CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:
ANALYSIS
OF
TOOTHPASTES
DAKSHA MOHLAH
CLASS: XII
2012-13
Roll No. 1201
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, MOSCOW
This is to certify that Daksha Mohlah has satisfactorily
completed her Investigatory Project for Chemistry as
prescribed for class XII by the Central Board of Secondary
Education in the Chemistry laboratory of this school in the
year 2012-13
Roll Number-1201
Date:
Internal Examiner
Teacher In-Charge
External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely thank my chemistry teacher Mr. M.
Kalra for his able guidance and support in completing my
project
I would like to extend my gratitude to my principal Mrs.
Deepika N. Karnani for providing me with all the facilities
that were required in satisfactorily completing my project.
(Daksha Mohlah)
CONTENTS
S. NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1.
Aim
1
2.
Apparatus Required
1
3.
Chemicals Required
1
4.
Introduction
2
5.
Ingredients
2
6.
Types of Toothpastes
3
7.
History of Toothpastes
4
8.
Evolution of Toothpastes
5
9.
Colgate Max White
6
10.
Sensodyne
8
11.
Colgate Total
11
12.
Colgate Herbal
13
13.
Result
15
14.
Conclusion
16
15.
Acknowledgement
17
AIM
To find out the acid and basic radicals (anions and cations)
present in four different samples of toothpastes.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
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Beakers
Test tubes
Glass rod
Spirit lamp
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
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Dilute hydrochloric acid
Concentrated hydrochloric acid
Barium chloride solution
Concentrated nitric acid
Ammonium molybdate
Magnesium sulphate solution
Magnesia mixture
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium sulphide
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium carbonate
Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Potassium chromate
Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium phosphate solution
Introduction:
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice to clean and maintain the aesthetics and
health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an
abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth and
delivers active ingredients such as fluoride to help prevent tooth and gum
disease (gingivitis).
Ingredients:
In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of
components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.
Abrasives
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste. These insoluble
particles help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque prevents
cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of,
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various
silica and zeolites.
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause
a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. Some
brands contain powdered white mica which acts as a mild abrasive, and also
adds a cosmetically-pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of
teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve
dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque.
Fluorides
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to
prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals,
and some natural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has
beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium
fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride but stannous fluoride
(SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are also used.
Other components
Antibacterial agents
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the
UK. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the
American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath.
Flavorants
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colorings, and flavors intended to encourage
use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint,
and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in
the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils,
e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum,
cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine.
Types of Toothpastes
Fluoride Toothpaste
They contain Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Stannous Fluoride (SnF2), or
Monofluorophosphate (MFP2). The fluoride content is about 1,000 parts per
million (ppm). They are all effective in preventing dental caries. Children
toothpaste contains 500ppm fluoride and is usually fruit flavored, which is
suitable for children.
Desensitizing Toothpaste
The active ingredients help seal off the microtubules inside the exposed
dentine (such as exposed root surface due to toothbrush abrasion) to reduce
tooth sensitivity. Active ingredients such as Potassium Nitrate are used by
different product manufacturers. There are many different types of
desensitizing toothpastes marketed by different brand names. Their various
functions depend on different active ingredients they contain.
Anti-calculus toothpaste
The manufacturer claims that the calcification of dental plaque could be
retarded by this kind of toothpaste, thus it reduces the rate of calculus
formation. The active ingredient is Pyrophosphate or Zinc Citrate.
Anti-plaque toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste inhibits plaque accumulation, reduces the toxic effects
of the bacterial toxin on the periodontal tissues, thereby reduces the chances
of getting periodontal disease. In the market, different anti- plaque toothpastes
contain different active ingredients. For example Triclosan or Zinc Citrate.
Whitening toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste contains relatively coarse abrasives which function by
abrading the stains on the tooth surface, giving a whitening effect. However,
long term use will result in roughened tooth surfaces, which makes stains
deposit more readily.
