Network Analyzer
Basics & Measurement
林昭彥 Joe Lin / 技術專案經理
2023.05.09
S21
S11
S12
S22
1
Agenda
Subtitle
• Introduction
• What measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Differential (Balanced) Measurement
• TRL Calibration Introduction
2
Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy
Incident
Transmitted
Reflected
Lightwave
DUT
RF
3
Low
Integration
High
What Types of Devices are Tested?
Duplexers
Diplexers
Filters
Couplers
Bridges
Splitters, dividers
Combiners
Isolators
Circulators
Attenuators
Adapters
Opens, shorts, loads
Delay lines
Cables
Transmission lines
Waveguide
Resonators
Dielectrics
R, L, C's
Passive
RFICs
MMICs
T/R modules
Transceivers
Receivers
Tuners
Converters
Antennas
Switches
Multiplexers
Mixers
Samplers
Multipliers
Diodes
Device type
VCAs
Amplifiers
VCOs
VTFs
Oscillators
Modulators
VCAtten’s
Transistors
Active
4
Why Do We Need to Test Components?
•
Verify specifications of “building
blocks” for more complex RF
systems
•
Ensure distortion-less transmission
of communications signals
• linear: constant amplitude, linear
phase / constant group delay
• nonlinear: harmonics,
intermodulation, compression,
AM-to-PM conversion
•
Ensure good match when absorbing
power (e.g., an antenna)
F
M
9
7
K
P
W
R
5
The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase
S21
1. Complete
characterization of
linear networks
S11
S22
S12
2. Complex impedance
needed to design
matching circuits
4. Time-domain characterization
Mag
3. Complex values
needed for device
modeling
High-frequency transistor model
Time
5. Vector-error correction
Error
Base
Collector
Emitter
Measured
Actual
6
Agenda
• Introduction
• What measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Differential (Balanced) Measurement
• TRL Calibration Introduction
7
Transmission Line Basics
Low frequencies
+
I
-
wavelengths >> wire length
current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power transmission
measured voltage and current not dependent on position along wire
High frequencies
wavelength  or << length of transmission medium
need transmission lines for efficient power transmission
matching to characteristic impedance (Zo) is very important for low reflection and maximum
power transfer
measured envelope voltage dependent on position along line
8
Transmission line Zo
•
Zo determines relationship between voltage and current traveling waves
•
Zo is a function of physical dimensions and r
•
Zo is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms)
1.5
attenuation is
lowest at 77 ohms
1.4
1.3
normalized values
1.2
50 ohm standard
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
power handling capacity
peaks at 30 ohms
0.7
0.6
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
60 70 80 90 100
characteristic impedance
for coaxial airlines (ohms)
9
Power Transfer Efficiency
RS
RL
For complex impedances, maximum power
transfer occurs when ZL = ZS* (conjugate
match)
1.2
R
s
+
j
X
Load Power
(normalized)
1
0.8
0.6
j
X
0.4
0.2
R
L
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
RL / RS
Maximum power is transferred when RL = RS
10
Transmission Line Terminated with Zo
Zs = Zo
Zo = characteristic impedance of
transmission line
Zo
V inc
Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power
is absorbed in the load)
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves like an infinitely long transmission line.
11
Transmission Line Terminated with Short, Open
Zs = Zo
V inc
Vrefl
In-phase (0o) for open,
out-of-phase (180o) for
short
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in a short or open reflects all power back to source
12
Transmission Line Terminated with 25 Ω
Zs = Zo
ZL = 25 W
V inc
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does not go to zero as with short or open
13
Reflection Parameters
Reflection
Coefficient
G
Vreflected
=
=
Vincident
Return loss = -20 log(r),
r
r
F
=
=
ZL - ZO
ZL + ZO
G
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Emax
Emin
VSWR =
Emax
Emin
=
1+r
1-r
Full reflection
(ZL = open, short)
No reflection
(ZL = Zo)
0
r
1
 dB
RL
0 dB
1
VSWR

