REPUBLI
COFZAMBI
A
SENI
ORSECONDARYSCHOOLCI
VI
C EDUCATI
ON
GRADES1012NOTES.
2NDEDI
TI
ON2020.(
REVI
SED)
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE.
PREPARED UNDER THE SOCI
AL SCI
ENCES TEACHERS
ASSOCI
ATI
ONOFZAMBI
A(
SOSTAZ)NORTHERNPROVI
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Al
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©2020-Nor
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PREFACE
Thedevel
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
1
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
poorper
f
or
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Pr
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NORTHERNPROVI
NCE.
SYLLABUS OUTLI
NE FOR CI
VI
C
EDUCATI
ON GRADES10-12.
GRADE 10.
10.
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VI
CEDUCATI
ON.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
2
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
10.
2.CONSTI
TUTI
ON.
10.
3.GOVERNANCE.
10.
4.CI
TI
ZENSHI
P.
10.
5.I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHUMANRI
GHTS.
10.
6.CORRUPTI
ON.
10.
7.CULTURALSTUDI
ES.
10.
8.SUBSTANCEABUSE.
GRADE11.
11.1.THEZAMBI
ANBI
LLOFRI
GHTS.
11.
2.CI
VI
LSOCI
ETYANDMEDI
AI
NGOVERNANCE
11.
3.ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT
11.
4.ZAMBI
A’
SLEGALSYSTEM.
11.
5.GENDEREQUI
TYANDEQUALI
TY.
11.
6.ACULTUREOFPEACE.
11.
7.SOCI
ALCHALLENGES.[
CHI
LDABUSE]
GRADE12.
12.
1.I
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS.
12.
2.RI
GHTSOFACHI
LD.
12.
3.FAMI
LYLAW.
12.
4DEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG.
12.
5.POVERTYREDUCTI
ONI
NZAMBI
A.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
3
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
12.
6.ENVI
RONMENTALEDUCATI
ON.
12.
7.GLOBALI
SSUES
GRADETEN
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VI
CEDUCATI
ON.
WHATI
SCI
VI
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ON?
 I
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 I
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CI
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CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
4
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
ti
st
hei
mpar
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i
ngofknowl
edget
opeopl
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MPORTANCEOFCI
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CEDUCATI
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 I
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
5
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
THECONSTI
TUTI
ON.
 AConst
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sasy
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cust
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const
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nat
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onneedsaconst
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or
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TYPESOFCONSTI
TUTI
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 Wr
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t
t
enconst
i
t
ut
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onsandunwr
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enconst
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TTENCONSTI
TUTI
ON
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si
s a const
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t
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i
on i
n whi
ch mostoft
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ov
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andAmer
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Adv
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t
enConst
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est
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eady
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oof
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2.UNWRI
TTENCONSTI
TUTI
ON
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sonesuchexampl
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tcanbebentt
omeetnat
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rf
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amewor
k.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
6
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
t pr
ov
i
des l
egalmeans f
or sat
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sf
y
i
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ev
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ev
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tcanbechangedoramendedaccor
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tr
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Thet
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herbeFl
exi
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TUTI
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oduct
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he
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
7
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
PART
i
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er
s and Deput
y Mi
ni
st
er
s,Secr
et
ar
yt
ot
he
Cabi
net
,At
t
or
neyGener
al
,Sol
i
ci
t
orGener
al
,Di
r
ect
or
ofPubl
i
cPr
osecut
i
onsandAdv
i
sor
yCommi
t
t
ee.
THELEGI
SLATURE
 Deal
swi
t
hqual
i
f
i
cat
i
onsf
orel
ect
i
ont
ot
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y
; l
egi
sl
at
i
v
e power
s, member
shi
p of
par
l
i
amentandcomposi
t
i
onofnat
i
onal
assembl
y
.
THEJUDI
CATURE
 Deal
swi
t
hcour
t
sandappoi
nt
mentofj
udges,Hi
gh
cour
t
, Supr
eme Cour
t
, Chai
r
man and Deput
y
Chai
r
manofI
ndust
r
i
al
Rel
at
i
onsCour
t
.
DEFENCE AND NATI
ONAL
 Deal
s wi
t
ht
he f
unct
i
ons oft
he Zambi
a Def
ense
SECURI
TY
For
ces,t
he Zambi
a Pol
i
ce Ser
v
i
ce,t
he Pr
i
sons
Ser
v
i
ceandt
heZambi
aSecur
i
t
yI
nt
el
l
i
genceSer
v
i
ces.
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
 Deal
s wi
t
ht
he st
r
uct
ur
e and f
unct
i
ons of l
ocal
SYSTEM
counci
l
s.
DI
RECTI
VE PRI
NCI
PLES OF
 Deal
s wi
t
h dev
el
opment of nat
i
onal
, pol
i
ci
es,
STATE POLI
CY AND THE
i
mpl
ement
at
i
on of nat
i
onalpol
i
ci
es,maki
ng and
DUTI
ESOFACI
TI
ZEN
enact
mentofl
aws;
andappl
i
cat
i
onoft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
on
andanyot
herl
aw.
FI
NANCE
 Deal
swi
t
ht
axat
i
on,wi
t
hdr
awalofmoni
esf
r
om t
he
gener
alr
ev
enues,f
i
nanci
alr
epor
t
s,r
emuner
at
i
onsof
of
f
i
cer
s,
publ
i
cdebtandt
heAudi
t
orGener
al
.
SERVI
CECOMMI
SSI
ONS
 Deal
s wi
t
h commi
ssi
ons, pensi
on l
aws and
pr
ot
ect
i
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
8
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
xi
i
HUMAN
COMMI
SSI
ON
RI
GHTS
 Deal
s wi
t
ht
he est
abl
i
shment
,t
he i
ndependence,
f
unct
i
ons,power
s,composi
t
i
on and pr
ocedur
es of
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.
xi
i
i
CHI
EFS AND HOUSE OF
 Deal
swi
t
hi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsofchi
ef
s,HouseofChi
ef
s,i
t
s
CHI
EFS
f
unct
i
onsandcomposi
t
i
on.
xi
v
MI
SCELLANEOUS
 Resi
gnat
i
ons,
r
eappoi
nt
ment
s,
concur
r
ent
appoi
nt
ment
s.
THESTRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHE2016AMENDEDCONSTI
TUTI
ON
PART TI
TLE
CONTENT
i
. SUPREMACY
OF
THE
 Thi
sConst
i
t
ut
i
oni
st
hesupr
emel
awoft
heRepubl
i
cof
CONSTI
TUTI
ON.
Zambi
aandanyot
herwr
i
t
t
enl
aw,
cust
omar
yl
awand
cust
omar
ypr
act
i
cet
hati
si
nconsi
st
entwi
t
hi
t
spr
ov
i
si
ons
i
sv
oi
dt
ot
heext
entoft
hei
nconsi
st
ency
.
 Thi
sConst
i
t
ut
i
onshal
l
bi
ndal
l
per
sonsi
nZambi
a,
St
at
e
or
gansandSt
at
ei
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons.
 Amat
t
err
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hi
sConst
i
t
ut
i
onshal
l
behear
dbyt
he
Const
i
t
ut
i
onal
Cour
t
.
i
i
. NATI
ONAL
VALUES, Thenat
i
onal
v
al
uesandpr
i
nci
pl
esar
e:
PRI
NCI
PLESAND ECONOMI
C
(
a)mor
al
i
t
yandet
hi
cs;
(
b)pat
r
i
ot
i
sm andnat
i
onal
uni
t
y
;
POLI
CI
ES.
(
c)democr
acyandconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
i
sm;
(
d)humandi
gni
t
y
,
equi
t
y
,
soci
al
j
ust
i
ce,
equal
i
t
yandnondi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on;
(
e)good
gov
er
nanceandi
nt
egr
i
t
y
;
and(
f
)sust
ai
nabl
edev
el
opment
i
i
i
.
BI
LLOFRI
GHTS.
i
v
. CI
TI
ZENSHI
P
 Deal
swi
t
ht
hepr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hef
undament
alr
i
ght
sand
f
r
eedomsofi
ndi
v
i
dualci
t
i
zens.St
at
i
ngandpr
ot
ect
i
onof
r
i
ght
sandf
r
eedomsofi
ndi
v
i
dual
s.
 .Deal
swi
t
ht
hequal
i
f
i
cat
i
onf
orZambi
anci
t
i
zenshi
pand
condi
t
i
onswhi
chcanl
eadt
owi
t
hdr
awal
ofZambi
an
ci
t
i
zenshi
p
 Aper
sonbor
nout
si
deZambi
ai
saci
t
i
zenbydescenti
f
,
at
t
hedat
eoft
hatper
son’
sbi
r
t
h,
atl
eastonepar
entoft
hat
per
soni
sorwasaci
t
i
zenbybi
r
t
hordescent
.
v
.
REPRESENTATI
ON OF THE
PEOPLE.
[
ELECTORAL
SYSTEMS]
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
 Theel
ect
or
al
sy
st
emspr
ov
i
dedf
ori
nAr
t
i
cl
e47f
ort
he
el
ect
i
onofPr
esi
dent
,
MemberofPar
l
i
amentorcounci
l
l
or
shal
l
ensur
e:
9
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
(
a)t
hatci
t
i
zensar
ef
r
eet
oexer
ci
set
hei
rpol
i
t
i
cal
r
i
ght
s;
(
b)
uni
v
er
sal
adul
tsuf
f
r
agebasedont
heequal
i
t
yofav
ot
e;
(
c)f
ai
r
r
epr
esent
at
i
onoft
hev
ar
i
ousi
nt
er
estgr
oupsi
nsoci
et
y
;
(
d)
genderequi
t
yi
nt
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
yorcounci
l
v
i
.
LEGI
SLATURE.
 Deal
s wi
t
h qual
i
f
i
cat
i
ons f
orel
ect
i
on t
ot
he Nat
i
onal
Assembl
y
;l
egi
sl
at
i
v
epower
s,member
shi
pofpar
l
i
ament
andcomposi
t
i
onofnat
i
onal
assembl
y
 Thel
egi
sl
at
i
v
eaut
hor
i
t
yoft
heRepubl
i
cder
i
v
esf
r
om
t
hepeopl
eofZambi
aandshal
l
beexer
ci
sedi
na
mannert
hatpr
ot
ect
st
hi
sConst
i
t
ut
i
on
v
i
i
.
EXECUTI
VE.
 Deal
swi
t
hel
ect
i
on,
t
enur
eofof
f
i
ceandr
emov
al
oft
he
pr
esi
dentf
r
om of
f
i
ce;
f
unct
i
onsoft
hepr
esi
dent
,
Mi
ni
st
er
s
andDeput
yMi
ni
st
er
s,
Secr
et
ar
yt
ot
heCabi
net
,
At
t
or
ney
Gener
al
,
Sol
i
ci
t
orGener
al
,
Di
r
ect
orofPubl
i
cPr
osecut
i
ons
andAdv
i
sor
yCommi
t
t
ee.
 Theexecut
i
v
eaut
hor
i
t
yoft
heSt
at
ev
est
si
nt
hePr
esi
dent
and,
subj
ectt
ot
hi
sConst
i
t
ut
i
on,
shal
l
beexer
ci
sed
di
r
ect
l
ybyt
hePr
esi
dentort
hr
oughpubl
i
cof
f
i
cer
sorot
her
per
sonsappoi
nt
edbyt
hePr
esi
dent
.
 Deal
swi
t
hcour
t
sandappoi
nt
mentofj
udges,
Hi
ghcour
t
,
Supr
emeCour
t
,
Chai
r
manandDeput
yChai
r
manof
I
ndust
r
i
al
Rel
at
i
onsCour
t
.
v
i
i
i
.
JUDI
CI
ARY
 I
nexer
ci
si
ngj
udi
ci
al
aut
hor
i
t
y
,
t
hecour
t
sshal
l
begui
ded
byt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
i
nci
pl
es:
(
a)j
ust
i
ceshal
l
bedonet
oal
l
,
wi
t
houtdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on;
(
b)j
ust
i
ce
shal
l
notbedel
ay
ed;
(
c)adequat
ecompensat
i
onshal
l
be
awar
ded,
wher
epay
abl
e;
(
d)al
t
er
nat
i
v
ef
or
msofdi
sput
e
r
esol
ut
i
on,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
r
adi
t
i
onal
di
sput
er
esol
ut
i
onmechani
sms,
shal
l
bepr
omot
ed,
 Thedi
f
f
er
entl
ev
el
sofgov
er
nmentshal
l
obser
v
eand
adher
et
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
i
nci
pl
es:
i
x
a)goodgov
er
nance,
t
hr
oughdemocr
at
i
c,
ef
f
ect
i
v
eandcoher
ent
GENERAL PRI
NCI
PLES OF (
gov
er
nancesy
st
emsandi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons;
(
b)r
espectf
ort
he
DEVOLVEDGOVERNANCE.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
10
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
const
i
t
ut
i
onal
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofeachl
ev
el
ofgov
er
nment
;
(
c)
aut
onomyoft
hesubst
r
uct
ur
es;
and(
d)equi
t
abl
edi
st
r
i
but
i
onand
appl
i
cat
i
onofnat
i
onal
Resour
cest
ot
hesubst
r
uct
ur
es
x
PROVI
NCES,
DI
STRI
CTS,
WARDS AND PROVI
NCI
AL
ADMI
NI
STRATI
ON.
 ThePr
esi
dentmay
,
subj
ectt
ot
heappr
ov
al
oft
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y
,
cr
eat
eordi
v
i
deaPr
ov
i
nceormer
get
woor
mor
ePr
ov
i
nces,
aspr
escr
i
bed.
 APr
ov
i
nce,
di
st
r
i
ctandwar
dshal
l
bedel
i
mi
t
ed,
as
pr
escr
i
bed.
 Deal
swi
t
ht
heest
abl
i
shmentofl
ocal
gov
er
nmentsy
st
em
Wher
e: (
a)f
unct
i
ons,
r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esandr
esour
cesf
r
om
t
he
xi
xi
i
LOCALGOVERNMENT.
CHI
EFTAI
NCYANDHOUSEOF
CHI
EFS.
nat
i
onal
Gov
er
nmentandpr
ov
i
nci
aladmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onar
e
t
r
ansf
er
r
edt
ot
hel
ocal
aut
hor
i
t
i
esi
nacoor
di
nat
edmanner
;
(
b)
cooper
at
i
v
egov
er
nancewi
t
ht
henat
i
onalGov
er
nment
,
pr
ov
i
nci
al
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onandl
ocal
aut
hor
i
t
i
esi
spr
omot
edt
osuppor
tand
enhancet
hedev
el
opment
al
r
ol
eofl
ocal
gov
er
nment
;
(
c)t
he
capaci
t
yofl
ocal
aut
hor
i
t
i
est
oi
ni
t
i
at
e,
pl
an,
manageandexecut
e
pol
i
ci
esi
nr
espectofmat
t
er
st
hataf
f
ectt
hepeopl
ewi
t
hi
nt
hei
r
r
espect
i
v
edi
st
r
i
ct
si
senhanced
 I
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofchi
ef
s,
Houseofchi
ef
s,
f
unct
i
onsand
composi
t
i
on
 Thei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofchi
ef
t
ai
ncyandt
r
adi
t
i
onal
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons
ar
eguar
ant
eedandshal
l
exi
sti
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
he
cul
t
ur
e,
cust
omsandt
r
adi
t
i
onsoft
hepeopl
et
owhom
t
heyappl
y
.
Thegui
di
ngv
al
uesandpr
i
nci
pl
esoft
hepubl
i
cser
v
i
ce
xi
i
i
PUBLI
CSERVI
CE.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
i
ncl
udet
hef
ol
l
owi
ng: (
a)mai
nt
enanceandpr
omot
i
onoft
he
hi
ghestst
andar
dsofpr
of
essi
onal
et
hi
csandi
nt
egr
i
t
y
;
ef
f
ect
i
v
e
andeconomi
cuseofnat
i
onal
r
esour
ces;
(
b)ef
f
ect
i
v
e,
i
mpar
t
i
al
,
f
ai
randequi
t
abl
epr
ov
i
si
onofpubl
i
cser
v
i
ces;
(
c)account
abi
l
i
t
y
f
oradmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
eact
s
11
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Anempl
oy
ee,
i
ncl
udi
ngapubl
i
cof
f
i
cerandConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
of
f
i
cehol
der
,
hasar
i
ghtt
oapensi
onbenef
i
t
.
PENSI
ONBENEFI
TS.
xi
v
xv
 Apensi
onbenef
i
tshal
l
notbewi
t
hhel
doral
t
er
edt
ot
hat
empl
oy
ee’
sdi
sadv
ant
age.
DEFENCE AND NATI
ONAL
SECURI
TY.
 Deal
swi
t
ht
hef
unct
i
onsoft
heZambi
aDef
enseFor
ces,
t
heZambi
aPol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce,
t
heCor
r
ect
i
onal
Ser
v
i
ceand
t
heZambi
aSecur
i
t
yI
nt
el
l
i
genceSer
v
i
ces.
 TheDef
enceFor
ceandnat
i
onal
secur
i
t
yser
v
i
ces
Shal
l
:(
a)benat
i
onal
i
st
i
c,
pat
r
i
ot
i
c,
pr
of
essi
onal
,
di
sci
pl
i
nedandcompet
ent
;
(
b)benonpar
t
i
san;
(
c)notf
ur
t
hert
he
i
nt
er
est
sorcauseofapar
t
i
cul
aror
gani
sat
i
on;
and(
d)notact
agai
nstapol
i
t
i
cal
i
nt
er
estorcauseper
mi
t
t
edi
nt
hi
sConst
i
t
ut
i
on
oraspr
escr
i
bed.
 Thegui
di
ngpr
i
nci
pl
esofpubl
i
cf
i
nancei
ncl
udet
he
xv
i
PUBLI
C
FI
NANCE
BUDGET.
AND
f
ol
l
owi
ng:
(
a)t
r
anspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
i
t
yi
nt
he
dev
el
opment
orf
or
mul
at
i
onofmacr
oeconomi
cf
r
amewor
ks,
soci
oeconomi
c
pl
ansandt
hebudget
;(
b)pr
omot
i
onofapubl
i
cf
i
nancesy
st
em.
xv
i
i
CENTRALBANK.
 Thef
unct
i
onsoft
heBankofZambi
aar
et
o:
(
a)i
ssuet
hecur
r
encyoft
heRepubl
i
c;(
b)det
er
mi
nemonet
ar
y
pol
i
cy
;
and (
c)r
egul
at
ebanki
ngandf
i
nanci
al
ser
v
i
ces,
banks,
Fi
nanci
al
andnonbanki
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons,
aspr
escr
i
bed
xv
i
i
i
 Acommi
ssi
onshal
l
:
(
a)besubj
ectonl
yt
ot
hi
s
Const
i
t
ut
i
onand
SERVI
CES, COMMI
SSI
ONS
AND OTHER I
NDEPENDENT
t
hel
aw;
(
b)bei
ndependentandnotbesubj
ectt
ot
hecont
r
ol
ofa
OFFI
CERS.
per
sonoranaut
hor
i
t
yi
nt
heper
f
or
manceofi
t
sf
unct
i
ons;
(
c)act
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
12
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
wi
t
hdi
gni
t
y
,
pr
of
essi
onal
i
sm,
pr
opr
i
et
yandi
nt
egr
i
t
y
;
(
d)benonpar
t
i
san;
and (
e)bei
mpar
t
i
al
i
nt
heexer
ci
seofi
t
saut
hor
i
t
y
 Landshal
l
behel
d,
usedandmanagedi
naccor
dancewi
t
h
t
he
xi
x
xx
LAND, ENVI
RONMENT AND
f
ol
l
owi
ngpr
i
nci
pl
es:
(
a)equi
t
abl
eaccesst
ol
andandassoci
at
ed
NATURALRESOURCES.
r
esour
ces;
(
b)secur
i
t
yoft
enur
ef
orl
awf
ul
l
andhol
der
s;(
c)
r
ecogni
t
i
onofi
ndi
genouscul
t
ur
al
r
i
t
es;
(
d)sust
ai
nabl
euseof
l
and (
e)t
r
anspar
ent
,
ef
f
ect
i
v
eandef
f
i
ci
entadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onof
l
and;
(
f
)ef
f
ect
i
v
eandef
f
i
ci
entset
t
l
ementofl
anddi
sput
es;
(
g)
r
i
v
erf
r
ont
ages,
i
sl
ands,
l
akeshor
esandecol
ogi
cal
l
yaswel
l
as
cul
t
ur
al
l
ysensi
t
i
v
ear
eas.
GENERALPROVI
SI
ONS.
 Theof
f
i
ci
al
l
anguageofZambi
ai
sEngl
i
sh.
(
i
) Al
anguage,
ot
hert
hanEngl
i
sh,
maybeusedasa
medi
um ofi
nst
r
uct
i
oni
neducat
i
onal
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsor
f
orl
egi
sl
at
i
v
e,
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
eorj
udi
ci
al
pur
poses,
as
pr
escr
i
bed.
(
i
i
)
TheSt
at
eshal
l
r
espect
,
pr
omot
eandpr
ot
ectt
he
di
v
er
si
t
yoft
hel
anguagesoft
hepeopl
eofZambi
a.
NOTE:
Thi
sconst
i
t
ut
i
onhas20par
t
sorsect
i
ons.
HI
STORYOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESSI
NZAMBI
A
t
h
 WhenZambi
agoti
ndependenceon24 Oct
ober
,1964,i
ti
nher
i
t
edt
heNor
t
her
n
Rhodesi
asel
f
gov
er
nmentconst
i
t
ut
i
onof1963.
 Thepr
ov
i
si
onsi
nt
hatconst
i
t
ut
i
onwer
emeantt
osaf
eguar
dt
hei
nt
er
est
sof
whi
t
eset
t
l
er
s.
 Ther
ef
or
e,si
nce 1964 t
o 2016,Zambi
a has had f
i
v
e Const
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew
Commi
ssi
ons(
CRCs)wi
t
ht
hev
i
ewofi
mpr
ov
i
ngi
t
sconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
CONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONSI
NZAMBI
ASI
NCEI
NDEPENDENCE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
13
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 TheConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew Commi
ssi
onsi
nZambi
aar
eusual
l
ynamedaf
t
ert
he
chai
r
per
sonsoft
hecommi
ssi
on.
1.CHONACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF1972
 Thi
swast
hef
i
r
stConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
tr
ecommendedt
he
est
abl
i
shmentofaOnePar
t
ySt
at
e.
 Thi
smeantt
hatal
lot
herpol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
eswer
ebannedandnotal
l
owedt
oexi
st
exceptUNI
P(
Uni
t
edNat
i
onalI
ndependencePar
t
y
)whi
chPr
esi
dentKaundawas
headi
ng.I
tbecamei
l
l
egal
t
of
or
m anyot
herpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
y
.
 Thi
sr
ecommendat
i
onwasadopt
edi
n1973andt
hi
swast
hebegi
nni
ngoft
he
SecondRepubl
i
c.
 Aconst
i
t
ut
i
ont
hatout
l
aws(
banns)t
hef
or
mat
i
onofpol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
esdoesnot
encour
age f
r
ee el
ect
or
alpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
on and i
nf
r
i
nges on peopl
er
i
ght
s and
f
r
eedomssuchasFr
eedom ofAssoci
at
i
on,
Fr
eedom ofConsci
ence,
et
c.
2.MVUNGACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF1991
 Thi
swast
hesecondConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
tr
ecommended
t
hatZambi
ashoul
dr
ev
er
tt
o,
orr
ei
nt
r
oducemul
t
i
par
t
ydemocr
acy
.
 Thi
smar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heThi
r
dRepubl
i
c.
3.MWANAKATWECONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONSOF1995
 Thi
swast
het
hi
r
dConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
t
smai
namendment
t
ot
heZambi
anconst
i
t
ut
i
onwast
hepar
ent
ageofper
sonscont
est
i
ngpr
esi
dency
ofZambi
a.
 I
tr
ecommendedt
hatonl
yper
sonswhosepar
ent
swer
ebot
hbor
ni
nZambi
a
coul
d be el
i
gi
bl
e(
al
l
owed)t
o st
and f
orpr
esi
dency
.As a r
esul
t
,t
he t
hen
pr
esi
dent
i
al
aspi
r
antDr
.Kennet
hKaundawasaut
omat
i
cal
l
ydi
squal
i
f
i
edsi
ncehi
s
par
ent
swer
enotbor
ni
nZambi
a.
4.MUNG’
OMBACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF2005
Thi
si
st
hef
our
t
hConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew Commi
ssi
onandi
t
sr
ecommendat
i
ons
wer
enotadopt
ed.
5.ANNELSI
LUNGWETECHNI
CALCOMMI
TTEEONTHECONSTI
TUTI
ONOF
2012.
 Themember
soft
hi
scommi
t
t
eewer
eappoi
nt
edbyPr
esi
dentMi
chael
Chi
l
uf
y
aSat
ai
n2012,
undert
heI
nqui
r
i
esAct
.
 Thei
rmai
nt
er
m ofr
ef
er
encewast
ouset
her
epor
t
sf
r
om t
hepr
ev
i
ous
Const
i
t
ut
i
onal
Rev
i
ewCommi
ssi
onst
ocomeupwi
t
honef
i
nal
document
.
 Thei
rf
i
nal
dr
af
tconst
i
t
ut
i
oni
spar
t
l
ywhatcul
mi
nat
edi
nt
ot
he2016
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
14
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
AmendedConst
i
t
ut
i
on.
6.THETECHNI
CALCOMMI
TTEEONTHE2016CONSTI
TUTI
ON.
 Thi
swasagr
oupofexper
t
sont
heconst
i
t
ut
i
ont
askedt
ocomewi
t
ht
hedr
af
t
const
i
t
ut
i
onf
r
om t
her
ecommendat
i
onsoft
hepr
ev
i
ousConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ew
Commi
ssi
ons.
 Someoft
her
ecommendat
i
onsi
ncl
ude:
 Ther
unni
ngmat
et
obedi
r
ect
l
yel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
e,
[
Vi
cePr
esi
dent
]
.
 Dual
ci
t
i
zenshi
p,
wher
eaZambi
ancoul
dhav
et
wonat
i
onal
i
t
i
es.
 Nocr
ossi
ngov
eroft
hef
l
oor
.
 Thef
i
f
t
ypl
usoneper
centf
oronet
owi
nt
hegener
alel
ect
i
ons.
[
Pr
esi
dent
i
al
el
ect
i
onsonl
y
]
 Thei
rr
ecommendat
i
onsl
edt
ot
heenact
mentoft
hecur
r
entAmendedZambi
an
Const
i
t
ut
i
onort
heConst
i
t
ut
i
onAmendmentActNumber2of2016.
CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGANDADOPTI
ONPROCESSES
CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESS
 Thi
si
sal
egal
l
yaccept
abl
epr
ocesswhi
chacount
r
yusest
omakei
t
ssupr
eme
l
awoft
hel
andorconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
 Aconst
i
t
ut
i
oncanbemadet
hr
oughaConst
i
t
uentAssembl
yandConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
Rev
i
ewCommi
ssi
on[
CRC]
ACONSTI
TUENTASSEMBLY
 i
sa bodyofr
epr
esent
at
i
v
esel
ect
ed byt
hei
rr
espect
i
v
ei
nt
er
estgr
oupst
o
f
or
mul
at
e,
amendoradoptaconst
i
t
ut
i
onofacount
r
y
 Repr
esent
at
i
v
esar
edr
awnf
r
om Chur
ches,l
ear
ni
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons,Tr
adeUni
ons,
t
heCi
v
i
l
Soci
et
y
,
St
udentbodi
esandSpeci
al
i
nt
er
estgr
oups
ACONSTI
TUTI
ONALREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ON
 Thi
si
sagr
oupofpeopl
eappoi
nt
edbyt
hePr
esi
dentt
ocol
l
ectv
i
ewsf
r
om t
he
gener
al
publ
i
conwhatshoul
dbecont
ai
nedi
nt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
 I
nZambi
a,
t
heEx
ecut
i
v
ewi
ngofgov
er
nmenti
ni
t
i
at
est
hemaki
ngoft
heNat
i
onal
Const
i
t
ut
i
on.
 Ther
epubl
i
canpr
esi
dentusi
ng t
heI
nqui
r
i
esAct
sappoi
nt
saConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
Rev
i
ew Commi
ssi
ont
ocol
l
ectv
i
ewsf
r
om ci
t
i
zenst
hr
oughsi
t
t
i
ngsconduct
ed
count
r
ywi
dewer
eci
t
i
zensmakesubmi
ssi
onsor
al
l
yori
nwr
i
t
i
ngasgr
oupsor
i
ndi
v
i
dual
s.
 Ther
eaf
t
er
,
t
heConst
i
t
ut
i
onalRev
i
ewCommi
ssi
onpr
oducesadr
af
tconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
The I
nqui
r
i
es Acti
sal
aw whi
ch gi
v
es t
he pr
esi
dentpowert
o appoi
nta
commi
ssi
onofenqui
r
y
.
CONSTI
TUTI
ONADOPTI
ONPROCESS
 Thi
si
sapr
ocessofappr
ov
i
ngt
hecopyofadr
af
tconst
i
t
ut
i
onsot
hati
tbecomes
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
15
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
anof
f
i
ci
al
document
.
 Ther
ear
et
womai
nmet
hodswhi
char
eusedt
oadoptaconst
i
t
ut
i
onandt
hese
ar
e;
THROUGHPARLI
AMENT
 Undert
hi
smet
hod,t
hedr
af
tconst
i
t
ut
i
oni
ssubmi
t
t
ed t
o Par
l
i
ament
,whi
ch
debat
est
hedr
af
tConst
i
t
ut
i
onbef
or
eadopt
i
ngandsendi
ngi
tt
ot
hepr
esi
dentf
or
assent(
si
gni
ng)
.
 Zambi
ausedt
hi
smet
hodf
ort
hef
i
r
stt
hr
eeConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
Rev
i
ewCommi
ssi
ons.
THROUGHACONSTI
TUENTASSEMBLY(
CA)
 AConst
i
t
uentAssembl
yi
sabodyofr
epr
esent
at
i
v
esel
ect
edbyt
hei
rr
espect
i
v
e
i
nt
er
estgr
oupst
of
or
mul
at
e,
amendoradoptaconst
i
t
ut
i
onofanycount
r
y
.
 Repr
esent
at
i
v
esmaybedr
awnf
r
om chur
ches,
l
ear
ni
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons,
t
r
adeuni
ons,
ci
v
i
lsoci
et
y
,et
c.Themosti
mpor
t
antt
hi
ngi
st
hatev
er
yci
t
i
zenr
egar
dl
essof
gender
,r
el
i
gi
on,et
hni
ci
t
y
,cr
eed,sex,ageandbel
i
ef
si
dent
i
f
i
eswi
t
ht
hei
nt
er
est
s
bei
ngexpr
essedbyamemberormember
sofaConst
i
t
uentAssembl
y
.
 Thi
si
st
hebestwayofadopt
i
ngaconst
i
t
ut
i
onasi
ti
smor
er
epr
esent
at
i
v
et
han
par
l
i
ament
.
 I
ti
si
ndependentandal
sof
r
eef
r
om cont
r
oloft
hegov
er
nmentoranyper
son.
Count
r
i
esl
i
keI
ndi
a,Nami
bi
a,Et
hi
opi
a,Sout
h Af
r
i
ca,Amer
i
ca,adopt
ed t
hei
r
const
i
t
ut
i
onst
hr
ought
hi
spr
ocess.
 Nat
i
onalConst
i
t
ut
i
onalConf
er
ence(
NCC)i
ssi
mi
l
art
oConst
i
t
uentAssembl
y
exceptt
hatundert
heNat
i
onal
Const
i
t
ut
i
onal
Conf
er
ence,
t
headopt
i
oni
sdoneby
par
l
i
ament
,
whi
chcandeci
deei
t
hert
oadoptorr
ej
ectt
hedr
af
tconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFAGOODCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
tmustbecl
earast
hel
anguageusedi
nt
hedocumentmustnotbet
oot
echni
cal
f
oror
di
nar
yci
t
i
zensot
hert
hanl
awy
er
st
ounder
st
andandi
nt
er
pr
eti
t
.
 Mustpr
ot
ectt
heRi
ght
sandf
r
eedomsofci
t
i
zens.
 Mustcat
erf
ort
hei
nt
er
est
sofv
ar
i
ousgr
oupsi
nsoci
et
y
.
 Mustpr
ot
ectand r
espond t
ot
he soci
al
,economi
c and pol
i
t
i
calneeds of
ci
t
i
zens.
 Mustbest
abl
eandst
andat
estoft
i
me(
usef
ulov
eral
ongper
i
odoft
i
me)
.I
t
mustnoteasi
l
ybechangedatt
hepl
easur
eofanypr
esi
dentwhocomesi
nt
o
power
.
 I
tmustbenei
t
hert
oor
i
gi
dt
opr
ev
entchangenort
oof
l
exi
bl
et
oencour
age
t
amper
i
ngwi
t
ht
hebasi
cpr
i
nci
pl
es.
I
MPORTANCEOFACONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
tal
soset
soutt
hecomposi
t
i
onandf
unct
i
onsoft
hewi
ngsofgov
er
nment
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
16
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020





I
tensur
esdemocr
at
i
cgov
er
nance.
I
tgi
v
esequal
oppor
t
uni
t
i
esf
ori
ndi
v
i
dual
dev
el
opment
.
I
ti
sownedandguar
dedbyci
t
i
zens.
I
tpr
omot
esandpr
ot
ect
st
heRul
eofLaw.
I
tsaf
eguar
dst
hef
undament
al
r
i
ght
sandf
r
eedomsofci
t
i
zens.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
saConst
i
t
ut
i
onRev
i
ewCommi
ssi
on?
2.Out
l
i
net
wot
hi
ngst
hatcoul
dhappeni
faConst
i
t
ut
i
ondoesnotst
andt
het
estof
t
i
me.
3.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
eaf
l
exi
bl
eConst
i
t
ut
i
onf
r
om aRi
gi
dConst
i
t
ut
i
on.
4.Wi
t
hcl
earexampl
esdi
scusst
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
csofagoodConst
i
t
ut
i
on.
5.Descr
i
bet
hemai
nchar
act
er
i
st
i
csoft
heZambi
anconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
6.St
at
et
hef
eat
ur
esofagoodconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
7.Whyi
saconst
i
t
ut
i
oni
mpor
t
antt
oanat
i
on?
8.compar
eandcont
r
astwr
i
t
t
enandunwr
i
t
t
enconst
i
t
ut
i
on
9..
Exampl
ewhati
smeantbyconst
i
t
uentAssembl
y
?
10.Out
l
i
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
i
me.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
17
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
GOVERNANCE
Gov
er
nancei
st
hewaypeopl
ear
er
ul
edwi
t
horwi
t
houtt
hei
rconsent
.
GOVERNANCEI
NPRECOLONI
ALZAMBI
A
 Gov
er
nancei
sasol
dashumani
t
y
.
 Al
l
soci
et
i
esonear
t
hhav
ehadatl
eastonef
or
m ofgov
er
nmentoranot
her
.
 I
tt
her
ef
or
ef
ol
l
owst
hatZambi
anst
oohadsomef
or
m ofgov
er
nmenti
nt
hepr
ecol
oni
al
er
awer
eki
ngsr
ul
edt
heki
ngdoms.
TYPESOFGOVERNANCESYSTEMS.
Ther
e ar
et
wo t
y
pesofgov
er
nance sy
st
emsnamel
y
:Good gov
er
nance and Bad
gov
er
nance
1. Goodgov
er
nance
Meansagov
er
nmentwhi
chi
sl
egi
t
i
mat
e,
compet
ent
,
account
abl
e,
andr
espect
s
humanr
i
ght
sandt
her
ul
eofl
aw
I
MPORTANCEOFGOODGOVERNANCE





I
tenabl
esci
t
i
zenst
oenj
oyhumanr
i
ght
sandf
r
eedoms
I
tmakest
hegov
er
nmentaccount
abl
et
ot
heandpeopl
e
Makesgov
er
nment
soper
at
i
onst
r
anspar
ent
I
tenabl
esci
t
i
zensenj
oyequal
r
i
ght
sandf
r
eedomsbef
or
et
hel
aw.
I
tenabl
esci
t
i
zenst
of
ul
l
ypar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nel
ect
i
ngl
eader
soft
hei
rownchoi
ce.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFGOODGOVERNANCE
Ci
t
i
zenPar
t
i
ci
pat
i
on
Al
lpeopl
et
akeanact
i
v
er
ol
ei
nt
heaf
f
ai
r
soft
hei
rcommuni
t
yandcount
r
y
.Theyel
ect
t
hei
rl
eader
saswel
lasst
andi
ngf
orpubl
i
cof
f
i
ceandmobi
l
i
zi
ngf
orsoci
alact
i
oni
na
democr
at
i
cway
.
Respectf
orhumanr
i
ght
s
Al
l
f
or
msofhumanr
i
ght
sar
er
ecogni
zedpr
omot
edandr
espect
ede.
g.r
i
ghtt
ov
ot
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
18
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Separ
at
i
onofpower
s
Thi
si
st
hepr
i
nci
pl
et
hatst
at
est
hatt
het
hr
eemaj
oror
gansoft
hegov
er
nmentnamel
y
t
he,Legi
sl
at
ur
e,execut
i
v
eand t
heJudi
ci
ar
ymustwor
ki
ndependent
l
ybutpr
ov
i
de
ChecksandBal
ances.Meani
ngeachor
ganoft
hegov
er
nmentshoul
dshar
epower
s
wi
t
hot
herbr
anchesandoper
at
eswi
t
hi
nt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hecount
r
y
.
I
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ci
ar
y
Thej
udi
ci
ar
yi
sv
est
edwi
t
ht
her
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yofi
nt
er
pr
et
i
ngandenf
or
ci
ngt
hel
awf
r
ee
f
r
om i
nt
er
f
er
encebyt
heExecut
i
v
eandt
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
e.Onceappoi
nt
ed,t
heyshoul
dnot
beeasi
l
ydi
smi
ssed.
Pol
i
t
i
calt
ol
er
ance
Peopl
ewi
t
hdi
f
f
er
entpol
i
t
i
calopi
ni
onsmustbeabl
et
of
r
eel
yexpr
esst
hemsel
v
esand
t
hei
ropi
ni
onsshoul
d ber
espect
ed.Pol
i
t
i
calv
i
ol
enceagai
nstpeopl
ewho suppor
t
di
f
f
er
entpol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
esshoul
dnotbet
ol
er
at
ed.
Account
abi
l
i
t
yandTr
anspar
ency
Account
abi
l
i
t
ymeanst
hatl
eader
sshoul
dbeanswer
abl
et
ot
hepeopl
ewhoel
ect
ed
t
hem i
nt
o of
f
i
ce.Tr
anspar
ence r
equi
r
es t
hatpubl
i
cr
esour
ces mustbe used f
or
gov
er
nmentandcommuni
t
ypr
ogr
amsandact
i
v
i
t
i
esi
nconsul
t
at
i
onwi
t
ht
hepeopl
e.
Regul
arf
r
eeandf
ai
rel
ect
i
ons
El
ect
i
ons mustbe hel
d atagr
eed i
nt
er
v
al
s.Per
i
odi
cf
r
ee and f
ai
rel
ect
i
ons ar
e
conduct
ed.Forexampl
ei
nZambi
aGener
alel
ect
i
onsar
ehel
dev
er
yf
i
v
ey
ear
s.Ev
er
y
ci
t
i
zenwhohasr
eachedt
hev
ot
i
ngageshoul
dr
egi
st
erandv
ot
e.Uni
v
er
salsuf
f
r
age,
or
Fr
anchi
se(
r
i
ghtt
ov
ot
e)
.
Ther
ul
eofl
aw
TheRul
eofLawmeanst
hatt
hosei
npowershoul
dr
ul
et
hecount
r
yi
naccor
dancewi
t
h
t
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onandt
heot
herl
awsoft
hecount
r
y
.Al
lpeopl
ei
nt
hecount
r
yar
esubj
ect
t
ot
hesamel
awsandshoul
dbehel
daccount
abl
ei
ft
heybr
eakt
hem.Rul
eofl
awav
oi
d
anar
chyi
nsoci
et
y
.
Exi
st
enceofpol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
es
Apol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
yi
sv
ol
unt
ar
yassoci
at
i
onswaspeopl
eshar
ecommonv
al
uesandwi
sht
o
f
or
m anal
t
er
nat
i
v
egov
er
nmentoft
hecount
r
y
.Dur
i
ngel
ect
i
onspol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
essponsor
candi
dat
esf
ort
heof
f
i
ceoft
hepr
esi
dent
,
member
sofpar
l
i
amentandwar
dcounci
l
or
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
19
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Funct
i
onsofPol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
es





