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Contents
Errata
Language Index
The IPA chart
Part I: Intoductory concepts
1. Articulatory Phonetics
2. Phonology and Phonetic Transcription
Part II: English phonetics
3. The Consonants of English
4. English Vowels
5. English Words and Sentences
Part III: General phonetics
6. Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types
7. Place and Manner of Articulation
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8. Acoustic Phonetics
9. Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations
10. Syllables and Suprasegmental Features
11. Linguistic Phonetics
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Errata
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Errata
Unfortunately there were some errors in the first printing of the 4th. edition of A Course in Phonetics. On
the IPA chart on the inside of the cover page, in the consonant chart, the symbol for a retroflex plosive is
wrong, and should be as shown below:
The vowel chart also had a number of errors as shown below: The red circle items were wrong or omitted,
the blue circle items were badly shaped.
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Errata
In Chapter 5, Table 5.5 has been printed with 5 columns
instead of four. It should be as follows:
Table 5.5. (1) Optional pre-nuclear pitch accents on stressed
syllables (2)Nuclear pitch accents (3)Phrase accents
(4)Boundary tones.
1
2
3 4
H*
H*
L*
L*
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Errata
L + H*
L* + H
H + !H*
(!H*)
L + H* L- H%
L* + H
H + !H* H- L%
(!H*)
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Language Index
!Xóõ Clicks
Chapter 6
British American
Chapter 2
unstressed vowels
Burmese
Chapter 11
Chapter 7
Ewe
Chapter 11
Gujarati
Chapter 6
French vowels
Chapter 9
Chapter 11
French uvulars
Chapter 7
German vowels
Greek
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Hausa
Chapter 6
Hindi
Chapter 6
Italian
Chapter 7
Lakhota
Chapter 6
Malayalam
Chapter 7
Nama
Chapter 6
Navajo
Chapter 11
Polish
Chapter 7
Quechua
Chapter 7
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Sindhi
Chapter 6
Swedish
Chapter 11
Thai
Chapter 6
V'enen Taut
Chapter 7
Vietnamese
Chapter 11
Xhosa
Chapter 6
Zulu clicks
Chapter 6
Chapter 11
Zulu laterals
Chapter 7
Chapter 11
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!Xóõ click places ofarticulation
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Table 2.2
General American and British English Vowels
Click on a word to hear it pronounced in a General American accent.
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Click on a word to hear it pronounced in a British English accent.
British English Vowels
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Performance Exercises 11 C Burmese
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Ewe
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Performance Exercises 11 E Ewe
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Table 6.5 Gujarati
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Performance Exercises 11 G French
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French
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Return to Performance exercisesChapter 11
Performance Exercises 11 H German
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Performance Exercises 11 D Greek
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Hausa implosives, ejectivesand laryngealized
consonants
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Table 6.7 Hindi
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Italian
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Table 6.1 Lakhota ejectives
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Table 7.1 Malayalam
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Nama Clicks
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Performance Exercises 11 A Navajo
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Polish
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Table 7.2 Quechua
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Performance Exercises 11 I Swedish
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Table 6.6 Thai
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V'enen Taut
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Performance Exercises 11 J Vietnamese
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Table 6.3 Xhosa
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Zulu clicks
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Performance Exercises 11 B Zulu clicks
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Zulu
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Performance Exercises 11 F Zulu laterals
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ipachart
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Chapter 1
To hear the whole row of the Consonants, click on the name of the manner of articulation.
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consonants1
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This is half the consonant chart.To hear the sounds before a vowel press on
the left side of thesymbol; to hear the sounds between two vowels press on the
right.
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consonant2
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This is half theconsonant chart. To hear the sounds before a vowel press on
theleft side of the symbol; to hear the sounds between two vowelspress on the
right.
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vowels
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This is the vowel chart. To hear the sounds click on a symbol.
Primary Cardinal Vowels ............................Secondary
Cardinal Vowels
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clicks
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This is the 'clicks' chart. Click on symbol to hear the sound.
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others
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This is the 'other symbols' chart. To hear the sounds click
on the symbol.