14
Smith Chart Review
.
+jX
Polar plane
90
o
1.0
.8
.6
0
+R
→
-jX
+ 180
-
.4
o
.2
o

0
-90 o
Rectilinear impedance
plane
Constant X
Constant R
Z L= Zo
Smith Chart maps
rectilinear impedance
plane onto polar plane
0
G=
0
Z L=
Z L= 0 (short)
G=
1
±180
G =1
O
(open)
0
O
Smith chart
15
Transmission Parameters
V Incident
V
DUT
T
Transmission Coefficient =
Gain (dB) = 20 Log
V Transmitted
=
Insertion Loss (dB) = - 20 Log
V
Trans
V
Inc
Transmitted
V Incident
V
Trans
V
Inc
=
= - 20 log
= 20 log



16
Group Delay
Frequency w
tg
Group delay ripple
Dw
Phase
to

Average delay
D
Frequency
Group Delay (t )g =
-d 
dw

w

=
-1
360
o
*
d
df
in radians
in radians/sec
group-delay ripple indicates phase distortion
average delay indicates electrical length of DUT
aperture of measurement is very important
in degrees
f in Hertz (w = 2 p f)
17
Phase
Phase
Why Measure Group Delay?
f
f
-d 
dw
Group
Delay
Group Delay
-d 
dw
f
f
Same p-p phase ripple can result in different group delay
18
Characterizing Unknown Devices
• Using parameters (H, Y, Z, S) to characterize devices:
• gives linear behavioral model of our device
• measure parameters (e.g. voltage and current) versus frequency under various source and load
conditions (e.g. short and open circuits)
• compute device parameters from measured data
• predict circuit performance under any source and load conditions
H-parameters
Y-parameters
Z-parameters
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z21I1 + z22I2
h11 = V1
I1
V2=0
(requires short circuit)
h12 = V1
V2
I1=0
(requires open circuit)
19
Why Use S-Parameters?
• Relatively easy to obtain at high frequencies
• Measure voltage traveling waves with a vector network analyzer
• Don't need shorts/opens which can cause active devices to oscillate or self-destruct
• Relate to familiar measurements (gain, loss, reflection coefficient ...)
• Can cascade S-parameters of multiple devices to predict system performance
• Can compute H, Y, or Z parameters from S-parameters if desired
• Can easily import and use S-parameter files in our electronic-simulation tools
a1
Incident
S 21
S 11
Reflected
Transmitted
b2
DUT
Port 2
Port 1
b1
Transmitted
S 12
S 22
Reflected
a2
Incident
b1=S11a1+S12a2
b2=S21a1+S22a2
20
Measuring S-Parameters
a1
Forward
S
S
11
21
Z0
Incident
b
= a
a2 = 0
a2 = 0
S
22
=
2
1
a2 = 0
S
a1 = 0
Load
Transmitted
S
12
=
Reflected
Incident
Transmitted
Incident
S 22
DUT
b1
Load
DUT
b1
= a
1
Transmitted
b2
Transmitted
21
Z0
11
Reflected
Reflected
Incident
=
=
S
b1
S
Incident
Reflected
12
Incident
b2
= a
2
b
= a
a1 = 0
1
2
a1 = 0
b2
Reverse
a2
21
Equating S-Parameters with Common Measurement Terms
S11 = forward reflection coefficient (input match)
S22 = reverse reflection coefficient (output match)
S21 = forward transmission coefficient (gain or loss)
S12 = reverse transmission coefficient (isolation)
Remember, S-parameters are inherently complex, linear quantities –
however, we often express them in a log - magnitude format
22
High-Frequency Device Characterization
Incident
Transmitted
R
B
Reflected
A
TRANSMISSION
REFLECTION
Reflected
Incident
=
SWR
S-Parameters
S11, S22
Reflection
Coefficient
G, r
A
Transmitted
R
Incident
Return
Loss
Impedance,
Admittance