Educat
epeopl
eont
hei
rr
i
ght
sandobl
i
gat
i
ons.
Poi
ntoutt
heshor
t
comi
ngsoft
hegov
er
nmenti
npower
Pr
ov
i
deal
t
er
nat
i
v
epr
ogr
am t
hr
oughmani
f
est
os
Pr
ov
i
dechecksandbal
ances
Faci
l
i
t
at
epeacef
ul
t
r
ansf
erofpowerf
r
om onepol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
yt
oanot
her
Exi
st
enceofci
v
i
lSoci
et
y
Ci
v
i
lsoci
et
yneedt
oexi
stast
heypr
ov
i
dechecksandbal
ancesi
ncet
heyar
enonmi
l
i
t
ar
y
,nongov
er
nment
alor
gani
zat
i
onsandi
ndi
v
i
dualwhomakei
tt
hei
rbusi
nesst
o
pr
omot
eanddef
endbasi
ci
deal
sofgoodgov
er
nanceout
si
degov
er
nment
.
Fai
r
ness
Thegov
er
nmentshoul
dmakesur
et
hatnoonei
sexcl
udedf
r
om accesst
oanypubl
i
c
ser
v
i
cef
oranyr
easonse.
g.r
ace,
col
ourcr
eed,
genderandment
alorphy
si
caldi
sabi
l
i
t
y
.
Gov
er
nmentwor
ker
sshoul
dber
ecr
ui
t
edandpr
omot
edopenl
yonmer
i
tandt
heyshoul
d
car
r
youtt
hef
unct
i
onsoft
hegov
er
nmenti
mpar
t
i
al
l
y
.
Hel
pf
ulandcar
i
ng
Gov
er
nmentshoul
dbehel
pf
ulandt
akecar
eoft
hei
nt
er
est
soft
heci
t
i
zensbot
hat
homeandabr
oad.Publ
i
cser
v
i
cesshoul
dbet
r
eat
edwi
t
hcour
t
esyandsur
et
hatpubl
i
c
ser
v
ant
sar
e pr
oper
l
yt
r
ai
ned i
n publ
i
cr
el
at
i
onswi
t
h cl
ear
l
ydef
i
ned st
andar
dsof
behav
i
or
.
BADGOVERNANCE
 Bad Gov
er
nance i
s a gov
er
nmentwhi
ch i
s notl
egi
t
i
mat
e,compet
ent
,and
account
abl
eanddoesnotr
especthumanr
i
ght
sandt
her
ul
eofl
aw.
 I
ti
sagov
er
nmentwhi
chr
ul
esagai
nstt
hewi
shesoft
hepeopl
e.E.
g.di
ct
at
or
shi
p.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBADGOVERNANCE
Rest
r
i
ct
i
on on Pol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
es Peopl
e ar
ef
or
ced t
ov
ot
ef
orcer
t
ai
n candi
dat
es
whenev
erel
ect
i
onsar
ehel
d.Opposi
t
i
onpar
t
i
esar
enotal
l
owedt
oexi
storst
r
i
ct
l
y
cont
r
ol
l
edbyt
hegov
er
nment
Lackofsepar
at
i
onofpower
s
Thet
hr
eeor
gansoft
hegov
er
nmentdonotwor
ki
ndependentsuchast
heoper
at
i
onsof
t
heJudi
ci
ar
yandt
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
eshoul
dnotbei
nt
er
f
er
edbyt
heexecut
i
v
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
20
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Lackofpr
essf
r
eedom
Thepr
essi
scont
r
ol
l
edbyt
hegov
er
nmentandof
t
enr
epor
tf
av
or
abl
yongov
er
nment
pol
i
ci
es.Opposi
ngv
i
ewi
snotal
l
owedi
npubl
i
cmedi
a.
Vi
ol
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
s
Ther
ei
snor
espectf
orHumanr
i
ght
s.Peopl
ewhoopposet
hegov
er
nmentcanbe
t
or
t
ur
edanddet
ai
nedwi
t
houtt
r
i
al
orcanbeki
l
l
ed
Judi
ci
ar
ynoti
ndependent
TheJudi
ci
ar
yi
snoti
ndependentf
r
om t
heExecut
i
v
eandt
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
e.Ther
ei
sl
i
t
t
l
e
r
espectf
ort
her
ul
eofl
awandt
her
ei
snof
ai
rt
r
i
al
.
Ar
bi
t
r
ar
yar
r
est
s
Ther
ear
ear
bi
t
r
ar
yar
r
est
sofsuspect
eddi
ssi
dent
swhoar
ecr
i
t
i
caloft
hegov
er
nment
.
Thesecr
etpol
i
cespi
esont
heci
t
i
zens
Lackoff
r
eedom ofassoci
at
i
onandAssembl
y
Vol
unt
ar
yassoci
at
i
onssuchasci
v
i
lsoci
et
i
esdonotoper
at
ef
r
eel
y
.Thosewhi
chdonot
conf
or
mt
ogov
er
nmentpol
i
ci
escanbebanned
Negl
ectofpubl
i
cwel
f
ar
e
Gov
er
nmentLeader
sdonotcar
ef
ort
hewel
f
ar
eoft
hepeopl
e.Ther
ei
scor
r
upt
i
on,
Nepot
i
sm andot
herf
or
msofabuseofof
f
i
ce
Useoff
or
ce
Thegov
er
nmentusesf
or
cet
or
emai
ni
npowerandot
hermet
hodssuchasconst
i
t
ut
i
on
amendment
sandpost
ponementofel
ect
i
ondat
es
I
r
r
egul
arandUnf
ai
rel
ect
i
ons
El
ect
i
onsar
enothel
dr
egul
ar
l
y
.I
fhel
dt
heyar
enotf
r
eeandf
ai
r
.Ther
ei
sv
ot
er
i
ggi
ng
LackofCi
t
i
zenPar
t
i
ci
pat
i
onThegov
er
nmentdeci
desf
ort
hepeopl
e.Peopl
ebecome
ser
v
ant
si
nst
eadofmast
er
soft
hegov
er
nment
.Thegov
er
nmentcl
ai
mst
oknowwhati
s
goodf
ort
hepeopl
e.Peopl
ear
er
ar
el
yconsul
t
edandt
hei
rconcer
nsar
eof
t
eni
gnor
ed
El
ect
or
alsy
st
ems
El
ect
or
alsy
st
emsar
emet
hodst
hr
oughwhi
cht
hegov
er
nedchooset
hei
rl
eader
sor
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
es
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
21
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
TYPESOFELECTORALSYSTEMS
SI
NGLEMEMBERPLURALI
TYSYSTEM (
SMPS)ORFI
RSTPASTTHEPOST(
FPTP)
I
ti
scommonl
yknownasWi
nnerTakesal
l
.I
nt
hi
ssy
st
em t
hecount
r
yi
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
o
el
ect
or
alconst
i
t
uenci
es.Anycandi
dat
ewhoget
st
hehi
ghestnumberofv
ot
eswi
nst
he
el
ect
i
onev
eni
ft
hecandi
dat
eget
st
hev
ot
eabov
et
heot
her
Di
sadv
ant
age
Thecandi
dat
ecanber
ej
ect
edbymostoft
heel
ect
or
at
ebutst
i
l
lmanaget
owi
n
anel
ect
i
onbymi
nor
i
t
yv
ot
es
SI
NGLEMEMBERMAJORI
TARI
ANSYSTEM (
SMMS)
 The wi
nnerofan el
ect
i
on mustwi
n an absol
ut
e maj
or
i
t
yofv
ot
es i
nt
he
const
i
t
uency
.Thi
smeanst
hatacandi
dat
eshoul
dwi
nov
er50%oft
hev
ot
escast
i
nanel
ect
i
on.
 Wher
et
hecandi
dat
ef
ai
l
st
oget50pl
usoneper
cent
,t
het
wot
opcandi
dat
es
shoul
dgof
oranEl
ect
i
onRer
un
PROPORTI
ONREPRESENTATI
ONSYSTEM (
PRS)
 I
nt
hi
ssy
st
em r
epr
esent
at
i
v
est
ot
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
ear
echosenaccor
di
ngt
o
par
t
yr
egi
onal
oret
hni
cPr
opor
t
i
ons.
 ThemostcommonPr
opor
t
i
onalRepr
esent
at
i
onsy
st
em i
st
hepar
t
yl
i
st
sy
st
em (
PLS)
. Thewhol
ecount
r
yf
or
msasi
ngl
econst
i
t
uency
.Af
t
er
el
ect
i
ons par
l
i
ament
ar
yseat
s ar
e shar
ed among t
he pol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
es
accor
di
ng t
ot
hepr
opor
t
i
on of(
per
cent
age)oft
ot
alv
ot
est
heyhav
e
scor
ed.
 ForI
nst
anceI
fPar
tAwon42per
centoft
hev
ot
escastt
hen42%oft
he
seat
swi
l
lgot
opar
t
yeachpar
t
ynomi
nat
esMember
sofpar
l
i
amentf
r
om
amongi
t
smember
st
or
epr
esenti
nt
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
e.
 Thel
eaderoft
hepar
t
ywhi
chget
st
hehi
ghestpr
opor
t
i
onofseat
si
nt
he
l
egi
sl
at
ur
ef
or
msgov
er
nment
.
Di
sadv
ant
age
Themember
sofpar
l
i
amentar
enotanswer
abl
et
ot
heel
ect
or
at
ebutt
ot
hei
r
pol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
eswhi
chnomi
nat
edt
hem.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
22
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
MI
XEDMEMBERPROPORTI
ONALI
TYSYSTEM
Thi
si
s a combi
nat
i
on ofFi
r
stPastt
he Post(
FTP)and t
he Pr
opor
t
i
onal
Repr
esent
at
i
onSy
st
em.Thi
ssy
st
em al
l
owsf
orsomemember
sofpar
l
i
amentt
o
be el
ect
ed t
hr
ough t
he FPTP sy
st
em whi
l
e ot
her
s occupyl
egi
sl
at
i
v
e seat
s
t
hr
ought
hepar
t
yLi
stSy
st
em
ELECTI
ONS
I
MPORTANCEOFELECTI
ON





Obl
i
gecandi
dat
est
oexpl
ai
nt
oci
t
i
zenswhyt
heyshoul
dbeel
ect
ed
Theymakepol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
i
esaccount
abl
et
ot
hepeopl
e
Pr
ov
i
deamechani
sm ofpeacef
ul
t
r
ansf
erofpower
Of
f
err
egul
aroppor
t
uni
t
i
esf
orpeopl
et
ochangegov
er
nment
Pr
ov
i
det
hepeaceandst
abi
l
i
t
ynecessar
yf
ordev
el
opment
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFELECTI
ONSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE
Per
i
odi
c
Thi
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escancompet
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eel
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ai
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l
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usi
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e
Thedef
i
ni
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ermustbebr
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udeal
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opor
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i
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at
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Deci
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at
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eader
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.The
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ent
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r
om t
aki
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ce
THEZAMBI
ANELECTORALSYSTEM
The 2016 amended const
i
t
ut
i
on of Zambi
a pr
escr
i
bes t
he Si
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e member
maj
or
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ar
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ansy
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.Thi
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or
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al
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y Sy
st
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i
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Commi
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a(
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a
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alcodeofConducti
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umentnumber90of2006
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ect
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sasetofr
ul
esandpr
i
nci
pl
est
hatr
egul
at
es
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
23
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
t
heconductofal
lst
akeor
der
sbef
or
e,
dur
i
ngandaf
t
erel
ect
i
ons.Thecodedoesnot
al
l
ow anyf
or
m ofi
nt
i
mi
dat
i
onv
i
ol
ence,br
i
ber
y
,v
ot
ebuy
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upt
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ce
i
nducementasmeansofwi
nni
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ons.Thecodeal
sodoesnotal
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owt
heuseof
gov
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aci
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i
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i
esandt
r
anspor
tf
orcampai
gnpur
pose.
TYPESOFELECTI
ONSI
NZAMBI
A
1.Pr
i
mar
yEl
ect
i
ons
Thesear
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at
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ochoosecandi
dat
est
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andi
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esi
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al
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Par
l
i
ament
ar
yandl
ocal
gov
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2.Pr
esi
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i
al
,
Par
l
i
ament
ar
yandl
ocalGov
er
nmentEl
ect
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 Thesear
eal
soknownasGener
alort
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i
par
t
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yf
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,member
sofpar
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amentandwar
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pul
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heZambi
anconst
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 Tost
andi
nt
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edbya
pol
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nt
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ocalgov
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3.ByEl
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Byel
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ororMemberofPar
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amentort
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gnsf
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hs
VOTERSRI
GHTSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE











Seeki
nf
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onf
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ecy
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Beassi
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ai
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i
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Beexcusedf
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om wor
kt
ogoandv
ot
e
Bepr
ot
ect
edbyl
awandpol
i
ce
ELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG(
CHEATI
NG)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
24
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Opposi
t
i
onpar
t
i
esar
enotal
l
owedt
oor
gani
zemeet
i
ngsf
r
eel
y
 Opposi
t
i
onpar
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i
esar
enotgi
v
enenought
i
meonmedi
at
oexpr
esst
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rv
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ews
andpl
ans
 Member
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onpar
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i
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edet
ai
nedorputi
npr
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soni
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dert
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 Thepr
essar
enotf
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eet
oex
pr
essv
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ewsorgi
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nf
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mat
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ont
hati
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ul
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s no t
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om t
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fv
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uenci
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endedwher
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erv
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egi
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,beerandot
hermat
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npowerusesgov
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nmentr
esour
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,ex
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DANGERSOFELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG
 Theymayl
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ocost
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ect
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onpet
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t
i
onandby
el
ect
i
ons.
 Peopl
emayl
osef
ai
t
hi
ndemocr
acy
 Ther
emaybei
ncr
easedv
ot
erapat
hyaspeopl
el
oseconf
i
dencei
nel
ect
i
ons
 Thegov
er
nmentmayl
osesuppor
toft
hepeopl
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 St
r
i
kesanddemonst
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at
i
onsmaybeor
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zedt
opr
ot
ectagai
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al
se
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esul
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s
 I
fpr
ev
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edf
r
om f
or
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nggov
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nmentt
hathasl
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onsmayuse
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hegov
er
nment
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her
ebybr
i
ngi
ngaboutaci
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ggi
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at
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Bef
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n 1964 t
heBr
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t
i
sh col
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ni
st
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at
i
on r
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hecount
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y
t
hr
ought
hecent
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al
gov
er
nmentandnat
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Dut
i
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f
or
medbyNat
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v
eAut
hor
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es
 Col
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ect
i
onoft
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kepol
l
t
axandhutt
ax.
 Theyal
soi
ssuedl
i
censessuchasdogl
i
cense,bi
cy
cl
el
i
censeandst
or
el
i
cense
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
25
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
t
om peopl
e.
Fr
om 1964, t
he Mi
ni
st
r
y of Local Gov
er
nment became r
esponsi
bl
e f
or t
he
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofal
ll
ocalaut
hor
i
t
i
esi
nt
hecount
r
ywhi
chi
ncl
udedchi
ef
sappoi
nt
edby
t
heMi
ni
st
erofLocalGov
er
nment
.Thesecounci
l
swer
et
opr
ov
i
deal
i
mi
t
edr
angeof
basi
cessent
i
alser
v
i
ce.I
n1965,t
hel
ocalgov
er
nmentactnumber69wasamendedt
o
est
abl
i
shabasi
cal
l
yuni
f
or
m pat
t
er
nofl
ocalaut
hor
i
t
i
est
hr
oughoutZambi
a.Undert
he
Act
,
t
her
ewer
eci
t
ycounci
l
s,
Muni
ci
pal
counci
l
sTowncounci
l
sandr
ur
al
counci
l
s.
I
n1980,t
hel
ocalgov
er
nmentDecent
r
al
i
zat
i
onactwasenact
ed.UNI
Passumedf
ul
l
r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
y
Reasonsf
ordecent
r
al
i
zat
i
on




r
educedel
ay
sast
hemostdeci
si
onscoul
dbemadeont
hespott
oheadquar
t
er
s
Makepl
ansandpr
ogr
amsmor
er
el
ev
antt
ol
ocal
needsandcondi
t
i
ons
I
mpr
ov
ecoor
di
nat
i
onbet
weendi
f
f
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entgov
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nmentagenci
esi
nanar
ea
Reducet
hebur
den on senorst
af
fatnat
i
onall
ev
elso ast
oi
mpr
ov
et
hei
r
per
f
or
mance
Thecomposi
t
i
onofDi
st
r
i
ctcounci
l
s


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



Di
st
r
i
ctgov
er
nor
-chai
r
per
son
Di
st
r
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ctpol
i
t
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cal
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st
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ctwomen’
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r
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son
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ees
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sMember
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om ar
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esent
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nt
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Oner
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ces
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esent
at
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r
om eachTr
adeUni
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st
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at
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onwasheadedbyt
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st
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i
ctexecut
i
v
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ar
yand
suppor
t
ed byni
ne secr
et
ar
i
es.These wer
e secr
et
ar
i
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orpol
i
t
i
cal
,admi
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st
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at
i
on
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al
Secur
i
t
y
,
f
i
nance,
anddev
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opment
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ci
al
,
l
egal
andi
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r
i
al
af
f
ai
r
s
I
n1991,t
hedecent
r
al
i
zat
i
onActwasamended.ThenewActi
nt
r
oducedt
hr
eet
y
pesof
l
ocalcounci
l
snamel
yci
t
y
,Muni
ci
pal
,andDi
st
r
i
ctcounci
l
s.Thi
ssy
st
em hascont
i
nued
upt
odat
e.TheMMDgov
er
nmentwant
edt
ogi
v
emor
eaut
onomyt
ocounci
l
ssot
hat
t
her
ewasl
essdependenceoncent
r
algov
er
nmentf
orf
unds.I
tal
somadecounci
l
st
o
oper
at
ef
r
eel
yf
r
om pol
i
t
i
cal
i
nt
er
f
er
encesi
nceal
l
counci
l
or
swer
eel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
e.
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r
entcomposi
t
i
onofl
ocalcounci
l
s
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
26
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 May
oroft
hecounci
l
 Deput
ymay
ororDeput
ycounci
l
;
chai
r
per
son
 War
dcounci
l
or
s
 Ar
eamemberofpar
l
i
ament
 3chi
ef
sr
epr
esent
at
i
v
e
 1r
epr
esent
at
i
v
ef
r
om t
heLaborMov
ement
 Thet
owncl
er
kort
hedi
st
r
i
ctSecr
et
ar
y(
Exof
f
i
ci
al
member
s)
May
or
sandTowncl
er
ksar
ef
oundi
nci
t
yandmuni
ci
palcounci
l
s,
wher
easchai
r
per
sons
anddi
st
r
i
ctSecr
et
ar
i
esar
ef
oundi
nDi
st
r
i
ctcounci
l
s.Theadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
est
r
uct
ur
ei
s
headedbyt
het
owncl
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kort
heDi
st
r
i
ctCounci
l
Secr
et
ar
y
.
 TheMay
ororCounci
lChai
r
per
soni
sdi
r
ect
l
yappoi
nt
edbyt
heci
t
i
zensofa
par
t
i
cul
arcounci
lboundar
yandnott
hecounci
l
or
s,
asi
twasi
nt
hepast
.
He/shear
eassi
st
edbyDi
r
ect
or
ssuchas:




Di
r
ect
orheal
t
h
Di
r
ect
orf
i
nance
Di
r
ect
orengi
neer
i
ng
Di
r
ect
orwor
k
Funct
i
onsoft
hel
ocalcounci
l















Pr
ov
i
decl
eanandsaf
ewat
er
Pr
ov
i
deaccommodat
i
onandpl
ot
sf
ordev
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opment
Mai
nt
ai
ni
ngt
heenv
i
r
onmentawar
di
ngt
r
adi
ngl
i
censest
opeopl
e
Pr
ov
i
dest
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eetl
i
ght
i
ng
Mai
nt
ai
ni
ngst
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eet
sandr
oads
Mai
nt
ai
ni
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av
ey
ar
ds
Cont
r
ol
l
i
ngl
i
v
est
ockmov
ement
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r
uct
i
ngandmai
nt
ai
ni
ngmar
ket
s
Townpl
anni
ng
Sewagedi
sposal
Pr
ov
i
di
ngr
ecr
eat
i
onf
aci
l
i
t
i
essuchasswi
mmi
ngpool
sandpar
ks
Pr
ov
i
di
ngpubl
i
cheal
t
hf
aci
l
i
t
i
esandcont
r
ol
ofepi
demi
cssuchaschol
er
a
Pr
ov
i
di
ngeducat
i
onf
aci
l
i
t
i
essuchasschool
s
Col
l
ect
i
ngl
ev
i
es
Maki
ngbyl
aws
ROLETRADI
TI
ONALLEADERSI
NGOVERNANCE
Queens,Ki
ngs,chi
ef
s,Vi
l
l
ageheadsandel
der
sar
et
hepeopl
ewhoar
er
ef
er
r
edt
oas
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
27
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Tr
adi
t
i
onalLeader
s.Dur
i
ngt
hecol
oni
aler
a(
18901964)t
hecol
oni
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ecogni
zed
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hei
mpor
t
anceofi
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ol
v
i
ngt
r
adi
t
i
onall
eader
si
ngov
er
nance.Br
i
t
ai
nadopt
edapol
i
cy
knownasi
ndi
r
ectr
ul
ewhi
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ngt
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et
hr
ought
hei
rt
r
adi
t
i
onal
st
r
uct
ur
es.
HouseofChi
ef
s
Thehouseconsi
st
sof50chi
ef
s,5chi
ef
sf
r
om eachoft
het
enpr
ov
i
nces.Thet
er
m of
of
f
i
cef
ort
heel
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edchi
ef
si
st
hr
eey
ear
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eel
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edf
orasecond
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m.Thehouseel
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hev
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cewhot
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esi
dent
)
.
Funct
i
onsoft
hehouseofchi
ef
s
 Todi
scussanybi
l
laf
f
ect
i
ngcust
omsandt
r
adi
t
i
onsofpeopl
ebef
or
esuchbi
l
li
s
i
nt
r
oducedi
nt
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
y
.
 Toi
ni
t
i
at
edi
scussi
onsandpassdeci
si
onsonmat
t
er
sconcer
ni
ngcust
omar
yl
aw
andcust
oms.
 Todi
scussanddeci
deonanymat
t
er
sr
ef
er
r
edt
ot
hehousebyt
hepr
esi
dent
.
 Tosubmi
tt
her
esol
ut
i
onsoft
hehouset
ot
hepr
esi
dent
,whowoul
di
nt
ur
n
submi
tt
hem t
ot
heNat
i
onal
Assembl
yf
orconsi
der
at
i
on
SHORTCOMI
NGSOFTHEHOUSEOFCHI
EFS
 Thehouseofchi
ef
shasbeencr
i
t
i
ci
zedasamer
ecost
l
yt
al
ki
ngshopbecausei
t
pl
ayani
nsi
gni
f
i
cantadv
i
sor
yr
ol
eandi
thasnor
eali
nf
l
uenceoni
ssuesof
dev
el
opmentandgov
er
nance
 The1996amendedconst
i
t
ut
i
onofZambi
aofdoesnotal
l
ow chi
ef
st
oj
oi
na
pol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
yort
ocont
estanel
ect
i
on
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Di
scusst
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
csofbadgov
er
nance.
2.Def
i
negov
er
nance.
3.Out
l
i
net
hef
eat
ur
esofgoodgov
er
nance?
4.Descr
i
bet
hedi
f
f
er
entel
ect
or
al
sy
st
ems.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
28
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
5.Whatcanhappenel
ement
sofgoodgov
er
nancear
enotobser
v
ed?
6.Descr
i
bet
heel
ect
or
al
sy
st
em usedi
nZambi
a.
7.Gi
v
eex
ampl
eofel
ect
i
onr
i
ggi
ngi
nZambi
a.
7.Expl
ai
nwi
t
hpr
act
i
cal
exampl
est
hemaj
orr
ol
eofl
ocal
counci
l
i
nZambi
a.
8.Out
l
i
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
i
me.
9.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
egoodgov
er
nancef
r
om badgov
er
nance.
10.St
at
et
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
csofel
ect
i
onsi
ngoodgov
er
nance.
CI
TI
ZENSHI
P
Aci
t
i
zeni
samemberofst
at
ewhoenj
oy
sal
l
t
her
i
ght
sandpr
i
v
i
l
egesgr
ant
edbyi
t
.
Ci
t
i
zenshi
pi
st
her
el
at
i
onshi
pbet
weent
hest
at
eandani
ndi
v
i
duali
nwhi
chani
ndi
v
i
dual
owesal
l
egi
ancet
ot
hest
at
eandi
nt
ur
nr
ecei
v
esst
at
epr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om t
hest
at
e.
Thei
deaofci
t
i
zenshi
por
i
gi
nat
edf
r
om Gr
eece
LEGALANDMORALASPECTSOFCI
TI
ZENSHI
P
LegalAspect
s
Aci
t
i
zeni
sr
ecogni
zedbyl
awandhi
sorherr
i
ght
sar
eenshr
i
nedi
nt
hel
awsoft
hel
and.
Ev
er
yci
t
i
zenhast
hepr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hest
at
ewhet
herhomeorabr
oad.Aci
t
i
zenwhof
ai
l
s
t
ocompl
ywi
t
ht
hel
egal
aspect
sofci
t
i
zenshi
pi
sl
i
abl
ef
orpr
osecut
i
on.
Mor
alAspect
s
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
29
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
TheMor
alaspect
sofci
t
i
zenshi
packnowl
edget
hev
al
ueofsel
f
di
sci
pl
i
neandsel
f
cont
r
ol
.Amor
al
l
yupr
i
ghtci
t
i
zenhasasenseofr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yt
of
ul
f
i
l
lal
lhi
sorher
obl
i
gat
i
onst
ot
hest
at
eandt
hev
ar
i
oussoci
algr
oupst
hathe/
shebel
ongs.He/
shei
s
notonl
yr
esponsi
bl
et
ohi
sorherf
ami
l
ybutal
sot
ohi
sorhercommuni
t
yandt
hest
at
e.
Al
i
en
AnAl
i
eni
sper
sonl
i
v
i
ngi
nacount
r
ywhi
chi
snothi
sorherown.Anal
i
enowes
al
l
egi
ancet
oanot
her
.Al
i
ensenj
oyci
v
i
lbutnotpol
i
t
i
calr
i
ght
s.Anal
i
enmaybedepor
t
ed
f
r
om t
hehostst
at
ef
ormi
sconductorcommi
t
t
i
ngaser
i
ouscr
i
me.
KI
NDSOFCI
TI
ZENSHI
P
Nat
ur
alci
t
i
zenshi
p:Thi
si
sci
t
i
zenshi
pr
egul
at
edorcont
r
ol
l
edbyt
heRul
eorpr
i
nci
pl
es
ofJusSol
iandJusSangui
ni
s.
 Rul
eofJusSangui
ni
s-bl
oodr
el
at
i
onanddescentdeci
desci
t
i
zenshi
p.
 r
ul
eofJusSol
ici
t
i
zenshi
pi
sacqui
r
edont
hebasi
sofpl
aceofbi
r
t
h
Ther
ul
eofJusSangui
ni
si
sor
dert
hant
hatofJusSol
iandmanycount
r
i
esf
ol
l
owt
hi
s
pr
i
nci
pl
e.
egZambi
a.Butcount
r
i
esl
i
keAmer
i
caandBr
i
t
ai
nf
ol
l
owt
hepr
i
nci
pl
esofJus
sol
i
.
Nat
ur
al
i
zedCi
t
i
zenshi
p:Thi
si
sat
y
peofci
t
i
zenshi
pacqui
r
edbyanal
i
enoraf
or
ei
gner
af
t
erappl
y
i
ngandmeet
i
ngt
hepr
escr
i
bedcondi
t
i
ons.Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesofnat
ur
al
i
zed
ci
t
i
zenshi
p namel
y
: Compl
et
e Nat
ur
al
i
zed Ci
t
i
zenshi
p and Par
t
i
al Nat
ur
al
i
zed
Ci
t
i
zenshi
p.
Af
or
ei
gnermayacqui
r
eCi
t
i
zenshi
pofahostcount
r
y
.
PRESCRI
BEDCONDI
TI
ONSFORONETOACQUI
RENATURALI
ZEDCI
TI
ZENSHI
P
Rul
eofr
esi
dence:
Thi
sst
at
et
hataf
or
ei
gneri
sr
equi
r
edt
ol
i
v
ei
nt
hehostcount
r
yf
oruni
nt
er
r
upt
ed
mi
ni
mum per
i
odofr
esi
dencebywhi
chaf
or
ei
gnerbecomesel
i
gi
bl
eappl
yf
or
ci
t
i
zenshi
pi
st
eny
ear
s.
Thepr
i
nci
pl
eofdecl
ar
at
i
ononapr
escr
i
bedf
or
m:Thi
sr
equi
r
esaf
or
ei
gnert
of
i
l
l
i
npr
escr
i
bedappl
i
cat
i
onf
or
msandpr
ov
i
denecessar
ydocument
sdecl
ar
i
nghi
s
orheri
nt
ent
i
onofappl
y
i
ngf
orci
t
i
zenshi
p.
Renunci
at
i
onofpr
ev
i
ousci
t
i
zenshi
p:Thi
sr
equi
r
esanappl
i
cantt
ogi
v
euphi
sor
herpr
ev
i
ousci
t
i
zenshi
pandt
akeanoat
hofal
l
egi
ancet
ot
hecount
r
yofwhi
ch
onei
nt
endst
o
Mar
r
i
age:Aspousecanacqui
r
eci
t
i
zenshi
pofawi
f
eorhusband.Thi
sr
equi
r
es
onet
or
enouncet
hepr
ev
i
ousci
t
i
zenshi
p.Howev
er
,
onecanoptt
omai
nt
ai
nhi
sor
nat
ur
al
ci
t
i
zenshi
pev
enwhenl
i
v
i
ngi
naspouse’
snat
i
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
30
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Nat
ur
al
i
zat
i
oncanbepar
t
i
al
orcompl
et
e.
Whenaf
or
ei
gnerobt
ai
nst
hef
ul
lshar
eofenj
oy
mentoft
her
i
ght
sandpr
i
v
i
l
eges
oft
hatofanat
ur
alci
t
i
z
en ofhi
sorheradopt
i
v
ecount
r
yand t
her
ei
sno
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onofanysor
t
,
Nat
ur
al
i
zat
i
oni
ssai
dt
obecompl
et
e.
I
ft
her
ei
sdi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
i
oni
nenj
oy
mentofr
i
ght
sandpr
i
v
i
l
egesbet
weent
henat
ur
al
ci
t
i
zenandnat
ur
al
i
zedci
t
i
z
enwecal
l
t
hatasPar
t
i
al
.
QUALI
FI
CATI
ONSFORZAMBI
ANCI
TI
ZENSHI
P
Ar
t
i
cl
e4,
5and6st
i
pul
at
est
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcondi
t
i
onsf
oronet
obeaci
t
i
zen:
Ar
t
i
cl
e4.
(
i
)
A per
son who st
ay
ed i
n Zambi
a bef
or
et
he commencementoft
hi
s
const
i
t
ut
i
on.
(
i
i
)
Any per
son,who was ent
i
t
l
ed t
o ci
t
i
zenshi
p ofZambi
a bef
or
et
he
commencementoft
hi
s const
i
t
ut
i
on subj
ectt
ot
he per
f
or
mance ofany
condi
t
i
onsf
ol
l
owi
ngt
hehappeni
ngofaf
ut
ur
eev
ent
,shal
lbecomeaci
t
i
zen
uponper
f
or
manceofsuchcondi
t
i
ons.
Ar
t
i
cl
e5.
A per
son bor
n or out
si
de Zambi
a af
t
ert
he commencementof t
hi
s
const
i
t
ut
i
onshal
ecomeaci
t
i
zenofZambi
a.
Ar
t
i
cl
e6
Anyper
sonwho:
(
a)Hasat
t
ai
nedt
heaget
went
yoney
ear
sand
(
b)Hasbeenr
esi
denti
nZambi
af
oracont
i
nuousper
i
odofnotl
esst
hant
en
y
ear
scanappl
yandber
egi
st
er
edasaZambi
anCi
t
i
zen
Speci
algr
oups
 Ref
ugest
hesear
epeopl
ewhocamet
oseekf
r
eedom andsaf
et
ywi
t
hi
nher
/hi
s
orout
si
decount
r
ybecauseofdi
f
f
er
entr
easons.
 Per
sons wi
t
h di
sabi
l
i
t
i
es.The gov
er
nmentshoul
di
nst
i
t
ut
e measur
es t
hat
enabl
esper
sonswi
t
hdi
sabi
l
i
t
i
est
ol
eadanor
mal
l
i
f
e
 Theagedpeopl
eov
ersi
xt
yy
ear
sneedspeci
alcar
e,
l
ov
eandsecur
i
t
yast
heyar
e
seni
orci
t
i
zen.
 Unempl
oy
edy
out
hst
hegov
er
nmentshoul
dputi
nt
r
ai
ni
ngf
aci
l
i
t
i
eswhi
chsot
hat
y
out
hsar
epr
ov
i
dedwi
t
hnecessar
yski
l
l
s.
 Or
phansThegov
er
nmentshoul
dof
f
ersoci
alsecur
i
t
yal
l
ev
i
at
et
ot
hesuf
f
er
i
ngof
t
hesepeopl
e.
Sy
mboloft
heZambi
anCi
t
i
zenshi
p
TheGr
eenNat
i
onalRegi
st
r
at
i
oni
st
hesy
mbolofZambi
anci
t
i
zenshi
p.Thi
si
si
ssuedby
t
heNat
i
onalRegi
st
r
at
i
onof
f
i
ceundert
heMi
ni
st
r
yofHomeAf
f
ai
r
s.TheMi
ni
malagef
or
t
oacqui
r
et
heNRCs16y
ear
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
31
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
LOSSOFCI
TI
ZEN
 Acqui
si
t
i
onofnewci
t
i
zenshi
pofanot
hercount
r
ybynat
ur
al
i
zedci
t
i
zen;
 Deser
t
i
ngf
r
om Mi
l
i
t
ar
yser
v
i
cebyanat
ur
al
i
zedci
t
i
zenwhencal
l
eduponbyt
he
st
at
e;
 Commi
t
t
i
ng a ser
i
ous cr
i
me orengagi
ng i
n unaccept
abl
e act
i
v
i
t
i
es by a
nat
ur
al
i
zedci
t
i
zen
I
nsomecount
r
i
es,
aper
soncanal
sol
oset
hest
at
usofbei
ngaci
t
i
zeni
fone
 Accept
sf
or
ei
gndecor
at
i
onsoft
i
t
l
es
 I
scont
i
nuousl
yabsentf
r
om t
hehomest
at
ef
oral
ongper
i
odoft
i
me
 Takesupempl
oy
mentundert
hef
or
ei
gngov
er
nment
 Get
sMar
r
i
ed(
woman)t
oaf
or
ei
gnersuchasaper
sonacqui
r
est
heci
t
i
zenshi
p
oft
hehusband.
Anat
ur
al
i
zedci
t
i
zencanl
oseci
t
i
zenshi
pi
ft
hatper
soni
sexpel
l
edf
r
om t
hecount
r
yof
r
esi
dencybyt
hest
at
e.Thi
ski
ndofexpul
si
oni
sknownasFor
cedRepat
r
i
at
i
on.Howev
er
,
i
ft
henat
ur
al
i
zedci
t
i
zenwi
shest
or
ev
er
tt
ohi
sorhernat
ur
alci
t
i
zenshi
pandgoesback
t
ot
hecount
r
yofor
i
gi
n,
t
hi
si
sknownasVol
unt
ar
yr
epat
r
i
at
i
on.
QUALI
TI
ESOFAGOODCI
TI
ZEN
 Li
v
i
ngupt
odemocr
at
i
cpr
i
nci
pl
es:Thi
sr
equi
r
est
hewi
l
l
i
ngnesst
opar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
n
t
heaf
f
ai
r
soft
hest
at
esuchasexer
ci
si
ngt
her
i
ghtt
ov
ot
e
 Cont
r
i
but
i
ont
oNat
i
onalDev
el
opment:
Thi
si
st
her
eadi
nesst
or
enderev
er
yki
nd
ofser
v
i
cet
ot
henat
i
on
 Sel
f
cont
r
ol
:Thi
si
st
heabi
l
i
t
yt
ocont
r
olonesel
fandr
espectot
her
si
nor
dert
o
av
oi
dconf
l
i
ct
s.
 Consci
ence:Thi
si
st
he sense ofr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
y and ser
v
i
ce t
owar
ds t
he
communi
t
y
.
 Cour
age:Thi
si
st
hest
r
engt
ht
ost
andupf
oronesconv
i
ct
i
onswhenconsci
ence
demandsi
t
.
 Respectf
ort
hel
aw:Thi
si
st
hewi
l
l
i
ngnesst
owor
kt
hr
oughpeacef
ul
l
egal
means
t
ochangeunj
ustl
aws.
 Per
sev
er
ance:Thi
si
st
hewi
l
l
i
ngnesst
owor
kunderdi
f
f
i
cul
tci
r
cumst
ancesi
n
or
dert
oaccompl
i
shwor
t
hwhi
l
egoal
s
 Empat
hy
:Hav
i
ngconcer
norcompassi
onf
ort
hewel
l
bei
ngofot
her
sespeci
al
l
y
t
hev
ul
ner
abl
ei
nsoci
et
y
.
 Pat
r
i
ot
i
sm:Thi
si
nv
ol
v
esasenseofl
ov
eandl
oy
al
t
yt
ot
hest
at
e byobser
v
i
ng
v
al
uesandpr
i
nci
pl
es’
ofone’
scount
r
y
DUTI
ESANDRESPONSI
BI
LI
TI
ESOFACI
TI
ZEN
 Bepat
r
i
ot
i
candl
oy
al
t
oZambi
aandpr
omot
ei
t
swel
l
bei
ng;
 To cont
r
i
but
et
ot
he wel
l
bei
ng oft
he communi
t
ywher
et
hatci
t
i
zen l
i
v
es
i
ncl
udi
ngobser
v
anceofheal
t
hcont
r
ol
;
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
32
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020