History Of Toothpaste
The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 300/500BC in China and
India.
The ancient Egyptian recipe for toothpaste: The world's oldest-known
formula for toothpaste, used more than 1,500 years before Colgate began
marketing the first commercial brand in 1873, has been discovered on a piece
of dusty papyrus in the basement of a Viennese museum.
In faded black ink made of soot and gum Arabic mixed with water, an ancient
Egyptian scribe has carefully described what he calls a "powder for white and
perfect teeth".
When mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a "clean tooth paste".
According to the document, written in the fourth century AD, the ingredients
needed for the perfect smile are one drachma of rock salt - a measure equal to
one hundredth of an ounce - two drachmas of mint, one drachma of dried iris
flower and 20 grains of pepper, all of them crushed and mixed together.
Evolution Of Toothpaste
First attempts at tooth cleaning included using abrasives such as crushed bone,
crushed egg and oyster shells, which were used to clean debris from teeth.
Tooth powders were the first noticeable advance and were made up of
elements like powdered charcoal, powdered bark and some flavoring agents.
This would be applied to teeth using a simple stick.
Toothpowder or dentifrice was first available in Britain in the late eighteenth
century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or
paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers.
Modern toothpastes were developed in the 1800s. A dentist called Peabody
was the first to add soap to toothpaste in 1824. Chalk was first added to
toothpaste by John Harris in the 1850s. In 1873, toothpaste was first massproduced into nice smelling toothpaste in a jar. In 1892, Dr. Washington
Sheffield of Connecticut was the first to put toothpaste into a collapsible tube.
Sheffield's toothpaste was called Dr. Sheffield's Crème Dentifrice.
Advancements in synthetic detergents (after World War II) replaced the soap
used in toothpaste with emulsifying agents such as Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
and Sodium Ricinoleate.
The 1960's saw the introduction of fluoride into toothpaste. This development
was followed in the 1980's with the addition of soluble calcium fluoride to
fluoride toothpastes. It is therefore within the last thirty years that toothpastes
contains the two ingredients - calcium and fluoride.
TOOTHPASTE 1: Colgate max white (gel)
Colour: Light blue
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary tests
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
1. Test for Carbonate: To
a little of the salt in a dry
test tube, add dil. HCl.
No characteristic
reaction.
Carbonate was
absent
2. Test for Sulphate: To a
few ml. of salt solution add
dil. HCl and a few drops of
BaCl2.
White precipitate was
formed.
Sulphate was
present.
3. Test for Phosphate: To Deep yellow precipitate
a little salt solution add
was formed.
conc. HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate and warm.
Phosphate was
present.
4. Test for Nitrate: To a
small quantity salt solution
in a test tube add conc.
H2SO4 and heat.
Nitrate was present.
Dark brown fumes were
evolved.
Confirmatory Tests:
EXPERIMENT
1.Sulphate: Add acetic acid
and lead acetate solution to
the original solution.
2.Phosphate: Add
magnesia mixture to
original solution.
3. Brown Ring Test: Add
come freshly prepared
Ferrous sulphate to the
original solution and pour a
few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
OBSERVATION
A white precipitate was
formed.
A white precipitate was
obtained.
A dark brown ring was
formed at the junction of
layers.
INFERENCE
Presence of
Sulphate
confirmed.
Presence of
Phosphate
confirmed.
Presence of Nitrate
confirmed.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
To salt add dil. HCl.
No
characteristic
reaction.
To solution, add dil. No
characteristic
HCl
and
sodium reaction.
sulphide.
To
solution,
add No
characteristic
ammonium chloride and reaction.
ammonium hydroxide.
Divide solution into 3
parts
To one part, add sodium No
characteristic
sulphide.
reaction.
To second part add White precipitate was
ammonium hydroxide observed.
and
ammonium
carbonate.
To last part, add No
characteristic
potassium dihydrogen reaction.
phosphate.