R+jX,
G+jB
=
B
R
Group
Delay
Gain / Loss
S-Parameters
S21, S12
Transmission
Coefficient
T,
Insertion
Phase
23
Agenda
• Introduction
• What measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Differential (Balanced) Measurement
• TRL Calibration Introduction
24
Generalized Network Analyzer Block Diagram
Incident
Transmitted
DUT
SOURCE
Reflected
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT (R)
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
25
Source
•
Supplies stimulus for system
•
Swept frequency or power
•
•
Incident
Transmitted
DUT
SOURCE
Reflected
Traditionally NAs used separate
source
Most Keysight analyzers sold today
have integrated, synthesized sources
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT (R)
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
26
Signal Separation
Incident
Transmitted
DUT
• Measure incident signal for reference
SOURCE
Reflected
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
• Separate incident and reflected signals
INCIDENT (R)
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
directional coupler
splitter
27
Directivity
• Directivity is a measure of how well a coupler can separate signals moving in opposite
directions
(undesired leakage
signal)
(desired reflected
signal)
Test port
Directional Coupler
28
Receiver / Detector
Incident
Diode
Transmitted
DUT
SOURCE
Scalar broadband
(no phase information)
DC
RF
AC
Reflected
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT (R)
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
Tuned Receiver
RF
IF = F LO ± F RF
ADC / DSP
Vector
(magnitude and phase)
IF Filter
LO
29
Transmission/Reflection Measurement Configuration
Display
Transmitted
Incident
Reflection
Display
DUT
Receiver
Transmission
Receiver
Incident
Reflected
DUT
30
Modern 2 Port Network Analyzer Structure
31
Processor / Display
Incident
Transmitted
DUT
SOURCE
Reflected
SIGNAL
SEPARATION
INCIDENT (R)
REFLECTED
(A)
TRANSMITTED
(B)
RECEIVER / DETECTOR
PROCESSOR / DISPLAY
markers
limit lines
pass/fail indicators
linear/log formats
grid/polar/Smith charts
32
What is the Difference Between NA and Spectrum
.
Measures
known signal
Frequency
Network analyzers:
measure components, devices,
circuits, sub-assemblies
contain source and receiver
display ratioed amplitude and phase
(frequency or power sweeps)
offer advanced error correction
Amplitude
Amplitude Ratio
8563A
SPECTRUM ANALYZER
9 kHz - 26.5 GHz
Measures
unknown
signals
Frequency
Spectrum analyzers:
measure signal amplitude characteristics
carrier level, sidebands, harmonics...)
can demodulate (& measure) complex signals
are receivers only (single channel)
can be used for scalar component test (no
phase) with tracking gen. or ext. source(s)
33
Agenda
• Introduction
• What measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Differential (Balanced) Measurement
34
Measurement Error Modeling
• Systematic errors
• due to imperfections in the analyzer and test setup
• assumed to be time invariant (predictable)
Errors:
• Random errors
SYSTEMATIC
• vary with time in random fashion (unpredictable)
• main contributors: instrument noise, switch and
connector repeatability
Measured
Data
RANDOM
Unknown
Device
DRIFT
