc a h g e esehe .nb l ert r l f
u a uh i gs h - ct e m
el p eihr a snt u sr i e t n r eg v o. o ahpl uc tl iu oea nr
nv f e
I t t e r m ohi t n bo l s hon egio t yh i oe
R
e
s —
i S d remaining
ut
a r inl a struce
s c s y l pi no da v r a io e ca s a sprl hv s e te er f i s
ture or member as a result of thermal or
i c
aa a s l pl lhs e ehs r s ide c o al
l l
mechanicaltreatment, or both.
c o m oh p s o nt e re
— T
R e s Wi s e —
t Alap ndr cwei e esnp slg udt r r ia te the
nn op gg o rie - e nf a e t r n eo n ec
c
w
he t eh
rsi p e ehr is ob nt da
u e c t e hs d
y e
— A a
r e s t it sf t o aa enl h ci ce e ou c ro te r wr e fi nn c t
.
w e l d i n wg p hr c o oce ea srl is pe e s r ci eo nn
R
o
o — T b o oo t hw
f t e oh e e lb mh
tt
de fw e aa. e t i l ia e bdn cty e g at t r h wi
c
o mv
ee e l r e at ec td a r o ln d e
S
—A i
o
fr x oo t ior s
m
dun n r ehe f d a
nc e e
o h s
s t o oem i et e ft iflo tm
l o, eh as
r r n e m
g
f e
lt d s l.
e electrode.
r
the
s
wh
f e ho we ai t t s hc fis lr h h ohe el i f f lnmetalis
e i ee obtainedfrom
S
t
— Ec
p ra de p pra rr g a eftt pic oea n r; Soi hi nn g gl neB - JWe e—
- luAodb e jd i tw uo n et i
i on
ldd m
ye e
.
o t oe
o a m du h ef wgm
r en bel eo d ee f if r no sg r o.
S W —eS w
e
u ae p i e r s ilta odmi
t i g h t n e s s .
S
e
cSo
—
nt Ad r a
a
re y
as
S i n g i eL - W
J e —
i d
oA ela d j i
i on p
a
aeb l r dti dl a y
i o n
w
t ho v ei er h l co atd pm h p ge eet dmhe b
b j
oa w i
ea n rti lee de odo o e d eh nd
m
e
m
b
e
r
.
s
Size Weld—GrooveWeld:Thedepthof
p e n e t r a t i o n .
E
L qF
Wui
t el ea
l l e hg d t
:w
ee i lo
dl
ai
ni n
l
l
eo t en l
ga
rth g g h e f se s t t a w g r g ei t r s e pt
i s o r si gc h et - l t re i asL n g l 1e
t
i th o
ol t
his h
L
w
c h b ii n asc c hr i nb ee d
w
t i f t wi hc hl ie r l n eol e t—s T d p s r o e l h s i t s qi u u hre
\\
o a v ogt iv a nwei gi ntdhs a ,s s s lt o e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n n. m
\\
lll l e g d t
y
U
n
L
e
F
q
W
i
u
e
l
a
e
:
\\
T
p
r
h
s
e
b
s
h
i
s
i
a
u
a
r
s nkn els i d e le t r
c
o
T
l
l
o
e
t
h
l
n
e
a
g
r
h
e
t
g
g
h
e
f
s
e
t
k
s
.
r
t i r wi g ac h bn h g i i tl da ce e sv h i e gn s ne s i en n gl
i n sw c t ir f i t wbi che hl ds ei r el n c oel te ti s do
sn
.
S
—
t A fr
coa h nri at d
ncn ig m
ee y e ”hdn i
oe t a s oc au f ht o l n i l t o fooe uan b nf A xos n t -id a r
—A r
ye f t . a c
h
m
e c to na s olt a ipl t r ui oeoc nc ot oes sr s s ef h ed o i r a t , e r nn i n ag a
n s g
t
o
x mi h de c it o zna s elett dil at iu hec nd t i s ras i ta o t rs te t Ti ow
r n sa
ioit hs nr
u n d e Us i sr c a ubo ol acen o. l ms bl i yn sa c t tio o m
nuf s m
t c o s o n nl eyn
o d t o
o a o
axc b i o ia d wxn nesf id eois di u d e tct
rsx ah
l
i
a
td da f ud es i eib si ld i to dy .