Pr
omot
edemocr
acyandt
her
ul
eofl
aw
Fost
ernat
i
onal
Dev
el
opment
;
Vot
ei
nnat
i
onal
uni
t
yandl
i
v
ei
nhar
monywi
t
hot
her
s
Vot
ei
nNat
i
onal
andl
ocal
gov
er
nmentel
ect
i
ons;
Pr
ov
i
dedef
enseandmi
l
i
t
ar
yser
v
i
cewhencal
l
edupon;car
r
youtwi
t
hdi
sci
pl
i
ne
andhonest
yl
egal
publ
i
cf
unct
i
ons
 Payal
l
t
axesandduesl
egal
l
yduet
ot
hest
at
e
 Assi
sti
nt
heenf
or
cementoft
hel
awatal
l
t
i
mes
PERSONALRESPONSI
BI
LI
TI
ES
 Taki
ngcar
eofonesel
f
 Suppor
t
i
ngonesf
ami
l
y
 Adher
i
ngt
omor
al
s,
pr
i
nci
pl
esandv
al
uesofone’
ssoci
et
y
 Respect
i
ngt
her
i
ght
sandi
nt
er
est
sofot
her
s
CI
VI
CRESPONSI
BI
LI
TI
ES
 Obey
i
ngt
hel
aw
 Pay
i
ngt
axes
 Respect
i
ngt
her
i
ght
sofot
her
s
 Bei
ngconcer
nedaboutpubl
i
ci
ssues
 Par
t
i
ci
pat
i
ngi
nci
v
i
cact
i
v
i
t
i
essuchasv
ot
i
ng
 Per
f
or
mi
ngpubl
i
cser
v
i
ce
 Obser
v
i
ngandmai
nt
ai
ni
ngt
hesecur
i
t
yoft
henat
i
on
OBSTACLETOGOODCI
TI
ZENSHI
P
 I
ndi
f
f
er
ence:WhenCi
t
i
zensar
ei
ndi
f
f
er
entt
ot
hei
rr
i
ght
sanddut
i
esandar
et
oo
concer
nedwi
t
ht
hei
rper
sonal
saf
et
yandsecur
i
t
y
,
democr
acycannott
hr
i
v
e.
 Sel
fI
nt
er
est
:an i
ndi
v
i
dualwho i
smot
i
v
at
ed bysel
f
i
nt
er
est av
oi
dspubl
i
c
r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esorsi
mpl
yi
gnor
est
hegener
al
wel
f
ar
eofhi
sorhersoci
et
y
 Al
l
egi
ancet
opol
i
t
i
calPar
t
i
es:A badci
t
i
zeni
sonet
hatput
st
hei
nt
er
estof
apol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
yhe/
shei
saf
f
i
l
i
at
edt
oabov
enat
i
onal
i
nt
er
est
s.
 Pov
er
t
y
:Apov
er
t
yst
r
i
ckenci
t
i
zeni
snoti
nt
er
est
edi
nnat
i
onal
af
f
ai
r
s.
 I
gnor
ance:Ani
nf
or
medori
gnor
antper
sonof
t
enf
ai
l
st
odi
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ebet
ween
wr
ongandr
i
ght
.
 Def
ect
si
nt
heel
ect
or
alsy
st
em:I
fl
ar
gesect
i
onsofsoci
et
yar
eunr
epr
esent
edi
n
el
ect
or
alsy
st
em,t
hi
scanmaket
hem l
osei
nt
er
esti
nt
heaf
f
ai
r
soft
hest
at
eas
t
heymaynotf
eel
asenseofbel
ongi
ng
 Repor
t
sofCor
r
upt
i
oni
nt
heMedi
a:Pr
i
ntandel
ect
r
oni
cMedi
asuchast
he
newspaper
s,r
adi
ot
el
ev
i
si
on,i
nt
er
netmayt
wi
stt
het
r
ut
handmi
si
nf
or
mt
he
publ
i
ct
osuchanext
entt
heci
t
i
zensar
enotabl
et
oaccessi
ssuescor
r
ect
l
yand
knowl
edgabl
y
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
33
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Thecompl
exofoursoci
et
y
;I
nmanycasesi
ndi
v
i
dual
st
oadybel
ongt
ov
ar
i
ous
t
y
pesofci
t
i
zenshi
psuchasChr
i
st
i
an,LocalNat
i
onalEcoci
t
i
zenshi
pandgl
obal
Ci
t
i
zenshi
p.I
tmaybedi
f
f
i
cul
t
yt
ohar
moni
zei
nt
er
estofoneci
t
i
zenshi
pwi
t
h
t
hoseofanot
herf
orexampl
eEco-ci
t
i
zenshi
pwi
t
hChr
i
st
i
anci
t
i
zenshi
p.
WAYSOFPROMOTI
NGGOODCI
TI
ZENSHI
P
Admi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
ei
mpr
ov
ement
 Ther
eshoul
dber
est
r
uct
ur
i
ngofpol
i
t
i
calandsoci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
okeeppace
wi
t
ht
het
i
mesandwi
shesofci
t
i
zens.
 Shor
tt
enur
eofof
f
i
cef
orel
ect
edof
f
i
cer
swi
l
ll
eadt
of
r
equentel
ect
i
onst
hatwi
l
l
br
i
ngaboutaccount
abi
l
i
t
yi
nl
eader
s.
 Br
oadeni
ngf
r
anchi
sewhi
chwi
l
l
i
ncr
easeci
t
i
zen’
sawar
enessoft
hei
rr
i
ght
s
Mor
alr
emedi
es:
Ci
t
i
zensneedt
obespi
r
i
t
ual
l
yandment
al
l
ymot
i
v
at
edf
ort
hem t
ot
akeanact
i
v
e
i
nt
er
esti
npubl
i
caf
f
ai
r
st
hr
ougheducat
i
onal
oppor
t
uni
t
i
es.
St
abi
l
i
t
yandJust
i
ce:
Est
abl
i
shmentofsecur
i
t
y
,
st
abi
l
i
t
yandj
ust
i
cewhi
chshoul
dmeasur
el
eader
sand
t
heci
t
i
zens
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.St
at
eanyt
woqual
i
f
i
cat
i
onsf
orZambi
anci
t
i
zenshi
p.
2.Namet
woki
ndsofCi
t
i
zenshi
p.
3.Whatar
et
hesy
mbol
sofZambi
anci
t
i
zenshi
p?
4.Gi
v
ef
ourqual
i
t
i
esofagoodci
t
i
zen.
5.St
at
et
her
ul
est
hatr
egul
at
eNat
ur
al
ci
t
i
zenshi
p.
6. Undert
her
ul
eofnat
ur
al
i
sedci
t
i
zenshi
p,
whatdoest
her
ul
eofr
esi
dentst
at
e?
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
34
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
7.Expl
ai
nwhyhumanr
i
ght
scanbesai
dt
obeuni
v
er
sal
.
8.I
dent
i
f
yt
heobst
acl
esoft
hegoodci
t
i
zen.
9.Di
scusst
hequal
i
t
i
esofagoodci
t
i
zen.
10.
Descr
i
beway
sofpr
omot
i
nggoodci
t
i
zen.
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHUMANRI
GHTS
 Humanr
i
ght
sar
eent
i
t
l
ement
st
hatonehasbecauseheorshei
sahumanbei
ng.
Ent
i
t
l
ement
sar
ecl
ai
msorf
r
eedoms
 Humanr
i
ght
sar
euni
v
er
sall
egalguar
ant
eesandf
r
eedomst
hatev
er
yhuman
bei
nghasandmustenj
oysi
mpl
ybybei
ngahuman
 Theypr
ot
ecti
ndi
v
i
dual
sorgr
oupsofpeopl
ef
r
om act
i
onst
hatmi
ghti
nt
er
f
er
e
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
35
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
wi
t
horst
oponef
r
om enj
oy
i
ngt
hem
 Theyar
ecl
ai
medf
r
om t
hesoci
et
yi
nwhi
chpeopl
el
i
v
e.
HI
STORI
CALDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANRI
GHTS.
 Humanr
i
ght
shav
eal
way
sexi
st
edast
heyar
ei
nher
ent
,
uni
v
er
sal
andi
nal
i
enabl
e
 Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
i
ght
sdonotbel
ongt
oanypar
t
i
cul
argr
oupofpeopl
e,
r
aceornat
i
onal
i
t
y
.
Someoft
hedocument
sment
i
oni
ngi
ndi
v
i
dualhumanr
i
ght
si
nt
hepastar
e:
TheMagnaCar
t
aof1215.
TheChar
t
erofMandeof1222.
TheEngl
i
shBi
l
lofRi
ght
sof1689.
TheFr
enchDecl
ar
at
i
onont
heRi
ght
sofManandCi
t
i
zensof1791.
TheUSConst
i
t
ut
i
onandBi
l
lofRi
ght
sof1791.
 TheMagnaCar
t
awast
heear
l
i
estdocumenti
nt
heWor
l
di
nwhi
chhumanr
i
ght
s
wer
er
ecogni
zed.
 TheChar
t
erofMandewast
heear
l
i
estdocumentt
oout
l
i
nei
ndi
v
i
dualhuman
r
i
ght
swhi
chwer
eguar
ant
eedbySoundi
at
aKei
t
a,
Ki
ngoft
heEmpi
r
eofMal
i
,
al
so
cal
l
edMande.
 I
ti
sal
socal
l
edt
heOat
hofMandeandwaspr
ocl
ai
medathi
sCor
onat
i
onasan
of
f
i
ci
al
documentcont
ai
ni
ngpr
i
nci
pl
esuponwhi
cht
heempi
r
eshoul
dber
ul
ed.
 Howev
er
,al
lt
heabov
el
i
st
eddocument
swer
enotuni
v
er
sali
nnat
ur
ebecause
t
heyof
t
en excl
uded women,chi
l
dr
en,sl
av
esand per
sonsofcer
t
ai
n soci
al
,
r
el
i
gi
ous,
economi
corpol
i
t
i
cal
gr
oups.
THEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS1948.
 Thi
si
s a setofpr
i
nci
pl
es ofwhi
ch t
he Uni
t
ed Nat
i
ons member
s commi
t
t
hemsel
v
est
opr
ov
i
deal
l
peopl
eoft
hewor
l
dwi
t
hhumandi
gni
t
y
.
 Thedocument
ssetmi
ni
mum st
andar
dsofhow i
ndi
v
i
dual
s,i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsand
gov
er
nment
sshoul
dt
r
eatpeopl
easwel
lasaguar
ant
eeoff
r
eedom andj
ust
i
ce
f
orpeopl
et
hr
oughoutt
hewor
l
d.
 I
twasadopt
edon10thDecember
,1948bymemberst
at
esoft
heUni
t
edNat
i
ons
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
36
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
whi
chmeantt
hathow agov
er
nmentt
r
eat
edi
t
sownci
t
i
zenswasnol
ongera
domest
i
ci
ssue,
butoneofi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
concer
n.
 Howev
er
,t
he Uni
v
er
salDecl
ar
at
i
on ofHuman Ri
ght
si
s notl
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ng
becausei
ti
sonl
yadecl
ar
at
i
on,whi
chmeansapr
onouncementwhi
chmaybe
ef
f
ect
edornot
.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFHUMANRI
GHTS
THEYAREI
NALI
ENABLE.
Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
i
ght
scannotbet
akenawayorsepar
at
edorgi
v
enaway
f
r
om ahumanbei
ng.(
I
nsepar
abl
ef
r
om t
hehumanbei
ngs)
.
THEYAREI
NDI
VI
SI
BLE.
Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
i
ght
scannotbedi
v
i
dedbecauseal
l
r
i
ght
sar
eequal
l
y
i
mpor
t
ant
.
THEYAREI
NHERENT.
Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
i
ght
sexi
sti
ndependent
l
yoft
hewi
l
lofani
ndi
v
i
dual
oragr
oupofper
sons.
THEYAREUNI
VERSAL.Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
i
ght
sar
et
hesameandappl
yt
o
al
lpeopl
eoft
hewor
l
dr
egar
dl
essofr
ace,sex,col
our
,et
hni
ci
t
y
,r
el
i
gi
on,pol
i
t
i
cal
,
geogr
aphi
cal
,
bel
i
ef
s,
nat
i
onal
i
t
yorsoci
al
st
at
us.
CATEGORI
ESOFHUMANRI
GHTS
 I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
humanr
i
ght
shav
ebeencat
egor
i
zedi
nt
o:
 Ci
v
i
landPol
i
t
i
calr
i
ght
s
 Economi
c,
Soci
alandCul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s
 Col
l
ect
i
v
er
i
ght
s
 Atgl
oball
ev
el
,humanr
i
ght
sar
ecl
assi
f
i
edi
nt
ot
hr
eecat
egor
i
esaccor
di
ngt
o
t
hei
rev
ol
ut
i
onordev
el
opmentpr
ocess,
andt
hedi
f
f
er
entcat
egor
i
esar
er
ef
er
r
ed
t
oas‘
gener
at
i
ons’
.
 Thesegener
at
i
onsar
enoti
nor
derofi
mpor
t
ancebuti
nt
heor
deri
nwhi
cht
hey
wer
er
ecogni
zedhi
st
or
i
cal
l
yi
nt
hedev
el
opmentofhumanr
i
ght
s.
CI
VI
LANDPOLI
TI
CALRI
GHTS
Theyar
ecal
l
edFi
r
stGener
at
i
onRi
ght
s.Thesear
ef
i
r
stgener
at
i
onr
i
ght
sbecause
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
37
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
t
heywer
et
hef
i
r
stRi
ght
st
ober
ecogni
zedasr
i
ght
soft
hei
ndi
v
i
dual
.
 Theyar
ef
oundi
npar
ti
i
it
heZambi
anConst
i
t
ut
i
onwhi
chi
ncl
udes:
 Ri
ghtt
ol
i
f
e
 Ri
ghtt
oper
sonal
l
i
ber
t
y
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onoff
r
eedom ofexpr
essi
on
 Fr
eedom f
r
om t
or
t
ur
eandi
nhumant
r
eat
ment
 Fr
eedom ofopi
ni
on
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om sl
av
er
yorf
or
cedl
abor
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onoff
r
eedom ofconsci
ence
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onoff
r
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
at
i
on
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hef
r
eedom ofmov
ement
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onongr
oundsofr
ace,
age,
sex,
et
hni
ci
t
y
,
r
el
i
gi
on,
et
c
ECONOMI
C,
SOCI
ALANDCULTURALRI
GHTS
 Economi
c and Cul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s ar
e cal
l
ed “
Second Gener
at
i
on Ri
ght
s”Thi
s
cat
egor
yconsi
st
sofr
i
ght
st
hatar
eeconomi
c,
soci
al
andCul
t
ur
al
i
nNat
ur
e.
 Thei
rr
eal
i
zat
i
onbr
i
ngsaboutSoci
alj
ust
i
ce,
di
gni
t
yandequi
t
y
 Ri
ghtt
of
ood
 Ri
ghtt
oempl
oy
ment
 Ri
ghtt
osoci
al
Secur
i
t
y
 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
i
on
 Ri
ghtt
oheal
t
h(Medi
cal
Car
e)
 Ri
ghtt
ocl
eanenv
i
r
onment
 Ri
ghtt
odev
el
opment
 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
ehousi
ng
COLLECTI
VERI
GHTS
 Thesear
eal
soknownas´
Thi
r
dGener
at
i
onRi
ght
s’andar
et
hemostr
ecent
l
y
i
dent
i
f
i
edr
i
ght
s.
 Thet
er
m col
l
ect
i
v
er
i
ght
sr
ef
ert
ot
her
i
ght
sofPeopl
es’t
obepr
ot
ect
edf
r
om
at
t
acksont
hei
rgr
oupi
dent
i
f
yandgr
oupi
nt
er
est
.
 These r
i
ght
s ar
e bestdescr
i
bed as sol
i
dar
i
t
yr
i
ght
s because t
hey r
equi
r
e
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
cooper
at
i
onandai
m atcommuni
t
y
-bui
l
di
ng;
 Ri
ghtt
osel
fdet
er
mi
nat
i
on
 Ri
ghtt
oeconomi
candsoci
al
Dev
el
opment
 Ri
ghtt
oaheal
t
hyenv
i
r
onment
 Ri
ghtt
oNat
ur
al
r
esour
ces
 Ri
ghtt
opeace
 Ri
ghtt
ocommuni
cat
e
 Ri
ghtt
oPar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
ncul
t
ur
al
Her
i
t
age
 Ri
ghtt
oi
nt
er
gener
at
i
onal
equi
t
yandsust
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
38
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
SI
GNI
FI
CANCEOFHUMANRI
GHTS
 HumanRi
ght
sf
ocusont
hedi
gni
t
yoft
hehumanbei
ng.
 At
t
i
t
udessucht
heonesbel
ow mustbedev
el
oped byev
er
y
onei
nor
dert
o
pr
omot
ehumanr
i
ght
s:
 Respectf
orev
er
yone’
sl
i
f
e,
t
hei
rphy
si
cal
andment
ali
nt
egr
i
t
y
,
f
r
eedom,
pr
oper
t
y
,
pr
i
v
acyi
ncl
udi
ngone’
sown
 Respectf
ordi
f
f
er
encesei
t
heri
nsex,et
hni
ci
t
y
,l
anguage,col
our
,age,r
el
i
gi
on,
cul
t
ur
al
aspect
s,
opi
ni
on,
andi
dent
i
t
yofot
her
sandone’
sown.
 Taki
nguponesr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yi
nsoci
et
y
:Ri
ght
scomewi
t
hr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esand
r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esst
ar
twi
t
hr
espect
i
ngot
herpeopl
e’
sr
i
ght
s
 Respect
i
ngt
hef
actt
hatpeopl
ehav
el
egal
l
yest
abl
i
shedcl
ai
msandent
i
t
l
ement
s.
 Recogni
zi
ng Account
abi
l
i
t
y and r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yi
nr
el
at
i
onshi
p bet
ween t
he
i
ndi
v
i
dual
,
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onorst
at
et
hathasadut
yt
of
ul
f
i
l
l
t
her
i
ght
.
 Ri
ght
s-hol
der
sneedt
obeempower
edi
nor
derf
ort
hem t
ocl
ai
mt
hei
rr
i
ght
sand
t
akepar
ti
npubl
i
cdeci
si
onmaki
ng.
 Par
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
sani
mpor
t
antHumanRi
ght
.Peopl
eofbot
hsexesandal
lages
hav
et
her
i
ghtt
opar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nev
er
yar
eaoft
hei
rl
i
v
es.
SUMMARYOFASI
MPLI
FI
EDVERSI
ONOFTHEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMAN
RI
GHTS
Ev
er
y
one:
 I
sbor
ni
nf
r
eedom,
equal
i
t
yanddi
gni
t
y
.
 Hast
her
i
ghtnott
obedi
scr
i
mi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
ol
i
f
eandt
ol
i
v
ei
nf
r
eedom andsaf
et
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
ol
i
ber
t
yorf
r
eedom
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
osecur
i
t
yofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
or
t
ur
edorsuf
f
erf
r
om
cr
uel
andi
nhumant
r
eat
ment
.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oequal
i
t
ybef
or
et
hel
awandequal
pr
ot
ect
i
on.
 Hast
her
i
ghtr
ecogni
t
i
onbef
or
et
hel
aw
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oef
f
ect
i
v
er
emedy
 Hast
her
i
ghtnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bi
t
r
ar
yar
r
estordet
ent
i
on.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
ul
l
andf
ai
rhear
i
ngbef
or
eani
mpar
t
i
al
andi
ndependentt
r
i
bunal
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
i
l
pr
ov
engui
l
t
y
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
39
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
omar
r
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oasy
l
um
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofmov
ement
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oNat
i
onal
i
t
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
v
acy
.
 Hasr
i
ghtt
oownpr
oper
t
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom oft
hought
,
consci
enceandexpr
essi
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofopi
ni
onandex
pr
essi
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
at
i
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
ot
akepar
ti
ngov
er
nment
,
accesst
opubl
i
cser
v
i
cesandt
ov
ot
e.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
osoci
al
secur
i
t
y
.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
owor
k
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
or
estandl
ei
sur
e
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ng
 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
i
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eel
ypar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nt
hecul
t
ur
al
l
i
f
eoft
hecommuni
t
y
 I
sent
i
t
l
edt
oasoci
al
andi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
or
dert
or
eal
i
zet
her
i
ght
sandf
r
eedoms
 Hasdut
i
est
ot
hecommuni
t
y
 Musti
nt
er
pr
ett
hi
sdecl
ar
at
i
oni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
i
ght
s
andf
r
eedomsofot
her
s.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whatar
eHumanRi
ght
s?
2.Di
scussanychar
act
er
i
st
i
csofHumanRi
ght
s?
3.Descr
i
bet
hecat
egor
i
esofHumanRi
ght
s?
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
40
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
4.I
dent
i
f
yway
si
nwhi
chHumanRi
ght
sar
ev
i
ol
at
ed?
5. Howdoest
her
i
ghtofhabeascor
pushel
paper
sonandcont
r
i
but
et
or
espectof
humanr
i
ght
s.
6.Di
st
i
ngui
shr
i
ght
sf
r
om r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
es.
7.Out
l
i
nesomesoci
al
,
economi
candcul
t
ur
al
r
i
ght
s.
8.Humanr
i
ght
sar
euni
v
er
sal
,
9.Expl
ai
nI
dent
i
f
yway
si
nwhi
chhumanr
i
ght
sar
ei
nv
ol
v
ed.
10.
Di
scusst
hesi
gni
f
i
canceofhumanr
i
ght
s.
CORRUPTI
ON
Cor
r
upt
i
on: i
st
hegi
v
i
ngofmoney
,v
al
uabl
esorr
ender
i
ngaser
v
i
cet
osomeonei
n
r
et
ur
nf
oraf
av
orot
hert
hanacasual
gi
f
t
.
Accor
di
ngt
ot
heAnt
i
Cor
r
upt
i
onCommi
ssi
onActofZambi
a,Cor
r
upt
i
oni
sdef
i
nedas
“
Sol
i
ci
t
i
ng,
accept
i
ng,
obt
ai
ni
ng,
gi
v
i
ngorof
f
er
i
nggr
at
i
f
i
cat
i
onbywayofabr
i
beorany
ot
herper
sonalt
empt
at
i
onsori
nducementormi
suseandabuseofpubl
i
cof
f
i
cef
or
per
sonalgai
norbenef
i
t
.
’
’
Casualgi
f
ti
sanyor
di
nar
ygi
f
tof
f
er
edt
oaper
soni
nhospi
t
abl
emanner
,wi
t
houtany
demandf
oraf
av
or
.
Gr
at
i
f
i
cat
i
onmeansanycor
r
uptpay
mentmadewhet
heri
ncashorki
ndasar
esul
tof
t
hecor
r
uptmi
suseofpubl
i
cf
undsorpr
oper
t
y
.
For
msofGr
at
i
f
i
cat
i
on
 Cash.Thi
si
nv
ol
v
esgi
v
i
ngoraccept
i
ngmoneyi
nr
et
ur
nf
oraf
av
or
.
 Ser
v
i
ce (ki
ckback)i
ti
nv
ol
v
est
her
ender
i
ngofaser
v
i
cei
nr
et
ur
nf
oraf
av
or
 Pay
menti
nki
nd,
wher
eonedemandsaf
av
orf
oranact
i
ondone.E.
g.demandi
ng
f
orsexi
nr
et
ur
nf
orempl
oy
mentof
f
er
.
 Loansandadv
ances.Thi
si
nv
ol
v
esacor
r
uptpay
menti
nf
or
m ofal
oanoran
adv
ancesal
ar
y
AI
Ii
nv
ol
v
es f
or
ms ofv
i
ol
at
i
on ofhuman r
i
ght
s and l
ack oft
r
anspar
ency and
account
abi
l
i
t
yi
nt
heuseofpubl
i
cf
undsandr
esour
ces.
CATEGORI
ESOFCORRUPTI
ON
Pet
t
yCor
r
upt
i
on
 Wi
del
ypr
act
i
cedi
nZambi
aandusual
l
yi
nv
ol
v
essmal
l
pay
ment
scal
l
edbr
i
bes.
 Abr
i
bei
sanof
f
erormoneyof
f
er
edt
oobt
ai
nf
av
or
.(
nchekel
ako)
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
41
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Gr
andCor
r
upt
i
on
 I
nv
ol
v
essubst
ant
i
al
amount
sofmoney
.
 I
ti
susual
l
ypr
act
i
cesbyhi
ghl
ev
elof
f
i
ci
al
sandassoci
at
edwi
t
hawar
di
ng
gov
er
nmentcont
r
act
s
Pol
i
t
i
calcor
r
upt
i
on
 I
ti
sassoci
at
edwi
t
ht
heel
ect
or
al
pr
ocess.
 I
ti
susual
l
ypr
act
i
cedbyt
hosecont
est
i
ngpol
i
t
i
cal
power
.
Forexampl
e:
 Donat
i
onofmoneyt
oi
nf
l
uencet
hev
ot
er
schoi
ce
 Cashormat
er
i
al
di
st
r
i
but
i
ont
oi
nf
l
uencev
ot
er
s
 Pr
ov
i
si
onofbeer
,
t
oi
nf
l
uencev
ot
er
schoi
ce
 Pr
ov
i
si
onofser
v
i
cese.
g.r
oadmai
nt
enanceatt
het
i
meofel
ect
i
ons
Soci
alCausesofCor
r
upt
i
on
 Per
sonal
gr
eedyanddi
shonest
 Leader
si
nkeyposi
t
i
onsar
enotcapabl
eof i
nspi
r
i
ng andi
nf
l
uenci
ngt
he
conductoft
hehi
ghestmor
al
st
andar
ds
 Weakenf
or
cementorabsenceofcodeofconduct
 Puni
shmentf
orof
f
ender
si
sweak
 Lar
genumber
sofpeopl
ecompet
ef
ori
nsuf
f
i
ci
entser
v
i
cese.
g.f
ew school
s
pl
aces
Economi
ccauseofcor
r
upt
i
on
 Shor
t
agesofgoodsandser
v
i
ces
 Unequal
di
st
r
i
but
i
onofweal
t
handr
esour
ces
 Awar
di
ngofgov
er
nmentl
oanst
osomepr
ef
er
r
edi
ndi
v
i
dual
satt
heexcl
usi
onof
ot
her
s
 Lowsal
ar
i
esandwagesi
ncompar
i
sont
ot
hecostofl
i
v
i
ng
 Pov
er
t
y
,
whenpeopl
ear
epoort
heyar
edesper
at
ea
OTHERCAUSESTHATLEADTOCORRUPTI
ONANDRELATEDCRI
MES
 Unnecessar
yLongpr
ocedur
es(r
edTape)maydemandf
oraki
ckbacki
nr
et
ur
n
f
oranact
i
on
 Lackofpol
i
t
i
calwi
l
l
:Somegov
er
nment
sl
ackpol
i
t
i
cal
wi
l
lt
odeal
wi
t
hcor
r
upt
i
on
f
i
r
ml
y
.
 Lackoft
r
anspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
i
t
y
:whenagov
er
nmentl
ackschecksand
bal
ances,
t
her
ei
smi
smanagementandmi
suseofpubl
i
cf
unds
 Abuseofpower
:i
ft
her
e’
sexcessi
v
epoweri
nt
hehandsofani
ndi
v
i
dualmay
hi
nderi
nv
est
i
gat
i
onsi
ncor
r
uptpr
act
i
ces.
 Lackofi
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ci
ar
y
:Cour
t
smaynotacti
ndependent
l
yon
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
42
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
mat
t
er
sofcor
r
upt
i
on.
 Publ
i
cReact
i
on:Thepubl
i
ct
hi
nkcor
r
upt
i
oni
snor
malbecauseoft
heeconomi
c
har
dshi
ps.
 Lackofpr
essf
r
eedom:Gov
er
nmentownedmedi
ai
nAf
r
i
cai
snotf
r
eet
oexpose
cor
r
uptact
i
v
i
t
i
esi
nt
hei
rowncount
r
i
es
EFFECTSOFCORRUPTI
ON
 Bi
r
t
hofcapi
t
al
i
stpol
i
ci
es-makesf
ew cor
r
uptof
f
i
ci
al
sr
i
chatt
heexpenseof
Soci
et
y
 Awar
di
ngofj
obt
ounqual
i
f
i
edPer
sonnelenabl
est
hosewhopaybr
i
best
owi
n
f
av
or
s’t
owhi
cht
heyar
enotent
i
t
l
ed.Thi
scauseswi
despr
eadbi
t
t
er
nesson
deser
v
i
ngper
sonnel
orgr
oups.
 Lossofr
espectf
ort
her
ul
eofl
aw I
nt
er
f
er
eswi
t
henf
or
cementoft
hel
aw and
r
espectf
ort
her
ul
e.
 Lowst
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ng-per
pet
uat
eshumansuf
f
er
i
ngt
hr
oughescal
at
i
ngpov
er
t
y
l
ev
el
soft
heor
di
nar
yci
t
i
zenr
y
 Hamper
sEconomi
cDev
el
opmentCor
r
uptnat
i
onnev
erpr
osper
seconomi
cal
l
y
asi
twi
l
l
al
way
shav
ehi
ghdebtandbecomei
mpossi
bl
et
osav
e.
I
MPACTOFCORRUPTI
ONI
NZAMBI
ANSOCI
ETY
Cor
r
upt
i
onscour
gehashadanegat
i
v
ei
mpactont
heZambi
anSoci
et
y
.Hi
ghLev
el
si
f
cor
r
upt
i
oni
nf
l
at
epr
i
cesofgoodsandser
v
i
ces.Thi
shasbr
oughtunt
ol
dmi
ser
yt
omany
peopl
epar
t
i
cul
ar
l
yt
hepoor
.
AFFECTEDAREASONCORRUPTI
ON
Law enf
or
cementAgenci
es:Pol
i
cehav
esomet
i
mesf
ai
l
edt
omai
nt
ai
nl
aw andor
der
becauseofcor
r
upt
i
on.
TheJudi
ci
alSy
st
em:Cor
r
uptpr
act
i
cespr
ev
entj
ust
i
ce.Caser
ecor
dsdi
sappear
,t
r
i
al
s
ar
edel
ay
edandt
heout
comeofcasesnol
ongerdependsont
hesuf
f
i
ci
encyoft
he
ev
i
denceav
ai
l
abl
e.
El
ect
or
alpr
ocess:Leader
sandpol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
eswhodonotdeser
v
et
owi
nt
heel
ect
i
ons
maycomei
nt
opowerbecauset
heydi
shoutmoneyandmat
er
i
al
s
Secur
i
t
yoft
heNat
i
on:Of
f
i
cesl
i
kei
mmi
gr
at
i
onOf
f
i
ceal
l
owsal
i
encr
i
mi
nal
swi
t
hi
l
l
i
nt
ent
i
onst
oent
eri
nZambi
a.
TheEconomy
: Ther
ear
emoneyl
aunder
i
ngact
i
v
i
t
i
es,
t
axev
asi
on,
andot
hereconomi
c
i
ssueswhi
chl
eadt
oeconomi
ci
nst
abi
l
i
t
y
.
Educat
i
onSy
st
em:Br
i
besar
epai
di
nwhat
ev
erf
or
m bycandi
dat
est
obeadmi
t
t
edi
nt
oa
l
ear
ni
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsofl
ear
ni
ngi
nst
eadofbei
ngadmi
t
t
edonmer
i
t
.
Admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofl
andmat
t
er
s:l
andhasusual
l
ybeenunf
ai
r
l
ydi
st
r
i
but
edespeci
al
l
yby
t
he mi
ni
st
r
yofLands and counci
lof
f
i
ci
al
s.As a r
esul
t
,unpl
anned orpr
ohi
bi
t
ed
set
t
l
ement
sar
eacommonsi
ghti
nmoi
stur
banar
easi
nZambi
a.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
43
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Gov
er
nmentPur
chases:Tenderpr
ocedur
esar
emaysomet
i
mesnotbef
ol
l
owedwhen
awar
di
ngcont
r
act
s.Pot
ent
i
alsuppl
i
er
sar
ebei
ngdi
squal
i
f
i
edsi
mpl
ybecauset
heyhav
e
notr
ecei
v
edabr
i
bef
r
om t
hem.
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Ant
i
Cor
r
upt
i
onCommi
ssi
on(
ACC)
TheAnt
i
Cor
r
upt
i
oni
st
heof
f
i
ci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onest
abl
i
shedbyt
hegov
er
nmentt
of
i
ght
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i
on.I
twasest
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i
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at
i
onali
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san
Aut
onomousbody
.
Aut
onomy
:
meanssel
f
gov
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ni
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TheAnt
i
Cor
r
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onCommi
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on
Usest
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ol
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ni
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i
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i
on
Cor
r
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i
onPr
ev
ent
i
on
TheCommi
ssi
onexami
nespr
act
i
cesandpr
ocedur
esi
npr
i
v
at
eandpubl
i
csect
or
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o
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aci
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i
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at
et
hedi
scov
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yofcor
r
uptpr
act
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ces.I
tal
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est
hatanywor
k,met
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ocor
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sed.TheCor
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ev
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i
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ment
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n bot
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c and pr
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nst
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ons.
Communi
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yEducat
i
on
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yRel
at
i
ons Depar
t
menti
sr
esponsi
bl
ef
oreducat
i
ng t
he communi
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yon
mat
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er
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el
at
i
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ocor
r
upt
i
on.I
nt
hi
swayt
hedepar
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mentr
ev
eal
sev
i
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sanddanger
ous
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f
ect
sofcor
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act
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.
I
nv
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onandPr
osecut
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ai
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cesand
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shed,
pr
osecut
i
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ol
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ows.
OTHER GOVERNMENT I
NSTI
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ONS I
NVOLVED I
N THE FI
GHT AGAI
NST
CORRUPTI
ON
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aPubl
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cpr
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(
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i
shedi
n1983asZambi
aNat
i
onal
TenderBoar
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Theobj
ect
i
v
e
 To cont
r
oland r
egul
at
e pr
ocur
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v
i
ce i
n gov
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nment
mi
ni
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r
i
esanddepar
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’
sswel
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aspar
ast
er
nal
or
gani
zat
i
ons.
 Theboar
densur
est
hatpr
ocur
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sdonei
nat
r
anspar
entandaccount
abl
e
manner
.
Par
l
i
amentTher
ol
eoft
hepar
l
i
amenti
smakel
awsandpl
ayawat
chdogr
ol
ei
n
pr
ov
i
di
ngchecksbal
ances.E.
g.t
hePubl
i
cCompl
ai
ntCommi
t
t
eescr
ut
i
ni
zest
heaudi
t
or
Gener
al
sRepor
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sonmi
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onandembezzl
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i
cf
unds.
Audi
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orGener
al
’
sOf
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i
ceTheof
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cei
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gedwi
t
ht
her
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yofensur
i
ngt
hat
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
44
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
publ
i
cf
undsal
l
ocat
edt
opar
l
i
amentar
eexpendedf
ort
hei
nt
endedpur
pose.TheAudi
t
or
gener
al
’
sof
f
i
ceaudi
t
saccount
sr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hegener
al
r
ev
enueoft
her
epubl
i
c.
I
nv
est
i
gat
orGener
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’
sOf
f
i
ce
The i
nv
est
i
gat
orGener
ali
s al
so known as Ombudsman.He i
st
he head oft
he
Commi
ssi
onf
ori
nv
est
i
gat
i
ons.TheI
nv
est
i
gat
orGener
alwor
kswi
t
hat
eam ofof
f
i
cer
s
who car
r
youti
nv
est
i
gat
i
on on compl
ai
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saboutcor
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i
on.Af
t
eri
nv
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on i
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compl
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nv
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orGener
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i
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hepol
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ceort
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tont
heact
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ont
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ake.
Ant
i
-MoneyLaunder
i
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Thi
si
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hedepar
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mentofDr
ugEnf
or
cementCommi
ssi
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twasest
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i
shedi
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2001t
omoni
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orandi
nv
est
i
gat
emoneyl
aunder
i
ngact
i
v
i
t
i
esi
nZambi
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Moneyl
aunder
i
ngi
st
heactofr
ecei
v
i
ng,possessi
ng,conceal
i
ng,di
sgui
si
ng,di
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ng
oforbr
i
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nt
ot
hecount
r
yanypr
oper
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ymoneyi
ncl
usi
v
eder
i
v
edorr
eal
i
zeddi
r
ect
l
y
ori
ndi
r
ect
l
yf
r
om i
l
l
egal
orcr
i
mi
nal
act
i
v
i
t
i
es.
Zambi
aPol
i
ce
TheZambi
apol
i
cehav
ebeenchar
gedwi
t
hav
er
yi
mpor
t
antr
ol
eofi
nt
hef
i
ghtagai
nst
cor
r
upt
i
on.Thepol
i
cei
nv
est
i
gat
eandar
r
est
speopl
ei
nv
ol
v
edi
ncor
r
uptpr
act
i
ce
CI
VI
LSOCI
ETYORGANI
ZATI
ONSI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Foundat
i
onf
orDemocr
at
i
cPr
ocess(
FODEP)
I
twasest
abl
i
shed i
n1991 wi
t
ht
heobj
ect
i
v
eofpr
omot
i
ng democr
acyi
nZambi
a
t
hr
oughpr
ogr
amsofCi
v
i
cEducat
i
onandpr
omot
i
onofhumanRi
ght
sandel
ect
i
on
Moni
t
or
i
ng.
Tr
anspar
encyI
nt
er
nat
i
onalZambi
a
TheOv
er
al
lobj
ect
i
v
ei
st
odev
el
opsust
ai
nabl
ecapaci
t
yi
nt
heCi
v
i
lSoci
et
y
,Medi
a,
publ
i
candpr
i
v
at
esect
or
s,i
nor
dert
oef
f
ect
i
v
el
yf
i
ghtcor
r
upt
i
onandpr
omot
ehi
gh
i
nt
egr
i
t
yandgoodgov
er
nancei
nZambi
a.
Nat
i
onalMov
ementagai
nstCor
r
upt
i
on(
NAMAC)Themov
ementhasembar
kedona
wi
decampai
gnf
ort
heer
adi
cat
i
onofcor
r
upt
i
oni
nZambi
a.I
tdemandshi
ghl
ev
el
sof
i
nt
egr
i
t
y
,t
r
anspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
i
t
yandseeksgenui
nepar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
nt
heaf
f
ai
r
s
ofournat
i
on.
Medi
a
Ther
ol
eoft
her
ol
eoft
hemedi
ai
st
odi
gdeeperandcar
r
youtr
esear
chonanycasesof
cor
r
upt
i
on.Thi
si
scal
l
edi
nv
est
i
gat
i
v
ej
our
nal
i
sm.Theyi
nv
est
i
gat
ecor
r
uptpr
act
i
ces
andpr
esentf
i
ndi
ngst
ot
hepubl
i
c
 I
nv
est
i
gat
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eJour
nal
i
sm-Mean’
scar
ef
uli
nqui
r
yi
nt
owor
kofwr
i
t
i
ngf
oredi
t
i
on
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
45
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
andpubl
i
cat
i
ons.
I
ndi
v
i
dual
s,
Gr
oupsi
nSoci
et
ymustf
i
ghtagai
nstCor
r
upt
i
on
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
esomeoft
heway
sbywhi
chi
ndi
v
i
dual
sandgr
oupscanpar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
n
t
hef
i
ghtagai
nstcor
r
upt
i
on:
 Bychangi
ngt
hei
rat
t
i
t
udesf
r
om t
ol
er
ancet
ot
ot
al
r
ej
ect
i
onofcor
r
upt
i
on
 Accessi
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
ononpr
ocedur
esonhowt
odeal
wi
t
hcor
r
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i
oncases
 Repor
t
i
ng Cor
r
uptOf
f
i
cer
st
oi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatar
ecombat
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ng cor
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on e.
g
Pol
i
ce.Ant
i
-cor
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upt
i
onCommi
ssi
onandTr
anspar
encyI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
.
 Suppor
t
i
ngt
heor
gani
zat
i
onf
i
ght
i
ngcor
r
upt
i
on
 Soci
et
ymustdemandi
nt
egr
i
t
yandhi
ghsenseofmor
al
i
t
yf
r
om publ
i
cof
f
i
ce
bear
er
s
 Theymustnotkeepsi
l
entwhent
heyf
eel
acor
r
uptpr
act
i
cehasbeencommi
t
t
ed
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
sCor
r
upt
i
on?
2.Descr
i
bet
het
y
pesofCor
r
upt
i
on.
3.St
at
et
hecausesofCor
r
upt
i
on
4.Descr
i
bet
heef
f
ect
sofCor
r
upt
i
onont
heZambi
anpeopl
e.
5.I
l
l
ust
r
at
et
her
ol
epl
ay
edbyi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatf
i
ghtagai
nstcor
r
upt
i
oni
nZambi
a.
6.I
dent
i
f
yt
her
ol
eofpubl
i
cof
f
i
cer
s,t
hecommuni
t
yandt
hey
out
hi
nf
i
ght
i
ng
cor
r
upt
i
on
7.Mbi
t
awasar
r
est
edf
orusi
ngv
ar
i
ousf
or
msofgr
at
i
f
i
cat
i
oni
nor
dert
ocor
r
upt
peopl
e.
Gi
v
eanyexampl
esoft
hegr
at
i
f
i
cat
i
onwhi
chhecoul
d hav
ebeenusi
ng i
nhi
s
act
i
v
i
t
i
es.
8.Themedi
ahast
hei
mpor
t
antr
ol
ei
nf
i
ghtagai
nstcor
r
upt
i
on.
9. I
dent
i
f
yt
her
ol
esoft
hemedi
acanuset
of
i
ghtcor
r
upt
i
on.
10.
Ment
i
ont
woway
sofadopt
i
ngt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
oni
nZambi
aandwhi
chonedoy
ou
t
hi
nki
st
hebest
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
46
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCULTURALSTUDI
ES.
Cul
t
ur
er
ef
er
st
ot
hewhol
ewayofl
i
f
eofagr
oupofpeopl
e.I
ti
sal
sot
hesum t
ot
alof
behav
i
orwhi
chpeopl
ehav
el
ear
nedov
eraper
i
odoft
i
meanddef
i
nesway
sbywhi
ch
peopl
edot
hi
ngs.
COMPONENTSOFCULTURE
1.Language
 Languagei
st
hemostobv
i
ousdi
f
f
er
encebet
weencul
t
ur
es.I
tdef
i
nesacul
t
ur
al
gr
oupev
ent
hought
hesamel
anguagemaybeusedi
ndi
f
f
er
entcount
r
i
es.
 Languagei
ncl
udesunspokenl
anguagesuchasgest
ur
es,whi
chmeandi
f
f
er
ent
t
hi
ngsi
ndi
f
f
er
entl
anguages
2.Rel
i
gi
on
 Rel
i
gi
oni
samaj
orcul
t
ur
alcomponentandr
el
i
gi
oust
aboos,cust
oms,hol
i
day
s
andr
i
t
ual
sdi
ct
at
et
hebehav
i
orofagi
v
ensoci
et
y
.
 Forexampl
e,
Hi
ndusdonotdr
i
nkbev
er
agesandcanonl
yeatmeatsl
aught
er
edi
n
acer
t
ai
nwaycal
l
ed“
Hal
al
”becauseofr
el
i
gi
on
3.Val
uesandat
t
i
t
udes
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
47
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Thesear
easoci
et
y
’
sbel
i
efsy
st
em aswel
lasasoci
et
y
’
shear
tandt
heyar
et
he
l
eastl
i
kel
yt
ochange.
 Theychangev
er
ysl
owl
yandasoci
et
y
’
sbel
i
efsy
st
em gui
desi
t
sat
t
i
t
udet
owhat
i
sconsi
der
edr
i
ghtandwr
ongandi
ti
st
hebasi
sofasoci
et
y
’
swayofl
i
f
e.
 Mostbel
i
efsy
st
emsar
ebasedonsoci
et
y
’
scent
r
al
r
el
i
gi
on
4.Educat
i
on
 Educat
i
oni
sani
mpor
t
antpar
tofcul
t
ur
esi
ncecul
t
ur
edi
sl
ear
nedbehav
i
or
.
 Ther
ear
et
hr
eet
y
pesofl
ear
ni
ngt
hatt
akespl
acei
nsoci
et
y
.Thef
i
r
stt
y
pei
s
i
nf
or
mall
ear
ni
ngi
nwhi
chachi
l
dl
ear
nbyi
mi
t
at
i
ngt
hebehav
i
orofi
t
sf
ami
l
y
member
s,f
r
i
endsori
nhomeswher
et
her
ei
saT.
Vt
hechar
act
er
spor
t
r
ay
edi
n
t
hef
i
l
ms.
 Theot
hert
y
pei
sf
or
mall
ear
ni
ngi
nwhi
chadul
t
sandol
dersi
bl
i
ngst
eachy
oung
f
ami
l
ymemberhowt
obehav
ei
ncer
t
ai
nsi
t
uat
i
ons.
 Thet
hi
r
dt
y
peofl
ear
ni
ngi
st
echni
call
ear
ni
ngi
nwhi
cht
eacher
si
nst
r
uctt
he
chi
l
di
naneducat
i
onalenv
i
r
onmentaboutwhatshoul
dbedone,
howt
oi
tshoul
d
bedoneandwhyi
tshoul
dbedone.
5.Soci
alor
gani
zat
i
on:
 Thi
si
st
hewayasoci
et
yor
gani
zesi
t
sel
f
.I
tr
el
at
est
ohow asoci
et
ydef
i
nes
r
el
at
i
onshi
ps,soci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onssuchasmar
r
i
agesandst
at
ussy
st
em suchas
t
her
ol
eofwomenandchi
l
dr
en
6.Technol
ogi
calandMat
er
i
al
cul
t
ur
e:
 Theser
ef
er
st
osoci
et
y
‘
sabi
l
i
t
yt
ocr
eat
e,desi
gn,anduset
hi
ngs.Technol
ogy
andmat
er
i
al
cul
t
ur
er
el
at
est
ot
hewaysoci
et
yor
gani
zesi
t
seconomi
cact
i
v
i
t
i
es.
7.LawandPol
i
t
i
cs:
 Thesear
er
ul
esandst
r
uct
ur
est
hatr
egul
at
et
hebehav
i
orofsoci
et
y
.Thel
egal
r
ul
esat
t
r
actpuni
shmentwhencont
r
av
ened.
 Thel
awspr
ot
ectmember
sofsoci
et
yt
ol
i
v
ei
npeace,f
r
eef
r
om f
earand
i
nhumant
r
eat
ment
8.Aest
het
i
cs
 Thesoci
et
y
’
sper
cept
i
onofwhati
sconsi
der
edbeaut
i
f
uli
nar
tandi
nper
sons.I
t
di
ct
at
eswhati
saccept
abl
eorappeal
i
ngi
nt
hatcul
t
ur
e.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFCULTURE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
48
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Cul
t
ur
ei
sdy
nami
c:
 Thi
smeanst
hatcul
t
ur
ei
snotconst
antasi
ti
sal
way
sev
ol
v
i
ngandchangi
ng.
Changei
nt
echnol
ogyi
seasi
l
yaccept
edr
at
hert
hanchangei
nt
hev
al
uesy
st
em
ofsoci
et
y
.
 Forexampl
e,t
heuseofcel
lphoneshasbeenaccept
edaspar
tofZambi
anway
ofl
i
f
eandy
ett
hesewer
enott
her
eunt
i
l
t
hemi
d1990s
a)Cul
t
ur
ei
sl
ear
nt
:
 I
ti
spassedonf
r
om gener
at
i
ont
ogener
at
i
on.I
ti
st
aughtt
oani
ndi
v
i
dualby
soci
et
yi
nwhi
cht
hei
ndi
v
i
dual
i
sbor
ni
n.
 Thewayt
ospeak,whatt
oeat
,how t
oheat
,how t
or
el
at
et
oot
her
s,whatt
o
bel
i
ev
ei
ni
st
aught
.
b)Cul
t
ur
ei
scumul
at
i
v
e:
 Ev
er
yhumangener
at
i
oncandi
scov
ernewt
hi
ngsandi
nv
entbet
t
ert
echnol
ogi
es
whi
chbecomepar
tofcul
t
ur
e.
 Thenewcul
t
ur
alski
l
l
sandknowl
edgear
eaddedont
owhati
sl
ear
nedi
npr
ev
i
ous
gener
at
i
ons
c)Cul
t
ur
ali
scompr
ehensi
v
e:
 I
ti
st
hesum t
ot
alofasoci
et
y
’
swayofl
i
f
e,t
her
ef
or
ei
ti
scompr
ehensi
v
easi
t
r
equi
r
esv
ar
i
ousaspect
swhi
chgi
v
esmeani
ngt
ol
i
f
e.
d)Cul
t
ur
ei
sshar
ed:
 Themember
sofacul
t
ur
eshar
easetof‘
i
deal
s,v
al
ues,and st
andar
dsof
behav
i
or
”andt
hi
ssetofshar
edi
deal
si
swhatgi
v
esmeani
ngt
ot
hei
rl
i
v
es,and
whatbondst
hem t
oget
herasacul
t
ur
e
e)Cul
t
ur
ei
sbasedonsy
mbol
s.
 I
nor
derf
oracul
t
ur
et
obet
r
ansmi
t
t
edsuccessf
ul
l
yf
r
om onegener
at
i
ont
ot
he
next
,asy
st
em ofsy
mbol
si
scr
eat
edandt
r
ansl
at
est
hei
deal
soft
heCul
t
ur
et
o
i
t
smember
s.
 Thi
si
saccompl
i
shedt
hr
oughl
anguage,
ar
t
,
r
el
i
gi
on,
andmoney
.
f
) Cul
t
ur
ei
si
nt
egr
at
ed:
 Thi
smeanst
hatcul
t
ur
emustbei
nt
egr
at
edi
nor
derf
ori
tt
obet
r
ansmi
t
t
ed
successf
ul
l
yf
r
om oneper
sont
oanot
her
.
g)Peopl
ear
enotusual
l
yawar
eoft
hei
rcul
t
ur
eunt
i
lt
heycomei
nt
ocont
actwi
t
h
ot
hercul
t
ur
e:
 Thi
smeanst
hatpeopl
ear
eunawar
eoft
hei
rcul
t
ur
ebecauset
heyar
esocl
ose
t
oi
tt
oknowi
tsowel
l
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
49
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
h)Peopl
edonotknowal
lt
hei
rcul
t
ur
e:
 Nooneknowsev
er
y
t
hi
ngabouthi
sorherowncul
t
ur
e.
i
) Cul
t
ur
egi
v
esasoci
et
yar
angeofper
mi
ssi
bl
ebehav
i
orpat
t
er
ns.
 Cul
t
ur
ecommonl
yal
l
owsar
angeofway
si
nwhi
chmencanbemenandwomen
canbewomen.
 Cul
t
ur
eal
sot
el
l
speopl
eofhowdi
f
f
er
entact
i
v
i
t
i
esshoul
dbeconduct
edsuchas
howoneshoul
dactasahusband,
wi
f
epar
entet
c
j
) Cul
t
ur
esnol
ongerexi
st
si
ni
sol
at
i
on:
 Ev
ensmal
loutoft
hewayet
hni
csoci
et
i
esar
enow bei
ngi
nt
egr
at
edt
osome
ext
enti
nt
ot
hegl
obal
economy
.
THEI
MPORTANCEOFCULTURE
 Cul
t
ur
econt
r
i
but
est
or
eenf
or
ci
ngofone’
si
dent
i
t
yandt
heabi
l
i
t
yt
ocr
i
t
i
cal
l
y
r
ef
l
ectont
hati
dent
i
t
y
.
 Cul
t
ur
alher
i
t
agei
sunder
st
oodt
omeanar
chi
v
es,pi
ecesofar
t
,andpl
acesof
wor
shi
ppedmonument
s.
 Nodev
el
opmentwi
t
houtcul
t
ur
e.I
fcul
t
ur
ei
si
nt
er
pr
et
edasawhol
eofbel
i
ef
s,
habi
t
sandcust
omsofasoci
et
y
,hence,cul
t
ur
ei
st
hef
oundat
i
ont
hatsuppor
t
s
ev
er
ydev
el
opment
.
 Thest
at
usofcul
t
ur
ehasev
ol
v
eddr
amat
i
cal
l
ysi
ncet
headopt
i
onofAr
t
i
cl
e27of
t
heUni
v
er
sal
decl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
swhi
chaf
f
i
r
med,
f
ort
hef
i
r
stt
i
me.
 Al
lar
ound t
he wor
l
d,t
hei
nt
r
i
nsi
cv
i
r
t
uesand t
he i
mpactofcul
t
ur
e on an
i
ndi
v
i
dualandcommuni
t
ydev
el
opmentar
ebei
ngquest
i
oned,st
udi
ed,measur
ed
andhopef
ul
l
y
,
r
edi
scov
er
ed.
TYPESOFCULTURE
1.MASSCULTURE.
 Thi
si
st
hecul
t
ur
epr
oducedf
r
om machi
nesandconsumedonal
ar
gescal
e,f
or
exampl
e,
r
ecor
di
ngi
ndust
r
y
,
t
el
ev
i
si
on,
orv
i
deocasset
t
es.
 I
ti
sspr
eadt
hr
oughel
ect
r
oni
cmedi
aandot
herhi
ght
echnol
ogy
.
2.POPULAR CULTURE
 Thi
si
st
hecul
t
ur
ewhi
chi
sapr
oductofchangi
ngneedsandi
nnov
at
i
onsi
n
peopl
e’
sl
i
f
est
y
l
es.
 I
ti
susual
l
yonhi
ghdemandespeci
al
l
yf
r
om t
hey
out
hwhohav
enew musi
c,
f
ashi
onot
herpr
oduct
si
nt
hef
i
el
dofent
er
t
ai
nment
.
3.FOLKCULTURE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
50
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
ti
sal
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oasr
esi
dualcul
t
ur
et
hati
s,r
emai
nsoft
hepast
.Anex
ampl
e
off
ol
kcul
t
ur
ewast
hepr
ogr
am off
ol
kmusi
cwhi
cht
heZambi
anNat
i
onal
Br
oadcast
i
ngCor
por
at
i
on[
ZNBC]pl
ay
edsomet
i
meback
4.I
DEALCULTURE:
 I
tr
ef
er
st
osomeki
ndofdr
eamsandaspi
r
at
i
onsofwher
eagi
v
enpeopl
ewoul
d
wi
sht
obe.
 Ev
er
ysoci
et
yv
i
ewsi
t
sel
fv
i
ewsi
t
sel
fi
naposi
t
i
v
ewayandhast
hehi
ghest
v
i
r
t
uesandst
andar
dsbywhi
chi
tappear
st
obe.
5.REALCULTURE
 Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ot
heact
ualbehav
i
orofpeopl
ei
nsoci
et
ysuchassl
eepi
ngata
f
uner
al
houseunt
i
l
t
hedayofbur
i
al
.
6.SUBCULTUREPEOPLE
 A sub cul
t
ur
ei
sawayofl
i
f
eorbehav
i
ng whi
ch asmal
lgr
oup ofpeopl
e
bel
ongi
ngt
ot
hesamecul
t
ur
emaypor
t
r
ay
.
 I
tmay ar
i
se because ofdi
f
f
er
entoccupat
i
ons i
n soci
et
y whi
ch r
esul
t
si
n
di
f
f
er
encesi
npowerandpr
est
i
ge
7.COUNTERCULTURE
 Thi
sr
epr
esent
sbehav
i
or
alpat
t
er
ns,act
i
v
i
t
i
esorst
y
l
esofl
i
f
epor
t
r
ay
edbya
gr
oup ofi
ndi
v
i
dual
s who ar
e gener
al
l
yopposed t
ot
he gener
al
l
yaccept
ed
st
andar
dofbehav
i
or
.
 Suchi
ndi
v
i
dual
smayr
ef
uset
osubmi
tt
ot
heway
st
hatt
hi
ngsar
eexpect
edt
obe
doneandt
heymaydev
el
opt
hei
rownl
i
f
est
y
l
es.
8.CULTURALHETEROGENEI
TY
 Thi
sr
ef
er
st
oasoci
et
yt
hatcont
ai
nsav
ar
i
et
yofgr
oupsofdi
f
f
er
entr
aces,
bel
i
ef
s,
r
el
i
gi
onsandnat
i
onal
i
t
i
es.
 Ther
epubl
i
cofSout
hAf
r
i
cai
sagoodexampl
e.Cul
t
ur
alhet
er
ogenei
t
ypr
omot
es
cul
t
ur
alpl
ur
al
i
sm,whi
chr
ecogni
zesandr
espect
st
hecont
r
i
but
i
onsofv
ar
i
ous
cul
t
ur
est
ot
hewhol
esoci
et
y
.
9.CULTURALHOMOGENI
ETY
 Thi
sr
ef
er
st
oacommoncul
t
ur
eofpeopl
eofasi
mi
l
arr
ace,bel
i
ef
s,r
el
i
gi
onand
nat
i
onal
i
t
y
.Forexampl
e,
Nor
t
hAf
r
i
cancount
r
i
essuchasTuni
si
a,
Egy
pt
,
Li
by
aet
c.
t
hathav
emor
et
han90%oft
hepeopl
eoft
hesamer
ace,
shar
et
hesamer
el
i
gi
on
andnat
i
onal
i
t
ymay
becl
assi
f
i
edashomogenous.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
51
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ZAMBI
A’
SSOCI
ETALCOREVALUES
 Ev
er
ycul
t
ur
algr
ouphascor
ev
al
ueswhi
chpr
ov
i
deast
andar
dmeasur
ementby
whi
chi
ti
sr
egar
ded.
 Thewor
dcor
emeansCent
r
eandv
al
uemeanst
hequal
i
t
yofbei
ngusef
ul
.Cor
e
v
al
uesar
eshar
edv
al
ueswhi
char
echer
i
shedi
nanysoci
et
y
.
ZAMBI
A’
SCORESOCI
ETALVALUES
1. OBEDI
ENCETOAUTHORI
TY
 Aut
hor
i
t
yi
spoweri
nv
est
edi
nagr
ouporani
ndi
v
i
dualwhoi
sr
esponsi
bl
ef
or
ot
herpeopl
eormanagei
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons.
 Per
sonswi
t
haut
hor
i
t
yi
ncl
udeci
v
i
c,pol
i
t
i
cal
,school
,chur
ch,pol
i
ce,f
ami
l
yand
peergr
oupl
eader
s.
2. TOLERANCE
I
ti
st
hequal
i
t
yofal
l
owi
ngopi
ni
ons,
bel
i
ef
s,
cust
omsandbehav
i
orofot
herpeopl
et
o
al
sopr
ev
ai
l
ev
enwhenonei
snoti
nagr
eementwi
t
ht
hem.
3. MUTUALRESPECT
Thi
si
st
hev
al
ueoft
r
eat
i
ngeachot
herwi
t
hconsi
der
at
i
on.Mut
ualr
espectal
so
wor
ksont
hei
deat
hati
fonedoesnotr
espectot
herpeopl
e,t
hatper
sonwi
l
lnotbe
r
espect
ed.
4. RESPECTFORPRI
VACY
Ev
er
yper
sonr
equi
r
est
i
met
obeonhi
sorherown,awayf
r
om ot
her
s.Pr
i
v
acyal
so
hast
odowi
t
hkeepi
ngpr
i
v
at
e,
t
hei
nf
or
mat
i
onaper
sondoesnotwantt
or
ev
eal
.
5. HONESTY
Honest
yi
st
hequal
i
t
yoft
el
l
i
ngt
het
r
ut
h,
notcheat
i
ngandnotst
eal
i
ng.I
ti
saqual
i
t
y
ofbei
ngt
r
ust
wor
t
hyandst
r
ai
ght
f
or
war
d.
6. FREEDOM OFEXPRESSI
ON
I
ti
st
her
i
ghtofaper
sont
obehear
dasl
ongaswhatt
heyar
esay
i
ngi
swi
t
hi
nt
he
l
aw.
7. I
NTEGRI
TY
Thi
si
st
hequal
i
t
yofbei
nghonestandmor
al
l
yupr
i
ght
.I
tgoesbey
ondj
ustbei
ng
honestasi
ti
ncl
udesal
l
qual
i
t
i
esofgoodness.
8. COMMI
TMENTTOTHEDEMOCRATI
CRESOLUTI
ONSOFDI
SPUTES
I
ti
st
her
ecogni
t
i
ont
hatsor
t
i
ngoutt
ensi
on,di
sput
esanddi
f
f
er
encesi
sbestdone
t
hr
oughdi
al
ogueandt
heaccept
anceoft
hemaj
or
i
t
y
’
sv
i
ew.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
52
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
I
ti
sacommi
t
mentt
opeacef
ul
r
esol
ut
i
onsofanyf
or
m ofconf
l
i
ct
.
9. RESPONSI
BI
LI
TY
Responsi
bi
l
i
t
y means doi
ng whatone i
s expect
ed t
o do wi
t
houtbei
ng t
ol
d,
super
v
i
sedorf
or
ced.
10. SOCI
ALJUSTI
CE
Thi
si
st
r
eat
i
ngev
er
y
onei
nt
hecommuni
t
yf
ai
r
l
y
.
11. COOPERATI
ON
I
ti
st
hewor
ki
ngt
oget
herf
ort
hecommongoodofev
er
y
onei
nt
hecommuni
t
y
.
12. LOVE
Lov
ei
st
hequal
i
t
yofgoodwi
l
lt
owar
dsev
er
yper
son.I
ti
sawar
m ki
ndoff
eel
i
ngand
f
ondnesst
oot
herhumanbei
ngs.
13.PEACE
Thi
si
sf
r
eedom f
r
om st
r
essandphy
si
calt
hr
eatt
oones’wel
l
bei
ngi
ncl
udi
ngwar
,
capt
i
v
i
t
yandconf
i
nement
.
14. LOYALTY
Loy
al
t
yi
st
hef
ai
t
hf
ul
nessandt
r
ut
hf
ul
nesst
opeopl
e,gr
oupsoror
gani
zat
i
onst
hat
onei
samemberof
.
15. TRUST
I
st
heconf
i
dence,bel
i
efi
nt
hegoodness,st
r
engt
handr
el
i
abi
l
i
t
yofonesel
fand
ot
her
s.
16. ATTAI
NMENTOFSETGOALS
Thi
si
sper
sonal
under
t
aki
ngi
nwhat
ev
eronei
sunder
t
aki
ng.
17. HARDWORK
Thi
si
st
heabi
l
i
t
yt
oaccompl
i
shdi
f
f
i
cul
tt
asksasopposedt
oi
dl
eness.
18. NATI
ONALI
SM
Thi
si
saf
eel
i
ngofonenessbyagr
oupofpeopl
ewi
t
ht
hesameor
i
gi
nandcul
t
ur
e.
19. PATRI
OTI
SM
Thi
si
sl
ov
i
ngone’
scount
r
yandwi
l
l
i
ngt
osacr
i
f
i
cef
ori
t
swel
l
bei
ng.
20. SCI
ENTI
FI
CADVANCEMENT
Thi
si
sabel
i
efi
nsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyast
ool
st
omakepr
ogr
essandi
mpr
ov
i
ng
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
53
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
i
none’
ssoci
al
andi
ncomepr
obl
ems.
CULTURALPRACTI
CESI
NZAMBI
A
1. Respectf
orEl
der
s
 Thi
si
sabel
i
eft
hatany
oneel
dert
hanonesel
fshoul
dbeaccor
dedr
especti
n
speechandt
r
eat
mentr
egar
dl
essofst
at
us,
r
aceorbl
oodr
el
at
i
onshi
p.
 El
der
l
ypeopl
ear
er
ef
er
r
edt
oasf
at
herormot
herorgr
andmot
herofgr
andf
at
her
.
2. Ext
endedFami
l
ySy
st
em
 Thi
si
st
hef
ami
l
ysy
st
em t
hatnotembr
acest
henucl
earf
ami
l
ybutal
souncl
es,
cousi
ns,
aunt
i
es,
i
nl
aws,
nephewsandni
eces.
 I
nZambi
a,
t
het
er
m‘
Mot
her
’
i
sext
endedt
oone’
s‘
mot
her
s’
si
st
er
sand‘
f
at
her
’
t
o
one’
s‘
f
at
her
’
sbr
ot
her
s
3. Ri
t
esofPassage
 Thesear
er
i
t
ual
st
hatoneunder
goest
omar
ki
mpor
t
antchangesi
naper
son’
s
posi
t
i
oni
nsoci
et
y
.
 Theser
i
t
esofpassagei
ncl
udesuchr
i
t
ual
sasnami
ngofanewbor
n,i
ni
t
i
at
i
on,
mar
r
i
age,and deat
h and af
t
erdeat
h cer
emoni
es.
eg I
sambo Ly
amf
wa i
sa
cer
emonyper
f
or
medaf
t
erdeat
h.
4. Tr
adi
t
i
onalCer
emoni
es
 Manyt
r
adi
t
i
onalcer
emoni
es ar
e hel
dt
o commemor
at
e pastev
ent
s.Ot
her
f
unct
i
onsoft
r
adi
t
i
onal
cer
emoni
esi
ncl
ude;
 Expr
essi
ng,
r
ef
l
ect
i
ngandr
ei
nf
or
ci
ngcul
t
ur
al
r
el
at
i
onshi
psandv
al
ues.
 Obser
v
i
ngcer
t
ai
nr
i
t
ual
s
 Connect
i
ont
ot
heancest
or
s
 Asser
t
i
onofl
ocal
t
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
eader
shi
p.
 Reconci
l
i
ngi
nt
ergr
oupconf
l
i
ct
s.
 Cel
ebr
at
i
ngpastwarv
i
ct
or
i
es.
 Har
v
estcer
emoni
es.
 Rel
i
gi
ousf
est
i
v
al
s.
 Cer
emoni
eswhi
chmov
et
her
hy
t
hm ofnat
ur
esuchasr
i
si
ngofnew moon,
f
l
oodi
ngcy
cl
essuchasKuombokaCer
emony
.
COMMONPUBLI
CCEREMONI
ESI
NZAMBI
A
 KuombokaCer
emonyoft
heLozi
peopl
e.
 Umut
ombokoCer
emonyoft
heLundapeopl
eofLuapul
a.
 Ukusef
y
apaNg’
wenacer
emonyoft
heBembapeopl
e
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
54
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020