• Drift errors
• due to system performance changing after a
calibration has been done
• primarily caused by temperature variation
35
Systematic Error Modeling
• Imperfect network analyzer viewed as an ideal network analyzer plus an imperfect
connecting network
Imperfect Network
Analyzer System
Ideal
Network Analyzer
Imperfect
Connecting
Network
DUT
DUT
36
Interaction of Directivity with the DUT
0
Data Max
Directivity
Device
30
Add in-phase
60
Device
Device
Frequency
Directivity
Return Loss
DUT RL = 40 dB
Data Min
Add out-of-phase
(cancellation)
Data = Vector Sum
Directivity
37
Systematic Errors
Reflection: One-Port
R
Directivity
A
DUT
Frequency response
reflection tracking (A/R)
Termination
Source
Mismatch
Assumes good termination at port two if testing two-port devices
38
One-Port Error Model
RF in
Ideal
Error Adapter
RF in
S11A
S11M
1
ED = Directivity
ES
ED
S11M
ERT = Reflection tracking
ES = Source Match
S11M = Measured
ERT
S11M = ED + ERT
S11A
S11A = Actual
S11A
1 - ES S11A
To solve for error terms, we measure 3 standards to generate 3 equations and 3 unknowns.
39
Before and After One-Port Calibration
0
2.0
data before 1-port calibration
1.1
VSWR
Return Loss (dB)
20
40
1.01
data after 1-port
calibration
60
1.001
6000
MHz
12000
40
Systematic Measurement Errors
Two Port Measurement
R
Directivity
A
B
Crosstalk
DUT
Frequency response
reflection tracking (A/R)
transmission tracking (B/R)
Source
Mismatch
Load
Mismatch
Six forward and six reverse error terms
yields 12 error terms for two-port devices
41
Two-Port Error Model
Reverse model
Forward model
Port 1
a1
b1
ED
ES
E RT
EX
Port 1
Port 2
S21A
S11A
S22
S 12
A
S21
a1
ETT
EL
b2
a2
Port 2
E L'
S11
b1
A
E RT'
A
S22
A
E S'
E D'
b2
a2
S12 A
E TT'
E X'
A
E L = fwd load match
ED = fwd directivity
E TT = fwd transmission tracking
E S = fwd source match
E RT = fwd reflection tracking E X = fwd isolation
E D' = rev directivity
E S' = rev source match
E RT' = rev reflection tracking
E L' = rev load match
E TT' = rev transmission tracking
E X' = rev isolation
Each actual S-parameter is a function of all four
measured S-parameters
Analyzer must make forward and reverse sweep to
update any one S-parameter
Luckily, you don't need to know these equations to use
network analyzers!!!
S11a =
S
- ED
S
- ED '
S
- E X S12 m - E X '
( 11m
)(1 + 22m
E S ' ) - E L ( 21m
)(
)
E RT
E RT '
E TT
E TT '
S
S
S
- E D'
- ED '
- E X S12 m - E X '
(1 + 11m
E S )(1 + 22m
E S ' ) - E L ' E L ( 21m
)(
)
E RT
E RT '
E TT
ETT '
S21a =
S21m - E X
S22 m - E D '
)(1 +
( E S '- E L ))
E TT
E RT '
S
S
S
- ED
- ED'
- E X S12 m - E X '
(1 + 11m
E S )(1 + 22m
E S ' ) - E L ' E L ( 21m
)(
)
E RT
E RT '
E TT
ETT '
S12a =
S
- EX '
S
- ED
( 12m
)(1 + 11m
( E S - E L ' ))
E TT '
E RT
S
- ED
S
- ED'
S
- E X S12m - E X '
(1 + 11m
E S )(1 + 22m
E S ' ) - E L ' E L ( 21m
)(
)
E RT
E RT '
E TT
E TT '
S22a =
S 22m - E D '
S11m - E D
S 21m - E X S12m - E X '
)( 1 +
ES ) - E L ' (
)(
)
E RT '
E RT
E TT
E TT '
S
- ED
S
- ED'
S
- E X S12m - E X '
(1 + 11m
E S )(1 + 22m
E S ' ) - E L ' E L ( 21m
)(
)
E RT
E RT '
E TT
ETT '
(
(
42
Types of Error Correction
Response (Normalization)
• Simple to perform
thru
• Only corrects for tx tracking errors