—I
n f t e e o xrb e ner oairt c l tt
ee
a
d p j oa aab c u e r t on o tp a td s cho fh r
— Theratio of the lengthof
a i
m pa
go ls i e n pa eaW
n r dnat t hi e o
a uniformcolumnto the least radiusof gyraf
ao p ra t trc pr a et l s ls hai tec e nl rh a eo
tion of the crosssection.
e s
s h t w ret f e h a aos nd srhre ot ; c r n
t p
t l s h iat c hr na ee ols e s trl e rs m
e
—Aw
e
l
d
w
t n h os
m
ihert d
ir t nr ea oeet lsc w t s
a
p o w a i ah i ir ci c compressive
nlt h l t s
a ct
w
i i d h i a r efe tw
c p ntr
e ta s da
1
b t t
p
eoh o t r
t a ri o ho t n
f e
4
o w
i ah i i c i c tensile
a c stress.
lnt h l t s e t
s
u o t r o f m at hc he e
e f me r
b
w
ih e
ix
p c ro
hs
e s d
— L o n g i t u
t
h t rh oT ohu h g l ohh e e l .
e( me e r Si s d i to n ra l
+
m o m n ab f
a i o yl
r ly
et eC di r c u m f( e r heS n t oi a
c o m wp wl em i t eee l tyt l a h l d s .
t
r
e
s
S a S c
ma n e l m l b
—T r
o t a d h eto a n h i s e oi
tf e y ( df i a sp h f t r v a r g m e
m
a t t t e d r e io nsha
lss
oti oa t e n ym d
af e r
d
s
h
eaa f v ilo i g n
m a t s e a r wui a a al a c ,s t p eh e c s i rS
f i t e dr e v o l u t i o
t e m p fe er a x t 4ua roome6 , po (0l° e r ° , f R F+
C or . B r r e s n t d r i
ne
g
aa a s s t eca i o ns n dod) p ai rrt r it e do s n ss u
r f eS
er
ae
s h t
s
a t e m p ne r a t u r d e .
D i s c o s n t ia rna u e i t s
a
bc
hri t uah i pn c
i
n
g o s n o hthe vessel.
W
e — El l e cd t r ii c - rnwe s iges it a ln c ed
a
p
w
f h iu l i si t am
csi
ai ohmdt ni era rs d e l e oc lt
al
y
b
e t te lw et e ch eti r n op de es
. —At
h fr ae wsa itda hete ndh e e
w
t
h i o ro eet o a b dnhe ns o n n
– (
E S l t aa T bs i t l i t i chth yf r )l e e a(ue nd U Ceg l Ad t o -h l d 6.
s
t o r a v e t enr gbs e t u s ohs cw eki fr l l si i o nnt
gk
l r — A a w
e
lr
i d t a
c nox um psi r teTg as ser s oti el v a esh b s i . l
ie p
r
w
o
h
c
e
e
r
s
e
s
i
n
c
o
a
l
i
e
p
s
r
c
e
o
b
n
d
c
eu
t o a v
ie s
es a v s f e byf erof e oe l c l st y eu d
y t f
h
e
w
a
a
a
t
i
o
i
a
b
n
t
r
e
g
r
a
t
h
w
c
n
b
a
r o u n d n e s s .
m
e el eo e tc l t e aar c to t wldr oTe odn he r
w
e i s l h d b i a ibe n l o gdga re n sa d kn
— T
f w u m s a o it t o ew
b r lP oi re hai enr l s
skn
l
o ii n t n e rf mewi t etisl ea tl nf l td
ei u net a ~f s m in ie onlee b l f t dt ae eda ir r n l l
o l j
oi w ai t hin n rcti por h,ec m n eht n eat r s s o o mff ne d at s uir epm p dle eo sm e
m
u
(
U
G
S
2C
5
)C .