Kul
ambacer
emonyoft
heNsengapeopl
e.
Shi
munengacer
emonyoft
heI
l
apeopl
e.
Nc’
wal
acer
emonyoft
heNgoni
peopl
e.
Li
kumbi
Ly
aMi
zecer
emonyoft
heLuv
al
epeopl
e.
Mal
ai
l
acer
emonyoft
heKundapeopl
e.
Kul
ambaKubwal
ocer
emonyoft
heLenj
epeopl
e
Tr
adi
t
i
onalAt
t
i
r
es
 SomeZambi
ancul
t
ur
esdi
spl
ayuni
quest
y
l
eofdr
essi
ng.Thesei
ncl
udet
heLozi
,
menwearaSi
zi
ba(
Ki
l
t
)whi
l
ewomenwearaMusi
si
.
 TheChewa’
sNy
audancer
sal
soexhi
bi
tdi
f
f
er
entat
t
i
r
ef
r
om t
heLuv
al
eLi
ki
shi
dancer
s.
TheAr
t
s
 Ar
ti
sexpr
essedi
ndance,musi
c,pai
nt
i
ngs,f
ol
kl
or
e,cr
af
t
s,et
c.Zambi
anshav
e
songsanddancesf
ormostoccasi
ons.Ev
enmostZambi
anpai
nt
i
ngsdepi
ctr
eal
l
i
f
esi
t
uat
i
ons.
Hospi
t
al
i
t
y
 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
l
y
,Zambi
ansar
ehospi
t
abl
epeopl
ebecausewel
comi
ngpeopl
eand
v
i
si
t
or
si
sav
er
yi
mpor
t
antZambi
ansoci
et
al
v
al
ueandi
scher
i
shedandpr
act
i
ced.
APPRECI
ATI
ONOFTHECULTURALDI
VERSI
TYI
NZAMBI
A
 Zambi
acanbecl
assi
f
i
edashav
i
ngabr
oadhomogeneouscul
t
ur
e,i
nt
er
msof
r
aceandr
el
i
gi
on.Butt
her
eexi
st
sav
ar
i
at
i
onofet
hni
cdi
v
er
si
t
yi
nt
er
msof
l
anguage,
t
r
adi
t
i
onsandcust
omst
hatgi
v
ei
tahet
er
ogeneouschar
act
er
i
st
i
c.
 Ther
ef
or
e,i
nappr
eci
at
i
ngt
hecul
t
ur
aldi
v
er
si
t
yt
hatexi
st
si
nZambi
a,peopl
e
shoul
d bemi
ndf
uloft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngaspect
st
hathav
eabear
i
ngoncul
t
ur
al
di
v
er
si
t
y
.
STEREOTYPI
NG
 Thi
si
swhenonemakesanopi
ni
ononanot
herpur
el
yont
hebasi
sofgr
oup
member
shi
p.
eg r
egar
di
ng al
lf
emal
es as weak or al
ly
oung peopl
e as
i
r
r
esponsi
bl
e
PREJUDI
CE.
 Pr
ej
udi
cei
sani
r
r
at
i
onal
,i
l
l
ogi
calhat
r
edandsuspi
ci
onofapar
t
i
cul
argr
oup,
whi
chcanbebasedongender
,age,et
hni
ci
t
y
,andr
el
i
gi
on,pl
aceofr
esi
denceor
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
55
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
occupat
i
on.St
er
eot
y
pi
ngandPr
ej
udi
cel
eadt
odi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on.
ETHNOCENTRI
SM
 Thi
si
st
hebel
i
eft
hatone’
sowncul
t
ur
ei
st
hebestandj
udgi
ngot
herpeopl
es
cul
t
ur
ebyi
t
sst
andar
d.Peopl
et
endt
ov
i
ewt
hecust
omsofot
her
si
nt
hel
i
ghtof
t
hei
rownbel
i
ef
sandv
al
ues.
CULTURALRELATI
VI
SM
 Thi
smeanst
heabsenceofdi
r
ectandi
ndi
r
ectdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
oni
nal
l
ar
easofl
i
f
e.
 I
ti
sal
soadel
i
ber
at
eat
t
emptt
ov
i
ew t
hewor
l
dasseenbymember
sofot
her
soci
et
i
es.
 I
ti
sbasedont
hebel
i
eft
hateachgr
oup’
swayofl
i
f
ei
sl
ogi
calt
ot
hatgr
oup’
s
r
esponset
osur
v
i
v
al
i
ssues.
Assi
mi
l
at
i
on i
sasi
t
uat
i
on when peopl
ef
r
om mi
nor
i
t
ygr
oupsand di
f
f
er
ent
cl
assesofsoci
et
yar
eaccept
edi
nmaj
orsoci
al
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons.
Amal
gamat
i
oni
sapr
ocessofbl
endi
ngmi
nor
i
t
yandmaj
or
i
t
ygr
oupst
hr
ough
soci
al
bondi
ngsuchasmar
r
i
age.
PROMOTI
ONOFZAMBI
A’
SCULTURALPRACTI
CES
Zambi
a’
scul
t
ur
alher
i
t
age
 Zambi
a’
scul
t
ur
alher
i
t
agei
ncl
udesbot
ht
angi
bl
eandi
nt
angi
bl
ewor
ksofar
t
i
st
s,
ar
chi
t
ect
s,
musi
ci
ans,
sci
ent
i
st
sandwr
i
t
er
s.
 Thesewor
ksar
edemonst
r
at
edt
hr
oughl
anguages,r
i
t
es,bel
i
ef
s,hi
st
or
i
csi
t
es,
monument
s,
l
i
t
er
at
ur
eandwor
ksofar
t
,
ar
chi
v
esandl
i
br
ar
i
es.
Cul
t
ur
eanddemocr
acy
 Theenshr
i
nementofani
ndi
v
i
dual
’
scul
t
ur
e,t
r
adi
t
i
ons,cust
omsandl
anguagei
n
t
henat
i
onalconst
i
t
ut
i
onr
ei
nf
or
cesZambi
a’
ssi
gni
ngoft
heUni
v
er
salDecl
ar
at
i
on
ofHumanRi
ght
sAr
t
i
cl
es27.
 Thi
si
sbecausedemocr
at
i
cpr
act
i
ceswi
t
houtef
f
ect
i
v
eexer
ci
seofcul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s
pr
omot
et
r
uedemocr
acy
.
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATPRESERVECULTURALHERI
TAGEI
NZAMBI
A
MUSEUMS
 Thesear
eadmi
ni
st
er
edbyt
heNat
i
onalMuseumsBoar
dandar
er
esponsi
bl
ef
or
:
 Col
l
ect
i
onofar
t
i
f
act
s.
 Rest
or
at
i
onofar
t
i
f
act
s.
 Di
spl
ayofar
t
i
f
act
sofhi
st
or
i
cal
,cul
t
ur
al
,sci
ent
i
f
i
c,t
echnol
ogi
calandeconomi
c
si
gni
f
i
cancet
ot
henat
i
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
56
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Nat
i
onal
her
i
t
ageconser
v
at
i
oncommi
ssi
on
 I
tadmi
ni
st
er
si
mmov
abl
eher
i
t
agesuchassi
t
esandmonument
s.
 I
t
sheadquar
t
er
sar
ei
nLi
v
i
ngst
oneandi
nLi
v
i
ngst
oneandi
thasof
f
i
cesi
n
Kasama,
Sol
wezi
andLusaka.
Nat
i
onal
ar
t
scounci
l
 I
tpr
omot
esar
t
i
st
i
candi
nt
el
l
ect
ual
cr
eat
i
v
i
t
yandAr
tEducat
i
on.
 I
tr
ecogni
zest
hatf
r
eedom ofopi
ni
onandexpr
essi
oni
sessent
i
alf
orr
eact
i
v
e
act
i
v
i
t
i
esofar
t
i
st
sandi
nt
el
l
ect
ual
sal
i
ke.
I
NTERNATI
ONALCULTURALCOOPERATI
ON
 I
ti
sdonet
hr
oughI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Cul
t
ur
al
Exchangesandencount
er
s.
 Thi
scont
r
i
but
est
ot
hepr
omot
i
onofgl
obalpeace,
r
espect
,
mut
ualunder
st
andi
ng
andcooper
at
i
on.
 Zambi
ai
samemberoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngmul
t
i
l
at
er
al
Cul
t
ur
al
Or
gani
zat
i
ons:
i
. Wor
l
dCr
af
t
sCounci
l
[
WCC]
i
i
. I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Counci
l
ofMuseums[
I
COM]
i
i
i
. I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Theat
erI
nst
i
t
ut
e[
I
TI
]
i
v
. Sout
her
nAf
r
i
canDev
el
opmentCommuni
t
y[
SADC]
v
. I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Cent
r
ef
orBant
uCi
v
i
l
i
zat
i
on[
CI
CI
BA]
v
i
. Wor
l
dI
nt
el
l
ect
ual
Pr
oper
t
yOr
gani
z
at
i
on[
WI
PO]
ADMI
NI
STRATI
ONANDCOORDI
NATI
ONOFCULTURALAFFAI
RSI
NZAMBI
A
 TheCul
t
ur
alSect
orcut
sacr
ossanumberofl
i
negov
er
nmentmi
ni
st
er
s,
whi
ch
hasaf
f
ect
edef
f
ect
i
v
ecommuni
cat
i
onf
oref
f
i
ci
entr
unni
ngofcul
t
ur
al
af
f
ai
r
s.
 Suchmi
ni
st
r
i
esi
ncl
udes:
 The Mi
ni
st
r
y of Communi
t
y Dev
el
opment
, Mot
her and Chi
l
d
Heal
t
h[Depar
t
mentofCul
t
ur
al
Ser
v
i
ces/Nat
i
onal
Ar
t
sCounci
l
ofZambi
a
 Mi
ni
st
r
yofHomeAf
f
ai
r
s[Nat
i
onal
Ar
chi
v
es
 Mi
ni
st
r
yofGener
al
Educat
i
on[Tr
ai
ni
ngofar
t
i
st
si
nCol
l
eges
 Mi
ni
st
r
yofChi
ef
sandTr
adi
t
i
onalAf
f
ai
r
s,
Admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofChi
ef
s’
Af
f
ai
r
sand
Tr
adi
t
i
ons
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
57
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
1.
Cul
t
ur
e di
v
er
si
t
yi
n Zambi
a has r
esul
t
ed i
nt
o et
hni
c gr
oupi
ng whi
ch cel
ebr
at
e
t
r
adi
t
i
onal
cer
emoni
es:
i
. Whati
scul
t
ur
al
di
v
er
si
t
y
?
i
i
. Ment
i
onanyt
hr
eecul
t
ur
al
pr
act
i
cesi
nZambi
a
i
i
i
. Whyar
et
r
adi
t
i
oncer
emoni
esi
mpor
t
ant
?St
at
ef
i
v
er
easons.
2.Out
l
i
net
hecomponent
sofcul
t
ur
e.
3.I
dent
i
f
yi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatpr
eser
v
ecul
t
ur
al
her
i
t
agei
nZambi
a.
4.Wi
t
hcl
earexampl
esi
dent
i
f
yf
act
or
st
hataf
f
ectt
heappr
eci
at
i
onofcul
t
ur
aldi
v
er
si
t
y
i
nZambi
a.
5.Di
scusst
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
cofcul
t
ur
e.
6.Li
stdownt
hesoci
et
al
cor
ev
al
v
esandexpl
ai
neachoneoft
hem.
7.Gi
v
er
easonswhycul
t
ur
ei
si
mpor
t
ant
.
8.Ment
i
onsi
xcommoncul
t
ur
al
pr
act
i
cesi
nZambi
a.
9.Di
scussgl
obal
cul
t
ur
e.
10.I
dent
i
f
yi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatpr
eser
v
ecul
t
ur
al
her
i
t
agei
nZambi
a.
SUBSTANCEABUSE
Subst
ancemeansmat
er
i
al
ort
y
peofmat
t
er
Abusemeansusesomet
hi
ngwr
ongl
y
Subst
anceabusemeanst
aki
ngsomet
hi
ngof
t
ent
haty
ourbodydoesneedandf
or
wr
ongr
easons.
CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFSUBSTANCES
1.Ov
ert
hecount
ersubst
ances
Thesear
esubst
anceswhi
chcaneasi
l
ybeboughtov
ert
hecount
erandusedf
or
medi
cal
pur
posesuchasPanadol
,
aspi
r
i
n,
caf
enol
,
f
ansi
darandv
emox.
2.Cont
r
ol
l
edSubst
ances
Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatcanbeobt
ai
nedi
fonehasapr
escr
i
pt
i
on.These
subst
ances can be danger
ous i
fnotused pr
oper
l
y
.E.
g.Mor
phi
ne,v
al
i
um,
cocai
neandmar
i
j
uana
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
58
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFSUBSTANCESACCORDI
NGTOTHEI
REFFECTS
 Depr
essant
s-Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatsl
ow downt
heact
i
onoft
hecent
r
al
ner
v
oussy
st
em.Theyar
eal
soknownasSedat
i
v
esorhy
pnot
i
cs.E.
g.Al
cohol
,
mandr
axandv
al
i
um.Theydecr
easeawar
enessandt
ensi
on.Butwhent
akeni
n
l
ar
geramount
s,
t
heyl
eadi
nt
ocoma.
 St
i
mul
ant
s.Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatst
i
mul
at
et
hecent
r
al
ner
v
oussy
st
em and
speedupt
hebodypr
ocesses.Themostcommonst
i
mul
anti
scaf
f
ei
nef
oundi
n
t
eacof
f
ee,
chocol
at
eandcocacol
a.
 Hal
l
uci
nogenst
hesear
esubst
anceswhi
chdi
st
or
tt
hewayt
hebr
ai
nt
r
ansl
at
es
i
mpul
sesormessagesf
r
om sensor
yor
ganspr
oduci
ngper
cept
ualchanges.The
br
ai
nmaypr
oducei
mageswi
t
hnobasi
si
nr
eal
i
t
ycal
l
edhal
l
uci
nat
i
ons.These
subst
ancesi
nt
hi
scat
egor
yi
ncl
ude.Ly
ser
gi
caci
ddi
et
hy
lLSD,cocai
ne,magi
c
mushr
ooms,
andecst
asy
.
 Nar
cot
i
csoropi
at
es.Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatmaket
hesensesdul
land
r
el
i
ev
epai
nbydepr
essi
ngt
hecer
ebr
alcor
t
ex.Thecer
ebr
alcor
t
exi
st
heout
er
l
ay
eroft
hebr
ai
nr
esponsi
bl
ef
orconsci
ousnessi
ncl
udi
ngper
cept
i
on,memor
y
andl
ear
ni
ng.
 I
nhal
ant
sorsol
v
ent
s.Thesear
edr
ugsf
oundi
nhousehol
dpr
oduct
ssuchas
gl
ue,deodor
ant
sl
i
keper
f
umespr
ay
sandf
uelgasses.Thecapi
l
l
ar
ysur
f
aceof
t
hel
ungsal
l
owsqui
ckabsor
pt
i
onoft
hesubst
ance.Ent
r
yi
nt
ot
hebr
ai
ni
sf
ast
andi
nt
oxi
cat
i
ngef
f
ect
sar
ei
nt
ense.
SUBSTANCESANDTHEI
REFFECTS
ALCOHOL
Al
coholi
sapur
ecol
or
l
essl
i
qui
dpr
esenti
ndr
i
nks.Peopl
et
akeal
coholf
orpl
easur
e.
Mostoft
hemedi
ci
nescont
ai
naper
cent
ageofal
cohol
Al
coholabusei
swhenonedr
i
nkst
oomuchal
cohol
t
ooof
t
en.
Addi
ct
i
ont
aki
ngsomet
hi
ngt
hatonecannotst
opcannotst
op.
Al
cohol
i
ci
sper
sonwhoi
saddi
ct
edt
oal
cohol
.
Al
cohol
i
sm i
s a sev
er
e and pot
ent
i
al
l
yf
at
alcondi
t
i
on caused by phy
si
cal
dependenceonal
cohol
.I
ti
mpai
r
sphy
si
cal
andment
al
heal
t
h.
BEVERAGESANDTHEI
RPERCENTAGE
Bev
er
age
Mosi
l
ar
ger
Ohl
ssonsl
ar
ger
Cast
l
el
ager
Chi
buku
Wi
ne
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
Per
cent
ageofEt
hanol
%
4.
5
5
5
46
1220
59
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Kachasu(
t
r
adi
t
i
onal
Spi
r
i
t
s
2565
3345
Thest
r
engt
hofanyal
cohol
i
cbev
er
agedependsont
heper
cent
ageconcent
r
at
eof
et
hanolperv
ol
ume meani
ng t
he mor
e et
hanolt
he mor
e ef
f
ect
si
thast
o an
i
ndi
v
i
dual
.
EFFECTSOFALCOHOL
 I
ncr
easebl
oodpr
essur
eandhear
tbeat
 Causesv
i
ol
entbehav
i
or
 Af
f
ect
st
hebr
ai
n,
i
tdi
st
or
t
st
heonewayt
hi
nks,
speakandact
s.
 Causes ci
r
r
hosi
s. The l
i
v
er becomes f
at
t
y and enl
ar
ged causi
ng
i
nf
l
ammat
i
ons.
 Hy
pot
her
mi
af
eel
i
ngwar
m ev
enwheni
nr
eal
i
t
yonei
sl
osi
ngheat
.
 Di
st
or
t
sper
cept
i
onoft
i
meandspaceandhav
eadoubl
ev
i
si
on(
uncl
ear
obj
ect
s)
.
TOBACCO
Tobaccoi
smadeupofsomechemi
cal
swhi
char
epoi
sonouswhenone
smokesasi
tent
er
st
hebl
oodst
r
eam.
Car
bonmonoxi
deI
ti
sdeadl
ygast
hataf
f
ect
st
hebl
oodsabi
l
i
t
yt
ocar
r
y
oxy
genar
oundt
hebody
.
TarCont
ai
nsanumberofsubst
ancest
hatcancausecancer
Ni
cot
i
nei
st
hev
er
ypower
f
ul
dr
ugt
hatmakest
hehear
tbeatf
ast
er
.
EFFECTSOFTOBACCO
 Br
onchi
t
i
s
 Emphy
sema-Lungdi
seasewhi
chaf
f
ect
sbr
eat
hi
ng.
 Hear
tdi
seaseni
cot
i
nei
ncr
easest
hehear
tbeatandsowear
sdownt
hehear
t
.
 Cancer–smoki
ngcausesabout90%ofdeat
hsf
r
om cancer
 Bl
oodcl
ot
sandst
omachul
cer
s.
 damaget
heunbor
nbabi
es
 Shor
t
nessofbr
eat
h
 Col
ds,
f
l
uandot
heri
nf
ect
i
ons
 Non-smoker
si
nhal
esmokewhi
chmaket
hem passi
v
esmoker
s
 Def
or
est
at
i
on.Duet
ot
hepr
ocessordr
y
i
ngandcur
i
ngt
obacco.
I
NHALANTS
 I
nhal
ant
sar
edi
v
er
segr
oupofsubst
ancest
hati
ncl
udev
ol
at
i
l
esol
v
ent
sand
gases.Thev
ol
at
i
l
esubst
ancesar
ef
oundi
nhousehol
dpr
oduct
ssuchasgl
ue,
pai
nt
,
nai
l
pol
i
sh,
powder
edt
obacco,
t
i
pex
,
pet
r
o,
r
ubberandl
i
ght
erf
l
ui
d.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
60
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
nhal
ant
sar
eusual
l
ysni
f
f
edf
r
om anopencont
ai
nerandl
ungsal
l
ow r
api
d
absor
pt
i
onasar
esul
tent
er
si
nt
ot
hebr
ai
ni
sf
astandi
nt
oxi
cat
i
ngef
f
ect
s
i
nt
ense.
EFFECTSOFI
NHALANTS
 Depr
essi
onoft
hecent
r
al
ner
v
oussy
st
em.(
Reduci
ngbr
eat
hr
at
eand
 Causi
nghi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e.
 Headaches,
nausea,
sl
ur
r
edspeechandl
ossofmot
orcoor
di
nat
i
on.
 Rashar
oundt
henoseandmout
h.
 Unpr
edi
ct
abl
ebehav
i
or
.
 Memor
yi
mpai
r
mentandat
t
ent
i
ondef
i
ci
t
.
 Li
v
erandki
dneyabnor
mal
i
t
i
es.
 Red,
gl
assyandwat
er
yey
es.
 Di
st
or
t
i
oni
nper
cept
i
onoft
i
meandspace.
DRUGS
Adr
ugi
sanysubst
ancewhi
chal
t
er
st
hechemi
st
r
yoft
hebodyandaf
f
ect
st
henat
ur
al
bal
anceoft
hemi
ndandemot
i
ons.Dr
ugscanei
t
herbenat
ur
alorsy
nt
het
i
cchemi
cal
s.
Nat
ur
aldr
ugsar
et
hosewhi
char
ef
oundi
ncer
t
ai
npl
ant
s.Forexampl
e,caf
f
ei
nei
n
cof
f
ee,
ni
cot
i
nei
nt
obaccoandt
et
r
ahy
dr
ocannabi
no
CANNABI
S
Thi
si
sahar
dbr
ownmat
er
i
al
orher
bal
mi
xt
ur
et
hatcomesf
r
om acannabi
spl
ant
.
THREEFORMSCANNABI
S
Mar
i
j
uana:Thi
scomesf
r
om t
hedr
i
edl
eav
es,f
l
ower
sorst
emsoft
hecannabi
s
pl
ant
.I
thasaconcent
r
at
i
onofdel
t
a9t
et
r
ahy
docannabi
nol
(
THC)ofabout012%.
Hashi
sh:Thi
si
smadef
r
om t
hedar
k,st
i
ckyr
esi
noft
hepl
antandcont
ai
nsTHC
ofabout1218%.
Hashi
shoi
l
:Thi
si
smadebycompr
essi
nghashi
sht
opr
oduceoi
lusi
ngasol
v
ent
.
Theconcent
r
at
i
onofTHC i
sabout1825% andi
smuchhi
ghert
hant
hatof
mar
i
j
uanaandhashi
sh.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
61
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
EFFECTSOFCANNABI
S
 Causi
ngcr
av
i
ngf
orcer
t
ai
nf
oods(
i
ncr
easi
ngappet
i
t
e)
.
 Maki
ngmostuser
sr
el
axedort
al
kat
i
v
e.
 Maki
nguser
spar
anoi
dandanxi
ous,
dependi
ngont
hei
rmoodandsi
t
uat
i
on.
 Causi
ngheal
t
hpr
obl
emssuchascancerandr
espi
r
at
or
ydi
sor
der
s.
 Af
f
ect
i
ng t
he r
epr
oduct
i
v
esy
st
em byr
educi
ng sper
m counti
n mal
eswhi
l
e
i
r
r
egul
armenst
r
ual
cy
cl
esi
nf
emal
es.
 Af
f
ect
i
ngmemor
yandcoor
di
nat
i
on.
 Leav
i
nguser
sf
eel
i
ngexhaust
ed.
HEROI
N
Her
oi
ni
sabr
ownorwhi
t
especkl
edpowdermadef
r
om j
ui
ceext
r
actf
r
om t
heunr
i
pe
capsul
eoft
hepoppypl
ant
.Theseedcapsul
eoft
hegr
eenopi
um pr
oducesami
l
kyj
ui
ce
(
l
at
ex)f
r
om whi
chmanydr
ugscanbemadesuchasmor
phi
ne.Mor
phi
nei
susedf
or
medi
ci
nal
pur
poses.
EFFECTSOFHEROI
N
 Depr
essessomebr
ai
ncel
l
sorst
i
mul
at
esot
hert
y
pesofbr
ai
nf
unct
i
onsl
eadi
ng
t
odi
st
ur
bedpat
t
er
nofner
v
eact
i
v
i
t
y
,
per
cept
i
on.
 Lossofappet
i
t
e.
 Chr
oni
cconst
i
pat
i
on.
 Deat
hduet
oov
er
dose.
 Ur
get
ocommi
tsui
ci
de.
 I
r
r
egul
armenst
r
ual
cy
cl
esi
nwoman
COCAI
NE
Cocai
nei
swhi
t
epowdermadef
r
om t
hel
eav
esofaCocabush. Thecocapl
anti
s
mai
nl
ygr
owni
ncoast
al
pl
ai
nsoft
heAt
l
ant
i
cOceanandt
heCar
i
bbeanSea.
Cocai
nei
susual
l
ysmoked,bei
nj
ect
edi
nt
ot
hebl
oodandcanal
sobet
akenor
al
l
yby
mi
xi
ngwi
t
hl
i
qui
dori
nacapsul
ef
or
m.
EFFECTSOFCOCAI
NE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
62
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020