• Stores reference trace in memory,
then does data divided by memory
S11 a
Vector
S11 m
• Requires more standards
• Requires an analyzer that can measure phase
• Accounts for all major sources of systematic
error
SHORT
OPEN
LOAD
43
Crosstalk
Signal Leakage Between Test Ports During Transmission
• Can be a problem with:
DUT
• High-isolation devices (e.g., switch in open position)
• High-dynamic range devices (some filter stopbands)
• Isolation calibration
• Adds noise to error model (measuring near noise floor of system)
• Only perform if really needed (use averaging if necessary)
• If crosstalk is independent of DUT match, use two terminations
• If dependent on DUT match, use DUT with termination on output
LOAD
DUT
DUT
LOAD
44
SOLT Calibration
SHORT-OPEN-LOAD-THRU
Characterized mathematically remove systematic
errors and measurement.
SHORT
OPEN
• Reflection Cal: Open/Short/Load
• ES(source mismatch)
LOAD
• ED (directivity)
thru
• ERT(reflection tracking)
• Thru Connection
• ETT (transmission tracking)
• EL(load mismatch)
• Isolation measurement
• Ex(Crosstalk)
LOAD
DUT
DUT
LOAD
45
Errors and Calibration Standards
UNCORRECTED
RESPONSE
1-PORT
SHORT
thru
DUT
Convenient
Generally not
accurate
No errors removed
DUT
Easy to perform
Use when highest
accuracy is not
required
Removes frequency
response error
ENHANCED-RESPONSE
Combines response and 1-port
Corrects source match for transmission
measurements
OPEN
LOAD
DUT
For reflection measurements
Need good termination for
high accuracy with two-port
devices
Removes these errors:
Directivity
Source match
Reflection tracking
FULL 2-PORT
SHORT
SHORT
OPEN
OPEN
LOAD
LOAD
thru
DUT
Highest accuracy
Removes these errors:
Directivity
Source, load match
Reflection tracking
Transmission
tracking
Crosstalk
46
ECal: Electronic Calibration
•
Variety of modules cover DC to 67 GHz
•
Many connector types available (50 W and 75 W)
•
Single-connection
reduces calibration time
makes calibrations easy to perform
minimizes wear on cables and standards
eliminates operator errors
Highly repeatable temperature-compensated
terminations provide excellent accuracy
•
47
Agenda
• Introduction
• What measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Differential (Balanced) Measurement
• TRL Calibration Introduction
48
Differential Device Topology
1
2
Unbalanced Device
• Signals referenced to ground
1
2
Differential Device
• Signals equal amplitude and anti-phase
• Also supports a common mode (inphase) signal
• Virtual ground
49
Ideal Balanced Device
Ideally, respond to differential and reject common-mode signals
Gain = 1
Differential-mode signal
Balanced to
single ended
Common-mode signal
(EMI or ground noise)
Gain = 1
Differential-mode signal
Fully balanced
Common-mode signal
(EMI or ground noise)
50
What About Non-Ideal Balanced Devices?
Mode conversions occur...
Differential to commonmode conversion
+
Generates EMI
Susceptible to EMI
Common-mode to
differential conversion
51
Single-Ended S-Parameters
Conventional S-Parameters Answer the Question …
If a single port of a device is stimulated, what are the
corresponding responses on all ports of the device?
52
Single-Ended S-Matrix
S=b/a
Stimulus Ports
Response
Ports
 S11 S12