3 T “
n to h m i ici t knt .nhae e i l s chs
—Aw
m
t eh ap
lo o aad
dsrl ee a tolc d oe ms cm faet rvec aai d aai ls lls yb nl
w
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—F
IN: E
Abbreviations
...........................:.
........466 Checklist for inspectors...................255
Abrasion
.............................................483 Checkvalves..................................... 367
Absolutepressure..............................483
Definition..................................... 484
Accessopening,ticknessof.....,........,
140 Chemicalplant piping.......................
Allowableloadonsaddle..................110 Chemicalresistance
Allowablepressure
........................ 18-25
of gaskets..................................... 224
Allowablepressure,
flanges................28
Metals........................................... 224
Allowablestressesfor
paints........................................... 253
non-pressureparts ........................ 4
A
A
A
l
4
9
Chipping............................................
484
l oo pw ab nl e c . .ena. s. .d . t . i.Circles,circumferences
. f .ne. . g. 2 3 6
..................................................
l
l
o
y 4
8 of, ................................
3
and areas
300
nb d c
e........................
oh
s o l i r7
g t7C n i -divisionof..
8
4
r
c
l..........................
e
s
,
Anglejoint .........................................483
Anglevalves ......................................366
definition ......................................483
Annealing...........................................483
API 650 tanks ....................................204
API 12Ftanks....................................203
Appurtenances,
Preferredlocations.......................241
Arc welding .......................................483
Area of circles....................................300
Planes............................................ 258
Area of surface,
Cylindricalshell head...................425
ASMEflangedand dished
head, allowablepressure.......... 20-24
Dimensionof m.....,
......................... 335
Externalpressure............................34
Internalpressure....................... 20-24
Automaticwelding ...........,.,...........,..483
Backing..............................................483
Base ring design ............................ 79-83
Beamformulas...................................455
Bend allowances
of Steelphltc .................................236
Bendingof pipe and tube ..................234
Ilcnt pipe ............................................ 280
B
v
ao p
le
Codes ................................................. 470
Combinationof stresses...................... 69
Combustibleliquids.......................... 184
Commonerrors
Detailingvessels..........................
Completefusion................................ 484
Cone,allowablepressure,
Internal.................................... 20,24
Externalpressure........................... 36
Frustrumof...,.......................,......276
To cylinderreinforcement........... 159
Wallthicknessfor
internalpressure.................20,
Conicalsection,
Allowablepressure..................20, 2
C
ir
el n s e s ru
rd e
....................................
s a s
e w 4l
s
C
Boltedconnections............................463
Bolts,weightof ................................. 4
B
B
B
B
Segments of ................................ 290
Circularplate, weightof... ................ 404
Circumferencesand areas
i ......................................
r
c
l
e 300 s
of c
Circumferentialstress ......................... 14
Clad vessel........................................ 484
Coderules relatedto
Services......................................, 181
Thicknesses.................................
rf
ri ...................................
a t c t t l u e r4 e
r i t..........................................
t l e n e s s 4
u ............................................
s
h
i
n
g
.
u
t
t
Weld...........................................483
Capacitiesof fabrication....................232
Carbonsteel, propertiesof ................186
Centerof gravity................................452
Centigrade,conversion
to Fahrenheit..................................444
Ccntroidof an area ............................484
Chain intermittent
IiIlcl Weld ...................................... 484
C
E
x p t r e ....................
e r s n s.......
a u3l r
e
W t h a i .........................
c k l n 2e 2l s s
0
o n s to rV u Cc t S i oS n C
I
S f ,
,‘ p a c i ................................
f i c a t i o 13n
9
7
4
o n to r a c t i o n
f
H o r vi z e .........................
o sn t s a e9l
l
s
1
2
o n ,vd e e r cs i i o mn a
l
s
8
3
o a degree................................... 443
f
8
3
Degreesto radains....................... 441
.