menst
r
ual
ci
r
cl
es
Tr
ansmi
ssi
onofdi
seasessuchHepat
i
t
i
sandHI
VAI
DSusi
nghy
poder
mi
cneedl
es
Ov
eral
er
t
nessandel
ev
at
i
onofmood
Dr
ymout
h
Sweat
i
ng
Sev
er
ewei
ghtl
oss
Exhaust
i
onandl
ackofsl
eepi
nsomni
a
Di
gest
i
onpr
obl
ems
Ul
cer
at
i
onoft
henasal
passage
Hear
tandbl
oodci
r
cul
at
i
onpr
obl
ems
Deat
hduet
oov
er
dose
REASONSFORSUBSTANCEABUSE
 Cur
i
osi
t
y
:Somepeopl
ear
et
empt
edt
ot
r
youtsubst
ances.Theywoul
dl
i
ket
o
t
ast
ehowi
tf
eel
s,
l
i
ket
ot
akesubst
ances.
 Peerpr
essur
es,Youngpeopl
eendupt
aki
ngsubst
ancesbecauset
heywantt
o
dowhatt
hei
rf
r
i
endsar
edoi
ng.
 I
gnor
ance:Peopl
ebegi
nt
ot
akesubst
ancesonexper
i
ment
albasi
sandmaynot
beawar
eoft
hedanger
soft
hesubst
ancet
heyabuse.
 St
r
ess:Adol
escencecanbeapar
t
i
cul
ar
l
ydi
f
f
i
cul
t
yper
i
od.Onemaybeundera
conf
l
i
ct
i
ngpr
essur
ef
r
om par
ent
s,school
,f
r
i
endsandmanydi
f
f
i
cul
t
ychoi
ces
mi
ght
yhav
et
obemad.Adol
escencecanaswel
lbeat
i
mef
r
ust
r
at
i
onand
bor
edom;
asar
esul
t
,
y
oungpeopl
ear
eusual
l
yv
ul
ner
abl
et
opeerpr
essur
e.
 Av
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofsubst
ances:Ther
ear
eanumberofsubst
ancest
hatar
er
eadi
l
y
av
ai
l
abl
eont
hemar
ket
.Thesei
ncl
ude:
al
cohol
i
cbev
er
agesandsol
v
ent
ssuchas
gl
ue,
t
i
pexandmet
hy
l
at
edspi
r
i
t
s
 Changi
ngsoci
alst
r
uct
ur
es:Af
ami
l
yi
sauni
t
yt
hatser
v
esasasuppor
tgr
oupf
or
i
t
smember
s.Whenaf
ami
l
ybegi
nst
ochangei
nanegat
i
v
eway
,f
orexampl
e:
l
ossofaf
ami
l
ymember
.
 Al
i
enat
i
on:Wehav
et
hesenseofbel
ongi
ngt
oaf
ami
l
y
,gr
oup,communi
t
yor
count
r
y
.Whenwef
eeli
sol
at
edwet
r
yt
of
i
ndagr
oupt
obel
ongt
obyassoci
at
i
ng
wi
t
hpeopl
ewhoal
sof
el
l
i
sol
at
ed.
 Unempl
oy
ment
:I
nZambi
a,wehav
ehi
ghl
ev
el
sofunempl
oy
mentwhi
chl
edt
o
empl
oy
ment
.
 LackofRecr
eat
i
onalFaci
l
i
t
i
es:Recr
eat
i
on f
aci
l
i
t
i
esar
el
acki
ng i
n Zambi
an
communi
t
i
es.Youngpeopl
ehav
enowher
et
ospendt
hei
rl
ei
sur
et
i
measar
esul
t
t
heymayr
esor
tt
osubst
anceabuse
 Enhancementofsel
f
conf
i
dence:Somebel
i
ev
et
hatt
aki
ngsubst
ancesmayhel
p
t
hem t
oi
mpr
ov
ei
nt
hei
r sel
f conf
i
dence i
n spor
t
s,sexuali
nt
er
cour
se
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
63
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
exami
nat
i
onsandot
heract
i
v
i
t
i
es.
SI
GNSANDSYMPTOMSOFSUBSTANCEABUSE
 Suddenchangei
nper
sonal
i
t
y
 Unusual
moodswi
ngs,
r
est
l
essness,
ori
r
r
i
t
abi
l
i
t
y
 Decl
i
nei
nschool
per
f
or
mance
 Spendi
ngmor
et
i
meawayf
r
om home
 St
eal
i
ngmoneyorgoodsandexcessi
v
espendi
ngorbor
r
owi
ngofmoney
 Heav
yuseofper
f
umest
odi
sgui
set
hesmel
l
oft
hesubst
ances
 Associ
at
i
ngwi
t
hapar
t
i
cul
argr
oupespeci
al
l
yonet
hatabusessubst
ances
 Lackofi
nt
er
esti
nschool
wor
kandabsent
eei
sm f
r
om wor
k
 Lossofappet
i
t
e
 Wear
i
ngofsungl
assesati
nappr
opr
i
at
et
i
met
odi
sgui
set
heappear
ance
POSSESSI
ONOFCERTAI
NOBJECTSMAYALSOI
NDI
CATESUBSTANCEABUSE.
 Sy
r
i
ngesandneedl
es
 Smal
l
pl
ast
i
corgl
assbot
t
l
es
 Pi
l
l
boxes
 Pl
ast
i
ccel
l
ophaneormet
al
f
oi
l
wr
apper
s
 St
r
aws
 Sugarl
umps
 Foi
l
cont
ai
ner
sormet
al
t
i
nsusual
l
ydi
scol
or
edbyheat
 Shr
eddedci
gar
et
t
es’
andpi
pes
AVOI
DI
NGSUBSTANCES
 Saynot
hanks:I
fy
ouar
eof
f
er
eddanger
oussubst
ancesal
way
ssaynot
hanky
ou.
 Gi
v
i
ngr
easonorexcuse:Al
way
sgi
v
ear
easonf
ordecl
i
ni
nganof
f
er
 Changi
ngt
hesubj
ect
:I
fsomeonei
sent
i
ci
ngy
out
ousedanger
oussubst
ances
y
oushoul
dchanget
hesubj
ectt
odi
scour
agehi
m orher
 Wal
ki
ngaway
:Youcanal
sowal
kawayt
oav
oi
dbei
ngt
empt
edt
ot
akedanger
ous
subst
ances
 Av
oi
di
ngt
hesi
t
uat
i
on:I
fy
ouknow pl
aceswher
et
heyabusesubst
ancesst
ay
awayf
r
om suchpl
aces.
 Associ
at
i
ngwi
t
hnonuser
s:Makey
our
sel
fal
way
sbusybydoi
ngsomet
hi
ngl
i
ke
spor
t
s.
DEPENDENCEONSUBSTANCE
Twof
or
msofdependence:
 Phy
si
caldependence:i
s when one t
r
i
es t
o wi
t
hdr
aw f
r
om usi
ng a cer
t
ai
n
subst
ancebutexper
i
encesphy
si
cal
ef
f
ect
ssuchasshaki
ng.
 Psy
chol
ogi
caldependence:Moods,
depr
essi
on,
andanxi
et
y
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
64
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
I
MPACTOFSUBSTANCEABUSE
I
ndi
v
i
dualLev
el
 Asubst
anceabuseri
sl
i
kel
yt
oexper
i
enceheal
t
hpr
obl
ems
 Rel
at
i
onshi
ps wi
t
hf
r
i
ends and f
ami
l
ymaybecome st
r
ai
ned as a r
esul
tof
subst
anceabusermaynothav
esuppor
tf
r
om t
hel
ov
edones
 Peopl
ewhoabusesubst
ancesr
i
skheav
yf
i
nesori
mpr
i
sonment
.
Fami
l
yLev
el
 Mostsubst
anceabuser
st
endt
ospend al
otofmoneyt
osust
ai
nt
hehabi
tand
endupnegl
ect
i
ngt
hei
rf
ami
l
i
es
 Subst
anceabuser
scausedi
sr
upt
i
onanddi
shar
monywi
t
hi
nt
hef
ami
l
y
.Hence
ev
er
y
onei
nt
hef
ami
l
yi
saf
f
ect
ed.
 Youngpeopl
ei
nhomeswher
et
heyabusesubst
ancest
heyt
hi
nksubst
ance
abusei
snor
malandaccept
edi
nsoci
et
yhencet
heygeti
nf
l
uencedandbecome
abuser
s
Communi
t
y
 Subst
anceabuser
st
end t
o commi
tcr
i
messuchasmur
derand aggr
av
at
ed
r
obber
yi
nor
dert
oacqui
r
emor
emoneyt
osuppor
tt
hei
rhabi
t
.
 Ot
hermaybei
nv
ol
v
edi
nv
i
cesl
i
kepr
ost
i
t
ut
i
onanddr
ugt
r
af
f
i
cki
ng
 Thespr
eadofHI
V/
AI
DSi
sl
i
kel
yt
obecomer
ampantamongabuser
sespeci
al
l
yi
f
t
heyar
eusi
ngneedl
es
 Abuser
swhobecomet
er
mi
nal
l
yi
l
li
ti
st
hecommuni
t
yt
hatusual
l
yt
akecar
eof
t
hem
 Ther
ei
sal
sol
ossofmoneyi
nt
er
msofpr
oduct
i
oni
ni
ndust
r
yacci
dent
s,
v
i
ol
ence
cr
i
me,
t
r
eat
mentandr
ehabi
l
i
t
at
i
onandcar
ef
orsubst
anceabuser
s.
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalLev
el
 I
ncr
easei
ndr
ugt
r
af
f
i
cki
ng
 Moneyl
aunder
i
ngi
sal
socommoni
ndr
ugt
r
af
f
i
cki
ng,dr
ugt
r
af
f
i
cker
suset
hei
r
moneyt
odest
abi
l
i
zegov
er
nment
st
hr
oughcor
r
upt
i
on,i
nt
i
mi
dat
i
on,v
i
ol
enceand
buy
i
ngoft
hev
ot
es.
 Gov
er
nment
sofmanycount
r
i
est
heyspendal
otofmoneyt
r
y
i
ngt
oer
adi
cat
e
dr
ugt
r
af
f
i
cki
ng
ROLEOFTHECOMMUNI
TYI
NCOMBATI
NGSUBSTANCEABUSE
 Abol
i
shi
ngt
hecul
t
i
v
at
i
onofdr
ugs.
 Educat
i
ngt
hepeopl
e.
 Taki
ngkeeni
nt
er
esti
nwhati
sgoi
ngonhi
sorhercommuni
t
y
.
 Changi
ngpeopl
e’
sat
t
i
t
udest
owar
dsubst
anceabuse.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
65
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Est
abl
i
shi
nggr
oupsandcl
ubs.
MEASURETOFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE
 The publ
i
ci
s sensi
t
i
zed on t
he danger
s ofsubst
ance abuse and i
t
sl
egal
i
mpl
i
cat
i
ons.
 Dr
ugabusei
sl
i
abl
ef
orpuni
shmentbyi
mpr
i
sonmentf
oraper
i
odnotexceedi
ng
10y
ear
si
ff
oundgui
l
t
y
 The gov
er
nmentofZambi
a al
so wor
ks wi
t
h ot
hercount
r
i
es t
o exchange
i
nf
or
mat
i
onondr
ugt
r
af
f
i
cki
ngandr
el
at
edcr
i
mesi
nor
dert
oar
r
estof
f
ender
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE
Dr
ugEnf
or
cementCommi
ssi
on(
DEC)
I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1989.I
ti
sagov
er
nmenti
nst
i
t
ut
i
onchar
gedwi
t
ht
her
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
y
ofcur
bi
ng subst
anceabuse.I
ti
nv
est
i
gat
esand pr
osecut
escasesr
el
at
ed t
o dr
ug
t
r
af
f
i
cki
ngandsubst
anceabuse.
NGOI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NST.
 Pl
annedPar
ent
hoodAssoci
at
i
onofZambi
a
 Yout
hAl
i
v
e
 YoungWomenChr
i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on
 Soci
et
yf
orFami
l
yHeal
t
h
 Local
Chur
ches
 Spor
ti
nAct
i
on
Agr
oupofci
v
i
ceducat
i
onpupi
l
sf
r
om MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
r
i
edoutasur
v
ey
t
of
i
ndoutpr
ev
al
ental
coholabusei
nt
hei
rschool
.Theycameupwi
t
ht
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
i
nf
or
mat
i
onr
epr
esent
edi
nt
hebarchar
tbel
ow;
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1 Whoi
sanabuser
?
2 Anal
y
zewhypeopl
er
esor
tt
osubst
anceabuse.
3 I
dent
i
f
yt
hemeasur
est
hatshoul
dbeputpl
acet
ocur
bsubst
anceabuse
4 .
Descr
i
bet
het
y
pesofsubst
anceof
t
enabusedbypeopl
e.
5 Di
scusst
hesubst
ancesandt
hei
ref
f
ect
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
66
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
6 Di
scuss t
he i
mpactofsubst
ance on i
ndi
v
i
dual
,nat
i
onal
,communi
t
y and
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
l
ev
el
.
7 Ment
i
ont
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatf
i
ghtsubst
anceabuse.
8 St
udyt
hedi
agr
am bel
ow andanswert
hequest
i
ons.Agr
oupofci
v
i
ceducat
i
on
pupi
l
sf
r
om MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
r
i
edoutasur
v
eyt
of
i
ndoutpr
ev
al
ent
al
coholabusei
nt
hei
rschool
.Theycameupwi
t
ht
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
on
r
epr
esent
edi
nt
hebarchar
tbel
ow;
key
Gi
r
l
s
Boy
s
I
. Whati
ssubst
anceabuse
I
I
. I
nwhi
chgr
adear
esubst
anceabusemor
epr
ev
al
entandt
wor
easons?
I
I
I
. Whatt
er
mi
sgi
v
ent
oachi
l
dwhodependsonal
coholf
orhi
s/herphy
si
caland
ment
al
st
abi
l
i
t
y
?
I
V. I
magi
ney
ourschoolhasapr
obl
em ofal
coholabuseasshowni
nt
hebarchar
t
.
Whatbehav
i
our
al
t
r
ai
t
swi
l
l
bedi
spl
ay
edbyt
hoseabusi
ngal
cohol
?
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
67
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
GRADEELEVEN
THEZAMBI
ANBI
LLOFHUMANRI
GHTS
TheNat
i
onalBi
l
lofRi
ght
s
 TheZambi
anBi
l
lofRi
ght
si
sal
i
stoff
undament
alr
i
ght
sandf
r
eedomscov
er
ed
i
npar
ti
i
i
oft
heZambi
anConst
i
t
ut
i
onwhi
chi
st
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and.
 TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
si
sent
r
enchedi
nt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onandhencecannotbeeasi
l
y
amendedbecauseoft
hest
r
i
ctamendmentr
equi
r
ement
s.
 I
tcanonl
ybeamendedaf
t
eranat
i
onalr
ef
er
endum i
nwhi
chnotl
esst
hant
wo
t
hi
r
dsor50%oft
heel
i
gi
bl
ev
ot
er
sv
ot
ei
nf
av
oroft
heamendment
.
Theconst
i
t
ut
i
onpr
ov
i
si
onsi
nt
hebi
l
lofr
i
ght
sl
ar
gel
yr
ef
l
ectpr
ov
i
si
onscont
ai
nedi
n
t
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onalbi
l
lofr
i
ght
ssuchas:




TheUni
v
er
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
s(
UDHR)
TheI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
conv
ent
i
ononEconomi
c,
Soci
al
andCul
t
ur
al
Ri
ght
s(
I
CESR)
Thei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Conv
ent
i
ononCul
t
ur
al
andPol
i
t
i
cal
Ri
ght
s(
I
CCPR)
Thet
woopt
i
onalpr
ot
ocol
sf
i
r
standsecondopt
i
onal
pr
ot
ocol
BRI
EFHI
STORYOFZAMBI
ASBI
LLOFRI
GHTS
Thehi
st
or
yoft
heZambi
abi
l
l
ofRi
ght
sget
sbackt
o1964.
 The Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s was f
i
r
sti
ncor
por
at
ed f
ort
he f
i
r
stt
i
me i
nt
he nor
t
her
n
Rhodesi
asel
f
gov
er
nmentconst
i
t
ut
i
onof1963.I
twasr
epr
oducedwi
t
hmi
nor
amendment
si
n1964Mul
t
i
Par
t
yDemocr
at
i
c(
i
ndependence)Const
i
t
ut
i
on.
 The1972Chonacommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
her
ei
nt
r
oduct
i
onofonepar
t
y
par
t
i
ci
pat
or
ydemocr
acywhi
chwasaf
f
ect
edt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngy
eari
n1973.Thi
s
amendmenti
nt
heI
ndependenceconst
i
t
ut
i
onl
i
mi
t
edt
heenj
oy
mentofr
i
ght
sand
f
r
eedomsofi
ndi
v
i
dual
s.
 The1991Mv
ungacommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
her
ei
nt
r
oduct
i
onofMul
t
i
Par
t
y
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
68
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Democr
acyi
nZambi
awi
t
hani
ncl
usi
onoft
hechi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
sf
ort
hef
i
r
stt
i
me.
 The1996Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
onal
somadeaf
ewamendment
st
ot
he1991
const
i
t
ut
i
on.
 The1996Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
onmadeaf
ew amendment
st
ot
he1991
const
i
t
ut
i
on.Howev
er
,
t
heBi
l
l
ofRi
ght
swasl
ef
ti
nt
act
.
 I
n2005,t
heMung’
ombacommi
ssi
oni
ncl
udedsoci
al
,cul
t
ur
alandeconomi
c
r
i
ght
si
ni
t
sdr
af
tconst
i
t
ut
i
on.
 TheConst
i
t
ut
i
onalAmendmentActNo.I
IOF2016 hasal
soi
ncl
udesoci
al
,
economi
candcul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
sbutt
hebi
l
lhasnoty
etbeenamendedasi
ti
sst
i
l
l
wai
t
i
ngf
ort
henat
i
onal
r
ef
er
endum
ELEMENTSOFTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS
Thecur
r
entBi
l
l
ofr
i
ght
sf
or
mspar
tI
I
Ioft
heConst
i
t
ut
i
onwhi
chcov
er
sAr
t
i
cl
es11t
o32.
Pr
eambl
ei
sani
nt
r
oduct
i
onorpr
el
i
mi
nar
yst
at
ementonal
egal
document
Ext
r
adi
t
e:
Tohandov
eraf
or
ei
gncr
i
mi
nal
t
ot
hei
rownst
at
ef
orpr
osecut
i
on
Pr
osecut
e:Tost
ar
tl
egal
pr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstasuspect
Der
ogat
e:Tor
educeorl
essent
hest
r
engt
horaut
hor
i
t
yofar
i
ght
.
Fr
i
v
ol
ous:Ref
er
st
oav
er
yser
i
ouscaseorsi
t
uat
i
on.
Vexat
i
ous:Ref
er
st
oacaset
hatpr
ov
okest
r
oubl
eangerordi
st
r
ess
Enf
or
ce:Thi
smeanst
ogi
v
ef
or
mt
oal
awort
omakel
awef
f
ect
i
v
e.
FUNDAMENTALRI
GHTSANDFREEDOMSCOVEREDI
NTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS
Ar
t
i
cl
e11:Pr
eambl
ei
sgener
aldecl
ar
at
i
onoft
her
i
ght
sev
er
yper
soni
n
Zambi
ai
s
ent
i
t
l
edt
oenj
oyt
hehumanr
i
ght
s.
Ar
t
i
cl
e12:Pr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heRi
ghtt
ol
i
f
e
I
ti
sdescr
i
bedast
hesupr
emeHumanRi
ghtasi
tf
or
mst
hebasi
sofot
herr
i
ght
s.I
tev
en
pr
ot
ect
st
hel
i
f
eofunbor
n.
Ar
t
i
cl
e:13:Pr
ot
ect
i
onoft
her
i
ghtt
oper
sonall
i
ber
t
y
.
Thi
sRi
ghtdeal
swi
t
ht
hepr
ocedur
ef
orar
r
estanddet
ent
i
onwhi
chcur
t
ai
l
st
hef
r
eedom
ofmov
ementofani
ndi
v
i
dual
.
Ar
t
i
cl
e14:t
her
i
ghtt
opr
ot
ect
i
onandf
or
cedl
abor
,Sl
av
er
yandf
or
cedl
aborpr
ev
ent
s
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
69
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
t
hel
i
ber
t
yandf
r
eedom ofani
ndi
v
i
dual
asaper
sonhasl
i
t
t
l
esayov
eronesel
f
.
Ar
t
i
cl
e15:Pr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om t
or
t
ur
e,
I
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
r
eat
mentorPuni
shment
Ther
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom f
r
om t
or
t
ur
e,
i
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
r
eat
menti
sabsol
ut
e.
Ar
t
i
cl
e16:Pr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om depr
i
v
at
i
onofpr
oper
t
y
Thi
spr
ot
ect
st
hei
ndi
v
i
dualf
r
om bei
ngdepr
i
v
edoft
hei
rpr
oper
t
yexcepti
ncases
per
mi
t
t
edbyl
awsuchasf
ai
l
ur
et
opayt
ax.
Ar
t
i
cl
e17:Pr
ot
ect
i
onf
orpr
i
v
acyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
t
y
Thear
t
i
cl
emakespr
ov
i
si
onf
orpr
ot
ect
i
onofpr
i
v
acyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
t
y
.
Ar
t
i
cl
e18:Pr
ov
i
si
ont
osecur
epr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hel
aw
Thear
t
i
cl
egi
v
espr
ov
i
si
onst
osecur
epr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hel
awf
oranyper
sonchar
gedwi
t
h
acr
i
mi
nalof
f
ence.I
tdeal
swi
t
hadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofj
ust
i
cer
el
at
i
ngt
opr
et
r
i
alt
estand
det
ent
i
on.
Ar
t
i
cl
e19:Pr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hef
r
eedom ofconsci
ence
Thear
t
i
cl
eguar
ant
eest
hef
r
eedom oft
houghtandf
r
eedom ofr
el
i
gi
onwhi
chmayal
so
i
mpl
yf
r
eedom t
ochanger
el
i
gi
onorbel
i
ef
.
Ar
t
i
cl
e20:Pr
ot
ect
i
onoff
r
eedom ofexpr
essi
on
Thi
sgi
v
esf
r
eedom t
oi
ndi
v
i
dualt
ohol
dopi
ni
on,r
ecei
v
ei
deasandi
nf
or
mat
i
on,i
mpar
t
andcommuni
cat
ei
deasandi
nf
or
mat
i
oni
ndi
v
i
dual
s.
Ar
t
i
cl
e21Pr
ot
ect
i
onoff
r
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
at
i
on
Ev
er
yci
t
i
zenhasar
i
ghtt
oassembl
ef
r
eel
yt
hr
oughoutZambi
a
Ar
t
i
cl
e22:Pr
ot
ect
i
onoff
r
eedom ofmov
ement
Thi
sar
t
i
cl
eguar
ant
eesf
r
eedom t
omov
ef
r
eel
yt
hr
oughoutZambi
a
Ar
t
i
cl
e23:Pr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om di
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i
mi
nat
i
on
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t
i
cl
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ov
i
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ort
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r
om di
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ni
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ourcr
eedandbel
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.
Ar
t
i
cl
e24:Pr
ot
ect
i
onofy
oungper
sonsf
r
om expl
oi
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at
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onPr
ohi
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oungper
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udi
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hor
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er
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er
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.
Ar
t
i
cl
e25:Der
ogat
i
onf
r
om f
undament
alr
i
ght
sanddet
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i
on
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t
i
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ov
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order
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om f
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mesof
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cemer
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Ar
t
i
cl
e26:t
hi
sdeal
swi
t
hdet
ai
nedper
sons.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
70
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Onehast
her
i
ghtt
obei
nf
or
medi
nwr
i
t
i
ngi
nal
anguaget
hathe/
sheunder
st
andswi
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14day
sofdet
ent
i
on.
Ar
t
i
cl
e27:Speci
alTr
i
bunalt
oRepor
tonLegi
sl
at
i
on
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hi
sar
t
i
cl
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est(
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r
i
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l
l
ofRi
ght
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Ar
t
i
cl
e28:Enf
or
cementofpr
ot
ect
i
v
epr
ov
i
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ons.
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t
i
cl
emakesapr
ov
i
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onf
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cementoft
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i
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nt
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ov
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Ar
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e2931
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ar
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WAYSOFENFORCI
NGTHEBI
LLOFRI
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TheJudi
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yar
m oft
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r
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n
ar
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i
cl
e28oft
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t
ut
i
on.
 Aper
sonwhoi
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hev
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at
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orr
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ess.
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ci
alRev
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ewunderOr
der53oft
heRul
esoft
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emeCour
ti
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her
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ar
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)
 Thel
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nt
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oducedi
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t
i
cl
e125oft
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ght
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eet
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nv
est
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ons.
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nv
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v
edi
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t
or
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nghumanr
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PROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTSI
NZAMBI
A.
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ci
ar
y
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ci
al
sy
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em i
nZambi
aconsi
stoft
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emecour
tt
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al
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
71
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
r
el
at
i
onscour
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ecour
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sand anyot
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t
sar
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ndependent
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al
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henhumanr
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edcor
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ought
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
72
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
YoungwomenChr
i
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anAssoci
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hbasedor
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(
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ds upl
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f
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i
ng t
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omot
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c educat
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s ofhuman r
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tconduct
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)
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Uni
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er
salDecl
ar
at
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on ofHuman Ri
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s and ot
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nat
i
onalhuman r
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conv
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i
ons.
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CANCHARTERONHUMANANDPEOPLE’
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GHTS
 Thi
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edatanOr
gani
zat
i
onofAf
r
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t
y(
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onhel
di
n
Monr
ov
i
a,
Li
ber
i
a,
i
nJul
y1979.
 The char
t
eron human and peopl
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sr
i
ght
s whi
ch was adopt
ed undert
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auspi
cesoft
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l
yest
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i
shedi
n1981.
 I
tcamei
nt
of
or
cei
nOct
ober1986.
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r
i
can char
t
ersaf
e guar
ds i
ndi
v
i
dual
sr
i
ght
s ,peopl
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ugees,handi
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edby
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canChar
t
ert
her
ef
or
e:
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ocl
ai
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i
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ant
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
73
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Cul
t
ur
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ght
s(
I
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hei
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:
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akehumanr
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ai
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r
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
74
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
twasest
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r
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char
et
he
basi
sofAf
r
i
cangov
er
nmentl
egi
sl
at
ur
e.
 Net
wor
kwi
t
hot
herAf
r
i
canandI
nt
er
nat
i
onali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsconcer
nedwi
t
ht
he
pr
omot
i
onandpr
ot
ect
i
onofhumananpeopl
e’
sr
i
ght
s
 I
nt
er
pr
ett
hepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
hepr
esentchar
t
eratt
her
equestofast
at
epar
t
yan
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r
i
canUni
on(
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nst
i
t
ut
i
onoranyAf
r
i
canOr
gani
zat
i
onr
ecogni
zedbyAf
r
i
can
Uni
on.
 Per
f
or
m anyot
hert
askent
r
ust
edt
ot
hecommi
ssi
onbyt
heAssembl
yoft
he
HeadsofSt
at
eandGov
er
nment
PRI
NCI
PLES
 Thecommi
ssi
oni
sgui
dedbyt
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onalLawonHumanRi
ght
snsPeopl
es
Ri
ght
si
nr
el
at
i
ont
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
ov
i
si
ons:
 Var
i
ousAf
r
i
cani
nst
r
ument
sonHumanandpeopl
e’
sr
i
ght
s
 Thechar
t
eroft
heUni
t
edNat
i
ons
 TheUni
v
er
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onHumanRi
ght
s
 Ot
herI
nst
r
ument
sonHumanandpeopl
e’
sRi
ght
sadopt
edbyt
heUni
t
edNat
i
ons
andt
heAf
r
i
canSt
at
es.
 Thecommi
ssi
onshal
ldet
er
mi
nepr
i
nci
pl
esofl
aw,set
t
i
ngst
andar
dsofAf
r
i
can
pr
act
i
cesconsi
st
entwi
t
hi
nt
er
nat
i
onalnor
msonhumanandpeopl
e’
sr
i
ght
s
cust
omsgener
al
l
yaccept
edasl
awbyAf
r
i
cansSt
at
es
 Each St
at
epar
t
yshal
lunder
t
aket
o submi
tar
epor
ton l
egi
sl
at
i
onorot
her
f
r
eedomsr
ecogni
zedandguar
ant
eedbyt
hechar
t
er
.
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t
ershal
lbeopent
osi
gnat
ur
e,r
at
i
f
i
cat
i
onoradher
encebyt
hemember
st
at
esoft
heAf
r
i
canUni
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
75
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
THEHUMANRI
GHTSCOMMI
SSI
ON(
HRC)
 ThePer
manentHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onwasest
abl
i
shedbyanactof
par
l
i
amentNo.39of1996butcamei
nt
of
or
cei
nMay1997.
 Theai
m wast
opr
omot
eposi
t
i
v
ehumanr
i
ght
scul
t
ur
ei
nt
hecount
r
y
.
 The commi
ssi
on i
s made up oft
he Di
r
ect
or
,Deput
y and f
i
v
e ot
her
Commi
ssi
oner
swhoar
eappoi
nt
edbyt
hepr
esi
dent
,subj
ectt
or
at
i
f
i
cat
i
onby
par
l
i
ament
.
 Thet
enur
eofof
f
i
ceoft
heseposi
t
i
onsi
st
hr
eey
ear
st
houghr
enewabl
e.
Funct
i
onsoft
heCommi
ssi
on




I
nv
est
i
gat
ehumanr
i
ght
sv
i
ol
at
i
ons.
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nv
est
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gat
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ni
st
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at
i
onofj
ust
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ce
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ect
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v
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si
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i
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acesofdet
ent
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onorr
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edf
aci
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i
t
i
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hav
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ew t
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ngandi
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onsoft
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abl
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i
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ogr
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i
on,ot
herr
el
at
edi
ssues
t
ohumanr
i
ght
s.
Power
soft
hecommi
ssi
on
 I
nv
est
i
gat
eanyhumanr
i
ght
sabuseori
t
si
ni
t
i
at
i
v
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ecei
v
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ai
nt
s.
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sonact
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nt
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rowni
nt
er
est
.
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sonact
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 Aper
sonact
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ngonbehal
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oup.
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i
onact
i
ngi
nt
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nt
er
estofi
t
smember
s.
 I
ssuesummonsoror
der
sr
equi
r
i
ngat
t
endanceofanyper
sonr
el
ev
antt
oany
i
nv
est
i
gat
i
onsbyt
hecommi
ssi
on.
 Pr
oduceanydocument
sr
el
ev
antt
ot
hecommi
ssi
on
 Quest
i
onanyper
soni
nr
espectofanysubj
ectmat
t
erunderi
nv
est
i
gat
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onbef
or
e
t
heCommi
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on
 Recommend t
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aw pr
osecut
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son f
ound by t
he
Commi
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ont
ohav
eper
pet
uat
edabuseofhumanr
i
ght
s
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1.Par
t3oft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onofZambi
acov
er
st
heNat
i
onalBi
l
l
ofRi
ght
s
a)Out
l
i
neanyf
i
v
epr
ov
i
si
onsi
nt
heNat
i
onal
Bi
l
l
ofRi
ght
s.
b)Anal
y
zet
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
onsofZambi
a’
sNat
i
onal
Bi
l
l
ofRi
ght
s.
2.Descr
i
bet
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Bi
l
l
ofRi
ght
sandt
heZambi
aBi
l
l
ofr
i
ght
s.
3.St
at
et
heel
ement
soft
heBi
l
l
ofRi
ght
si
nt
heZambi
anConst
i
t
ut
i
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
76
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
4.Descr
i
beway
sofenf
or
ci
ngt
heZambi
aBi
l
l
ofRi
ght
s.
5.Di
scusst
her
ol
eoft
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
ont
hatpr
omot
esHumanRi
ght
sZambi
a.
6.I
dent
i
f
yt
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onalpr
ov
i
si
ont
hatr
ef
l
ectt
hecont
entoft
heZambi
an
Bi
l
l
ofr
i
ght
s.Di
scussv
ar
i
ousway
sofenf
or
ci
ngt
hebi
l
l
ofr
i
ght
s
7.Ment
i
ont
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatpr
omot
et
heZambi
abi
l
l
ofr
i
ght
s.
8. Expl
ai
nt
hef
unct
i
onsoft
heHumanRi
ght
scommi
ssi
on.
9. Exampl
ehowt
heZambi
abi
l
l
canbeamended.
10.
Gi
v
eexampl
esofgr
oupsi
nsoci
et
ywhoser
i
ght
sar
esaf
eguar
dedand
expl
ai
nwhy
?
CI
VI
LSOCI
ETYANDTHEMEDI
AI
NGOVERNANCE
WHATI
SACI
VI
LSOCI
ETY?
 Thi
sr
ef
er
st
o t
hose non- mi
l
i
t
ar
y
,nongov
er
nment
al or
gani
zat
i
ons and
i
ndi
v
i
dual
swhomakei
tt
hei
rbusi
nesst
opr
omot
eanddef
endt
hebasi
ci
deal
sof
goodgov
er
nance.
 I
tcanal
sor
ef
ert
oor
gani
z
at
i
onsandsoci
alr
el
at
i
onshi
psout
si
deoft
hecont
r
ol
ofgov
er
nment
.
 I
ti
ncl
udesev
er
ynonmi
l
i
t
ar
yi
ndi
v
i
dual
out
si
det
hegov
er
nment
.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFCI
VI
LSOCI
ETY
 I
ti
snotgui
dedbyar
egul
at
or
yf
r
ame.
 Notpr
of
i
tmaki
ng
 Dr
awssuppor
tf
r
om wel
l
-wi
sher
ssuchasdonor
sandot
heri
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons
 Shapesownnat
ur
eofneedsandi
nt
er
est
s
 Wor
ks wi
t
hi
n speci
f
i
c env
i
r
onment whi
ch det
er
mi
nes i
t
s oper
at
i
on and
maneuv
er
s[
t
act
i
cs]
 Dr
awsmember
shi
pf
r
om f
or
mal
andi
nf
or
mal
or
gani
zat
i
onsandassoci
at
i
ons.
CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFCI
VI
LSOCI
ETYI
NZAMBI
A
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
eexampl
esofCi
v
i
l
Soci
et
yOr
gani
zat
i
onsar
e:
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalor
gani
zat
i
ons
 I
nt
erAf
r
i
canNet
wor
kf
orHumanRi
ght
sandDev
el
opment(
AFRONET)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
77
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 TheMedi
aI
nst
i
t
ut
eofSot
her
nAf
r
i
ca(
MI
SA)
 Tr
anspar
entI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Zambi
a(
TI
Z)
 WomenI
nLawandDev
el
opmenti
nAf
r
i
ca(
WI
LDAF)
 WomenI
nl
awI
nSout
her
nAf
r
i
ca(
WI
LSA)
Theseor
gani
zat
i
onsar
er
ef
er
r
edt
oasachapt
er
.
Achapt
eri
sabr
anchofani
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Ci
v
i
l
Soci
et
yOr
gani
zat
i
on
Pr
essur
egr
oups
Thesear
eor
gani
zat
i
onsf
or
medt
oi
nf
l
uencegov
er
nmentpol
i
cyanddeci
si
onsona
par
t
i
cul
arsubj
ect
.Theyar
eal
soknownasI
nt
er
estgr
oups
 Ci
t
i
zensFor
um
 Oasi
sFor
um
 TheCommi
t
t
eef
orCl
eanCampai
gn[
CCC]
 TheZambi
aConsumerAssoci
at
i
on[
ZCA]
Ci
v
i
cor
gani
zat
i
ons
Ar
econcer
nedwi
t
hi
ssuesofCi
v
i
cEducat
i
on,
HumanRi
ght
sandGoodGov
er
nance
 Ant
i
-Vot
erApat
hyPr
ogr
amme(
AVAP)
 Foundat
i
onf
orDemocr
at
i
cPr
ocess(
FODEP)
 NonGov
er
nment
al
Or
gani
z
at
i
onscoor
di
nat
i
ngCommi
t
t
ee(
NGOCC)
 Oper
at
i
ony
oungv
ot
e(
OYV)
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i
onal
Mov
ementagai
nstcor
r
upt
i
on(
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 Zambi
aCi
v
i
cEducat
i
onOr
gani
zat
i
on(
ZCEA)
Women’
sgr
oups
Thesear
econcer
nedwi
t
hpr
omot
i
ngandpr
ot
ect
i
ngwomen’
sr
i
ght
s
 For
um f
orWomenEducat
i
onal
i
st
sofZambi
a(
FAWEZA)
 Nat
i
onal
Women’
sLobbyGr
oup.(
NWLG)
 WomenForChange[
WC]
 Womeni
nDev
el
opment
 YoungMen’
sChr
i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on(
YMCA)
 YoungWomenChr
i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on(
YWCA)
 Zambi
aAl
l
i
anceofWomen(
ZAW)
Pr
of
essi
onalassoci
at
i
ons
Thesear
ef
or
medbypeopl
ei
npar
t
i
cul
arpr
of
essi
onst
opr
omot
eandpr
ot
ectt
hei
r
i
nt
er
est
s
 Pr
essAssoci
at
i
onofZambi
a(
PAZA)
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at
i
onofZambi
a(
LAZ)
 Womeni
nLawandDev
el
opmenti
nAf
r
i
ca(
WI
LDAF)
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aI
ndependentMedi
aAssoci
at
i
on(
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MA)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
78
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
I
ndust
r
i
alor
gani
zat
i
ons
Thesear
epr
i
mar
i
l
yf
or
medbypeopl
ei
nt
hesamei
ndust
r
yt
osaf
eguar
di
nt
er
est
s
 LabourMov
ement(
Tr
adeUni
on)
 Zambi
aAssoci
at
i
onofManuf
act
ur
er
s(
ZAM)
 Zambi
aChamberofCommer
ceandI
ndust
r
y(
ZAAC)
 Zambi
aCr
ossBoar
derTr
ader
sAssoci
at
i
on(
ZCBBTA)
 Zambi
aFeder
at
i
onf
orWomenI
nBusi
ness(
ZFWB)
 Zambi
aNat
i
onal
Far
mer
sUni
on(
ZNFU)
Rel
i
gi
ousor
gani
zat
i
ons
 Car
i
t
asZambi
a,f
or
mer
l
y t
heCat
hol
i
cCommi
ssi
on f
orPeace,Just
i
ceand
Dev
el
opment
 Counci
l
ofChur
chesi
nZambi
a(
CCZ)
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sl
ami
cAssoci
at
i
onOfZambi
a(
I
AZ)
 YoungMenChr
i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on(
YMCA)
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i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on(
YWCA)
 Zambi
aEv
angel
i
calFel
l
owshi
p(
ZEF)
ROLESOFTHECI
VI
LSOCI
ETY
 Actasagent
sofdemocr
at
i
cchangeorex
ampl
ebyadv
ocat
i
ngf
orconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
r
ef
or
m,
genderequal
i
t
yandf
r
eeandf
ai
rel
ect
i
ons.
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st
hr
oughwhi
chi
ndi
v
i
dual
scanpar
t
i
ci
pat
ebot
hi
ngov
er
nment
andcommuni
t
ydeci
si
onmaki
ngpr
ocess
 ActasLi
nkbet
weent
hecommuni
t
yandt
hegov
er
nment
.Ci
v
i
lsoci
et
i
esof
t
en
t
r
ansmi
tpubl
i
copi
ni
ononv
ar
i
ousi
ssuest
ot
hegov
er
nment
.
 Car
r
youtCi
v
i
ceducat
i
on act
i
v
i
t
i
est
o pr
omot
epubl
i
cawar
enesson i
ssues
af
f
ect
i
ngsoci
et
ysuchasHI
V/
AI
DS,
HumanRi
ght
sabusesandpov
er
t
y
 Debat
ebi
l
l
sandi
nf
l
uenceamendment
sordeci
si
onsoft
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
e.
 Def
endandpr
omot
eHumanRi
ght
sandr
ul
eofl
aw:Rul
eofl
awmeansev
er
y
one
mustacti
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
hel
aw.
 Def
end t
he i
deal
s ofDemocr
acybychecki
ng t
he gr
owt
h ofundemocr
at
i
c
t
endenci
esi
nt
hepol
i
ci
esofgov
er
nment
.
 Ensur
et
hatt
hegov
er
nmentandot
herpeopl
ei
naut
hor
i
t
yar
eaccount
abl
et
ot
he
publ
i
c
 I
nf
l
uencePubl
i
copi
ni
on:Ci
v
i
lsoci
et
yor
gani
zat
i
onsusest
r
at
egyofadv
ocacyt
o
i
nf
l
uencepubl
i
copi
ni
oni
nf
av
ourofspeci
f
i
cobj
ect
i
v
es.
 Publ
i
ci
zeandar
t
i
cul
at
et
heDemandsoft
hei
rmember
s.Fori
nst
ancet
heNat
i
onal
women’
sLobbygr
oupdemandsf
orami
ni
mum of30%f
emal
er
epr
esent
at
i
oni
n
par
l
i
amentandal
l
ot
herl
eader
shi
pandmanager
i
al
posi
t
i
ons.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
79
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
REQUI
REMENTFORTHEESTABLI
SHMENTOFACI
VI
LSOCI
ETY
 Agov
er
nmentwhi
chr
espect
sandaccept
st
hev
i
ewsofopponent
sand mi
nor
i
t
y
gr
oups
 A pr
o-act
i
v
e popul
at
i
on wi
l
l
i
ng t
o par
t
i
ci
pat
ei
n communi
t
y and nat
i
onal
act
i
v
i
t
i
es
 Ci
t
i
zenswhoacceptopposi
ngv
i
ewsi
nademocr
at
i
csoci
et
y
,andt
heneedf
or
negot
i
at
i
onandcompr
omi
sewi
t
hi
nt
hef
r
amewor
koft
hel
awsoft
henat
i
on
 Fav
our
abl
el
awswhi
chper
mi
tandr
espectt
hef
r
eedom ofexpr
essi
on
 Theexi
st
enceofa speci
f
i
cpr
obl
em encour
agesi
ndi
v
i
dual
st
of
or
m a ci
v
i
l
Soci
et
yor
gani
zat
i
ont
oaddr
esst
hepar
t
i
cul
ari
ssue.
 Wher
ei
st
her
ei
sapat
hy
,
ci
v
i
l
Soci
et
yor
gani
zat
i
onsmaynotf
l
our
i
sh
CI
TI
ZENPARTI
CI
PATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ot
hel
ev
el
ofi
nv
ol
v
ementofpeopl
ei
nt
hedeci
si
onsmaki
ngpr
ocess.
FORMSOFCI
TI
ZENPARTI
CI
PATI
ON
Pol
i
t
i
calact
i
v
i
t
i
es
 At
t
endi
ngapol
i
t
i
cal
par
t
ymeet
i
ng
 Cast
i
ngav
ot
ei
nanel
ect
i
on
 Cont
act
i
ngacounsel
ororaMemberofPar
l
i
amentt
or
ai
seani
ssues
 Joi
ni
ngandcampai
gni
ngf
orpol
i
t
i
cal
apar
t
yofone’
schoi
ce
 St
andi
ngf
orapol
i
t
i
cal
of
f
i
cei
nanel
ect
i
on
 Wr
i
t
i
ngnewspaperar
t
i
cl
est
ocommentongov
er
nmentpol
i
ci
es.
Ci
v
i
lsoci
et
yor
gani
zat
i
on’
sact
i
v
i
t
i
es.
 At
t
endi
ngsemi
nar
s
 Joi
ni
ngaci
v
i
l
Soci
et
yor
gani
zat
i
on
 Readi
ngpost
er
sandbr
ochur
es
 Taki
ngpar
ti
nl
egal
demonst
r
at
i
on
Communi
t
yact
i
v
i
t
i
es
 At
t
endi
ngacommuni
t
ymeet
i
ngt
odi
scusscommuni
t
yaf
f
ai
r
s
 At
t
endi
ngaPar
ent
sTeacher
sAssoci
at
i
on[
PTA]meet
i
ngatal
ocal
school
 Maudl
i
ngbr
i
cksf
oracommuni
t
yschool
 Si
gni
ngapet
i
t
i
onwi
t
hot
herpeopl
et
oexpr
essdi
ssat
i
sf
act
i
onwi
t
hadeci
si
on
madebyal
ocal
counci
l
oraschool
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
on
WOMENPARTI
CI
PATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Womenhav
ebeenexcl
udedf
r
om ef
f
ect
i
v
epar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
ngov
er
nance,pol
i
t
i
caland
Leader
shi
pmaki
ngsi
ncei
ndependence.Al
t
hought
her
ehasbeenamodesti
ncr
ease
si
nce1992,t
heper
cent
ageofwomenpar
l
i
ament
ar
i
ansi
nZambi
ast
i
l
lf
al
l
sbel
ow30%
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
80
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
whi
chi
st
hemi
ni
mum r
ecommendedbySADCandNat
i
onal
Women’
sLobbyGr
oup
Year of El
ect
i
on
Hel
d
1968
1973
1983
1988
1991
1996
2001
Mal
e
Par
l
i
ament
ar
i
ans
104
120
122
119
144
135
137
Femal
e
Par
l
i
ament
ar
i
ans
1
5
3
6
6
15
13
Tot
alel
ect
ed
Par
l
i
ament
ar
i
ans
105
125
125
125
150
150
15
OBSTACLESOFFEMALEPARTI
CI
PATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Cul
t
ur
alAspect
s:
 Thecul
t
ur
alsetupi
nZambi
ansoci
et
yencour
ageswoment
obesubor
di
nat
eand
submi
ssi
v
et
omen.Hencemostpeopl
ebel
i
ev
et
hatwomencannotmakegood
l
eader
s.
Mal
e Economi
c Domi
nance:El
ect
i
on campai
gns ar
e usual
l
y domi
nat
ed by mal
e
candi
dat
escampai
gni
ngagai
nstf
emal
eswhoar
eusual
l
yunabl
et
or
ai
seenoughmoney
f
ort
hecampai
gn.
LackofSol
i
dar
i
t
yamongwomen:
 Femal
ev
ot
er
st
endnott
osuppor
tf
emal
ecandi
dat
es.Ther
ei
susual
l
yar
i
f
t
bet
weenhi
ghl
yeducat
edandl
esseducat
edwomen.
 womenal
sot
endt
ohav
el
i
t
t
l
econf
i
dencei
nt
hei
rf
el
l
owwomen
Pol
i
t
i
caldi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on:
Pol
i
t
i
calpar
t
ycommi
t
t
eesr
esponsi
bl
ef
oradopt
i
ng aspi
r
i
ng candi
dat
esar
e
mal
edomi
nat
edandt
endt
odi
scr
i
mi
nat
eagai
nstwomen
NEEDFORCI
TI
ZENPARTI
CI
PATI
ON
Ci
t
i
zenpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
sakeyf
act
ori
ndemocr
acy
.
Lackofci
t
i
zenpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
on
 Ci
t
i
zensmayr
emai
ni
gnor
antofgov
er
nmentpol
i
ci
esandi
nt
ent
i
ons.
 Gov
er
nmentl
eader
smaynotbehel
daccount
abl
e
 Gov
er
nmentl
eader
s woul
d be el
ect
ed by a mi
nor
i
t
y ofci
t
i
zens who ar
e
pol
i
t
i
cal
l
yact
i
v
et
ogov
er
nov
ert
hei
nact
i
v
emaj
or
i
t
y
.
 Poorgov
er
nmentpol
i
ci
esmaygounchecked
 Sel
f
i
shl
eader
smayf
i
ndi
teasyt
ocor
r
uptt
hef
ewpol
i
t
i
cal
l
yact
i
v
eci
t
i
zensand
wi
nel
ect
i
ons.
Themedi
a
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
81
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
TheMedi
acomesf
r
om t
hewor
dmedi
um meani
nggobet
ween.
Mass Medi
ar
ef
er
st
ot
echni
caldev
i
ces t
hatmake i
tpossi
bl
et
o di
ssemi
nat
e
i
nf
or
mat
i
ont
oal
ar
genumberofpeopl
e
TYPESOFNEWSMEDI
A
Pr
i
ntMedi
a
 I
ti
st
het
y
peofmedi
at
hatr
el
i
esonpr
i
nt
edpapert
odi
ssemi
nat
ei
nf
or
mat
i
on.I
t
i
sal
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oasPr
ess.Pr
i
ntmedi
aconsi
stofper
i
odi
call
i
t
er
at
ur
eanddai
l
y
newspaper
s.
 I
tal
soi
ncl
udesNot
i
ceboar
ds,
post
er
sandbr
ochur
es.
Exampl
eofPr
i
ntMedi
a
 Chal
l
engeMagazi
ne
 Moni
t
or
 PostNewspaper
 SpeakoutMagazi
ne
 Sundayt
i
mesofZambi
a
 Ti
mesofZambi
a
 Zambi
aDai
l
yMai
l
El
ect
r
oni
cMedi
a
I
ti
sat
y
peofmedi
at
hatusesel
ect
r
i
cmet
hodst
odi
ssemi
nat
ei
nf
or
mat
i
on.
Exampl
es:
 I
nt
er
net
 Radi
oChr
i
st
i
anVoi
ce
 Radi
oMano
 Radi
oPhoeni
x
 Zambi
aNat
i
onal
Br
oadcast
i
ngCooper
at
i
on
TheMedi
acanal
sobecl
assi
f
i
edaccor
di
ngt
oowner
shi
p.
 Publ
i
cMedi
a:i
st
oal
ar
geext
entownedandcont
r
ol
l
edbyt
hest
at
e
 Pr
i
v
at
eMedi
a:i
sownedbypr
i
v
at
ecompani
esandi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onssuchast
he
chur
ch.
Newsagenci
es
 Thesear
emedi
ai
nst
i
t
ut
i
onswhi
chcol
l
ectandsuppl
yi
nf
or
mat
i
ont
omedi
a
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons.
Exampl
es:
 Reut
er
s
 Zambi
aNewAgency
 Zambi
aNewsandi
nf
or
mat
i
onser
v
i
ce
THEROLEOFTHEMEDI
AI
NGOODGOVERNANCE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
82
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Toi
nf
or
m andeducat
e:
Ci
t
i
zenscannotf
ul
l
ypar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
ngov
er
nanceunl
esst
heyar
ewel
li
nf
or
med.
Hence,t
hemedi
ai
st
her
et
oi
nf
or
m andeducat
easwel
lasf
or
mi
ngpubl
i
c
opi
ni
on.
Toactaswat
chdog:
I
tpl
ay
st
her
ol
eoft
hewat
chdogandj
eal
ousguar
di
anoft
her
i
ght
sofci
t
i
zensby
hol
di
ngpubl
i
cof
f
i
ci
al
saccount
abl
ef
ort
hei
ract
i
ons.
Themedi
ashoul
dnotonl
ypubl
i
ci
zet
heact
i
v
i
t
i
esoft
her
ul
i
ngpar
t
ybuti
tshoul
d
al
soi
nv
est
i
gat
eandexposet
hemal
pr
act
i
cesoft
hegov
er
nmentandot
herpubl
i
c
of
f
i
ci
al
s.
Topr
omot
epubl
i
cDebat
e
TheMedi
apr
ov
i
desaf
or
um f
orexpr
essi
onofv
i
ewsandopi
ni
onsofbot
ht
he
gov
er
nmentandt
hepeopl
eonmat
t
er
sofpubl
i
ci
nt
er
est
.
Tosett
heAgenda:
TheMedi
adeci
desonbehal
foft
hepubl
i
cwhati
snewsandwhati
snot
.
SHORTCOMI
NGSORLI
MI
TATI
ONSOFTHEMEDI
A
Owner
shi
pandcont
r
ol
:
Thosewhoownandcont
r
olt
hemedi
at
endt
ouset
hem t
oser
v
et
hei
rown
i
nt
er
estt
ot
heexcl
usi
onofopposi
ngv
i
ews.
Accessi
bi
l
i
t
y
:Publ
i
caccesst
ot
hemedi
ai
sr
est
r
i
ct
edbyv
ar
i
ousf
act
or
sandt
he
di
scr
i
mi
nat
or
ypol
i
ci
esofsomeoft
hemedi
aor
gani
zat
i
onswhi
chdel
i
ber
at
el
y
denypubl
i
ci
t
yt
opeopl
ehol
di
ngv
i
ewscont
r
ar
yt
ot
hei
rown.
Peopl
ewi
t
hdi
sabi
l
i
t
i
es
Themedi
adoesnotf
ul
l
ycat
erf
ort
hebl
i
ndanddeafast
her
ei
snonewsi
nbr
ai
l
l
e.
Costofadv
er
t
i
si
ng
I
ti
sv
er
ycost
l
yt
oadv
er
t
i
sei
nt
hemedi
at
hemaj
or
i
t
yofpeopl
ear
epoorand
cannotaf
f
or
dt
omar
kett
hei
rpr
oduct
s.
FREEDOM OFTHEMEDI
A
Thi
si
sessent
i
alf
ort
hemedi
ai
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
oser
v
et
hepubl
i
cwi
t
houti
nt
er
f
er
encef
r
om
anyquot
a.Fr
eedom oft
hemedi
aent
ai
l
s:
Fr
eedom ofowner
shi
p
I
tmeanst
hatev
er
yci
t
i
zeni
sf
r
eet
o st
ar
torownamedi
ai
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsuchasa
newspaper
,
magazi
neorbr
oadcast
i
ngst
at
i
on.
Fr
eedom ofaccessandpubl
i
cat
i
on
I
tmeans t
hatmedi
a pr
act
i
t
i
oner
s ar
ef
r
ee t
o gat
herand publ
i
sh orbr
oadcast
i
nf
or
mat
i
on
Ri
ghtoft
hepubl
i
ct
obei
nf
or
med
I
tmeanst
hatt
hepubl
i
cenj
oyt
her
i
ghtt
or
ecei
v
ef
ai
r
,
f
ul
l
andobj
ect
i
v
ei
nf
or
mat
i
on.
Pr
ot
ect
i
onofmedi
apr
act
i
t
i
oner
sf
r
om unduer
est
r
i
ct
i
ons
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
83
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Fav
or
abl
el
awsar
eenact
edt
opr
ot
ectmedi
apr
act
i
t
i
oner
sf
orunduer
est
r
i
ct
i
onssuch
as pr
ohi
bi
t
i
v
e l
i
censi
ng r
equi
r
ement
s, di
scr
i
mi
nat
or
y t
axat
i
on and censor
shi
p
r
egul
at
i
ons.
Pr
of
essi
onalandr
esponsi
bl
ej
our
nal
i
sm
I
tmeans t
hatf
r
eedom oft
he medi
a demands f
orpr
of
essi
onaland r
esponsi
bl
e
j
our
nal
i
sm.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Def
i
neci
v
i
l
Soci
et
y
.
2.Cl
assi
f
yci
v
i
l
soci
et
yi
nZambi
aaccor
di
ngt
ot
hei
rf
unct
i
ons.
3.Anal
y
zet
her
ol
esofsoci
et
yi
ngov
er
nancei
ssues
4.Expl
ai
nt
hecondi
t
i
onsnecessar
yf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofci
v
i
l
soci
et
yor
gani
zat
i
ons.
5.Di
scusst
hei
mpor
t
anceofci
t
i
zenpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
ngov
er
nance.
6.Ev
al
uat
et
heneedf
orci
t
i
zenpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
oni
ngov
er
nance.
7.I
dent
i
f
ydi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofmedi
a.
8.Anal
y
zet
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
onst
omedi
acov
er
age.
9.Di
scusst
hei
mpor
t
anceofaccesst
ot
hemedi
ai
ngov
er
nance.
10.Expl
ai
nt
hei
mpor
t
anceoft
hei
ndependenceoft
hemedi
ai
ngov
er
nance.
ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
Thi
si
st
hepr
ocessofi
mpr
ov
i
ngt
hequal
i
t
yofhumanl
i
f
e.I
tal
someanst
hechange
f
r
om t
heol
dt
osomet
hi
ngcompl
et
el
yneworar
epl
acementoft
heol
dbyt
henew.
 Bui
l
di
nganewschool
 Const
r
uct
i
ngabr
i
dge
 Openi
nganewmi
ne
Dev
el
opmental
someanst
her
ei
sani
mpr
ov
ementi
nt
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofbasi
cneeds.
Economi
cDev
el
opment
Economi
cDev
el
opmentmeansi
ncr
easei
nacount
r
y
’
st
echnol
ogi
es,st
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ng
andal
soi
ncr
easei
npr
oduct
i
v
ecapaci
t
ysuchast
her
ealNat
i
onali
ncomeorGr
oss
Domest
i
cPr
oduct(
GDP)ov
eraPer
i
odofy
ear
s.
HOW ACOUNTRYCANACHI
EVEECONOMI
CDEVELOPMENT
 Expansi
onofagr
i
cul
t
ur
e
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
84
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020