 S 21 S 22
 S 31 S 32

 S 41 S 42
S13
S 23
S 33
S 43
S14 

S 24
S 34

S 44
53
Mixed-Mode S-Parameters
Mixed-Mode S-Parameters Answer the Question …
If a balanced port of a device is stimulated with a
common-mode or differential-mode signal, what are the
corresponding common-mode and differential-mode
responses on all ports of the device?
54
Mixed-Mode S-Matrix
S=b/a
Differential-Mode
Stimulus
Port 1
DifferentialMode
Response
Port 1
CommonMode
Response
Port 1
Port 2
Port 2
 S DD11

 S DD 21
 SCD11

 SCD 21
Common-Mode
Stimulus
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
S DD12
S DC11
S DD 22
S DC 21
SCD12
SCC11
SCD 22
SCC 21
S DC12 

S DC 22 
SCC12 

SCC 22 
Naming Convention: Smode res., mode stim., port res., port stim.
55
Three-Terminal Devices
Differential Mode
Common Mode
Single-Ended
Port 1
(unbalanced)
Port 2
(balanced)
Single Ended
Response
Port
1
Differential
Mode
Response
Common
Mode
Port
2
Port
2
Response
Single
Ended
Stimulu
s
Port 1
Different
ial Mode
Stimulu
s
Port 2
 S SS11
S
 DS 21
 SCS 21
S SD12
S DD 22
SCD 22
Common
Mode
Stimulus
Port 2
S SC12 
S DC 22 
SCC 22 
56
Comprehensive Balanced Measurements
Amplitude/Phase Imbalance
What are Amplitude/Phase Imbalance Parameters ?
- Amplitude and/or Phase differences between output signals at balanced port.
- Math by Single-ended Parameters
- Normally Used for Wireless Balanced Components, such as SAW filters
Single Ended Port 1
S21
Balanced port 2
Ideal
D=0
[deg]
DA=0
[dB]
D<>0
[deg]
DA<>0
[dB]
S31
Real world
D  = - (S21/S31) 
D A = - (S21/S31)Amplitude
57
Comprehensive Balanced Measurements
CMRR
What are CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio) ?
- Ratio of Differential-mode and Common-mode Transmission
- Math by Mixed-mode Parameters
- Normally Used for Balanced Cables and Common-mode filters
Sdd21
Ideal
DUT
CMRR =
Scc21
Real world
DUT
CMRR = xx dB
CMRR = (Sdd21/Scc21)
58
Agenda
• Introduction
• What measurements do we make?
• Network Analyzer Hardware
• Error Models and Calibration
• Differential (Balanced) Measurement
• TRL Calibration Introduction
59
Implementing the TRL Calibration Method
• Selecting standards appropriate for the application that meet the basic requirement of the TRL
technique.
• T：Thru；R：Reflection；L：Line
• Defining these standards for use with the network analyzer by modification of the internal calibration kit
registers.
• Performing the calibration.
• Verification of TRL calibration.
Thru
Reflection
Line
60
Selecting TRL Standards - Thru
Two type：Zero Length Thru or Non-Zero Length Thru
• Zero Length Thru
• No Loss. Characteristic impedance need not to be known
• S21 = S12 = 1 ∠0, S11 = S22 = 0
• Non-Zero Length Thru
Zero Length Thru
• Zo of the Thru and Line must be the same
• Attenuation of the Thru need not be known
• Insertion phase or electrical length must be specified if the Thru is used to set the reference plane
Non-Zero Length Thru
61
Selecting TRL Standards - Reflection
Two type：Open or Short
• Open or Short
• Reflection coefficient Γ magnitude (optimally 1.0) need not be known
• Phase of Γ must be known within ± 1/4 wavelength
• Must be the same Γ on both ports
• May be used to set the reference plane if the phase response of the Reflection is well-known and
specified
Reflection
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Selecting TRL Standards - Line
Line
• Zo of the Line establishes the reference impedance after error correction is applied
• Insertion phase of the Line must never be the same as that of the Thru. The phase difference between
the Thru and Line must be between (20 and 160 degrees) ± n x 180 degrees
• Optimal Line length is 1/4 wavelength or 90 degree relative to the Thru at the center frequency
• Usable bandwidth of a single Thru/Line pair is 8:1
• Multiple Thru/Line pairs (Zo assumed identical) can be used to extend the bandwidth can be used to
extend the bandwidth
• Attenuation of the Line need not be known
• Insertion phase or electrical length need only be specified within 1/4 wavelength
Line
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Selecting TRLM Standards - Match
Line
If the Line standard of appropriate length or loss cannot be fabricated, a Match standard may be used
instead of the LINE.
• The Match standard is a low-reflection termination connected to both Port 1 and Port 2.
• The Match standard may be defined as an infinite length transmission line OR as a 1-port low reflect
termination, such as a load.
• When defined as an infinite length transmission line, both test ports must be terminated by a Match
standard at the same time. When defined as a 1-port load standard, the loads are measured