4
8
3
Factors......................................... 446
Gallonsto liters ........................... 439
Inchesto millimeters...................431
Kilogramsto pounds...................438
Litersto gallons........................... 439
Millimetersto inches...................433
Poundsper sq. in, to kilogramsper sq. centimeter......,. 440
Poundsto kilograms.................... 438
Radiansto degrees ...................... 442
Sq. feet tosq. meters ..1................437
Sq. meterstosq. feet ..............,....437
Cornerjoint ....................................... 484
Corrosion...................................215,484
Fatigue ......................................... 484
Corrosionresistantmatcrinls........,....2
Creep.................................................. 484
Couplings.......................................... 468
Definition..;.................................. 484
Lengthof............................,,138, 139
Weightof ..................................... 413
Wchling........................................ 361
Cylinders,.
partialvolumeof..............,...418,421
Cylindricalshell allowable
Pressure.................................... 18,22
Area of surface............................. 425
Externalpressure........................... 32
Thicknessfor internal
pressure............................... 18,22
W
..........................................
e
i
g
h
3t
D
a
m
s
a ................................
t g ri
ne g 4s
Davit .................................................. 312
D
e oc a degree,
i
m
a
l
s
conversion.................................... 443
Decimalsof an inch........................... 426
Decimalsof a foot ............................. 426
Definitions......................................... 483
Deflection............................................ 68
Deformation,strain ........................... 484
Degreesto radians,conversion.........441
Descriptionof materials.................... 192
Designpressure,definition...............484
internal........................................... 15
external .......................................... 31
Designspecification.......................... 195
steel structures............................. 447
tcmpcraturc.................................. 484
tall towers ....................................... 52
weldedjoints ........................ 1 448
e
tofpressure
a
i vessels
l
i .............
n
g 240
Dimensionsofheads......................... 335
D
pipe............................................... 330
Discontinuity.............................484,485
Divisionof circles ............................. 289
Doubleweldedbuttjoint ...................485
lapjoint ........................................ 485
Drop at intersectionof nozzle
and shell ....................................... 291
Ductility.............................................485
Earthquake........................................... 61
map,of seismiczones.................... 64
......................
Eccentric
Eccentricload...................................... 66
Eccentricity........................................485
Efficiencyof weldedjoint .................485
Elastic ................................................485
Elasticlimit........................................485
Elasticstability ....................................67
Illcctroslagwelding...........................485
2
2
Ellipsoidalhead allowable
pressure .................................... 18, 22
area of surface..............................425
dimensionsof ...............................335
externalpressure ............................34
locatingpoint on ..........................293
partialvolumeof... .......................
wall thicknesst’or
internalpressure..................18$22
Endurancelimit,..................................485
Engagementof pipe...........................235
Erosion...............................................485
Examinationof weldedjoints ............177
Expansionjoint ..................................485
7
5
of horizontalvessels
......................99
of metals....................................... 191
s
8 openings.......................
4
Extensionof
128
Externalpressure .................................31
f charts ........................................ 42-47
stiffeningring .................................40
Fabricatingcapacities........................232
Fabricationtolerances........................200
Factors,conversion............................446
Factorof safety ..................................485
Fahrenheit,conversionto
centigrade.....................................444
Fatigue...............................................485
Fiber stress.........................................485
Filler metal.........................................486
Fillet weld ..........................................486
Fittings....................................... 126-127
welding.........................................361
dimensions...................................361
7 weight...........................................390
4
,
Flammableliquids............................. 184
Flangedand dished head,
allowablepressure....................20, 24
area of surface..............................425
dimensionsof ...............................335
externalpressure ............................34
thicknessfor internal
pressure...............................
Flangedfittings,prcssuretemperaturerating ..........................28
Flrmgc
dimensions,...................,..,......,....341
pressure-temperaturerating ...........28
weightof ......................................395
F
F
h
r
w l t e h aia ......................
ca k l t n 2d e ls o scylinderand plane...................
6
2S1
f
ou c s o tn crc e.u . n. m
.o t. . r . .i f. ncof
. .cylinderand
. . . 2e 7 sphere.................