Pr
oduci
ngsur
pl
uspr
oduct
sf
orexpor
t
Expansi
onofmanuf
act
ur
i
ng
I
ndust
r
yt
opr
ocessv
ar
i
ouspr
oduct
swi
t
hi
nt
hecount
r
y
I
mpr
ov
ementoft
echnol
ogi
essuchasef
f
i
ci
entt
ool
sandmachi
nes
Resear
chonnewt
echnol
ogi
es
I
mpr
ov
edski
l
l
sl
eadi
ngt
oi
ncr
easedpr
oduct
i
onofgoodsandser
v
i
ces
Pr
oduct
i
v
ecapaci
t
y
:meanst
heabi
l
i
t
yt
opr
oducemor
egoods.
RealNat
i
onali
ncomeorGDP:Thi
si
st
het
ot
alv
al
ueofal
lgoodsandser
v
i
cespr
oduced
i
nt
hecount
r
ywi
t
hi
nt
hespeci
f
i
cper
i
odofoney
ear
.
Soci
alDev
el
opment
Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ot
hei
mpr
ov
ementi
nt
hest
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ngoft
hepeopl
e.
Soci
al
dev
el
opmentcov
er
sal
otoft
hi
ngsandt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngar
esomeexampl
es:
 HumanRi
ght
s
 Goodgov
er
nance
 Accesst
oeducat
i
onandheal
t
hcar
e
 Ensur
i
ngt
hatani
ndi
v
i
dualhasoppor
t
uni
t
i
esandchoi
cest
of
ul
f
i
l
lhi
sorher
pot
ent
i
al
.
LackofSoci
alDev
el
opmentl
eadst
oPov
er
t
y
.
Pov
er
t
y
Pov
er
t
yi
sacondi
t
i
onofbei
ngpoor
.Apoorper
soni
sonewhohasnosuf
f
i
ci
entmoney
ofr
esour
cest
oaf
f
or
dt
hebasi
cneedssuchsf
ood,cl
eanandsaf
edr
i
nki
ngwat
er
,
cl
ot
hesandhousi
ng.Pov
er
t
yi
st
hebi
ggestobst
acl
et
ohumansecur
i
t
y
.Ther
ef
or
et
he
bi
ggestchal
l
enget
osoci
al
dev
el
opmenti
st
hef
i
ghtt
ocont
ai
n.
Basi
cHumanNeeds
Thesear
et
hi
ngst
hataper
soncannotdowi
t
hout
.
Thesecanbedi
v
i
dedi
nt
oGoodsandSer
v
i
ces.
Goodsar
et
angi
bl
eorphy
si
cal
i
t
emst
hatcanbeseen.
Boat
s
Fur
ni
t
ur
e
Cl
ot
hes
Mot
orv
ehi
cl
e
Radi
o
Ser
vi
cesar
enotphy
si
calbutar
eact
i
v
i
t
i
esorbenef
i
t
sof
f
er
edt
hatgi
v
esat
i
sf
act
i
ont
o
consumer
s.Ent
er
t
ai
nmentbymusi
ci
ans
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
85
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Educat
i
on
Heal
t
hser
v
i
ces
Want
s
Thesear
et
hi
ngst
hatonecandowi
t
hout
.Theyar
enotr
eal
l
yessent
i
alf
orpr
oper
f
unct
i
onoft
hebodysuchasal
cohol
,
f
ur
ni
t
ur
eandmot
orv
ehi
cl
es.
FACTORSOFPRODUCTI
ON
Thesear
et
hi
ngst
hatar
enecessar
yf
orpr
oduct
i
ont
ot
akepl
ace.
Pr
oduct
i
onr
ef
er
st
oanyact
i
v
i
t
yt
hathel
pst
osat
i
sf
ywant
s.
LAND
Landcompr
i
sest
hoser
esour
cesmadeav
ai
l
abl
ebynat
ur
eorsi
mpl
ynat
ur
alr
esour
ces
suchas:
 Agr
i
cul
t
ur
al
ar
eas
 Nat
ur
al
gr
assl
ands,
woodl
andsandf
or
est
s
 Deser
t
s
 Oceansl
akes,
seasandr
i
v
er
s
 Chemi
cal
soft
heear
t
h’
scr
ustandt
heat
mospher
e
LABOUR
 These ar
e human ef
f
or
t
s ei
t
herphy
si
calorment
al
,whi
ch di
r
ect
ed att
he
pr
oduct
i
onofgoodsandser
v
i
cesi
ny
ourr
out
i
newor
k.Labouri
snotonl
yaf
act
or
ofpr
oduct
i
onbutal
sot
her
easonwhyeconomi
cact
i
v
i
t
i
esar
ecar
r
i
edout
.
 I
ti
st
hepr
oduct
sofl
abourt
hatar
eboughtandsol
dandnotl
abouri
t
sel
f
.
TYPESOFLABOUR
 Ski
l
l
edLabour
:Thi
si
sl
abourt
hatr
equi
r
espr
of
essi
onalt
r
ai
ni
ng,l
i
kedoct
or
s,
l
awy
er
st
eacher
saccount
ant
s,
et
c.
 Semi
Ski
l
l
edLabour
:Thi
si
sl
abourt
hatr
equi
r
est
r
ai
ni
ngf
orashor
tper
i
odof
t
i
mef
orexampl
esi
xweeksoranyper
i
odl
esst
hanoney
ear
.
 Unski
l
l
edLabour
:Thi
si
sl
abourt
hatr
equi
r
esl
i
t
t
l
et
r
ai
ni
ngornot
r
ai
ni
ngf
or
exampl
ef
ar
ml
abor
er
s,
cl
eaner
sandgar
denboy
s.
EFFI
CI
ENCYOFLABOUR
Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ot
hemaxi
mum andef
f
ect
i
v
euseofl
abourwi
t
houtwast
e.
Pr
oduct
i
v
i
t
yout
putofawor
kerperuni
toft
i
me
FACTORSAFFECTI
NGTHEOFEFFI
CI
ENCY
 Educat
i
onandt
r
ai
ni
ng:A per
sonwhoi
seducat
edandhassoundt
echni
cal
t
r
ai
ni
ngwoul
dbemor
eef
f
ect
i
v
et
hanonewhol
acksknowl
edge.
Wor
ki
ngcondi
t
i
ons:Theef
f
i
ci
encyofl
abouri
si
nf
l
uencedbygoodwor
ki
ngcondi
t
i
ons
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
86
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
andaf
av
or
abl
ewor
ki
ngenv
i
r
onmentf
orexampl
e,al
i
v
i
ngwage,goodsani
t
at
i
onand
wel
l
v
ent
i
l
at
edwor
kpl
ace.
Wel
f
ar
eSer
v
i
ces:Wel
f
ar
eser
v
i
cesar
epr
ov
i
dedt
oawor
kersuchasmedi
calcar
e,
t
r
anspor
t
,
andhousi
ng.
Mot
i
v
at
i
on:Thi
si
nv
ol
v
esv
ar
i
ousi
ncent
i
v
essuchasmonet
ar
yr
ewar
d,asameansof
st
i
mul
at
i
ng
CAPI
TAL
 Capi
t
ali
shumanmader
esour
ce.I
tr
ef
er
st
ot
hephy
si
calasset
scr
eat
edi
nt
he
pastandi
sav
ai
l
abl
ef
orpr
esentuse.
 I
ti
ncl
udesmachi
nesandi
ndust
r
i
al
bui
l
di
ngst
hatcont
r
i
but
et
opr
oduct
i
on.
TYPESOFCAPI
TAL
 Wor
ki
ngCapi
t
al
:Thi
si
smoneyabusi
nessmusthav
ei
nor
dert
omeeti
t
sdayt
o
dayexpensessuchaspay
i
ngf
orr
aw mat
er
i
al
s,el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
/
wat
erbi
l
l
s,wor
ker
’
s
sal
ar
i
es.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesmoneyowedt
ot
hebusi
nessbydebt
or
s.
 Fi
xedCapi
t
al
:Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ophy
si
calasset
ssuchasl
and,t
r
anspor
t
,bui
l
di
ngs,
machi
ner
yandequi
pment
.I
tal
sor
ef
er
st
omoneyusedt
ost
ar
tabusi
ness.
Ent
r
epr
eneur
shi
p
 Thi
si
sanabi
l
i
t
ysomepeopl
ehav
et
oacceptr
i
sksandcombi
nef
act
or
sof
pr
oduct
i
oni
nor
dert
opr
oducegoodsandser
v
i
ces
 AnEnt
r
epr
eneuri
ssi
mpl
eaper
sonwhost
ar
t
sabusi
ness.I
nor
derf
orl
and,
l
abourandt
hecapi
t
alt
opr
oduceany
t
hi
ng,t
her
emustbeaper
sonwhoshoul
d
or
gani
zet
hesef
act
or
ssot
hatpr
oduct
i
oncant
akepl
ace.
CAPI
TALACCUMULATI
ON
Capi
t
alaccumul
at
i
onmeansi
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
oduct
i
onofcapi
t
algoodsi
naddi
t
i
ont
o
whatt
hecount
r
yal
r
eadyhas,economi
cdev
el
opmentl
ar
gel
ydependsont
her
at
eof
capi
t
al
accumul
at
i
on.
FACTORSTHATAFFECTCAPI
TALACCUMULATI
ON
 Lowi
ncomes:
Peopl
ewhohav
el
i
t
t
l
emoneyornot
hi
ngt
osav
e.
 Consumpt
i
onHabi
t
s:Peopl
eeatexpensi
v
ef
ood,t
akeexpensi
v
ef
or
ei
gndr
i
nks
l
i
kebr
andyandbuyexpensi
v
ecar
s.Thi
smaket
hem sav
el
i
t
t
l
eornot
hi
ng
 Ext
endedf
ami
l
ysy
st
em:Somepeopl
emai
nt
ai
nl
ar
geFami
l
i
esandf
i
ndi
tdi
f
f
i
cul
t
t
osav
emoney
.Aper
soncankeepmanyr
el
at
i
v
esi
naddi
t
i
ont
ohi
sorherf
ami
l
y
.
 Nof
ut
ur
epl
ans:Peopl
espendmor
et
of
ul
f
i
l
lt
hei
r[
pr
esentneeds,henceendup
bei
ngext
r
av
agant
.
 Lackofknowl
edget
osav
ef
ori
nv
est
ment
:Mostpeopl
edonothav
et
hei
deaof
sav
i
ngf
ori
nv
est
ment
.
 Soci
alst
at
us:Somepeopl
eespeci
al
l
yt
hosei
nt
hehi
ghgr
oupt
endt
ospendal
ot
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
87
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ofmoneyonexpensi
v
egoodscar
sandcl
ot
hesi
nor
dert
omai
nt
ai
nt
hei
rst
at
us
i
nsoci
et
y
.
 Lar
gequant
i
t
i
esofi
mpor
t
edf
i
ni
shedpr
oduct
s:Mostoft
hei
mpor
t
edpr
oduct
s
ar
equi
etexpensi
v
ehenceal
otofmoneyi
sspentt
oi
mpor
tf
i
ni
shedgoodsi
nt
o
t
hecount
r
yi
nst
eadofhav
i
ngt
hem pr
oducedl
ocal
l
y
.
 Pov
er
t
yi
ti
ssi
t
uat
i
onwher
epeopl
el
ackbasi
cneedsandcannotent
eri
nt
o
busi
nessv
ent
ur
e
BANKI
NG
Banki
ngi
sanactofsav
i
ngmoneyi
naf
i
nanci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
oncal
l
edabank.Banki
nghel
ps
i
nf
i
nanci
ngoft
r
adeact
i
v
i
t
i
esort
r
ansf
eroff
undsf
r
om oneper
sont
oanot
herorone
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
ont
oanot
her
.
TYPESOFBANKS
Cent
r
alBank
Thi
si
st
hepr
i
nci
palf
i
nanci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
oni
nt
hecount
r
yandact
sasar
egul
at
oroft
he
banki
ngsy
st
em.I
tdoesnotdealdi
r
ect
l
ywi
t
ht
hepubl
i
cbutr
at
herpr
ov
i
desser
v
i
cest
o
t
hecommer
ci
alBanksandt
hegov
er
nment
.I
nZambi
a,t
heCent
r
alBanki
scal
l
edt
he
BankofZambi
a(
BOZ)andi
ti
sownedbyt
heZambi
angov
er
nment
.
FUNCTI
ONSOFTHECENTRALBANK
Keepi
ngmoneyf
orcommer
ci
alBanks.
 I
tpr
ov
i
desal
l
oft
hebanki
ngser
v
i
cest
ot
hebanki
ngsect
or
.
 Keepi
ngGov
er
nmentr
ev
enues:I
tpay
smoneyonbehal
foft
hegov
er
nmentand
car
r
i
esoutf
or
ei
gnt
r
ansact
i
on.I
twor
kscl
osel
ywi
t
ht
heMi
ni
st
r
yofFi
nanceAnd
Nat
i
onal
Pl
anni
ngandgi
v
esi
tadv
i
ceonf
i
nanci
al
mat
t
er
s.
 I
ssui
ngBanknot
esandcoi
ns:I
tal
sowi
t
hdr
awsMut
i
l
at
ednot
esf
r
om ci
r
cul
at
i
on
t
hr
oughcommer
ci
al
Banks
 Cl
ear
i
ngchequesandt
r
ansf
er
r
i
ngofmoneyt
ocommer
ci
al
Banks
 Keepi
ngf
or
ei
gncur
r
enci
esandsel
l
i
ngt
hem t
ocommer
ci
al
Banksandbur
eaus.
 Lendi
ngmoneyt
ocommer
ci
al
banks.
 Ser
v
i
ci
ngt
henat
i
onaldebt
.Thegov
er
nmentusest
hecent
r
albankt
opayi
t
s
nat
i
onal
andi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
debt
.
 I
tal
sof
i
xest
hemi
ni
mum andmaxi
mum amountaper
soncandeposi
tand
wi
t
hdr
aw r
espect
i
v
el
y
.Thi
si
si
n or
dert
o cont
r
olt
he amountofmoneyi
n
ci
r
cul
at
i
oni
nor
dert
oav
oi
di
nf
l
at
i
onanddef
l
at
i
on.
 Conduct
i
ngor
di
nar
ybanki
ngbusi
nesssuchascashi
nggov
er
nmentcheques
andt
r
easur
ybi
l
l
s.
COMMERCI
ALBANKS
Commer
ci
albanksar
ef
i
nanci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsl
i
censedt
opr
ov
i
debanki
ngser
v
i
cest
ot
he
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
88
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
publ
i
c.
BASI
CFUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOMMERCI
ALBANKS
 Col
l
ect
ssur
pl
usf
undsf
r
om t
hegener
al
publ
i
c
 Tr
ansf
erf
undsf
r
om oneper
sont
oanot
herbymeansofachequeorcr
edi
tcar
d.
 Lendsur
pl
usf
undsatani
nt
er
estt
ot
hecust
omer
sandot
herent
er
pr
i
ses.
 Pr
ov
i
demoneyt
r
ansf
erser
v
i
ces.
 Faci
l
i
t
at
epay
mentofgoodsandser
v
i
ces.
 Of
f
eradv
i
ceonbusi
nessmat
t
er
ssuchasi
nv
est
mentoppor
t
uni
t
i
es,
et
c.
 Lookaf
t
erv
al
uabl
essuchasj
ewel
r
y
,
wi
l
l
s,
t
i
t
l
edeeds,
et
c.
TYPESOFACCOUNTSOFFEREDBYCOMMERCI
ALBANKS
Cur
r
entaccount
s:
Thesear
edeposi
t
swhi
char
ewi
t
hdr
awnondemandandar
esubj
ectt
ot
r
ansf
er
bycheque.SuchDeposi
t
sdonotear
ni
nt
er
estandbankscanmakeachangef
or
handl
i
ngt
hechequesdr
awnont
heaccount
s.Hol
der
sar
eal
soent
i
t
l
edt
oan
ov
er
dr
af
t
.
Deposi
tAccount
:
Thesear
edeposi
t
swhi
chear
ni
nt
er
estbutwhi
chcannotbet
r
ansf
er
r
ed by
cheque orwi
t
hdr
awn on demand.Theyi
ncl
ude t
i
me deposi
t
s and sav
i
ngs
account
s.
Lar
geFi
xedTer
m Deposi
t
s:
Thesear
edeposi
t
swhi
chi
nv
ol
v
el
ar
gesumsofmoneyanddoesnotal
l
owhol
der
t
owi
t
hdr
awmoneyondemandbutaf
t
ersomet
i
me.
OTHERFI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
Ther
ol
eoft
hesei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsi
st
ocol
l
ectsav
i
ngsf
r
om member
soft
hepubl
i
c
andchannel
t
hem t
oi
ndust
r
yandt
hegov
er
nment
.I
nZambi
a,
t
hesei
ncl
ude;
Nat
i
onalSav
i
ngsandCr
edi
tBank
TheNat
i
onalSav
i
ngsandCr
edi
tBankal
sopr
ov
i
desav
i
ngsaccount
sandbasi
c
banki
ngser
v
i
cespar
t
i
cul
ar
l
yt
ol
owi
ncomegr
oupsi
nbot
hur
banandr
ur
al
ar
eas.
Dev
el
opmentbankofZambi
a(
DBZ)
Thi
swasest
abl
i
shedbyt
hegov
er
nmentt
oof
f
erl
ongt
er
mf
i
nancef
orr
i
sky
busi
nessesorv
ent
ur
eswher
e ot
herbanksar
er
el
uct
antt
o oper
at
ei
n,e.
g.
agr
i
cul
t
ur
eandi
ndust
r
i
al
sect
or
s.
Zambi
aNat
i
onalBui
l
di
ngSoci
et
y(
ZNBS)
Thi
spr
ov
i
desl
ongt
er
ml
oanst
hatenabl
epeopl
et
obui
l
dorpur
chasehouses.I
t
al
sopr
ov
i
dessav
i
ngsaccount
s.
LusakaSt
ockExchange(
LuSE)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
89
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
St
ockExchangei
sahi
ghl
yor
gani
zedmar
ketwher
eshar
esandst
ocksar
eboughtand
Sol
d.
Funct
i
onsofLuSE
 Pr
ov
i
demar
ketf
orsecondhandshar
es.
 Hel
pcompani
esorbusi
nessest
or
ai
senewcapi
t
al
.
 Encour
agesi
nv
est
menti
nsecur
i
t
i
es.
 Enabl
esf
l
owofcapi
t
al
f
orpr
oduct
i
v
ei
ndust
r
y
.
 Regul
at
espr
i
cesofshar
esont
hemar
ket
.
I
NSURANCE
I
nsur
ancei
sasy
st
em ofpr
ot
ect
i
onagai
nstal
lki
ndsofr
i
sk.Peopl
ebuyi
nsur
ance
pol
i
ci
est
opr
ot
ectt
hemsel
v
esagai
nstt
hel
ossofsomet
hi
ngwhi
chi
sv
er
yv
al
uabl
et
o
t
hem,
suchasacar
,
ahouse,
af
ar
m andaf
act
or
y
.
 I
nsur
erorunder
wr
i
t
eri
st
hei
nsur
ancecompany
.
 I
nsur
ei
st
heper
sont
aki
ngouti
nsur
ance.
 I
nsur
ancepol
i
cyi
sCont
r
actsi
gnedbet
weent
hei
nsur
ancecompanyanda
per
soni
nsur
ed.
 Pr
emi
umsar
enor
mal
l
ypai
dmont
hl
y
,quar
t
er
l
yandannual
l
y
.I
nr
et
ur
nf
ort
he
pay
mentofapr
emi
um ani
nsur
erorunder
wr
i
t
eragr
eest
ocompensat
et
he
i
nsur
edi
nt
heev
entofhi
sorhersuf
f
er
i
ngaspeci
f
i
edl
oss,
WORKCULTURE
Thi
si
st
heat
t
i
t
udeandv
al
uesofpeopl
et
owar
dswor
k.Wor
kcul
t
ur
ecanei
t
herbe
posi
t
i
v
eornegat
i
v
e.
FORMSOFWORKCULTURE
NEGATI
VEWORKCULTURE
Char
act
er
i
st
i
csofNegat
i
v
eWor
kCul
t
ur
e
 Aper
sonempl
oy
edi
nt
hef
or
malori
nf
or
malsect
ordoesnotwantt
owor
khar
d
butwoul
dl
i
ket
obepai
df
ordoi
ngv
er
yl
i
t
t
l
e.
 Aper
sonspendsmostoft
het
i
medoi
ngnot
hi
ngorpl
ay
i
ngaboutupt
ot
heendof
t
heday
’
swor
k
 Ani
ndi
v
i
dual
cannotwor
kwi
t
houtbei
ngsuper
v
i
sed.
 Poormanshi
pi
nt
hepr
oduct
i
onofgoodsandser
v
i
ce.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
90
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Fai
l
ur
et
oappr
eci
at
eoneswor
k.
POSI
TI
VEWORKCULTURE
Char
act
er
i
st
i
csofPosi
t
i
v
eWor
kCul
t
ur
e
 Wor
kshar
dt
oachi
ev
epr
oduct
i
v
i
t
yt
ar
get
swi
t
hi
nagi
v
ent
i
me
 Doesnotwai
tf
orsuper
v
i
si
on.Oncewor
khasbeenassi
gnedheormakessur
e
t
hatt
hatt
het
aski
scompl
et
edi
nt
i
me.
 Ear
nsal
i
v
i
ngt
hr
oughhar
dwor
kandput
t
i
ngmaxi
mum ef
f
or
tt
ocompl
et
eany
assi
gnedt
ask.
 Usesi
ndi
v
i
duali
ni
t
i
at
i
v
et
odowhati
sr
equi
r
edr
at
hert
hanwai
tt
obet
ol
dev
er
y
t
i
me.
 Doesn’
thav
enegat
i
v
eat
t
i
t
udet
owar
dscer
t
ai
nj
obssuchasmeni
al
wor
k.
THEI
MPORTANCEOFPOSI
TI
VECULTURE
 Theat
t
i
t
udeofpeopl
et
owar
dswor
ki
sv
er
yi
mpor
t
antbecauset
hesur
v
i
v
aland
dev
el
opmentofasoci
et
ydependsont
hewor
kofi
t
smember
s
 Goodwor
kcul
t
ur
edet
er
mi
nest
hepr
oduct
i
v
i
t
yofwor
ker
s.
 A soci
et
ywi
t
haposi
t
i
v
ewor
kcul
t
ur
ehasv
er
yhi
ghpr
oduct
i
v
i
t
yandal
otof
goodsandser
v
i
cesar
eav
ai
l
abl
e.
FORMALANDI
NFORMALSECTOR
 Empl
oy
mentcanei
t
herbeFor
mal
orI
nf
or
mal
.
 TheFor
malSect
ori
ncl
udesgov
er
nment
,publ
i
cent
er
pr
i
ses,pr
i
v
at
ecompani
es
andcommer
ci
al
f
ar
mi
ng.TheI
nf
or
malSect
ori
smadeupofsubsi
st
encef
ar
mer
s
andi
ndi
v
i
dual
swhomakeal
i
v
i
ngbydoi
ngpr
i
v
at
ewor
kei
t
heri
ndi
v
i
dual
l
yori
na
gr
oup.
 Thegov
er
nmenti
st
hebi
ggestempl
oy
eri
nt
heFor
malsect
or
.Howev
er
,t
he
numberofpeopl
eempl
oy
edasf
ul
lt
i
mewor
ker
si
sf
arl
esst
hant
hedemandf
or
j
obsbyt
hel
abourmar
ket
.
 ALabourMar
keti
sapl
acewher
ei
ndi
v
i
dual
sar
el
ooki
ngf
orempl
oy
mentandar
e
r
eadyt
osel
l
t
hei
rl
abourf
orawage.
I
MPORTANCEOFI
NFORMALSECTORI
NNATI
ONALDEVELOPMENT
 I
tcont
r
i
but
esgr
eat
l
yt
oeconomi
cdev
el
opmentf
ort
hecount
r
y
.
 I
ti
sal
soi
mpor
t
antbecausei
tt
akesupal
ar
gernumberofpeopl
ecompar
edt
o
f
or
malsect
or
.Peopl
ear
eabl
et
ogener
at
ei
ncomeont
hei
rownl
i
v
el
i
hoodor
sur
v
i
v
al
.Asar
esul
t
,
pov
er
t
yl
ev
el
sar
er
educedi
nt
hecount
r
y
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
91
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
tal
sopr
ov
i
dest
r
ai
ni
ngschemesf
ory
out
hsout
si
deschool
sandcol
l
eges.
 I
thasal
sopr
ov
i
dedi
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
esuchasbui
l
di
ngs,
shoppi
ngcent
r
es,
t
r
anspor
t
andcommuni
cat
i
on.
 I
thasal
sopr
omot
edaccessi
bl
ecr
edi
tf
aci
l
i
t
i
esandi
mpr
ov
edpr
oduct
i
oni
n
subsi
st
encef
ar
mi
ng.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Def
i
nedev
el
opment
.
2.Basi
chumanneedscanbedi
v
i
dedi
nt
ogoodsandser
v
i
ces.Def
i
nest
het
er
m
goodandSer
v
i
ces.
3.Ment
i
ont
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
cofnegat
i
v
eandposi
t
i
v
ewor
kcul
t
ur
e.
4.Whatar
et
het
wocl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofcapi
t
al
?
5.Whatar
esomeoft
hef
act
or
st
hataf
f
ectcapi
t
al
f
or
mat
i
on?
6.Apar
tf
r
om cent
r
al
andcommer
ci
al
banks,
ment
i
onot
heri
mpor
t
antf
i
nanci
al
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onswhi
chpl
ayani
mpor
t
antr
ol
ei
ndev
el
opmentofanycount
r
y
.
7.Cent
r
al
bankat
t
r
act
sdeposi
tf
r
om t
hepubl
i
ci
nt
hr
eemai
nf
or
ms.
8.St
at
et
het
hr
eef
or
ms.Whati
st
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weenneedsandwant
s?
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
92
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ZAMBI
A’
SLEGALSYSTEM
WHATI
SALAW?
 Lawi
sasetofr
ul
eswhi
chasoci
et
ydev
el
opsf
ori
t
sel
ft
ocont
r
olt
hebehav
i
or
s
ofi
t
smember
st
ooneanot
her
.
 I
ti
ncl
udest
hemeet
i
ngoutofpuni
shmentt
omember
sofsoci
et
yt
hatdonot
abi
debyt
her
ul
esandawar
di
ngofcompensat
i
ont
opeopl
ewhohav
ebeen
wr
onged.
 Forar
ul
et
ober
ecogni
zedt
her
eshoul
dbeawayofcompel
l
i
ngpeopl
et
oobeyi
t
,
donebyi
mposi
ngpenal
t
i
esorpuni
shmentt
ol
aw br
eaker
sandr
ewar
dst
ot
he
wr
ongedper
sons.
WHATI
SALEGALSYSTEM?
 I
ti
sasy
st
em f
ori
nt
er
pr
et
i
ngandenf
or
ci
ngt
hel
aws.
 I
tal
sor
ef
er
st
oapr
ocedur
eorpr
ocessf
ori
nt
er
pr
et
i
ngandenf
or
ci
ngt
hel
aw.
 Rul
eswhi
chmakel
aws,t
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatadmi
ni
st
ert
hel
aws,t
hepr
i
nci
pl
es,
i
deas,
t
heor
i
es,
pr
act
i
ces,
pr
ocedur
es,
andt
echni
quest
hatdev
el
opov
ert
hey
ear
s
i
ndeal
i
ngwi
t
hl
awmakeupal
egalsy
st
em
Ther
ear
easmanyl
egalsy
st
emsast
her
ear
esoci
et
i
es.Forexampl
e:Zambi
anl
egal
sy
st
em,t
heZi
mbabweanl
egalsy
st
em,t
heSout
hAf
r
i
canl
egalsy
st
em andt
heEngl
i
sh
l
egal
sy
st
em whi
chi
sal
soknownast
hecommonl
awsy
st
em
ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM
A goodl
egalsy
st
em i
sonet
hatser
v
esmember
sofi
t
ssoci
et
yf
ai
r
l
yandwi
t
hout
v
i
ol
at
i
ngt
hei
rr
i
ght
s.
ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM.
1.Si
mpl
e.Al
awhast
obewr
i
t
t
eni
nal
anguaget
hatcanbeunder
st
oodbyal
ar
ger
sect
i
onofsoci
et
y
2.Compr
ehensi
v
e– I
tshoul
dnotl
eav
egapsbutat
t
emptt
ocov
eral
lpossi
bl
e
ar
easofdi
sput
e,
concer
nordebat
eandant
i
ci
pat
ef
ut
ur
epr
obl
ems.
3.Cer
t
ai
n-Ci
t
i
zensoughtt
oknowcl
ear
l
yofwhati
spr
ohi
bi
t
edbyl
aw.Al
awshoul
d
notbeambi
guoust
hati
ti
sonl
yf
ul
l
yunder
st
oodandi
nt
er
pr
et
edbysmal
lsect
i
on
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
93
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
oft
hesoci
et
y
.
4.Accessi
bl
e.Thel
awshoul
dbeav
ai
l
abl
et
ot
hemember
soft
hepubl
i
c.I
tshoul
d
beaf
f
or
dabl
easci
t
i
zensshoul
dbeabl
et
ohav
el
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
on.
5.Fl
exi
bl
e-Lawshav
et
okeepupwi
t
hsoci
alchangeandt
her
ef
or
e,t
heyshoul
d
changewi
t
ht
i
me.Al
awshoul
dal
way
schanget
ot
akecar
eofanewpr
obl
em.
6.Mor
alv
al
uesThel
awshoul
dbebasedont
hemor
alv
al
uesofsoci
et
y
.I
fl
awsdo
notr
ef
l
ectt
hesoci
et
y
’
scor
ev
al
ues,
ci
t
i
zensar
eunl
i
kel
yt
or
especti
t
SOURCESOFLAWSI
NZAMBI
A
Zambi
ahasaduall
egalsy
st
em andr
el
i
esont
heEngl
i
shl
awandt
heAf
r
i
cancust
omar
y
l
aw.
[
a]ENGLI
SHLAW SOURCES
Commonl
aw
Commonl
aw i
st
hel
aw t
hatst
ar
t
edascust
omst
hatwer
ecommont
oal
lpar
t
sof
Engl
and.
 WhenKi
ngWi
l
l
i
am,t
heconquer
orofuni
t
edEngl
andi
n1066AD,hesenthi
s
Judgest
ogor
oundEngl
andt
ohearcasesandcodi
f
yt
hem byput
t
i
ngt
hem i
nt
oa
sy
st
em ofr
ul
esandpr
i
nci
pl
es.
Codi
f
y
I
nl
egal
l
anguaget
hi
smeanst
owr
i
t
esomet
hi
ngi
nf
or
m ofadocument
.
[
b]LEGI
SLATI
ONORSTATUTES
Thesear
el
awsenact
edbypar
l
i
ament
.I
ti
st
hel
ar
gestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a
THREETYPESOFLAWSMADEBYPARLI
AMENT
[
i
]THEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON
I
ti
st
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and.Thi
smeanst
hati
fanyl
awdoesnotconf
or
m wi
t
ht
he
const
i
t
ut
i
ont
hent
hatl
awbecomesv
oi
dwhi
chmeansi
nv
al
i
d.
 Forexampl
ecust
omar
yl
awal
l
owsgi
r
l
swhohav
er
eachedpuber
t
yt
ogetmar
r
i
ed.
Butt
heconst
i
t
ut
i
onst
at
est
hatanyper
sonbel
owt
heageof16i
sachi
l
dandi
s
notol
denought
ogetmar
r
i
ed.
 Amanwhohasmar
r
i
edherwi
l
l
hav
ecommi
t
t
edacr
i
mi
nal
of
f
enceofDef
i
l
ement
and her par
ent
s wi
l
l be char
ged wi
t
h Accessor
y t
o a cr
i
me.
Accessor
yt
oacr
i
me.Thi
si
sasi
t
uat
i
onwher
eaper
sonhel
psi
nt
heactof
commi
t
t
i
ngacr
i
meoral
l
owsacr
i
met
obecommi
t
t
edi
nhi
sorherpr
esence.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
94
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
[
i
i
]ACTSOFPARLI
AMENT
Thesear
el
awsmadet
hr
oughbi
l
l
sofpar
l
i
amentandasser
t
edt
obyt
hepr
esi
dent
.
 The pr
ocess st
ar
t
s wi
t
ht
he pr
esent
at
i
on oft
he bi
l
lwhi
ch passes t
hr
ough
di
f
f
er
entst
ages.Thepr
esi
dentcanei
t
herassentorv
et
o.I
fnotassent
,t
hebi
l
li
s
t
akent
onat
i
onalassembl
yf
orf
ur
t
herdebat
eandbesentbackt
ot
hepr
esi
dent
i
ni
t
sor
i
gi
nal
f
or
m.
 Pr
esi
denthas21day
si
nwhi
cht
oei
t
herassentordi
ssol
v
epar
l
i
amentt
opav
e
wayf
orf
r
eshel
ect
i
ons.
[
i
i
i
]DELEGATEDORSUBSI
DI
ARYLEGI
SLATI
ON
 Del
egat
edorsubsi
di
ar
yl
egi
sl
at
i
onar
el
awsdel
egat
edt
ot
heexecut
i
v
ewi
ngof
t
heGov
er
nmentt
omakel
awsaspr
ov
i
dedi
nanactofpar
l
i
ament
.
 Gov
er
nment has al
l
owed mi
ni
st
r
i
es t
o make l
aws known as st
at
ut
or
y
i
nst
r
ument
s.
[
c]CASELAW
 I
ti
st
hesecondl
ar
gestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a,al
soknownasLawRepor
t
sor
j
udi
ci
alpr
ecedent
.
 Thi
si
sdonewhendi
sposi
ngof
facase,t
hecour
tr
ef
er
st
ohow asi
mi
l
arcase
wasdeci
deduponbyasuper
i
orcour
t
s.
 Thet
hr
eecour
t
shandl
eappealcaseshencet
heyar
eknownasAppel
l
antcour
t
s.
Deci
si
onsofappel
l
antcour
t
sar
er
epor
t
edi
nt
heZambi
anl
awRepor
t
s.
 Theser
epor
t
edcasesar
et
heonesacour
tdi
sposesofundert
hepr
i
nci
pl
eofRes
Judi
cat
ameani
ngt
or
esol
v
eacasesoast
hepar
t
i
esi
nv
ol
v
eddonothav
et
ogo
t
ocour
tt
oseekf
ur
t
herr
esol
ut
i
on.
I
MPORTANCE