separately. The loads are assumed to have the same characteristics.
• The impedance of the Match standard becomes the reference impedance for the measurement. For
best results, use the same load on both ports. The load may be defined using the data-based
definition, the arbitrary impedance definition, or the fixed load definition.
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Defining TRLM Standards
Example of standard coefficient definitions-( TRL3004B )
65
Defining TRLM Standards
Procedure to create user specified calibration kit
• [ Cal ] > [ Cal Sets & Cal Kits ] > [ Cal Kit…] > [Insert…]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define Connectors tab
• [ Connectors ] > [ Add ] > key in [ TRL ]
• Frequency Range > Min：[ 0 ]；Max：[ 999999 ]
• Gender > Genderless or Gendered
• Cal Kit Name > Key in [ TRL3004B ]
• Cal Kit Description > [ Demo TRLM ]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab
• [ Standards ] > [ Add ]
• Reflection：Open or Short
• Load：Match
• Thru：Thru or Line
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab - Short
• [ Standards ] > [ Add ] > [ Short ]
• Frequency Range >
• Min：[ 0 ]；
• Max：[ 999999 ]；
• Delay Characteristics >
• Delay：[ -77 ] pSec
• Loss：[ 0 ] GΩ/s
• Zo： [ 50 ] Ω
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab - Load
• [ Standards ] > [ Add ] > [ Load ]
• Frequency Range >
• Min：[ 0 ]；
• Max：[ 501 ]；
• Delay Characteristics >
• Delay：[ 1 ] pSec
• Loss：[ 0 ] GΩ/s
• Zo： [ 50 ] Ω
• Label > Key in [ Match ]
• Descriptor > Key in [ TRL Match ]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab - Thru
• [ Standards ] > [ Add ] > [ Thru ]
• Frequency Range >
• Min：[ 0 ]；
• Max：[ 999999 ]；
• Delay Characteristics >
• Delay：[ 0 ] pSec
• Loss：[ 0 ] GΩ/s
• Zo： [ 50 ] Ω
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab – Line1
• [ Standards ] > [ Add ] > [ Thru ]
• Frequency Range >
• Min：[ 499 ]；
• Max：[ 3700 ]；
• Delay Characteristics >
• Delay：[ 119 ] pSec
• Loss：[ 0 ] GΩ/s
• Zo： [ 50 ] Ω
• Label > Key in [ Line1 ]
• Descriptor > Key in [ Insertable Line 1 standard ]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab – Line2
• [ Standards ] > [ Add ] > [ Thru ]
• Frequency Range >
• Min：[ 3490 ]；
• Max：[ 26600 ]；
• Delay Characteristics >
• Delay：[ 16 ] pSec
• Loss：[ 0 ] GΩ/s
• Zo： [ 50 ] Ω
• Label > Key in [ Line2 ]
• Descriptor > Key in [ Insertable Line 2 standard ]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab – TRL THRU
• [ TRL ] > Click [ TRL THRU ]
• Select Available Standards：[ THRU ]
• Click [ >> ]
• Selected Standards：[ THRU ]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab – TRL Line/Match
• [ TRL ] > Click [ TRL LINE/MATCH ]
• Select Available Standards：[ MATCH ]
• Click [ >> ]
• Selected Standards：[ MATCH ]
• Select Available Standards：[ Line1 ]
• Click [ >> ]
• Selected Standards：[ Line1 ]
• Select Available Standards：[ Line2 ]
• Click [ >> ]
• Selected Standards：[ Line2 ]
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Defining TRLM Standards
Define standards tab – TRL REFLECT
• [ TRL ] > Click [ TRL REFLECT]
• Select Available Standards：[ SHORT ]
• Click [ >> ]
• Selected Standards：[ SHORT ]
• Click [ OK ]
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Performing the calibration
Standard cal kits – TRL3004B
• TRL3004B has been customized.
• Click [ OK ]
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Performing the calibration
Setting default values
• [ Instrument ] > [Sweep Setup..] > [ Sweep Properties ] > [Start / Stop / Power / Points / IFBW]
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Performing the calibration
• [ Cal ] > [ Main ] > [ Smart Cal.. ] > Select Ports 口1 口2 口3 口4 > Click [ Next ]
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Performing the calibration
Step by step (1/17) to (6/17)
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Performing the calibration
Step by step (7/17) to (12/17)
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Performing the calibration
Step by step (13/17) to Done
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Verification of TRL calibration
Measure Thru
Basically, the Line can be seen as an ideal transmission line, so it does not have transmission loss and
the port impedance is very close to 50 Ω. If the TRL calibration is performed correctly, the S-parameter
measurement result of the Line can be obtained
• [ Format ] > [ Smith ] > [ Marker ] > [ Meas ] > [ S11 / S22 ]
• [ Math ] > [ Analysis ] > [ Statistics ] > [ Meas ] > [ S21 / S12]
• Done
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Thank you
84