INFERENCE
Group I absent.
Group II absent.
Group III absent.
Group IV absent.
Group V present.
Group VI absent.
Confirmatory Tests
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Flame Test: Make a Brick red flame was
Presence of Calcium ion
paste of the salt with observed.
(Ca2+) confirmed.
conc. HCl. Take a part
of it at the tip of a glass
rod and show it to a non
luminous flame.
TOOTHPASTE 2: Sensodyne
Colour: White
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary Tests
EXPERIMENT
1. Test for Carbonate:
To a little of the salt
add dil. HCl.
2.Test for Sulphate: To
original solution add dil.
HCl and a little BaCl2
3.Test for Phosphate:
To original solution
add conc. HNO3 and
ammonium molybdate
and warm.
4.Test for Nitrate: To a
small quantity of salt
add H2SO4 and heat.
OBSERVATION
No
reaction.
INFERENCE
characteristic Carbonate was absent.
White precipitate was Sulphate was present.
formed.
Deep yellow precipitate Phosphate was present.
was formed.
Dark
brown
evolved.
fumes Nitrate was present.
Confirmatory Tests
EXPERIMENT
1.Sulphate: Add acetic acid
and lead acetate solution to
the original solution.
2.Phosphate: Add
magnesia mixture to
original solution.
3. Brown Ring Test: Add
come freshly prepared
Ferrous sulphate to the
original solution and pour a
few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
OBSERVATION
A white precipitate was
formed.
A white precipitate was
obtained.
A dark brown ring was
formed at the junction of
layers.
INFERENCE
Presence of
Sulphate
confirmed.
Presence of
Phosphate
confirmed.
Presence of Nitrate
confirmed.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
To salt add dil. HCl.
No
characteristic
reaction.
To solution, add dil. No
characteristic
HCl
and
sodium reaction.
sulphide.
To
solution,
add No
characteristic
ammonium chloride and reaction.
ammonium hydroxide.
Divide solution into 3
parts.
To one part, add sodium No
characteristic
sulphide.
reaction.
To second part add White precipitate was
ammonium hydroxide observed.
and
ammonium
carbonate.
To last part, add White
crystalline
potassium dihydrogen precipitate
was
phosphate.
obtained.
INFERENCE
Group I absent.
Group II absent.
Group III absent.
Group IV absent.
Group V present.
Group VI present.
Confirmatory Tests:
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Flame Test: Make a Brick red flame was
Presence of Calcium ion
paste of the salt with observed
(Ca2+) confirmed.
conc. HCl. Take a part
of it at the tip of a glass
rod and show it to a non
luminous flame
Ash Test: To the salt Pink ash was observed.
add few drops of conc
HNO and a few drops of
dil. Cobalt nitrate and
boil thoroughly. Dip a
filter paper into the
solution and burn the
filter paper to ashes.
Presence of Magnesium
ion (Mg2+) confirmed.
TOOTHPASTE 3: Colgate Total
Colour: Blue and White (Striped)
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary Tests
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
1.Test for Halides: To a Colourless gas is
pinch of the salt, add
evolved.
conc. H2SO4 And warm.
2.Test for Sulphate: To
original solution add dil.
HCl and a little BaCl2
3.Test for Phosphate:
To original solution
add conc. HNO3 and
ammonium molybdate
and warm.
INFERENCE
Either chlorine or
fluorine is present.
White precipitate was Sulphate was absent.
formed.
Deep yellow precipitate Phosphate was absent.
was formed.
Confirmatory Tests
Silver Nitrate Test: To
a portion of the salt
solution nd add dil.
Nitric acid, boil , cool
and then silver nitrate
solution.
No characteristic
reaction observed.
Chlorine was absent,
therefore, presence of
fluorine confirmed.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
To salt add dil. HCl.
No
characteristic
reaction.
To solution, add dil. No
characteristic
HCl
and
sodium reaction.
sulphide.