Sav
et
i
meast
her
ei
snoneedf
orawhol
enewr
esear
ch.
Shawr
espectt
oj
udgeswhomadet
hepr
ev
i
ousdeci
si
ons
Ensur
eequal
i
t
y
,
Uni
f
or
mi
t
yandst
abi
l
i
t
yi
nt
hel
aw.
[
d]I
NTERNATI
ONALTREATI
ES
 Thesear
ei
nt
er
nat
i
onalagr
eement
sorconv
ent
i
onst
hatZambi
ahassi
gned.
Cont
ent
soft
heset
r
eat
i
esar
eal
sosour
cesofl
awi
nZambi
a.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
95
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Howev
er
,t
heset
r
eat
i
esdo notaut
omat
i
cal
l
ybecomel
aw unl
essan actof
par
l
i
amentdomest
i
cat
est
hem.
[
e]CUSTOMARYLAW
 Thesear
el
awsder
i
v
edf
r
om cust
oms,
apr
act
i
ceofdoi
ngt
hi
ngsi
nsoci
et
y
.
 Theyar
edi
f
f
er
entf
r
om st
at
ut
or
yi
nst
r
ument
sbecauset
heyar
enotwr
i
t
t
enand
codi
f
i
edf
ori
tt
ober
ecogni
zedandenf
or
cedbycour
t
sofl
aw.
 Cust
omar
yl
aw uses adv
i
sorwho ar
e cal
l
ed assessor
st
o gi
v
e adv
i
ce on
par
t
i
cul
armat
t
er
s.Thesear
enotJust
i
cesbutpl
ayt
her
ol
eofconsul
t
ant
s
TYPESOFCOURTCASES
CRI
MI
NALCASE.
Thi
si
sacour
tcasei
nwhi
cht
heaccusedi
st
r
i
edf
orcommi
t
t
i
ngacr
i
meagai
nstt
he
gov
er
nmentorst
at
e.I
tdeal
swi
t
hacr
i
me.
Acr
i
mei
sanywr
ongf
ulactoromi
ssi
oni
nsoci
et
y
,whi
cht
hepar
t
i
cul
arsoci
et
yt
hi
nks
af
f
ect
st
hei
nt
er
estofal
li
t
smember
s.
ELEMENTSOFACRI
ME
Ev
er
ycr
i
mehast
woel
ement
s:
(
a) Thewr
ongf
ulactoromi
ssi
on.
 Thi
scr
eat
esof
f
encessuchasr
ape,
mur
der
,
bur
gl
ar
y
,
ordef
i
l
ement
,
whi
chhasan
el
ementofphy
si
cal
actt
aki
ngpl
ace.
 I
nat
hef
t
,
t
her
ei
st
het
aki
ngawayofsomet
hi
ngandkeepi
ngi
t
.I
namur
der
’
t
her
e
i
st
heact
i
onofki
l
l
i
ng.Thi
sel
ementi
nLat
i
ni
sknownasAct
usReus,meani
nga
phy
si
cal
act
.
(
b) Thei
nt
ent
i
onordesi
r
et
ocausehar
m.
 Thei
nt
ent
i
onordesi
r
et
ocausehar
m,l
ossori
nj
ur
yi
sknownast
heGui
l
t
yst
at
e
orbl
amewor
t
hyst
at
eofmi
ndont
hepar
toft
heof
f
ender
.
 TheLat
i
nphr
asef
ort
hi
si
sMen’
sReawhi
chmeansagui
l
t
ymi
ndorMal
i
ce
af
or
et
hought
.
CLASSFI
CACATI
ONOFACRI
ME
Br
oadl
ycr
i
mesar
ecl
assi
f
i
edi
nt
o:
(
b)
Cr
i
mes ofspeci
f
i
ci
nt
ent
:These ar
e cr
i
mest
hatar
e commi
t
t
ed wi
t
ha
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
96
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
(
c)
speci
f
i
ci
nt
ent
i
one.
g.t
hef
t
,bur
gl
ar
y
,r
obber
y
,andwoundi
ng someonet
o
causehar
m.
Cr
i
mesofBasi
ci
nt
ent
-Thesear
ecr
i
mescommi
t
t
edt
hr
oughr
eckl
essnessor
asuddeni
mpul
sesuchasdr
i
v
i
ngpastr
edt
r
af
f
i
cl
i
ght
s(
r
obot
s)
,
notst
oppi
ng
atast
opsi
gn,
exceedi
ngt
hespeedl
i
mi
tormansl
aught
er
.
BROADCLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFCRI
MES:
 Mi
sdemeanor
s.Thesear
e pet
t
ycr
i
messuch ascommon assaul
t
,i
ndecent
exposur
e,
pi
ckpocket
i
ngorl
i
t
t
er
i
ng.
 Fel
oni
es.Thesear
eser
i
ouscr
i
messuchasmur
der
,
t
r
eason,
aggr
av
at
edr
obber
y
,
def
i
l
ementorr
ape.Thesear
eal
soknownascommonl
awcr
i
mes
 St
at
ut
or
ycr
i
me.These ar
e cr
i
mest
hatar
e commi
t
t
ed cont
r
ar
yt
o whati
s
cont
ai
nedi
nst
at
ut
or
yi
nst
r
ument
ssuchasVot
i
ngt
wi
cei
nanel
ect
i
on,
r
i
ggi
ngan
el
ect
i
onorf
ai
l
i
ngt
opayt
ax
.
CI
VI
LCASE
Thi
si
sawr
ongf
ulactt
hataf
f
ect
sonl
yi
ndi
v
i
dual
sorpar
t
i
esi
nv
ol
v
ed.I
ti
sanycaset
hat
doesnothav
eacr
i
mi
nal
cont
ent
.E.
g.f
ai
l
i
ngt
oset
t
l
eadebt
.
Ci
v
i
ll
aw
Sect
i
ons ofci
v
i
ll
aw Fami
l
yl
aw,Law ofCont
r
act
,Law ofTor
t
,l
and Law and
Empl
oy
mentl
aw
LawofTor
t
-Thi
si
spr
i
v
at
eorci
v
i
l
wr
ongf
orwhi
cht
hewr
ongedper
sonmaygetr
edr
ess
i
nacour
tofl
aw.
COMPARI
SONBETWEENACRI
MI
NALCASEANDACI
VI
LCASE
CRI
MI
NALCASE
CI
VI
LCASE
Af
f
ect
st
hewhol
ecommuni
t
yhencei
t Af
f
ect
s i
ndi
v
i
dual
s: I
ti
s r
ecor
ded
i
sr
ecor
dedPeopl
eVsPhi
r
i
MwansaVsTembo
Ai
mi
st
opuni
shorr
ef
or
mt
heof
f
ender Ai
m i
st
o compensat
et
he wr
onged
per
son
Casei
nst
i
t
ut
edbyt
heDi
r
ect
orofPubl
i
c Casei
nst
i
t
ut
edbyt
hewr
ongedper
son
Pr
osecut
i
ons
Ser
i
ouswr
ongact
Lessser
i
ouswr
ongf
ulact
Concer
ned wi
t
h t
he dut
i
es t
hat a Concer
ned wi
t
hr
i
ght
s and dut
i
es of
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
97
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
per
sonowet
ot
hesoci
et
y
.
ci
t
i
zens
Caseendsi
nsent
enci
ngt
heof
f
ender
Caseendsi
nawar
di
ngdamagest
ot
he
wr
ongedper
son
Case must be pr
ov
en bey
ond Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
i
t
yappl
i
es
r
easonabl
edoubt
Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
i
t
y
 Thi
smeanst
hatwhent
wopar
t
i
est
al
kaboutt
hesamet
hi
ng(
i
nci
dent
)butar
e
say
i
ngdi
f
f
er
entt
hi
ngs,
t
henoneoft
hem i
snott
el
l
i
ngt
het
r
ut
h.
 Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
i
t
ydet
er
mi
neswhoi
st
el
l
i
ngt
het
r
ut
h.
LEGALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONSANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS
LEGI
SLATURE.
 Thi
si
soneoft
heor
gansoft
hegov
er
nmentt
hati
schar
gedwi
t
hmaki
ngofl
aws
f
ort
henat
i
on.I
ti
st
hehi
ghestl
awmaki
ngbody
.
 Lawsar
emadet
hr
oughmember
sofpar
l
i
amentwhor
epr
esentt
hepeopl
ei
n
const
i
t
uenci
es.
 Al
lt
hest
at
ut
es,
r
ul
eandr
egul
at
i
onswhi
char
eenf
or
cedbycour
t
s,
pol
i
ceandt
he
execut
i
v
ear
emadebyt
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
e.
THEZAMBI
APOLI
CESERVI
CE
 Thi
si
st
hemosti
mpor
t
anti
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
heZambi
anl
egalsy
st
em.Thepol
i
ce
hav
et
het
askofmai
nt
ai
ni
ngl
awandor
dert
opr
eser
v
el
i
f
e,pr
ot
ectpr
oper
t
yand
mai
nt
ai
npubl
i
cpeace.
 Theyar
r
estl
awbr
eaker
sandpr
osecut
et
hem andwor
kcl
osel
ywi
t
ht
hecour
t
sof
l
aw.
THEEXECUTI
VE
 Thi
si
st
hel
egali
nst
i
t
ut
i
ont
hati
schar
gedwi
t
ht
her
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yofenf
or
cement
ofl
aws.
 I
ti
sal
egali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onbecauset
hepr
esi
dentheadsi
tandhaspower
st
omake
l
awsbyv
i
r
t
ueofhi
spr
er
ogat
i
v
epower
s.Pr
er
ogat
i
v
epower
sar
especi
alpower
s
andpr
i
v
i
l
egesgi
v
ent
ot
hepr
esi
dent
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
98
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Thi
sor
ganmakesl
awst
hr
oughcabi
netmi
ni
st
er
swhoar
emember
soft
he
execut
i
v
et
hr
ough st
at
ut
or
yi
nst
r
ument
s ordel
egat
ed subsi
di
ar
yl
egi
sl
at
i
v
e
power
s.
THECOURTSYSTEM.
 Cour
t
sdeal
wi
t
hal
l
ar
east
odowi
t
ht
hel
awi
nt
hecount
r
yandf
or
mt
heJudi
ci
ar
y
.
 TheJudi
ci
ar
ywor
kswi
t
hot
herl
egali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onssuchast
hepol
i
ce,
Pr
i
son,
of
f
i
ce
oft
heDi
r
ect
orofpubl
i
cpr
osecut
i
onsandt
heLegal
pr
of
essi
on.
TYPESOFCOURTSI
NZAMBI
A
LOCALCOURTS
Theyar
eest
abl
i
shedbyanactofpar
l
i
ament
,
t
hel
ocal
Actcap29oft
hel
awsofZambi
a.
 Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesofl
ocalcour
t
s,
Gr
adeAandGr
adeB.Gr
adi
ngi
sdonebyt
he
mi
ni
st
erofJust
i
ceandar
epr
esi
dedov
erbyt
hepr
esi
di
ng.
 Localcour
t
s onl
y hearci
v
i
lcases t
hatoccuri
nt
hei
rgeogr
aphi
calar
eas
especi
al
l
yt
hoset
odowi
t
hAf
r
i
cancust
omar
yl
aw.
THEMAGI
STRATEORSUBORDI
NATECOURTS.
 They ar
ef
ound ev
er
y
wher
ei
n Zambi
a and wher
e est
abl
i
shed undert
he
subor
di
nat
ecour
t
sActcap23oft
hel
awsofZambi
a.
Cl
assofsubor
di
nat
ecour
t
s(
or
derofseni
or
i
t
y
.
)
Cl
assI
I
I
,Cl
assI
IandCl
assI
.
 Cl
ass Imagi
st
r
at
es ar
ef
ur
t
herdi
v
i
ded i
nt
o Resi
dent
,pr
i
nci
pl
e and Seni
or
Magi
st
r
at
es.Thepr
i
nci
pl
emagi
st
r
at
ei
smor
eseni
orofal
l
.
 Thepr
osecut
i
onandt
hedef
ensear
esupposedt
of
ol
l
owst
r
i
ctr
ul
esofpr
ocedur
e
i
nt
hi
scour
t
.
THEHI
GHCOURT.
 Theyar
ef
oundi
nal
lpr
ov
i
nci
alcapi
t
al
sofZambi
aandhav
eor
i
gi
nalunl
i
mi
t
ed
power
s(
Jur
i
sdi
ct
i
ons)
.
 Theycan hearanycase such as di
v
or
ce,el
ect
i
on pet
i
t
i
ons,Human r
i
ght
s
appl
i
cat
i
on,
t
r
easont
r
i
al
sorpr
oceedi
ngoft
heHabeascor
pus.
 Thi
scour
ti
sal
soknownast
hecour
tofFi
r
stI
nst
anceorappel
l
at
ecour
t
s
becauset
heyhearappeal
casesf
r
om t
hesubor
di
nat
ecour
t
s.
 Thesear
ecour
t
swhi
char
eusual
l
ypr
esi
dedbypusi
nej
udges(
j
uni
orj
udges)
who ar
e appoi
nt
ed byt
he pr
esi
dentaf
t
err
ecommendat
i
on byt
he Judi
ci
al
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
99
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Ser
v
i
ceCommi
ssi
on.
 Onceappoi
nt
ed,t
heycanonl
yber
emov
edbyf
el
l
owJudgeswhosetupat
hr
ee
mant
r
i
bunal
.
 Thi
si
susual
l
yongr
oundsofgr
ossi
ndi
sci
pl
i
ne,ment
aldi
sor
derorPhy
si
cali
l
l
heal
t
horf
ai
l
ur
et
oper
f
or
mf
unct
i
on.I
nt
hi
scour
ti
ti
sadv
i
sabl
et
ober
epr
esent
ed
byal
awy
er
.
 Ther
ei
sneedt
ohav
eal
awy
erwhoi
spr
ov
i
dedbyt
hegov
er
nmenti
ncasewher
e
onecannotaf
f
or
dt
ohi
r
eone.Thi
si
sknownasLegalAi
d.
THEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURTS.
 Thi
si
st
hecour
tt
hathandl
esonl
yi
ndust
r
i
almat
t
er
swhi
chdealwi
t
hempl
oy
ee
andempl
oy
err
el
at
i
ons.
 I
ti
sgui
dedbyempl
oy
mentActcap268oft
hel
awsofZambi
aandi
sont
he
samel
ev
el
wi
t
ht
heHi
ghcour
tandappeal
sf
r
om i
tgot
ot
heSupr
emeCour
t
.
 Lawy
er
sar
eal
l
owedt
or
epr
esentt
hei
rcl
i
ent
s.
THESUPREMECOURT.
 I
ti
st
hehi
ghestcour
tofappeali
nZambi
aest
abl
i
shedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tAct
andRepubl
i
canConst
i
t
ut
i
on.
 I
ti
sheadedbychi
efJust
i
cewhoi
sassi
st
edbyot
herni
nej
udges.I
ti
snotat
r
i
al
cour
t
,
unl
esst
hecasei
sapr
esi
dent
i
al
el
ect
i
onpet
i
t
i
on.
 I
thear
sappeal
sonquest
i
onsofl
awot
hert
hanquest
i
onsoff
act
s.I
tsi
t
smai
nl
y
i
nLusakabuthol
dssessi
onsi
nKi
t
we,
Ndol
a,
andKabwe.
 Forconv
eni
ence,
i
tmeet
si
nKabwet
ohearappeal
sofcondemnedpr
i
soner
swho
ar
eatMukobekoMaxi
mum pr
i
son.
THECONSTI
TUTI
ONALCOURT.
 TheConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
cour
ti
satt
hesamel
ev
el
i
nr
anki
ngwi
t
ht
heSupr
emeCour
t
.
 I
thandl
est
wocases:
 ThePr
esi
dent
i
al
El
ect
i
onPet
i
t
i
on
 Appeal
sofHumanRi
ght
sCasesf
r
om t
heHi
ghCour
t
.
THESTRUCTUREOFTHECOURTSYSTEM I
NZAMBI
A.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
100
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
LOCALCOURT
↓
MAGI
STRATEORSUBORDI
NATECOURT
↓
HI
GHCOURT↔ I
NDUSTRI
ALRELAI
ONSCOURT
↓
SUPREMECOURT↔ CONSTI
TUTI
ONALCOURT
THELEGALPROFFESSI
ON.
 Thi
si
sabodyofl
egalpr
act
i
t
i
oner
scommonl
ycal
l
ed l
awy
er
swho r
ecei
v
e
t
r
ai
ni
ngf
r
om t
heUni
v
er
si
t
yofZambi
aorot
herUni
v
er
si
t
i
esout
si
det
hecount
r
y
.
 Lawy
er
scanonl
ybeal
l
owedt
opr
act
i
cewhent
heyhav
ebeenadmi
t
t
edt
ot
heBar
af
t
erpassi
ngt
heexami
nat
i
ons.Exami
nat
i
onsar
esetbyZambi
aI
nst
i
t
ut
eof
Adv
ancedLegal
Educat
i
on
 Br
i
t
ai
n,t
hel
egalpr
of
essi
oni
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
wobr
anches:Bar
r
i
st
er
swhoappear
i
nhi
ghercour
t
sandsol
i
ci
t
or
swhopr
act
i
cei
nl
owercour
t
s.
 I
nZambi
a,
t
het
wobr
anchesar
ef
usedi
nt
ooneandl
awy
er
sar
ecal
l
edAdv
ocat
es
ORGANI
SATI
ONSTHATPROMOTEJUSTI
CE
LEGALRESOURCESFOUNDATI
ON.
 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1991andbecameoper
at
i
onal
i
n1993.
 I
ti
sanonpr
of
i
tmaki
ngor
gani
zat
i
ont
hatwor
kst
opr
omot
eHumanr
i
ght
s
t
hr
oughpr
ov
i
di
ngl
egal
Adv
i
ceandLi
t
i
gat
i
on.
I
tof
f
er
st
hef
ol
l
owi
ngser
v
i
ces:
 Fr
eel
egal
adv
i
cer
epr
esent
at
i
ont
ot
hoset
hatconsul
tt
hem
 Legal
assi
st
ancet
ot
hoset
hatar
er
ef
er
r
edt
ot
hem.
 Legal
adv
i
cet
oal
l
whoseeki
t
NATI
ONALLEGALAI
DCLI
NI
CFORWOMEN.
 I
twasf
or
medasapr
oj
ectundert
hewomen’
scommi
t
t
eeoft
heLawassoci
at
i
on
ofZambi
a.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
101
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1990t
opr
ov
i
deaf
f
or
dabl
eLegalAi
dt
owomenandchi
l
dr
en
f
r
om mar
gi
nal
i
zedsoci
al
sect
orI
tal
soof
f
er
scounsel
i
ngandl
egal
educat
i
on.
WOMENI
NLAW I
NSOUTHERNAFRI
CA.(
WI
LSA)
 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1989t
oi
mpr
ov
et
hel
egalposi
t
i
onofwomeni
nsout
her
n
Af
r
i
canCount
r
i
es.
 Theor
gani
zat
i
onal
sopr
ov
i
desl
egaladv
i
ceandl
i
t
i
gat
i
ont
ov
ul
ner
abl
epeopl
ei
n
soci
et
yespeci
al
l
yi
nWomen.
CI
TI
ZENSADVI
CEBUREAU(
CAB)–LAW ASSOCI
ATI
ONOFZAMBI
A.
I
ti
sabr
anchoft
heLawassoci
at
i
onofZambi
aandi
tof
f
er
sf
r
eeadv
i
ceandl
i
t
i
gat
i
onon
aPr
obonobasi
s
 Pr
obonoi
sf
r
eeadv
i
cet
hatev
er
yl
awy
erwhoi
samemberofLawAssoci
at
i
on
Zambi
ai
sobl
i
gedt
oof
f
eraspar
toft
hel
egalpr
of
essi
onal
’
sser
v
i
cet
ot
he
communi
t
y
.
LEGALAI
DCLI
NI
C,
SCHOOLOFLAW UNI
VERSI
TYOFZAMBI
A.
 TheSchoolofLawoft
heUni
v
er
si
t
yofZambi
ahasi
t
sownLegal
Ai
dCl
i
ni
cwhi
ch
of
f
er
sl
egal
adv
i
ce.
 Four
t
hy
earl
awst
udent
s,
of
f
er
sl
egaladv
i
ce.Sessi
onsar
ehel
di
nt
heaf
t
er
noon
whent
heUni
v
er
si
t
yi
si
nsessi
on.
YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)
.
 I
ti
snon-pr
of
i
tmaki
ngChr
i
st
i
anor
gani
zat
i
ondedi
cat
edt
oempower
mentof
womenbymaki
ngt
hem knowst
hei
rr
i
ght
s,
dut
i
esandr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esi
nsoci
et
y
.
 I
tof
f
er
sf
r
eel
egaladv
i
ceoni
ssuest
odowi
t
hi
nher
i
t
ance,pr
oper
t
ygr
abbi
ng,
mai
nt
enance,phy
si
calv
i
ol
ence,ment
alabuse,Sexualabuse,chi
l
dabuseand
ot
herl
egal
mat
t
er
s.
ZAMBI
ACI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONASSOCI
ATI
ON(
ZCEA)
 I
ti
sanon-pr
of
i
tmaki
ngor
gani
zat
i
ont
hatwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1993.
 I
tpr
omot
esandpr
ot
ect
schi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
st
hr
oughci
v
i
ceducat
i
onandof
f
er
s
f
r
eel
egal
adv
i
cet
ov
ul
ner
abl
egr
oupsi
nsoci
et
y
.
CARI
TASZAMBI
A
 I
tr
unsl
egal
adv
i
ceDesksunderi
t
sJust
i
cePr
ogr
ams.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
102
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
ti
sf
oundi
nal
lCat
hol
i
cDi
oceseswi
t
hi
nt
hecount
r
yandof
f
er
sl
egaladv
i
cet
o
v
ul
ner
abl
epeopl
e.
WOMENI
NLAW ANDDEVELOPMENTI
NAFRI
CA(
WI
LDAF)
 I
ti
sapanAf
r
i
cannon-gov
er
nment
alor
gani
zat
i
onwhi
cht
r
i
est
opr
omot
ea
cul
t
ur
ef
ort
heexer
ci
seofandr
espectf
orwomen’
sr
i
ght
si
nAf
r
i
cancount
r
i
es.
 I
tof
f
er
sl
egal
adv
i
cet
ov
ul
ner
abl
emember
sofSoci
et
y
.
RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTI
NAPRETRI
ALPROCEDURE
 Ther
i
ghtt
ol
i
ber
t
yi
sguar
ant
eedf
ori
nar
t
i
cl
e13oft
heconst
i
t
ut
i
on.Howev
er
,
some oft
he r
i
ght
s can be t
aken awayf
r
om a per
son who i
sr
easonabl
y
suspect
edofhav
i
ngcommi
t
t
edanof
f
ence.
 I
nt
hi
si
nst
ance,t
hel
i
ber
t
yofasuspectwi
l
lbet
akenawayt
hr
ought
heactof
Appr
ehensi
onorar
r
est
.
 Appr
ehensi
on:Thi
si
swhensomeonei
st
akeni
nt
ocust
odywi
t
houtawar
r
ant
 Ar
r
est
:Thi
si
swhensomeonei
st
akeni
nt
ocust
odywi
t
houtawar
r
ant
 Tr
i
al
:
Thi
si
sexami
nat
i
onofi
nv
est
i
gat
i
oni
n
 Der
ogat
i
ons:Thesear
eexcept
i
ons’t
ot
her
ul
eespeci
al
l
yt
ot
heenj
oy
mentof
r
i
ght
sandf
r
eedomsoft
heper
son.
ARRESTWI
THOUTWARRANT
 Suspect
sshoul
donl
ybear
r
est
eduponpol
i
ceof
f
i
cer
spr
oduci
ngawar
r
antof
ar
r
estunl
ess
Theaccusedwasseencommi
t
t
i
ngacogni
zabl
eof
f
ence
 Cogni
zabl
eof
f
encei
sanof
f
encet
hatcanbeseenasacr
i
me,f
orexampl
e,
unl
awf
ul
assembl
y
,
bur
gl
ar
y
,
mansl
aught
er
.
 A per
son who i
s ar
r
est
ed wi
t
houta war
r
antshoul
d be br
oughtbef
or
ea
compet
entcour
twi
t
hi
nt
went
y
-f
ourhour
sorassoonasr
easonabl
ypr
act
i
cabl
e.
I
fnott
r
i
edbef
or
ear
easonabl
et
i
me,
heorsheshoul
dber
el
eased.
ARRESTWI
THAWARRANT
Cr
i
mesunderwhi
chaper
soncanbear
r
est
edwi
t
hawar
r
anti
ncl
ude:
 Al
l
owi
ngapr
i
sonerofwart
oescape
 Commonassaul
t
 Cor
r
upt
i
on
 Def
amat
i
onofChar
act
er
 Deser
t
i
onofchi
l
dr
enbyapar
ent
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
103
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Fr
aud
DETENTI
ONFORQUESTI
ONI
NG
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hePol
i
cehav
enopowert
odet
ai
naper
sonf
orquest
i
oni
ng
unl
essheorshei
sar
r
est
edf
oracr
i
mi
nalof
f
enceandi
nf
or
medoft
her
easons
f
ordet
ent
i
on..
 Rel
at
i
v
esoft
heaccusedcoul
dsecur
ehi
sorherf
r
eedom t
hr
oughHabeas
Cor
pus.
 HabeasCor
pusi
sanor
derobt
ai
nedf
r
om t
hecour
t
sr
equi
r
i
ngaper
sonwhoi
si
n
det
ent
i
ont
obebr
oughtbef
or
eaJudgeorCour
t
s.
COMPENSATI
ONFORFALSEI
MPRI
SONMENT
 Thi
si
mpl
i
est
hataper
sonwhoi
sunl
awf
ul
l
yar
r
est
edordet
ai
nedcansuef
or
compensat
i
ont
hr
ought
hecour
t
sofl
aw.
 I
fi
tt
hepol
i
cet
hatf
al
sel
yi
mpr
i
sonedhi
m orher
,onecansuet
hest
at
et
hr
ough
t
heAt
t
or
neyGener
al
,
whoi
st
hegov
er
nment
sLegal
Adv
i
ser
.
I
NTERROGATI
ON
 Thi
si
sasi
t
uat
i
onwhent
hePol
i
ceaskt
heaccusedper
sonsomequest
i
onsona
par
t
i
cul
arcaseonwhi
chonei
sal
l
egedt
ohav
ecommi
t
t
ed.
 Thi
si
mpl
i
est
hatt
hepol
i
cear
enotal
l
owedt
oquest
i
onaper
sonwhomaybe
suspect
edofwr
ongdoi
ngandsuchper
sonsar
eundernoobl
i
gat
i
ont
oanswer
.
 Thepol
i
cehav
enor
i
ghtt
ousef
or
cet
odr
awoutst
at
ement
sf
r
om suspect
sand
t
or
t
ur
eofsuspect
si
snotal
l
owedunderanyci
r
cumst
ances.
JUDGES’
RULE
 Thi
sr
ul
er
equi
r
est
hepol
i
cet
oi
nf
or
mt
heaccusedofhi
sorherr
i
ghtt
or
emai
n
si
l
enti
ft
heysowi
shasanyst
at
ementt
heymakecanbeusedasev
i
dence
agai
nstt
hem dur
i
ngt
r
i
al
.
 Ther
ul
eal
sopr
ov
i
dest
hatt
heaccusedbeal
l
owedt
oconsul
twi
t
hl
awy
er
sor
ot
herl
egal
pr
act
i
t
i
oner
sev
enwhenpl
acedi
ncust
ody
.
THELAW OFBAI
L
 Thi
smeanst
hataper
sonar
r
est
ed,det
ai
nedorappear
i
ngbef
or
et
hecour
tmay
,
whi
l
ei
ncust
ody
,
oratanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngappl
yf
orbai
l
.
 Bai
li
sasum ofmoneypai
dbyaper
sonaccusedofwr
ongdoi
ngassecur
i
t
yt
hat
heorshewi
l
l
appearbef
or
et
hecour
tunt
i
l
t
hecasei
sdi
sposed
 Bai
lcanbesecur
edbypr
ov
i
di
ngt
woSur
et
i
es,whoar
eper
sonst
hatgobef
or
e
t
hecour
tt
osweart
hatt
heywi
l
lmakesur
et
hatt
heaccusedper
sondoesnotr
un
awayandt
hatheorshewi
l
lappeari
ncour
twhenev
erheorshei
sr
equi
r
edt
odo
so.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
104
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
ft
heaccusedi
sar
espect
abl
ememberofsoci
et
y
,heorshei
snotr
equi
r
edt
o
pr
ov
i
desur
et
i
esandcanbeadmi
t
t
edt
obai
l
i
nhi
sorhercogni
zance.
 Cogni
zance means bei
ng awar
e orhav
i
ng consci
ous knowl
edge on t
he
i
mpl
i
cat
i
onsofabscondi
ngf
r
om j
ust
i
ce.
RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTATTHETRI
ALSTAGE
Ther
ear
et
hr
eebasi
cpr
i
nci
pl
est
hatgui
det
hecr
i
mi
nalpr
ocedur
enamel
y
:
 Thedef
endanti
spr
esumedi
nnocentunt
i
l
t
hecour
tpr
ov
eshi
m orhergui
l
t
y
.
 TheBur
denofpr
oof
,whi
chi
st
hedut
yt
hatl
i
esont
hepr
osecut
i
ont
opr
ov
et
he
cr
i
mi
nal
al
l
egat
i
onagai
nstt
heaccused.
 I
ti
sbasedont
heaccept
edr
ul
e“
hewhoal
l
egesmustpr
ov
e”
 Thest
andar
dofpr
oof
,whi
chi
st
hemeasur
eoft
hepr
oofbr
oughtagai
nstt
he
accusedbey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt
.

I
ti
st
hewei
ghtoft
heev
i
dencet
hepr
osecut
i
onmustpr
oducei
nor
dert
o
est
abl
i
sht
heal
l
egedcr
i
me.
OTHERRI
GHTSOFASUSPECT.
FAI
RTRI
ALANDANI
MPARTI
ALJUDGE
 Theconst
i
t
ut
i
onpr
ov
i
dest
hatanyper
sonchar
gedwi
t
hacr
i
mi
nalof
f
enceshal
l
be af
f
or
ded a f
ai
rhear
i
ng wi
t
hi
nar
easonabl
et
i
me and an i
mpar
t
i
aland
i
ndependentcour
t
.
Pr
i
nci
pl
eofnat
ur
alJust
i
cest
at
est
hat
:
 Nooneshoul
dbeaj
udgei
nhi
sorhercase
 I
nacase,
bot
hsi
desmustbehear
d
RI
GHTTOASPEEDANDPUBLI
CTRI
AL
 Thi
smeanst
hatanaccusedper
sondet
ai
nedi
npol
i
cecust
odymustbet
r
i
edi
na
cour
tofl
awwi
t
hi
nf
our
t
eenday
sofhi
sorherar
r
est
.
 Thi
si
s because t
he j
ust
i
ce sy
st
em oper
at
es on t
he pr
i
nci
pl
et
hat“
Just
i
ce
del
ay
edi
sj
ustdeni
ed”whi
chmeansnotget
t
i
ngaspeedyt
r
i
ali
sasgoodasnot
get
t
i
ngj
ust
i
ce.
 Thel
ongdel
ayi
ndi
sposi
ngof
fcasesi
sasar
esul
tofdel
ay
si
nr
ecei
v
i
ngt
hef
i
at
f
r
om t
heDi
r
ect
orofpubl
i
cPr
osecut
i
ons(
DPP)
.
 Fi
ati
sacer
t
i
f
i
cat
eofi
nst
r
uct
i
onsf
r
om t
heDi
r
ect
orofPubl
i
cPr
osecut
i
onst
o
commenceTr
i
al
becauset
hedel
ay
si
nt
r
i
al
sunder
mi
net
heRul
eofl
awaspeopl
e
l
oseconf
i
dencei
nt
hej
ust
i
cesy
st
em
THERI
GHTTOSI
LENCE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
105
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
heaccusedhast
her
i
ghtt
or
emai
nsi
l
entbynott
aki
ngt
he
st
andi
nt
hewi
t
nessboxandgi
v
i
ngev
i
denceonoat
h.
 Theaccusedmayal
sodeci
det
ogi
v
eunswor
nst
at
ementf
r
om t
hedockwhi
chi
s
t
hesi
t
t
i
ngpl
acef
ort
heaccusedper
sonsi
nacr
i
mi
nal
cour
tpr
oceedi
ng.
PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTDOUBLEJEOPARDY
 Thi
smeanst
hatanaccusedper
soncannotbet
r
i
edagai
nf
oranof
f
encewhi
ch
heorshehasbeenacqui
t
t
ed.Forexampl
e,
aper
sonacqui
t
t
edofmur
dercannot
l
at
erbet
r
i
edonal
esserchar
geofmansl
aught
er
.
 Thepr
osecut
i
onshoul
ddeci
der
i
ghtatt
hebegi
nni
ngwhet
hert
ot
r
yt
heaccused
f
ormur
derormansl
aught
er
.
PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTEX-POSTFACTOLAW.
 Thi
smeanst
hati
faper
soncommi
t
sawr
ongf
ulactwhi
chatt
het
i
medoesnot
const
i
t
ut
eacr
i
me,
heorshecannotbet
r
i
edatal
at
erst
agewhenawr
ongf
ulact
becomesacr
i
me.
 I
tal
so meanst
hatal
aw cr
eat
i
ng acr
i
mi
nalof
f
encecannotbebackdat
ed
expr
essedi
nLat
i
nasExPostFact
oLaw.
THERI
GHTTOEXAMI
NEANDCROSSEXAMI
NEWI
TNESSES
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hedef
endanthast
her
i
ghtt
oquest
i
ont
hewi
t
nessespr
esent
ed
byt
hepr
osecut
i
onandexami
nehi
sorherownwi
t
nesses.
 I
ti
sdonebyquest
i
onandanswermet
hod.
THERI
GHTTOATTORNEY
 Thi
si
sar
i
ghtwhi
chanaccusedper
sonhast
ober
epr
esent
edbyal
awy
eri
fone
i
saccusedofof
f
encest
hatar
esupposedt
obet
r
i
edi
nt
heappel
l
antcour
t
s.
 Thi
si
sbecausei
nbot
ht
heCi
v
i
landCr
i
mi
nalt
r
i
al
si
nt
heZambi
anCour
t
sar
e
basedont
headv
er
sar
ypr
ocedur
e.
 Thi
si
s a sy
st
em wher
et
he pr
osecut
i
on and def
ense t
r
eateach ot
heras
opponent
sbutnotasenemi
esorapr
ocessofopposi
ngsi
dest
r
y
i
ngt
owi
n
agai
nstt
heot
herbet
weent
hePr
osecut
i
onandDef
enset
eams
RI
GHTTODEFENDONESELF
 Thi
si
saConst
i
t
ut
i
onalr
equi
r
ementt
hatt
heaccusedper
sonshoul
dbegi
v
en
enought
i
met
oconsul
tandpr
ov
i
def
orhi
sorherdef
ense.
 I
nr
eal
i
t
y
,
t
hi
sr
ar
el
yhappensast
heaccusedi
susual
l
yi
ncust
odyandnotgi
v
ena
chancet
ocol
l
ectev
i
denceandasar
esul
tt
hedef
ensemer
el
yr
eact
st
ot
he
pr
osecut
i
on’
swi
t
nesses.
 Ther
ei
snoi
ndependentquest
i
oni
ngofwi
t
nesses,v
i
si
t
st
ot
hesceneoft
he
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
106
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
cr
i
me,al
i
biwhi
chi
spr
ooft
hatt
heper
sonaccusedofacr
i
mewasi
nanot
her
pl
acef
r
om wher
et
hecr
i
met
ookpl
aceandt
hatt
heper
soncoul
dnothav
e
commi
t
t
edt
hecr
i
me.
RI
GHTSOFACONVI
CTEDPERSONATPOSTTRI
ALSTAGE
RI
GHTTOAPPEAL
 Thi
smeanst
hataconv
i
ct
edper
sonhast
her
i
ghtt
oappealt
ohi
ghercour
t
si
f
notsat
i
sf
i
edwi
t
ht
hedeci
si
onoft
hel
owercour
t
.
 Thi
si
st
omakesur
et
hatanyer
r
ort
hatmayhav
ebeenmadei
nt
hel
owercour
t
canbecor
r
ect
edbyanappel
l
antcour
tandaconv
i
ct
edper
soni
si
nf
or
medofhi
s
orherr
i
ghtt
oappeal
att
heendoft
r
i
al
.
OTHERRI
GHTSOFTHEACCUSED
Theconst
i
t
ut
i
onofZambi
aguar
ant
eest
hef
ol
l
owi
ngr
i
ght
st
ot
heaccused:
 Ther
i
ghtnott
obet
r
i
edf
oracr
i
mi
nalof
f
encef
orwhi
chonehasbeenpar
doned
byt
heHeadofSt
at
e
 Ther
i
ghtt
ohav
eani
nt
er
pr
et
eri
fonedoesnotunder
st
andt
hel
anguagebei
ng
useddur
i
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngs.
 Ther
i
ghtt
obegi
v
enacopyoft
her
ecor
doft
hepr
oceedi
ngsmadebyt
hecour
t
Wi
t
hi
nar
easonabl
et
i
meaf
t
erj
udgment
 Ther
i
ghtnott
obeconv
i
ct
edofacr
i
mi
nalof
f
enceunl
esst
hatof
f
encei
sdef
i
ned
andt
hepenal
t
ywr
i
t
t
eni
nl
aw.
PROCEDURESI
NTHECRI
MI
NALJUSTI
CEPROCESS
Thepr
ocedur
esi
nt
hecr
i
mi
nalj
ust
i
cepr
ocessr
ef
er
st
ot
hest
epsf
ol
l
owedi
nacr
i
mi
nal
pr
ocedur
easout
l
i
nedi
nt
hecr
i
mi
nalpr
ocedur
ecode,whi
chi
sal
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oast
he
C.
P.
Ci
nl
egal
t
er
ms.
Ar
r
est
 Thi
smeanswhent
heaccusedper
soni
st
akeni
nt
ocust
odywi
t
horwi
t
houta
war
r
ant
.
 I
ti
mpl
i
est
hatanaccusedper
sonmaybear
r
est
edwi
t
hawar
r
antobt
ai
nedf
r
om a
cour
tofl
aw f
orof
f
encesl
i
kepoachi
ngf
r
om r
est
r
i
ct
edar
easwhi
l
ecasesl
i
ke
t
hef
tal
l
owsar
r
estwi
t
houtawar
r
ant
.
Pl
ea
Thi
si
swhent
hechar
geagai
nstt
heaccusedi
sr
eadandi
ft
heaccusedadmi
t
s
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
107
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
t
heof
f
ence,t
henheorshei
ssai
dt
ohav
et
akenapl
eaofgui
l
t
ybuti
fheorshe
deni
est
hechar
get
henapl
eaofdeni
ali
st
akenwhi
chi
sal
socal
l
edapl
eaofnot
gui
l
t
y
.
Tr
i
al
 Thi
shast
hepr
osecut
i
onanddef
ensepar
t
st
oi
t
.Thepr
osecut
i
oncasei
swhen
t
hepr
osecut
i
oncal
l
st
hei
rwi
t
nessesknownasExami
nat
i
oni
nchi
ef
,whi
chi
s
meantt
obui
l
dt
hecaseagai
nstt
heaccused.
 Ont
heot
herhand,t
hedef
ensewi
l
lt
henbr
i
ngt
hei
rownwi
t
nessesknownas
Def
ensewi
t
nesseswhoseaccount
swi
l
l
bet
hedef
ense’
sexami
nat
i
oni
nchi
ef
.
Fi
nalsubmi
ssi
ons
Thi
sr
ef
er
st
oasi
t
uat
i
onwhenbot
ht
hedef
enseandpr
osecut
i
onaddr
essest
he
Magi
st
r
at
eort
heJudgewi
t
ht
hei
rst
r
ongpoi
nt
s.
Judgment
Thi
smeanswhent
hemagi
st
r
at
eorj
udgedel
i
v
er
st
hef
i
nalr
ul
i
ngorv
er
di
ctof
t
hecaseagai
nstt
heaccusedper
son.
Recor
dsofpr
ev
i
ousconv
i
ct
i
ons
Thi
si
swhent
hepr
osecut
orr
eadst
ot
hecour
tanypr
ev
i
ousconv
i
ct
i
onswhi
ch
t
hedef
endantcanei
t
heracceptorr
ej
ect(
deny
)
.
Mi
t
i
gat
i
on.
Thi
si
swhent
hedef
endantgi
v
esr
easonst
ot
heJudget
hatmaymaket
he
puni
shmentl
esssev
er
e(
l
eni
encypuni
shment
)
.
Sent
enci
ng
 Thi
si
swhent
hemagi
st
r
at
eorj
udgesent
encest
heaccusedper
son,gui
dedby
t
het
hr
eepr
i
nci
pl
esofsent
enci
ngwhi
chi
ncl
udes:
 Ret
r
i
but
i
onwhi
chmeanspuni
shi
ngt
heof
f
enderespeci
al
l
yi
nr
apecases.
 Det
er
r
ent
,whi
chmeanspuni
shmentmeantt
opr
ev
entt
heof
f
enderorot
her
,
woul
dbeof
f
ender
sf
r
om commi
t
t
i
ngt
hesameorsi
mi
l
arcr
i
me.
 Ref
or
mat
i
on orRehabi
l
i
t
at
i
on,whi
ch i
s puni
shmentmeantt
or
ef
or
m t
he
of
f
enderi
nor
dert
or
et
ur
nt
oadecentl
i
f
e,mai
nl
yappl
i
edt
oJuv
eni
l
eandf
i
r
st
of
f
ender
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
108
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
TYPESOFSENTENCES.
[
i
]Concur
r
entSent
ence
Thi
si
sonei
sser
v
edatt
hesamet
i
measanot
hersent
encei
mposedear
l
i
eroratt
he
samepr
oceedi
ng.
[
i
i
]Consecut
i
v
eorCumul
at
i
v
eSent
encei
sonewhi
ch
Def
endanthasbeen conv
i
ct
ed ofsev
er
alcount
s,each oneconst
i
t
ut
i
ng adi
st
i
nct
of
f
enceorcr
i
me,orwhenadef
endanthasbeenconv
i
ct
edofsev
er
alcr
i
mesatt
he
samet
i
me.
[
i
i
i
]
Li
f
eSent
ence
Thepr
i
sonerspendst
her
emai
nderoft
hei
rl
i
v
esi
npr
i
son.
[
i
v
]Mandat
or
ySent
ence
Thi
sonei
scr
eat
edbyt
hest
at
est
at
ut
eandr
epr
esent
st
her
ender
i
ngofapuni
shment
f
orwhi
chaj
udgehasnor
oom f
ordi
scr
et
i
on.
[
v
]Maxi
mum Sent
ence
I
tr
epr
esent
st
heout
erl
i
mi
tofapuni
shment
,
bey
ondwhi
chaconv
i
ct
edper
sonmaynot
behel
di
ncust
ody
.
[
v
i
]Mi
ni
mum Sent
ence
Thi
sonet
hatr
epr
esent
st
hemi
ni
mum puni
shmentort
i
meaconv
i
ct
edper
sonmust
spendi
npr
i
sonbef
or
ebecomi
ngel
i
gi
bl
ef
orr
el
ease.
[
v
i
i
]SuspendedSent
ence
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
109
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
I
tmeanswi
t
hhol
di
ngorpost
poni
ngofpr
onounci
ngasent
encef
ol
l
owi
ngaconv
i
ct
i
onor
post
poni
ngoft
heexecut
i
onofasent
enceaf
t
eri
thasbeenpr
onounced.
PROCEDURESI
NACI
VI
LCASE
Ther
ear
ef
i
v
et
y
pesofcour
t
si
nZambi
at
hatconductci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
enamel
y
:
 Local
Cour
t
s
 Magi
st
r
at
eorSubor
di
nat
eCour
t
s
 Hi
ghCour
t
s
 I
ndust
r
i
al
Rel
at
i
onsCour
t
 Supr
emeCour
t
 Const
i
t
ut
i
onal
Cour
t
CI
VI
LPROCEDUREI
NALOCALCOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
ei
sgener
al
l
yi
nf
or
malbecauset
heai
m oft
hepr
oceedi
ngi
st
o
admi
ni
st
ernecessar
yJust
i
ce.
 Thesecour
t
shav
enotadopt
edcompl
expr
ocedur
ebecausemostoft
hepeopl
e
who use t
hese cour
t
s ar
e not educat
ed t
o under
st
and compl
ex cour
t
pr
oceedi
ngs.
 Ci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
esi
nl
ocalcour
t
sst
ar
twi
t
hWr
i
tofSummonsObt
ai
nedf
r
om t
he
cour
tCl
er
kbyt
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,
aper
sonorper
sonswi
t
hacompl
ai
nt
.
 Thecour
tcl
er
ksf
i
l
li
nt
hepar
t
i
cul
ar
soft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fandt
hedef
endantort
he
accusedPer
son
 Thesummonsi
sser
v
edt
ot
hedef
endantathi
sorherr
esi
dent
i
aladdr
essanda
copyi
sl
ef
twi
t
ht
hedef
endant
.
CI
VI
LPROCEDUREI
NSUBORDI
NATECOURTS
 I
nt
hesecour
t
s,t
hepar
t
i
esi
nv
ol
v
ed ar
esupposed t
of
ol
l
ow st
r
i
ctr
ul
esof
pr
ocedur
e,whi
chbegi
nswi
t
ht
heser
v
i
ngoft
heWr
i
tofSummonsser
v
edont
he
def
endant
,
whoi
sexpect
edt
of
i
l
l
i
nt
heEnt
erofAppear
ance.
 Ent
erofappear
ancei
saf
or
mf
i
l
l
edbyt
heaccusedagr
eei
ngt
oappeari
ncour
tat
t
heappoi
nt
edt
i
meanddat
e
CI
VI
LPROCEDUREI
NAHI
GHCOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
ei
sf
or
malandt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fmustf
i
l
ei
nast
at
ementofcl
ai
m,
whi
ch
i
snotr
equi
r
edi
nt
hesubor
di
nat
ecour
t
.St
at
ementofcl
ai
mi
sadecl
ar
at
i
on
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
110
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020