6
2S6
e c cc e ..............................
n ot r i n2c
e nozzleand
7
of
shell,drop 9............. 291
F
g p u i..................................
ape
i
l n2 s gIsotropic..................................,.......4.
0
8
487
F f
wiu ...................................
l el l
el l 4 t Joint
d !efllciencies.......................
3
6 172, 174
Gage
Gallonsto
.....................................
........................................
....................
definition..................................... 487
Joint penetration............................... 487
Junctionof cone to cylinder............. 159
Killedsteel ........................................ 487
Kilogramto pounds,conversion...... 438
welding .......................................486
Gaskets,chemicalresistanceof.........
Gate valve ..........................................486
dimensions...................................365
Generalspecifications.......................243
Geometricalconstructions.................268
Ladder .............................................. 315
Laminatedvessel............................... 487
Lapjoint ............................................ 487
Laws,boilerand pressurevessel ...... 474
Layeror laminatedvessel ................. 4S7
Leg
support
102
f
o
.......................................
r
m
u
l
a 2s
5 .......................................
8
dimensions...................................
108
p
r
.......................................
o
b
l
e
m 2s
6
8
arcs ...................................
297
G
s i f
oer ..............................
r t m
a
hu 1 ml Lengthof
a
6
Lengthof
pipeand
coupling
G
v l ........................................
ao
l b
v e 4 e
8
6
for openings......................... 13S, 139
d i m e...................................
n s i o n 366
s
of stud bolts.................................
237
G
i r t i....................................
a z a p t i h o4 n
s
6
Lethalsubstances..............................
487
G
rw .......................................
o
eo
v l e 4
d
s
6
Liflingattachments........................... 119
Ileads .................................................334 Liflinglug ......................................... 118
definition.....................................,486 Ligament........................................... 487
volumeof .....................................416 Linedvessel ...................................... 487
weightof ......................................375 Liquidpenetrantexamination........... 487
Heat treatment....................................486 Liquidpetroleumpiping...................210
1Hemispherical
head, allowable
Literature ........................................... 479
pressure.................................... 18,22 Liters to gallons, conversion ............ 439
area of surface.............................. 425 Loadings ...................................... 1
3
dimensionsof ...............................335 L o pointson
c
a
t
i
n
g
externalpressure ............................34
ellipsoidalheads.......................... 293
o
r vesselcomponents....... 241
wall thicknessf
Locationsof
i
n p t r e . e. r . .s n. . s1. a .2 u. l. Longweldingneck............................
.r . . e. 8. . . .
, 2
34I
I { i gs h ..................................
- t a l l e o y 4e
l
8 stress..............................
6
Longitudinal
14
1Iingc,......+........,..........,.......,.....,....4
,..314 [,OW-dk)y S(CC] .................................. 487
flydrogenbrittleness..........................486
properties of ................................ 187
I[ydroslatictest ..................................486 L temperature operations
o
.............
w 185
Hydrostatictest presssure.................... 1S Lug,lifting ...,,,.,,.,..,,,.,...................,,, 118
1hydrostatictest pressure
Lugsuppport..................................... 109
for flanges ......................................28
Magneticparticleexamination......... 487
Impact stress ...................................... 486
Malleableiron ................................... 487
test ................................................ 486
Materials,descriptionof..................,.192
Inchesto millimeters,
propertiesof ................................ 186
3
1
conversion.................................... 4
test report.....................................
487
I n s op e p c............................
et i n o in 1 n
g of foreigncountries.....................
2
3
194
l n s pc c h c e...........................
t oc r k ’ l s 2i s Maximum
t
5
5
allowablepressure,
I n s uw l aoe t .......................
i i fo ng , .4 h
. tflanges.1...........................................
4
28
I n t e w
r m................................
i t et e n t l 4
dfor pipes.......................................
8
7
142
I
n p t r e ............................
e r s n s a u 1l r1 e stress5..............................................