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1 Articulatory Phonetics
The Vocal Organs
Voicing
Places of Articulation
The Oro-Nasal Process
Manners of Articulation
The Articulation of Vowel Sounds
Suprasegmentals
Stress variations and pitch variations
Exercises
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Vocal Organs
Click on the [ffffvvvvvfffffvvvvv]to hear the voicing contrasts and then say it
yourself
ffffvvvvvfffffvvvvv
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Sress Variation
Click on a word to hear it.
Click on an arrow to hear the row or column.
Pitch Variation
"That'sa cat"
"That's a cat?"
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2 Phonology and Phonetic Transcription
The Transcription of Consonants
Table 2.1
The Transcription of Vowels
Table 2.2
Unstressed vowels
Exercises
Consonant and Vowel Charts
Phonology
Exercises
Performance Exercises
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Table 2.1
Click on a word in red to hear it pronounced in a General
American accent.
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Unstressed Vowels
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Performance Exercises A Chapter 2
Click on the symbols to hear them pronounced.
Performance Exercises B Chapter 2
Performance Exercises C Chapter 2
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Performance Exercises D Chapter 2
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3 The Consonants of English
Stop Consonants
Table 3.1 Stop allophones
Stops following'S'
London Cockney
Glottal stops
Nasals and lateral plosion
Fricatives
Affricates
Approximants
Rules for English Consonant Allophones
Diacritics
Exercises
Performance Exercises
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Table3.1
Words illustrating allophones of English stop consonants.
Click on a word or arrow to hear the sounds.
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Stops following [s]
Click on either the words or arrows to hear the words or rows
prounounced.
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London Cockney
Click on the transcription tohear the word pronounced
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Glottal Stops
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Nasal and Lateral Plosion
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Performance Exercises for Chapter 3
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C
D
E
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4 English Vowels
American and British vowels (Chapter 2)
English Phonetic Dictionaries
Vowel Quality
Unstressed Syllables
Tense and Lax Vowels
Rules for English Vowel Allophones
Exercises
Performance Exercises
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Performance Exercises Chapter 4
A
B
E
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5 English Wordsand Sentences
Strong and Weak Forms
Table 5.11
Stress
Degrees of Stress
Sentence Stress
Intonation
Examples 17-19,20-24
Target Tones
Exercises
PerformanceExercises
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Table 5.1
Strong and weak forms of some common English words.
Click on a phrase to hear it pronounced.
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Examples 17-19
Examples 20-24
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Performance Exercise A Chapter 5.
British English
American English
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6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types
Airstream Mechanisms
Hausa ejective and laryngealized sounds
Table 6.1 -Lakhota
Table 6.2 - Sindhi
Table 6.3 - Xhosa
Zulu clicks
Nama Clicks
!Xóõ Clicks
States of the Glottis
Table 6.5- Gujarati
Table 6.6 Thai
Voice onset time
Table 6.7 Hindi
Exercises
PerformanceExercises
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Table 6.2 Sindhi stops
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Chapter 6 Performance exercises
A and B
C
D
F and G
H and I
J,K and L
M
N
P
Q
S and T
U
V
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7 Place and Manner of Articulation
Ewe
V'enen Taut
Malayalam
Quechua
Italian
Polish
French Uvulars
Zulu
Performance Exercises
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Performance Exercises Chapter7
A, B, C
D &E
F &G
H&I
J, K & L
M
N&O
P
Q
S&T
U
W
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Figure 8
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Diagrams for Chapter8
Figure 8.1 The waveform duringa short period (a little over two vocal fold vibrations) in mypronunciation of [A], as in "caught."
Figure 8.2 Acoustic recordsof the phrase "Jane, Pat and John" The upper part ofthe figure shows the fundamental frequency (pitch). The
waveform,with a narrow phonetic transcription, is below it. At the bottomthere is a time scale.
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Figure 8
Figure 8.3 The waveformof the phrase "We saw three dogs" and underneath ita record of the intensity in dB.
Figure 8.4 Waveforms of "Saypat now; say pad now; say bad now; say spat now." Only thefirst of these phrases has been segmented. You
should try to segmentthe other three phrases yourself.