To
solution,
add No
characteristic
ammonium chloride and reaction.
ammonium hydroxide.
Divide solution into 3
parts.
To one part, add sodium No
characteristic
sulphide.
reaction.
To second part add White precipitate was
ammonium hydroxide observed.
and
ammonium
carbonate.
To last part, add No
characteristic
potassium dihydrogen reaction.
phosphate.
INFERENCE
Group I absent.
Group II absent.
Group III absent.
Group IV absent.
Group V present.
Group VI absent.
Confirmatory Tests:
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Flame Test: Make a Brick red flame was
Presence of Calcium ion
paste of the salt with observed
(Ca2+) confirmed.
conc. HCl. Take a part
of it at the tip of a glass
rod and show it to a non
luminous flame
TOOTHPASTE 4: Colgate Herbal
Colour: Green and White
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary Tests
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
Test for Carbonate: Brisk effervescence was
To a little of the salt observed with evolution
add dil. HCl.
of a gas which turns
lime water milky.
Test for Sulphate: To No
characteristic
original solution add dil. reaction.
HCl and a little BaCl2
Test for Phosphate: To No
characteristic
original solution
add reaction.
conc.
HNO3
and
ammonium molybdate
and warm.
Test for Nitrate: To a Dark
brown fumes
small quantity of salt evolved.
add H2SO4 and heat.
INFERENCE
Carbonate was present.
Sulphate was absent.
Phosphate was absent.
Nitrate was present.
Confirmatory Test:
EXPERIMENT
1.Carbonate: To a few
ml. of the salt solution add
magnesium sulphate
solution.
2. Brown Ring Test: Add
come freshly prepared
Ferrous sulphate to the
original solution and pour
a few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
OBSERVATION
White precipitate was
formed.
A dark brown ring was
formed at the junction of
layers.
INFERENCE
Presence of carbonate
confirmed.
Presence of Nitrate
confirmed.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
To salt add dil. HCl.
No
characteristic
reaction.
To solution, add dil. No
characteristic
HCl
and
sodium reaction.
sulphide.
To
solution,
add No
characteristic
ammonium chloride and reaction.
ammonium hydroxide.
Divide solution into 3
parts.
To one part, add sodium No
characteristic
sulphide.
reaction.
To second part add White precipitate was
ammonium hydroxide observed.
and
ammonium
carbonate.
To last part, add White
crystalline
potassium dihydrogen precipitate
was
phosphate.
obtained.
INFERENCE
Group I absent.
Group II absent.
Group III absent.
Group IV absent.
Group V absent.
Group VI present.
Confirmatory Tests:
Ash Test: To the salt Pink ash was observed.
add few drops of conc
HNO and a few drops of
dil. Cobalt nitrate and
boil thoroughly. Dip a
filter paper into the
solution and burn the
filter paper to ashes.
Presence of Magnesium
ion (Mg2+) confirmed.
RESULT
All toothpastes have different radicals. Of the anions, Nitrate is the
most common. While, of the cations, Calcium ion (Ca2+) and
Magnesium ion ( Mg2+) are equally common. The following acid and
basic radicals were found in the respective toothpastes:
NAME
ANIONS PRESENT
CATIONS
PRESENT
Phophate, Calcium
Colgate Max White Sulphate,
Nitrate
Sensodyne
Sulphate, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium
Nitrate
Colgate Total
Fluoride
Calcium
Colgate Herbal
Carbonate, Nitrate
Magnesium
CONCLUSION
Toothpastes generally have many different components. The
most common ions are Phosphates and Calcium. Different
types of toothpastes have different ingredients. Desensitizing
toothpastes like Sensodyne have Fluorides and Nitrates.
Herbal and medicinal toothpastes have many natural
ingredients for medicinal purposes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. www.toothpasteworld.com/facts.php
2. www.parentingtoddlers.com/toothpaste.history.html
3. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/toothpastes