, 8
13
I n t e or cs e c t o i o n n
f
e
stress values........... 16, 189$190,487
and cylindcr .................................. 28S
workingpressure................... Is, 487
...........................
,
4
8
7
wall t
h i f c k n eo s s
r
n p t r e ......................
e r s n s a1 u l r
e
4
w
oe ......................................
i
g
h
3t
f
9
P
f
i si
t y ...........................
t pm i b n eo 3 g l
s
6
P
ci
.......................................
po
i d n
eg 2
s
0
P l a ............................................
s t i c i t y 4
8
P
b l e a nal l d o. t . iw
. . . a.ne. n. . g.c. . e. . s. . . . 2 3 7
P
o ul 8 n t a eh i qt c0 uk en a ef ls s ,
l
d
i
n
1g
f
7
M i l lt i m n e tc e hr s e
s ow , e o ....................................
c o n ..................................
v e r s i o 4n
P
t .hl 3 i rca ke tnlt. 3e a s et s ,i
o
n
o
M
i t n h i oi m c u k mn
s
s r a df i oe gx r a a mp. i.h .ni . ac. .t . i . o. . n. . . . 3
s
ah h e ...........................
e l n al
1 s d Pd sl w 8a oe ................................
t i e
g2s
,h 4
t
f
0
M
o e ld a . u.s . .t . l .i .1 .c i. 4.i . .t f.P8y. . l. . ..............................................
a7. 8 t
f
o, 8r
m 3
1
M
o o rd i u ...........................
g l i u d s 4i
t Pf y v
8..........................................
8 v g 4 e
l a
lu
8
M
oo i m n..............................
ee
nr
t 4 i Plug
f a weld .........................:.................
8
8
489
Measures ............................................ 321
Measurement, metric system of... ...... 427
Membrane stress ................................ 488
Metal arc welding .............................. 488
Metals, chemical resistance of... ....... 224
Metric System of measurement .........427
Mist extractor .................................... 316
Mitered pipe ...................................... 2
Nameplate......................................... 317
Needle valve...................................... 488
Neutralaxis........................................ 488
Surface......................................... 488
Nipple ................................................ 488
Non-pressurewelding....................... 488
Normalizing....................................... 488
strength ........................................ 488
test ................................................ 488
Nozzledetails.................................... 244
Nozzle loadings................................. 153
Nozzleneck thickness...............122, 140
Nozzleweightof ............................... 413
i
Pneumatictest................................... 489
P
P
P
P
o ir s ....................................
sa o nt ’ si 4
o
o ..............................................
r
o
s
i
t
y 4
w
h o t e r ees....................
al t a tm4 d e nt
t
oper sq.uinch ton
d
s
e q
r .
kilogramp s
c e n tc i o m n e .v .t . e.e . r.r . s., . i. . o. . .n . .
P
ot k ui l cn o o gdn .rv s. ae . rm. os ., i . o,
P
po
ci w.............................
p oei
nr 2d g
e
P r el fo eco rva r t ee i dos n s s
e
c o m p..................................
o n e n t 2s
P
po
ci w.............................
p
o ei
nr 2d g
e
P r el fo eco rva r t ee i dos n s s
e
c o m p..................................
o n e n t 2s
h e a t i n g 4
Openings............................................ 122 P r e ..........................................
P
r
o
e
f
s ...................................
sl
u ur
e i2
f d
detailingof ................................... 244
P
r
e
s
s
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T
e
m
r
p
e
r
a
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t
u
r
e
t
i
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.
.
.
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.
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.
. . n. .
extensionof.................................. 128
P
r
v
e
s
...................................
e
s
s
u
r
s
e
4
e
l
reinforcementof..,................. 129-137
d e ........................................
t a i l i n 2g
weightof ...................................... 413
l
a
w
...............................................