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Figure 8
Figure 8.5 Waveform and pitchrecords of "Bonny told Peter she'd plans to leave,"said in two different ways.
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Figure 8
Figure8.7 A
spectrogram of the words "heed, hid,head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who'd" as spoken by a male speakerof American English. The locations
of the first three formantsare shown be arrows.
Figure 8.8 A spectrogram ofthe words "heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who’d"as spoken in a British accent. The locations of the
first threeformants are shown be arrows.
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Figure 8
Figure 8.9 A formant chartshowing the frequency of the first formant on the ordinate (thevertical axis) plotted against second formant on
the abscissa(the horizontal axis) for eight American English vowels. The scalesare marked in Hz, arranged at Bark scale intervals.
Figure 8.10 A blank formantchart for showing the relation between vowels. Using the informationin Figures 8.7 and 8.8, plot the frequency
of the first formanton the ordinate (the vertical axis) and the second formant onthe abscissa (the horizontal axis).
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Figure 8
Figure 8.11 A spectrogramof the words "a bab, a dad, a gag".
Figure 8.12 A spectrogramof "a Pam, a tan, a kang". The arrows indicate the oralclosures forming the nasal consonants.
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Figure 8.13 A spectrogramof "fie, thigh, sigh, shy". The frequency scale goesup to 8,000 Hz in this figure. The arrows mark the onsets of
thesecond formant transitions. Only the first word is shown in full.The second part of the diphthong has been deleted for the otherwords.
Figure 8.14 A spectrogramof "ever, weather, fizzer, pleasure".
Figure 8.15 A spectrogramof "led, red, wed, yell".
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Figure 8.16 A spectrogramof "She came back and started again".
Figure 8.17 A spectrogramof "I should have thought spectrograms were unreadable."Spoken in a normal, but rapid, conversational style
(British English).
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Figure 8.18 A spectrogramof "He left here three days ago".
Figure 8.19 A spectrogramof an ordinary English sentence containing no names (British accent).
Figure 8.20 Wide-band (upper partof the figure) and narrow-band (lower part) spectrogram of thequestion "Is Pat sad, or mad?" The 5tth,
10tth and 15thharmonics have been marked by white squares in two of the vowels.
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Figure 8.21 A spectrogramof the words "heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who'd"as spoken by a female speaker of American
English. The locationsof the first three formants are shown be arrows.
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Figure 8.22 A formant chartshowing some of the vowels of two speakers of Californian English.The frequency of the first formant is plotted
on the ordinate(the vertical axis), and the difference between the frequenciesof the second and first formants is plotted on the abscissa
(thehorizontal axis).
Exercise A
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8. Exercise B
8. Exercise C
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Chapter 9
Cardinal Vowels
Secondary Cardinal Vowels
Vowels in Other Languages
Spanish
Japanese
Danish
Russian palatization
Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) Akan
Rhotacized Vowels American English
Nasalization FrenchVowels
Summary of Vowel Quality
Semivowels French Approximants
Secondary Articulation
Exercises
Performance Exercises
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Cardinal Vowels
Sets of cardinal vowels produced by Daniel Jones in1956
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
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Secondary Cardinal Vowels
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SpanishVowels
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JapaneseVowels
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Danish Vowels
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Russian palatization
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Akan Vowels
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Return to Performance exercises Chapter 11
Performance Exercises 11 G French semivowels
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Return to Contents Chapter 9
Performance Exercises Chapter 9
A&B
B
C
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
N
O
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Chapter 10
Syllables
Stress
Length Danish Vowels
Pitch Thai Tones, Chinese(standard) tones
Stress, Tone and Pitch Accent Languages Japanese
Exercises
Performance Exercises
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Thai tones
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Chinese(Standard) tones
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Japanese
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Performance Exercises Chapter 10
A
B
C
E
F
G
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11 LinguisticPhonetics
Controlling articulatory movements
The Balance between Phonetic Forces
The International PhoneticAlphabet
Feature Hierarchy
Performance Exercises Chapter 11
A Navajo
B Zulu clicks
C Burmese
D Greek
E Ewe
F Zulu laterals
G French
French semivowels
H German
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I Swedish
J Vietnamese
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