4s
weldingof .................................... 244
P
r
r
e
v
s
e
s
..........................
l
a
u
i
r
l
e
e
4
v f
e
Operatingpressure....................... 15,488
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
welding................................489
temperature.................................. 488
8
8
8
. 4 4 0
n. 4
0
f l
4
0
f l
4
8
. .g . 2
8
3
7
8
optimum vesselsize.......................... 272 Primarystress.........................,,.!,...,,,.489
Organizations..................................... 476 Propertiesof pipe............................... 3
o s
e ....................................
c
t
i
o
n4 f s
Oxidation........................................... 488
s
t
2
5
, ,l .
9,
as i......................
n t l e , . s e 1s.
...................................
t
e
e .1 f l.
.
. 9 .
.........................................
u
b
e
332
f s
P-number........................................... 489
o s
Packing,weightof ............................. 414
o t
Paintingof steel structures................247
ne a c l ih 4 n g
oo c l y lu, . i . m
.n . d. e. Qe4 1r f8uas, 4n e2 n1..............................
Partial v
h
e
a
d
4s
2n
............................................
R
a to 2degrees,conversion.........442
d
i
a
s
s
p...........................................
h
e
r
4e
2
2
Radiographing...................................490
P
a
s
s 4
....................................................
8
9
Radiusof gyration
.............................490
P e t refinerypiping
r o l e.................208
u m
Radiographicexamination.................174
P
b
ei ..............................
n
dp
i 2 n e 3 g 4 relationto
,
2 platethickness..............30
8
0
d i m oe ...............................
n s i o n 3s
f
3
0
Randomlength...................................490
e n g a..................................
g e m e n 2t
3
5
............................. 1
Reactionof
l
eo f on p e ng i n got1s , .1h. . . R
3. f. e.r . c,
m
i ,....0..,.,..............................
t
e
r
e 2d
R e f
p r o o p.................................
e r t i e 3s
f
t38t a n..............................
ag ,u l9n a r 2 k
8..........................................
r a c t o0 r y 4
2
2
9
s
5
1
9
R e f r i pg e ri. . .a. . t.p. i. . .o. . in. . . . : .n. . . . .w.g. . 2thicknessfor
I(
a
internal
l
l
R c i n f o Cr c ct m
c co yn t......
l, 1 in n
dpressure
e eS o ..............................
r
$
18,22
R e i n o f o o pr c...........
e i nn 1 gi 1 n Spot
2g f welding.....................................
s
39
,
7
491
R
e wq t u h i ai r c e k l d n e Squarefeet
ls s
to squaremeters,
for internalpressure................. 18-2;
Residualstress ................................... 49(
Resistance welding ............................ 49Q
Right triangles, solution of... ............. 27(!
Ringjoint flanges ...............................356
Ringsmadeof sectors........................ 274
Rootof weld ......................................490
Saddledesign....................................... 98
dimension..................................... I
Scale...................................................49a
Scarf ...................................................49(I
Scheduleof openings ........................245
Screwedcouplings.............................368
Seal weld............................................49o
Seamlessheadjoint efficiency..........176
vesselsection ............................... 176
Secondarystress ................................ @O
Section modulus ................................ 49o
Sections, properties of ....................... 450
Segments of circles ............................ 290
conversion................................... 437
Squaremetersto squarefeet,
conversion................................... 437
Stabilityof vessels............................ 491
Staggeredintermittent
filletweld..................................... 491
Stainlesssteel, propertiesof...., ....... 190
Stair ................................................... 313
Standards........................................... 47o
Statichead ........................................... 29
definition..................................... 491
Steelstructures,designof................. 447
Stiffeningring, externalpressure .......40
construction................................... 48
Strain ................................................. 491
Stressand strain formula;.................448
Stress,definition............................... 491
Stressvaluesof materials.................. 189
Stresses,combinationof... .................. 69
in cylindricalshell......................... 14
in largehorizontalvessels
supportedby saddles................86
in pressurevessels................. 13,491
Structures,designof ......................... 447
Structuralmembers,weldingof...,.... 458
Stud ................................................... 491
Studbolts, lengthof.......................... 237
Studdingoutlets ................................ 357
Subjectscoveredby literature.......... 481
Submergedarc welding .................... 49]
Supportof vessels,leg ...................... 102
................................................ 109
Seismicload.........................................61
map of seismiczones ..................... 64
Services,Code rules .......................... 181
Shapeof openings ............................. 122
Shearstress ........................................49o
Sheet steel, weight.,...........................399
Shell, definition.................................49o
volumeof .....................................416
weightsof ..................................... 375
Shieldedmetalarc welding ...............49o
Single-weldedbuttjoint ....................49o
lapjoint ........................................490
.............................................
Size of openings................................ 122
checkwdvcs........................... 367
vessel............................................ 272 ~ymbolsfor pipe fittings.................. 369
weld .............................................. 49o
Shop weldedtanks............................. 203 I’ackweld .......................................... 492
Skirt design..................,.,,.,,...,.,..,,,..,,,. 76 rail towers,design.............................. 52
openings.......................................319 ranks, rectangular............................. 212
Slag .................................................... 491 ranks, shop welded........................... 2
Slendernessratio................................ 491
for oil storage .............................. 204
Slot weld ............................................491 ree joint ............................................ 492
Solutionof right triangles .................270 temperature,conversion
Specificgravities...............................415
centigradeto Fahrenheit.............. 444
Specificgravitydefinition.................491 rensile strength................................. 492
Specificationfor design
stress ............................................ 492
of vessels...................................... 195 rest .................................................... 492
Specifications.....................................470 rest pressure ..................................... 492
Sphere,allowablepressure............18, 22 rest pressure,external........................ 31
externri! pressure ............................ 34
rhermalexpansionof metals............ 191
partial volIImc of .......................... 412
[’hcrnmlfa[iguc................................. 492
rhermalstress ........,..............+........... 492
0
Thicknessof VCSSCI
wall,’
for pipes ....................................... 148
definition......................................492 Weaving............................................. 482
8o
2 321,374
code rules related t ..................... 1
Weights.....................................
for full vacuum...............................49
bolts..............................................412
charts .,.,,,..,,,...,,,,,..................... 49-51
c
i pr
...............................
cl
u a l
ta
4r e
s
for internalpressure................. 18-27
couplings......................................413
for nozzleneck............................. 140
flanges..........................................395
of pipe wall .................................. 148
galvanizedsheet ...........................399
Threadedand weldedfittings............126
insulation......................................414
Throat.................................................492
nozzles..........................................413
Tolerances,definition........................492
openings.......................................413
Tolcranccsof fabrication...................200
packing.........................................414
Topicscoveredby literature..............481
pipes and fittings
Transitionpieces........................ 287-288
plates ............................................400
Transportationof vessels...................246
sheetsteel .....................................399
Tube, bendingof..,.............,............... 234
shells and heads ...........................375
propertiesof .................................332
vessels ............................................59
e
.......................
l
d
e
dWeld,definition.................................492
Typesof w
metal.............................................493
U. M. plate .........................................492
e on
1i
n1 g r2 s
sizes f o p ................
Ultrasonicexamination......................492 W
je
c l oa dt .....................
ei eg ond r1 i t e s
Undercut............................................ 492
designof ....................................... 174
Unequalplatethickness
examination..................................
177
weldingof .................................... 178
locations....................................... 174
Unit strain ..........................................492 Weldedsteel tanks.............................204
stress.............................................492 Welding,definition............................493
fittings ..........................................361
V~]VCS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JtjS
of nozzles .....................................244
Vessel,definition............................... 492
procedure...;..................................493
Vessel,components,
of pressurevessels ...................... 170
preferredlocations.......................241
rod ................................................493
Vibration..............................................60
symbols........................................ 179
Volumeof cylinders,
partial ....,..........,...................418,421 Wind load ............................................52
of shells and heads.......................416 Windspeed map ............................54,57
of solids........................................ 264 Workingtcmpc.mturc.........................488
Vortex breaker...................................320 Wroughtiron......................................493
Yield
Wallthicknessfor internal
pressure.................................... 18-27
........................................ 493
24
7