st
at
i
ngt
hedemandoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
r
om t
hedef
endant
.
I
ti
sser
v
edt
oget
herwi
t
hawr
i
tofsummonsandt
hedef
endantf
i
l
l
si
nt
hecent
er
ofappear
ancet
oget
herwi
t
ht
hedef
ense.
Thi
si
sar
esponset
ot
hest
at
ementofcl
ai
m andt
heTr
i
alwi
l
lt
hent
akepl
ace
l
eadi
ngupt
ot
hef
i
nal
submi
ssi
onandj
udgment
.
I
ft
hecaseofacl
ai
mi
sknown,awar
r
antofdi
st
r
esswi
l
lbeser
v
edont
he
def
endantt
oseal
t
hej
udgment
.
Ther
e ar
e cases t
hat come bef
or
et
he hi
gh cour
tt
hat ar
e hear
d i
n
chamber
s,
[
pr
i
v
at
e]whi
chi
st
heof
f
i
ceoft
hej
udge.
Someoft
hecasest
hatar
ecl
assi
f
i
edaschambermat
t
er
si
ncl
ude:
 Uncont
est
edmar
r
i
agedi
v
or
ceact
i
ons
 Appl
i
cat
i
onf
oranor
derofv
acat
i
oni
npr
oper
t
yr
epossessi
on
 Appl
i
cat
i
onf
oror
derofcompanydi
ssol
ut
i
onal
soknownasl
i
qui
dat
i
on
 Appl
i
cat
i
onf
ormai
nt
enancei
ncaseofadi
v
or
cedspouseandchi
l
dr
en
PROCEDUREI
NTHEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURT
Thi
scour
thandl
esonl
yi
ndust
r
i
almat
t
er
s,whi
chmat
t
er
sar
eper
t
ai
ni
ngt
oempl
oy
ee
andempl
oy
err
el
at
i
ons.
CI
VI
LPROCEDUREI
NSUPREMECOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
ei
ssi
mi
l
art
ot
hatf
oundi
nt
hehi
ghcour
texceptt
hatt
hesupr
eme
Cour
tdoesnotconductt
r
i
al
sbecausei
thear
sappeal
s;
hence.(
Cour
tofAppeal
)
.
CAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
 Capi
t
alPuni
shmenti
st
he Deat
h Penal
t
ywhi
ch i
mpl
i
est
he t
aki
ng awayof
someone’
sl
i
f
eandaper
sonwhoi
ssent
encedt
odeat
hbecomesacondemned
per
son.
 Theyar
ecal
l
edcondemnedbecauset
heypayf
ort
hecr
i
met
heycommi
t
t
edwi
t
h
t
hei
rl
i
v
eswhi
chi
st
heul
t
i
mat
epuni
shmentt
hatcanbemet
edoutonahuman
bei
ng.
 I
ti
sr
ef
er
r
edt
oasPuni
shmentbey
ondpuni
shment
.
SOMEMETHODSOFEXECUTI
ONI
NCLUDE:
Hangi
ng:
Thenecki
sbr
okenanddeat
hcomesqui
ckl
yunl
esst
hef
r
ee-f
al
l.
Whi
chi
sadi
st
ance
cal
cul
at
edaccor
di
ngt
ot
hewei
ghtandhei
ghtoft
hecondemnedper
son,
i
snotaccur
at
e?
El
ect
r
i
cchai
r
 Thi
si
st
hechai
rwi
r
edupwi
t
hel
ect
r
odesandacondemnedper
soni
sst
r
apped
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
111
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
i
nwi
t
hel
ect
r
i
ccabl
esar
oundt
heankl
es,
ar
msandhead.
 Thenanamountofel
ect
r
i
calv
ol
t
agei
sr
unt
hr
oughhi
sorherbodyenought
o
ki
l
l
hi
m orher
.
Fi
r
i
ngSquad:
Thepr
i
soneri
sshor
tt
hr
ought
hehear
tbymanyshoot
er
sanddeat
h
comesqui
ckl
y
.
Let
halI
nj
ect
i
on:Let
haldr
ugsar
ei
nj
ect
edi
nt
ot
hecondemnedper
son’
sbody
whoi
sst
r
appedt
oabed.
 Beheadi
ng/Gui
l
l
ot
i
ne:Thi
si
swhent
heheadi
scutof
fbyashar
pmet
alwhi
ch
sawst
hr
ought
heneckoft
hepr
i
soner
.
 St
oni
ng:Thepr
i
soneri
spel
t
edwi
t
hr
ocksandbi
gst
onesunt
i
lt
heyev
ent
ual
l
ydi
e
anddeat
hi
ssl
owandpai
nf
ul
.
 Cr
uci
f
i
xi
on:Thi
smet
hodwasusedi
nt
heki
l
l
i
ngofJesusChr
i
st
.I
twasamet
hod
t
h
f
av
or
edbyt
heRomansandwasabol
i
shedi
nt
he4 Cent
ur
y
.
 Bei
ngf
edal
i
v
et
owi
l
dani
mal
s
 Bei
ngr
i
ppedapar
tbyhor
sesr
unni
ngi
nopposi
t
edi
r
ect
i
ons
 Bei
ngt
hr
ownf
r
om apeakoft
hemount
ai
n
 Bei
ngdr
owned.
ARGUMENTSAGAI
NSTCAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
Peopl
ewhoadv
ocat
ef
ort
heabol
i
t
i
onoft
heDeat
hPenal
t
yar
ecal
l
edAbol
i
t
i
oni
st
s
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
ypr
omot
est
heaccept
anceofv
i
ol
encebysoci
et
ybecauset
he
gov
er
nmentwhi
chi
ssupposedt
ouphol
dt
hesanct
i
t
yanddi
gni
t
yofl
i
f
eal
so
commi
t
sav
i
ol
entactagai
nstt
heper
sont
heyexecut
e
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
yi
sav
i
ol
at
i
onoft
heuni
t
edNat
i
onsHumanRi
ght
s,
Ri
ghtt
ol
i
f
e,
whi
chi
saf
undament
al
humanr
i
ght
 Despi
t
et
hedeat
hpenal
t
ybei
ngt
her
ef
r
om t
i
mei
mmemor
i
al
,
i
thasnotpr
ev
ent
ed
ot
herpeopl
ef
r
om commi
t
t
i
ng Mur
derand ot
herser
i
ous cr
i
mes t
hatar
e
puni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
 I
ti
si
r
r
ev
ocabl
eandt
her
i
skofexecut
i
ngani
nnocentper
soni
sal
way
st
her
e.
Hi
st
or
yhaspr
ov
edt
hatev
ent
hemostsophi
st
i
cat
edLegalsy
st
emsi
nt
hewor
l
d
ar
enothundr
edper
centper
f
ectandst
udi
eshav
eshownt
hati
nnocentpeopl
e
hav
ebeenexecut
ed.
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
yi
sasy
mpt
om ofacul
t
ur
eofv
i
ol
ence,notasol
ut
i
ont
oi
tand
t
hatci
v
i
l
i
zedsoci
et
y
’
st
aski
st
omai
nt
ai
nasy
st
em ofj
ust
i
cebasedonpur
el
y
l
awsnotemot
i
ons.
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
yi
sanespeci
al
l
ybr
ut
al
andcol
dbl
oodedf
or
m ofki
l
l
i
ngbecause
t
her
ei
snopassi
onorhear
t
,
oft
hemomenti
nv
ol
v
edi
nt
hepr
ocess.
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
ymaymaket
er
r
or
i
stmar
t
y
r
si
nt
heey
esoft
hei
rsuppor
t
er
s
 Rat
hert
hant
hedeat
hpenal
t
y
,soci
et
yshoul
dbegi
nl
ooki
ngi
nt
ot
hemot
i
v
esof
t
heki
l
l
er
sandpr
essur
est
hati
tput
st
hem t
hr
ough.Forexampl
e,
t
her
easont
hat
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
112
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
i
nmostcasesofmur
der
,
t
hemur
der
eri
sr
el
at
edt
ot
hev
i
ct
i
m.
ARGUMENTSFORCAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
Peopl
ewhosuppor
tt
heDeat
hpenal
t
yar
ecal
l
eddef
ender
s.
 Taki
nganof
f
ender
’
sl
i
f
ei
samor
esev
er
epuni
shmentt
hanapr
i
sonsent
ence
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
ywi
l
lpr
ev
entf
ut
ur
ewoul
dbeof
f
ender
snott
ocommi
tt
hecr
i
me
andt
heexecut
edper
sononbei
ngr
emov
edf
r
om soci
et
y
,wi
l
lnotcommi
tt
he
sameof
f
enceorsi
mi
l
arof
f
enceagai
n.
 Wi
t
houtt
hedeat
hpenal
t
y
,
t
her
ei
snosuf
f
i
ci
entpuni
shmentt
omet
eoutt
ot
hose
ser
v
i
ngal
i
f
esent
encei
npr
i
soni
ft
heydeci
dedt
oki
l
lanot
herper
sonwhi
l
ei
n
pr
i
son.
 Thedeat
hpenal
t
yhasBi
bl
i
calor
i
gi
nsi
nGenesi
s9:
6whi
chr
eads:Whososheds
aman’
sbl
ood,
bymanshal
l
hi
sbl
oodbeshed;
mani
smadei
nt
hei
mageofGod.
 Puni
shmentshoul
df
i
tt
hecr
i
me;t
her
ef
or
e,i
tf
ol
l
owst
hati
faper
sonmur
der
s
anot
herper
son,
t
heyshoul
dal
sobeputt
odeat
h.
 Soci
et
yhasadut
yt
oki
l
li
nsel
f
def
enseofi
t
smember
sandt
hatt
hedeat
h
penal
t
yhasheal
i
ngef
f
ect
sont
her
el
at
i
v
esoft
heof
f
ender
’
sv
i
ct
i
m ast
heyget
t
hepeaceofmi
ndt
hr
oughdeat
h.
 I
tpr
ot
ect
sci
v
i
l
i
ansand pol
i
ce f
r
om bei
ng i
ndi
scr
i
mi
nat
el
ymur
der
ed and i
t
expr
essessoci
et
y
’
st
ot
al
sur
r
enderofmur
der
 Rev
engei
sanat
ur
alhumanemot
i
ont
her
ef
or
e;t
hel
aw shoul
dbebasedonan
ey
ef
orey
eandt
oot
hf
ort
oot
h.
 Li
f
ei
mpr
i
sonmenti
snotpuni
shmentenoughf
orki
l
l
er
sandbesi
dessomepeopl
e
ser
v
i
ngl
i
f
esent
encesar
epar
donedandi
nnot
i
mear
ebackont
hest
r
eet
swher
e
t
heyki
l
l
agai
n.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1.Def
i
nel
egal
sy
st
em.
2.Out
l
i
neel
ement
sofagoodl
egal
sy
st
em.
3.Ment
i
onf
i
v
e(
5)sour
cesofl
awi
nZambi
a.
4.Whatdoy
ouunder
st
andbycr
i
mi
nal
cases?
5.Whati
sacr
i
me?
6.Expl
ai
nt
het
woel
ement
sofev
er
ycr
i
me?
7.Whatar
et
het
wocl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofacr
i
me?
8.St
at
esomeoft
hel
egal
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
oni
nZambi
aandt
hei
rf
unct
i
on.
9.Wr
i
t
edownt
hef
ourl
ev
el
sofcour
t
si
nZambi
a.
10.
Descr
i
besomeor
gani
zat
i
onst
hatpr
omot
ej
ust
i
ce.
11.
Compar
eci
v
i
l
andcr
i
mi
nal
case.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
113
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
GENDEREQUI
TYANDgenderEqual
i
t
y
.
Genderi
sdef
i
nedassoci
al
l
yconst
r
uct
edandv
ar
y
i
ngr
ol
est
hatmenandwomenpl
ayi
n
t
hei
rdai
l
yl
i
v
es.
EQUALI
TY
Thi
si
sapr
i
nci
pl
et
hatconsi
der
sgi
v
i
ngt
hesamet
r
eat
mentt
obot
hmenandwomen,
boy
sandgi
r
l
si
nsoci
et
yi
nal
l
sect
or
soft
heeconomy
.
GENDEREQUI
TY
I
ti
st
hePr
ocessbywhi
chwomenandmenar
et
r
eat
edf
ai
r
l
yi
naccor
dancet
ot
hei
r
r
espect
i
v
eneedsi
nsoci
et
y
.
GENDEREQUALI
TY
Thi
si
saconceptst
at
est
hatal
lhumanbei
ngst
hati
s,gi
r
l
sandboy
s,womenandmen
ar
ef
r
eet
odev
el
opt
hei
rper
sonal
abi
l
i
t
i
eswi
t
houtl
i
mi
t
at
i
onssetbysoci
et
y
AFFI
RMATI
VEACTI
ON(
POSI
TI
VEDI
SCRI
MI
NATI
ON.
)
I
ti
sapol
i
cywi
t
hspeci
almeasur
eswhi
char
eai
medatcr
eat
i
ngast
at
eofequi
t
y
bet
weenf
emal
esandmal
est
hr
ought
hei
mpl
ement
at
i
onofpol
i
ci
esandpr
ogr
ams.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
114
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
GENDEREQUALI
TY
Thi
si
saconceptwhi
chst
at
est
hatal
l
humanbei
ngst
hati
s;
womenandmenar
ef
r
eet
o
dev
el
opt
hei
rper
sonal
abi
l
i
t
i
eswi
t
houtl
i
mi
t
at
i
onssetbysoci
et
y
.
GENDERGAP
Thi
si
sameasur
eofi
nequal
i
t
yi
nanypar
t
i
cul
arsoci
al
economi
ci
ndi
cat
orandmay be
t
hedi
f
f
er
encei
nanyaspectofsoci
al
-economi
cst
at
usofmenandwomen.
STEREOTYPE
I
tmeanst
hatdi
f
f
er
entbehav
i
orandaspi
r
at
i
onsofal
lhumanbei
ngsar
econsi
der
ed,
v
al
uedandf
l
av
or
edequal
l
y
.
GENDERROLES
GenderRol
esar
el
ear
ntbehav
i
ori
nt
hegi
v
ensoci
et
y
.Thesear
esubscr
i
bedf
unct
i
on
act
i
v
i
t
i
eswhi
char
eper
cei
v
edasmal
eorf
emal
e.
 Theyar
ei
nf
l
uencedbycul
t
ur
epol
i
t
i
cal
,economi
candr
el
i
gi
ous,age,cl
assand
r
aci
al
f
act
or
s.Genderr
ol
esar
edy
nami
c;
t
heychangef
r
om t
i
met
ot
i
me.
Genderr
ol
es:

Busi
nessEnt
er
pr
i
se

Wat
erResour
ceManagement

Far
mi
ng

Gat
her
i
ng

Tour
i
sm

Cr
af
t
swor
k

Env
i
r
onmentManagement
Speci
f
i
cr
ol
esassi
gnedbysoci
et
y
:
MEN

At
t
endi
ngofsoci
al
andpol
i
t
i
cal
meet
i
ngs.

Cat
t
l
er
ear
i
ng

Bushcl
ear
i
ngandf
el
l
i
ngt
r
ees

Hunt
i
ng

Keydeci
si
onmaker
sonf
ar
mi
ngact
i
v
i
t
i
es.
Women




heal
t
hcar
epr
ov
i
der
s
Foodpr
epar
at
i
on
Pot
t
er
ymaki
ng
Matandbasketweav
i
ng.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
115
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020


Cr
ophar
v
est
i
ng
That
chi
nggr
asshar
v
est
i
ng.
SEXROLES
Sexi
st
hebi
ol
ogi
calt
er
m whi
chr
ef
er
st
ot
heexcl
usi
v
ephy
si
ol
ogi
caldef
er
encebet
ween
f
emal
esandmal
es.
Sexr
ol
esar
et
her
ef
or
er
ol
eswhi
chf
emal
esandmal
esper
f
or
m ont
hebasi
soft
hei
r
r
epr
oduct
i
v
eandbi
ol
ogi
cal
makeup.
SEXROLESSTEREOTYPE.
Thi
si
sabel
i
eft
hatmal
esandf
emal
esbyv
i
r
t
ueoft
hei
rsexper
f
or
m cer
t
ai
nr
ol
es.For
exampl
egi
r
l
sar
el
essi
nt
el
l
i
gentt
hanboy
s.
SOCI
ALI
ZATI
ON
Thi
si
sapr
ocesst
hr
oughwhi
chf
emal
esandmal
es,
gi
r
l
sandboy
s,
womenandmenar
e
assi
gnedcer
t
ai
nr
ol
esandr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esbasedont
hev
al
uesofapar
t
i
cul
arsoci
et
y
.
AGENTSOFSOCI
ALI
SATI
ON
Thef
ami
l
y
 Soci
al
i
zat
i
oni
si
ni
t
i
al
l
ycar
r
i
edoutbypar
ent
sandr
el
at
i
v
esl
i
v
i
ngwi
t
ht
hef
ami
l
y
.
 Thesoci
alandcul
t
ur
alat
t
i
t
udest
endt
of
av
or
st
heboychi
l
d.Hencet
hemal
e
chi
l
dr
ecei
v
esav
ai
l
abl
er
esour
cesaswel
laspar
ent
alat
t
ent
i
on,heal
t
hcar
eand
educat
i
on.
 Agi
r
lchi
l
dper
f
or
msmor
ehousechor
est
hanaboychi
l
dandt
her
ebyl
eav
i
ngher
sev
er
el
ydi
sadv
ant
agedi
nt
er
msofeducat
i
onoppor
t
uni
t
i
es.Si
mi
l
ar
l
y
,Women
ar
emadet
obel
i
ev
et
hatt
heyi
nf
er
i
ort
omen.
Deci
si
onmaki
ngi
nt
hef
ami
l
y

Cont
r
ol
ofr
esour
ces.

Sexual
r
el
at
i
onshi
panduseofcont
r
acept
i
v
es.

Pol
y
gamousmar
r
i
ages.
TheSchool
 Ther
ear
eper
si
st
entsexdi
f
f
er
encesi
neducat
i
onalpr
ocesseswi
t
hi
nt
heschool
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
116
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Femal
eandmal
el
ear
ner
sar
esubj
ect
edt
odi
f
f
er
entsoci
al
i
zat
i
oni
nt
heschool
sy
st
em.
 Thef
or
maleducat
i
onpr
ov
i
dedt
endst
oconf
i
negi
r
l
st
odomi
nantandhousehol
d
l
ev
el
sseent
hr
ought
heki
ndofsubj
ect
st
heyt
ake.Forexampl
e,mostgi
r
l
st
end
t
oav
oi
dchal
l
engi
ngsubj
ect
sandt
akepr
act
i
cal
subj
ect
s.
RELI
GI
OUSI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
Theypl
ayani
mpor
t
antr
ol
ei
nsoci
al
i
zat
i
onpr
ocess.Al
lr
el
i
gi
ont
eachest
hatwomen
shoul
dbesubmi
ssi
v
et
omenandmenshoul
dber
ecogni
zedasl
eader
s.
Peergr
oup
Peopl
eoft
hesameagear
equi
t
ei
nf
l
uencedt
hr
oughsoci
al
i
zat
i
onpr
ocesshencet
hey
copycer
t
ai
nbehav
i
or
al
t
r
ai
t
sf
r
om eachot
her
.
Themedi
a
Themedi
ai
nZambi
ai
sanot
heragentofsoci
al
i
zat
i
onandhadcont
i
nueddepi
ct
i
ngt
he
posi
t
i
onofwomenasbei
ngsubor
di
nat
et
omen.Someoft
hesongspl
ay
edonr
adi
o
andt
el
ev
i
si
ondescr
i
bet
hei
mmor
albehav
i
orofwomenwhi
l
eot
her
semphasi
zesi
n
t
hei
rt
ot
al
submi
ssi
ont
omen.
THEI
NTERSTATESUCCESSI
ONACT(
1989)
 Theactwasenact
edbyt
heZambi
anPar
l
i
amentonMay14,
1989.
 TheActi
sast
epr
el
at
edgui
demeantt
of
aci
l
i
t
at
eway
sofensur
i
ngadequat
e
f
i
nanci
alandpr
oper
t
yshar
i
ngf
orsur
v
i
v
i
ngspouse(
s)
,chi
l
dr
enpar
ent
soft
he
deceasedandanyot
herr
el
at
i
v
esoft
hedeceasedper
son.
 Thi
si
si
nacasewher
eadeceasedper
sondi
dnotl
eav
eawi
l
l
ast
ohowpr
oper
t
y
,
l
egal
l
yr
ef
er
r
edt
oasEst
at
e
Wi
l
l
Awi
l
li
sadecl
ar
at
i
ont
hatout
l
i
neshow f
i
nancesandpr
oper
t
yofadeceasedper
son
shoul
dbedi
st
r
i
but
edamongt
hebenef
i
ci
ar
i
es
Anadmi
ni
st
r
at
ori
sal
egal
l
yappoi
nt
edper
sonwhoact
sonbehal
foft
hest
at
ei
n
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
117
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
handl
i
ngmat
t
er
soft
hedeceasedper
son.He/
shei
snotpar
toft
hebenef
i
ci
ar
i
es.
Di
st
r
i
but
i
onoft
heEst
at
es.
 50%f
ort
hechi
l
dr
ent
aki
ngi
nt
oconsi
der
at
i
ont
hei
ragesandeducat
i
onneeds.
 20% f
orsur
v
i
v
i
ngspouse(
s)wi
dow(
s)orwi
dower
.Thi
smeanst
hati
ncaseof
pol
y
gamousmar
r
i
agest
heper
cent
ageshal
lbedi
st
r
i
but
edamongal
lsur
v
i
v
i
ng
spouses.I
ft
her
ei
snospouse,
t
he20%shal
l
begi
v
ent
ochi
l
dr
en.
 20%f
ort
hedeceased,i
nacasewher
et
her
ear
enopar
ent
st
he20%shoul
dbe
di
st
r
i
but
edamongt
hespouse,
chi
l
dr
enanddependent
s.
 10%f
oral
l
t
hedependent
si
fany
.
I
ti
si
mpor
t
antt
onot
et
hatt
hebr
ot
her
s,si
st
er
sandanyr
el
at
i
onsoft
hedeceasedar
e
notpar
toft
hebenef
i
ci
ar
i
es.
PERSONALCHATTELSANDHOUSE.
Per
sonalchat
t
el
s.
Thesei
ncl
udet
hi
ngsl
i
kehousehol
dgoods,agr
i
cul
t
ur
eandhut
t
i
ngequi
pment
,books
andmanyot
her
s.Thesear
ef
ort
hesur
v
i
v
i
ngspouseandchi
l
dr
en.
Thehouse
Thehousei
sf
ort
hesur
v
i
v
i
ngspouse(
s)andt
hechi
l
dr
en. Howev
er
,t
hesur
v
i
v
i
ng
spouseonl
yhasal
i
f
ei
nt
er
esti
nt
hehouse.He/Shecanonl
yr
emai
ni
nt
hehouseas
he/
shel
i
v
esanddoesnotr
emar
r
y
.
Abr
eachofanypar
toft
heI
nt
est
at
eActconst
i
t
ut
esacr
i
mi
nalof
f
ence.Thi
smeans
t
hatpr
oper
t
ygr
abbi
ngi
sst
r
ongl
ypr
ohi
bi
t
edundert
hi
sact
.
PRACTI
CALPROBLEMSANDLI
MI
TATI
ONSOFTHEI
NTESTATEACT.
 Cust
omar
yLawofI
nher
i
t
ancei
spr
act
i
cei
nZambi
adoesnotpr
ot
ectt
hewi
dows
andt
heor
phans.
 A chi
l
dbor
noutofcohabi
t
at
i
onshoul
df
ul
l
yenj
oyhi
s/
herr
i
ght
s. Howev
er
,
cour
t
ssomet
i
mesr
el
uct
ant
l
yr
ecogni
zesuchuni
ons.
 Chi
l
dr
enbor
noutof“
wedl
ock”i
fnotknownorr
ecogni
zedbyasur
v
i
v
i
ngspouse,
donotbenef
i
tf
r
om t
hepr
oper
t
yoft
hedeceasedpar
ent
.
 Sect
i
on10oft
heI
nt
est
at
eActpr
ov
i
desf
ort
hesur
v
i
v
i
ngspouset
ohav
el
i
f
e
i
nt
er
esti
npr
oper
t
y
,
l
i
kehouseandt
hati
fhe/
sher
emar
r
i
es.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
118
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Er
r
i
ngadmi
ni
st
r
at
or
smustbepuni
shedundersect
i
on29oft
hei
nt
est
at
eAct
.
 Sect
i
ont
wooft
heI
nt
est
at
eActdoesnotf
av
ourandpr
ot
ectwomenov
ert
he
cont
r
ol
oft
r
adi
t
i
onal
l
and.
 Thei
nt
est
at
eActsuppor
t
st
hel
egal
i
t
yofpol
y
gamousmar
r
i
age.
 TheI
nt
est
at
eActdoesnothav
eapr
ov
i
si
onf
orassi
st
anceoft
hev
ul
ner
abl
e
chi
l
dr
enespeci
al
l
ycompl
et
eor
phanswhomayhav
ebeenaf
f
ect
edbyHI
V/
AI
D
pandemi
c.
GENDERI
SSUESI
NTRADI
TI
ONALANDMODERNSOCI
ETY
Compar
i
sons.
 Bot
hhav
egener
al
mi
sconcept
i
ont
hatr
egar
dswomenasi
nf
er
i
ort
omen.
 Tr
i
balwar
f
ar
e,
Mi
l
i
t
ar
yf
or
ceandmal
ebr
av
er
yandst
r
engt
har
eusual
l
yat
t
r
i
but
ed
t
omenandnotwomen.
 Landi
spr
edomi
nant
l
yownedbyt
hemenf
ol
kandt
hel
awswhi
chgov
er
nt
he
Zambi
anl
egal
sy
st
em ar
esenderbi
l
l
.
 I
nsuf
f
i
ci
entdeci
si
onmaki
ngpoweri
nahomei
sexper
i
encedbymostmar
r
i
ed
womenwhof
i
ndt
hemsel
v
esi
nunf
ai
rsi
t
uat
i
ons.
 At
r
adi
t
i
onofmal
emonopol
yofcont
r
olov
erf
emal
er
epr
oduct
i
onhast
obeown
ext
entcont
i
nuedev
eni
nt
hemoder
nsoci
et
y
.I
ti
sbel
i
ev
edt
hatt
hehusbandhas
ar
i
ghtt
ocont
r
ol
sexual
r
el
at
i
onshi
p.
 Fami
l
yofachi
l
dl
essmar
r
i
agewher
eawi
f
ei
si
nf
er
t
i
l
e,ahusbandmayeasi
l
y
mar
r
yanot
herwomanandnotv
i
cev
er
sa.
 Womenandt
hei
rgi
r
l
chi
l
dr
enspendmor
ehour
sofwor
kt
hant
hei
rcount
erpar
t
s.
Cont
r
ast
s.
 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
l
ywomenar
esoci
al
i
zedt
obepassi
v
eandobedi
entwhi
l
emenar
e
t
aughtt
o beaggr
essi
v
eanddomi
nant
.To ensur
egenderequal
i
t
ymenand
women can now mi
xand par
t
i
ci
pat
et
oget
heri
n al
lar
easofdev
el
opment
.
Tr
adi
t
i
onal
l
yt
hesour
ceofpoweri
nsoci
et
ywassol
el
yi
nt
hehandsofmen.
 Womensubor
di
nat
i
oni
namar
r
i
ager
el
at
i
onshi
pduet
oBr
i
depr
i
cei
mpl
i
edt
hat
womenhadl
i
t
t
l
echoi
cet
oabandonmar
r
i
age. Howev
ergr
i
ev
ancesar
enow
bei
ngaddr
essedbyt
hecour
t
sofl
aw.
 Tr
adi
t
i
onal
l
y
,gi
r
l
sandwomenwer
eexpect
edt
odot
hehousewor
k.Si
mi
l
ar
l
yat
school
.Toachi
ev
egenderbal
ance,
t
het
r
endhasnowchanged.
 Tocur
bt
heHI
V/
AI
DSandot
herSTDsi
nsoci
et
y
,i
ssuesofsexualr
el
at
i
onshi
ps
bet
weengi
r
l
sandboy
sar
et
odayf
r
eel
ybei
ngdi
scussedatdi
f
f
er
entl
ev
el
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
119
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADVOCATEFORGENDEREQUI
TYANDEUALI
TY.
ZAMBI
ANATI
ONALWOMEN’
SLOBBYGROUP
ZNWLG -t
hi
sgr
oupwasf
or
medi
n1991bywomenf
r
om Nongov
er
nment
al
Or
gani
zat
i
onsandPol
i
t
i
calpar
t
i
esconcer
nedaboutdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
ont
hatwomen
di
f
f
erandt
hei
rpoorr
epr
esent
at
i
oni
ngov
er
nmentandot
herpubl
i
cof
f
i
ces.
I
thasof
f
i
cesi
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
ov
i
nci
alcent
r
es:
 Copper
bel
t(
Ki
t
we)
 East
er
n(
chi
pat
a)
 West
er
n(
Mongu)
Obj
ect
i
v
esoft
heor
gani
sat
i
on.

Pr
omot
i
onofequalpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
onandr
epr
esent
at
i
onofwomanandmeni
n
deci
si
onmaki
ng.

Cul
t
i
v
at
i
onandpr
omot
i
onofcul
t
ur
eofgenderequi
t
yandequal
i
t
yandr
espect
f
orwomen’
sr
i
ght
s.

Undert
aki
ngt
r
ai
ni
ngandmanagi
ngr
esour
cemobi
l
i
zat
i
onpr
ogr
amsmeant
f
orcapaci
t
ybui
l
di
ng.
PROGRAMMESTAKENBYTHEORGANI
SATI
ON.

Capaci
t
ybui
l
di
ngf
orf
emal
easpi
r
i
ngcandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
i
ons.

Ci
v
i
ceducat
i
onr
el
at
i
ngt
oconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
mat
er
s.

Moni
t
or
i
ngandobser
v
i
ngel
ect
i
ons.

Conduct
i
ngcommuni
t
ydebat
eont
opi
cal
i
ssues.

I
nf
or
mat
i
ondi
ssemi
nat
i
ont
hr
oughpubl
i
cat
i
ons.
JUSTI
CEFORWI
DOWSANDORPHANSPROJECT(
JWOP)
I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n2001undert
hesuppor
toft
heembassyofFi
nl
and.
Obj
ect
i
v
es



Todi
ssemi
nat
ei
nf
or
mat
i
onont
her
i
ght
sofwi
dowsandor
phans.
Tohi
ghl
i
ghtandpuni
shcasesofv
i
ol
at
i
onofhumanr
i
ght
s.
Toconductsensi
t
i
zat
i
onpr
ogr
amsf
orcommuni
t
yl
eader
sandt
hegener
al
publ
i
c.
YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
120
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Theadv
ocacypr
ogr
ammewhi
chf
al
l
sundert
hewomen’
sr
i
ght
s(
WHR)pr
ogr
amme
est
abl
i
shmenti
n1993.
Ai
ms


Ensur
i
ngt
hatwomenknowt
hei
rr
i
ght
sdut
i
esandr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esi
nsoci
et
y
.
Hel
pi
ngwomenr
eal
i
zet
hei
rf
ul
lpot
ent
i
alashumanbei
ngsandt
hecont
r
i
but
e
t
ot
hecommuni
t
y
.
ZAMBI
AASSOCI
ATI
ONFORRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT.(
ZARD)
ZARDwasf
or
medi
n1984.
Ai
ms

To upl
i
f
tt
he st
at
us and posi
t
i
on of women t
hr
ough act
i
on or
i
ent
ed
par
t
i
ci
pat
or
yandgendersensi
t
i
v
er
esear
ch.

To under
t
akesr
esear
chact
i
v
i
t
i
est
hatai
med pr
omot
egenderbal
ancei
n
soci
et
y
.
Zambi
aAssoci
at
i
onf
ordi
sabl
edwomen(
1992)
.
Ai
m
To dev
el
op pr
ogr
ams f
orempower
i
ng di
sabl
ed women so as t
oi
nf
l
uence l
ong
est
abl
i
shedassoci
at
i
ont
owar
dsani
mpr
ov
edf
ocusont
hespeci
alpr
obl
emsofdi
sabl
ed
women.
ZAMBI
AALLI
ANCEOFWOMEN-(
ZAW)
ZAW wasf
or
medi
n1978butf
or
mal
l
yr
egi
st
er
edi
n1982.
Ai
ms





Adv
ocacyf
orwomen’
sr
i
ght
s as human r
i
ght
s gendersensi
t
i
zat
i
on and
popul
ar
i
zi
ngCEDAW.
Pr
omot
i
onandenhancementofwomen’
sr
i
ght
sandi
nher
i
t
ance,womenand
educat
i
onandwomenanddev
el
opmenti
ngener
al
.
Adv
ocacyf
orgoodgov
er
nanceandpr
omot
i
onofpeace.
Er
adi
cat
i
onofpov
er
t
yt
hr
oughf
oodsecur
i
t
y
.
Resear
chanddocument
at
i
oni
nsoci
aleconomi
cpr
ogr
amsandi
nheal
t
hand
educat
i
onmat
t
er
s.
ACHI
EVEMENTS


Spearheadedt
heSADCRegi
onalRur
alI
ndust
r
i
alst
udyt
opr
omot
ei
ndust
r
i
es,
suchasbasket
r
y
,
baki
ngandf
i
shpr
ocessi
ng.
Pr
omot
ehousehol
df
oodsecur
i
t
yt
hr
oughcr
opdi
v
er
si
f
i
cat
i
onpr
oj
ect
sat
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
121
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020


v
i
l
l
agel
ev
el
.
Dev
el
opagr
of
or
est
r
ypr
ogr
ams.
Render
edsuppor
tt
omai
nl
yr
ur
al
sel
f
hel
ppr
eschool
sandheal
Cent
r
e’
s.
VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T(
VSU)(
ZAMBI
APOLI
CE)
TheVSUwasf
or
medi
n1994andst
ar
t
edoper
at
i
ngi
n1997.
Ai
ms




Pr
eser
v
at
i
onofl
i
f
e
Pr
ot
ect
i
onofpr
oper
t
y
Pr
ev
ent
i
onofcr
i
meand
Mai
nt
enanceofpeacei
nsoci
et
y
.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Def
i
net
hef
ol
l
owi
ngconcept
s
i
.Gender
,
i
i
.Genderequi
t
y
,
i
i
i
.Genderequal
i
t
y
,
i
v
.Af
f
i
r
mat
i
v
eact
i
onandposi
t
i
v
edi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on.
1..
St
at
esomei
ssuest
hataf
f
ect
swomen’
ssoci
oeconomi
cneeds.
2.Whatar
eGenderr
ol
es?
3.Whatdoy
ouunder
st
andbyt
het
er
m‘
GenderGap?
4.Def
i
nesoci
al
i
zat
i
oni
nr
el
at
i
ont
ogenderr
ol
es.
5.St
at
et
heagent
sofsoci
al
i
zat
i
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
122
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
6.Def
i
net
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
ms.
i
. Theact
i
i
. Awi
l
l
i
i
i
. Est
at
e
i
v
. Admi
ni
st
r
at
or
7.Undert
hei
nt
est
at
esSuccessi
onAct
,
howshoul
dbet
heest
at
edi
st
r
i
but
ed?
8.St
at
esomegov
er
nment
al
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatadv
ocat
egenderequi
t
yandequal
i
t
y
.
9.Ment
i
onsomeNonGov
er
nmentOr
gani
zat
i
ont
hatadv
ocat
egenderequi
t
yand
equal
i
t
y
.
CULTUREOFPEACE
PEACE
Peacei
st
heabsenceofwar
.Buti
nr
eal
i
t
yPeacemeansmor
et
hant
heabsenceofwar
.
I
tal
someanst
hepr
esenceofj
ust
i
ce.
Subdi
v
i
si
onofPeace
Negat
i
v
ePeacer
ef
er
st
ot
heabsenceofdi
r
ectphy
si
cal
v
i
ol
ence,
Posi
t
i
v
ePeacer
ef
er
st
ot
hepr
esenceofcondi
t
i
onsofwel
l
bei
ngandj
ustr
el
at
i
onshi
ps
i
nsof
arast
hesoci
al
,
economi
c,
pol
i
t
i
cal
andecol
ogi
cal
wel
f
ar
ei
sconcer
ned.
Vi
ol
encei
st
hepr
esencewar
,
t
or
t
ur
e,
pov
er
t
y
,
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on,
andecol
ogi
cal
v
i
ol
ence.
PEACE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
Negat
i
v
ePeace:Absenceof
123
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Posi
t
i
v
ePeace:Pr
esenceofcondi
t
i
onsof
METHODSOFPROMOTI
NGPEACE
Peacei
sv
er
ycent
r
alandi
mpor
t
antt
ohumanaf
f
ai
r
sanddev
el
opment
.Wi
t
houtpeace,
dev
el
opmentsuf
f
er
s.
 I
nt
er
mar
r
i
ages–amongdi
f
f
er
entet
hni
cgr
oupi
ngs,
i
nt
er
mar
r
i
agesar
ea
goodmet
hodofpr
omot
i
ngpeace.
 Fr
i
endshi
p-maki
ngf
r
i
endswi
t
hpeopl
esecur
espeaceandt
her
ear
edi
f
f
er
ent
degr
eeswhi
chcoul
dcr
eat
eamongpeopl
eofdi
f
f
er
entl
ocat
i
onsandor
i
gi
ns.
 Reci
pr
oci
t
y
:Thi
si
swher
et
woormor
epeopl
eexchangegi
f
t
sorf
av
or
si
na
mut
ual
manner
 Mut
ualAi
d:Thi
st
y
peofcr
eat
i
ngpeacepeopl
ei
nv
ol
v
esexchangi
nghel
p,
assi
st
anceorai
di
nt
het
i
meorpr
obl
ems.
 For
gi
v
eness:Whensomebodyhascommi
t
t
edanof
f
enceandpeopl
ebecome
ki
ndenought
of
or
gi
v
esuchaper
son,
peacecanbegener
at
ed.
 Tol
er
ance:Thi
sr
ef
er
st
oawayofl
i
v
i
ngandaccept
i
ngdi
f
f
er
entoropposi
ng
v
i
ewpoi
nt
s.Thi
sexpr
essespeacei
nt
hesenset
hatpeopl
eexpr
essdi
f
f
er
ent
oropposi
ngv
i
ewpoi
nt
s.
 Respect
:Thi
si
nv
ol
v
esr
espect
i
ngot
herpeopl
escul
t
ur
es,opi
ni
ons,i
deas,
bel
i
ef
s,
l
anguagesandhumani
ngener
al
.
CHALLENGESTOPEACE
 Peopl
e’
sbel
i
eft
hatwarandv
i
ol
encear
eor
gani
cmeani
ngt
hatwarandv
i
ol
ence
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
124
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ar
ei
nev
i
t
abl
eandunav
oi
dabl
ef
eat
ur
esofhumansoci
et
y
.
 PeaceandJust
i
cear
esomet
i
mesv
i
ewedascont
r
adi
ct
i
onsi
npr
act
i
calt
er
ms.I
f
onebel
i
ev
est
hatt
heonl
ywayt
opr
ev
enti
nj
ust
i
ceandcr
eat
ej
ust
i
cei
sbyf
or
ce,
t
hensuchaper
sonbel
i
ev
est
hatj
ust
i
cer
equi
r
eshost
i
l
i
t
i
esandwar
.
 Peopl
e’
sdesi
r
et
ohav
epowerandt
obeatanadv
ant
agei
nr
el
at
i
ont
oot
her
s.
Suchasi
t
uat
i
onof
t
enl
eadst
ocompet
i
t
i
onwhi
chmayr
esul
ti
nv
i
ol
enceandwar
.
Exampl
esofpeacef
ulCount
r
i
esandCommuni
t
i
es
 Ami
sh(
1693t
opr
esent
)
 Sweden(
1814t
oPr
esent
)
 Swi
t
zer
l
and(
1848t
opr
esent
)
 Cost
aRi
ca(
1949t
opr
esent
)
 Zambi
a(
1964t
opr
esent
)
Conf
l
i
ct
.
Conf
l
i
cti
st
hequar
r
el
,
st
r
uggl
eorf
i
ghtbet
weent
woi
ndi
v
i
dual
s,
communi
t
i
es,
soci
et
i
es
orcount
r
i
es.Conf
l
i
ct
smaybephy
si
cal
whi
chmeansi
tl
eadst
obodi
l
yhar
m.
Vi
ol
ence
I
ti
sanext
r
emedest
r
uct
i
v
ef
or
cewi
l
l
f
ul
l
yexer
t
edagai
nstsomeone,i
sal
way
snegat
i
v
e
andbegi
nsi
nourhear
t
s.
 Aconf
l
i
ctshowsi
t
sel
ft
hr
oughanger
,hur
t
,f
r
ust
r
at
i
on,di
sappoi
nt
ment
,quar
r
el
,
phy
si
cal
f
i
ghtorv
er
bal
f
i
ghtusi
ngabusi
v
el
anguage.
 Conf
l
i
ctcanoccurati
ndi
v
i
duall
ev
el
,f
ami
l
yl
ev
el
,andcommuni
t
yl
ev
el
,r
egi
onal
,
nat
i
onal
andi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
l
ev
el
.
CAUSESOFCONFLI
CTS
Hi
st
or
y
Resear
ch has r
ev
eal
ed t
hathi
st
or
i
calr
easons hav
e cont
r
i
but
ed t
o emer
gence of
conf
l
i
ct
si
nAf
r
i
ca.Forexampl
e:t
heconf
l
i
ctbet
weenChr
i
st
i
ansandMosl
emsi
nmost
par
t
sofAf
r
i
cahassomet
hi
ngt
odowi
t
hl
ongst
andi
ngani
mosi
t
i
esandmi
st
r
ust
.
Et
hni
ci
t
y
Deepnegat
i
v
ef
eel
i
ngsagai
nstagr
oupofpeopl
et
hatdonotbel
ongt
oy
ourownet
hni
c
gr
oupcanbr
i
ngaconf
l
i
ctbet
weent
woet
hni
cgr
oups.Forexampl
e:
 I
nNi
ger
i
a,1967–1970,Bi
af
r
aapr
ov
i
ncedomi
nat
edbyI
boet
hni
cgr
oup
t
empor
ar
ybr
oke awayf
r
om t
he count
r
y
. Theyaccused t
he f
eder
al
gov
er
nmentofdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
ngagai
nstt
heI
bopeopl
e.
 Accusedt
heFeder
al
gov
er
nmentofdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
ngagai
nstt
heI
bopeopl
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
125
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Kat
angaShabaPr
ov
i
nce/
r
egi
ont
empor
ar
i
l
ybr
okeof
ft
heCongo(
DRC)
.
Justaf
t
eri
ndependencei
n1960.
I
mbal
anceofNat
ur
alResour
ces.
Thei
ncr
easedpopul
at
i
onputt
oomuchpr
essur
eonl
andandNat
ur
al
Resour
ces.Peopl
e
f
i
ghtov
erNat
ur
al
Resour
cessuchasmi
ner
al
.Bur
undi
andRwanda.
I
mmi
gr
at
i
on
Massi
v
ef
or
ei
gni
mmi
gr
at
i
oni
ncr
easesr
esent
ment
sbyt
hehostpeopl
e.Exampl
esar
e
f
oundi
nCent
r
alandWest
er
nCot
eDev
oi
r(
I
v
or
yCost
)wher
eani
nf
l
uxofi
mmi
gr
ant
s
hascr
eat
edser
i
ousxenophobi
cconf
l
i
ct
s
Xenophobi
a-Ref
er
st
oani
nt
ensef
earordi
sl
i
keoff
or
ei
gnpeopl
e,t
hei
rcust
omsand
cul
t
ur
e.
Economi
candExpor
tResour
ces.
Thest
at
esf
i
ghtov
erapi
eceofl
andt
hati
ssuspect
edt
ohav
e(
orhasconf
i
r
med)r
i
ch
deposi
t
sofmi
ner
al
s.Forexampl
e;
 Chad-Li
by
aconf
l
i
ctov
ert
heAouzouSt
r
i
pi
n1973–1994.
 Camer
oon–Ni
ger
i
aconf
l
i
ctov
ert
heBakassi
I
sl
andunt
i
l
2004.
 Mal
i
–Bur
ki
naFasoconf
l
i
cti
n1986and
 Et
hi
opi
a–Er
i
t
r
eaconf
l
i
cti
n2001.
Mi
smanagementofEconomi
cResour
ces.
Count
r
i
eswher
et
her
ei
spoorgov
er
nance,
cor
r
upt
i
onandwi
despr
eadpov
er
t
yconf
l
i
ct
s
ar
el
i
kel
yt
oar
i
se.
Ref
ugees.
Lar
ge number
s ofr
ef
uges i
ncr
ease pr
essur
e on t
he l
ocalr
esour
ces i
nt
he host
count
r
i
escommuni
t
i
es.Somet
i
mes,t
her
ef
ugesuset
hesear
easasspr
i
ngboar
dsf
or
at
t
acki
ngt
hei
rgov
er
nmentf
or
ces.
Pov
er
t
y
,
I
l
l
i
t
er
acyandunempl
oy
ment
.
I
nt
hi
r
dWor
l
dCount
r
i
es,i
nequal
i
t
yi
naccessi
nggoodsandser
v
i
cesl
eadi
nt
oconf
l
i
ct
s
i
n ur
ban ar
eas. Unempl
oy
ed poorpeopl
ed al
so known as Lumpen Pr
ol
et
ar
i
at
commonl
ycal
l
ed Kapony
as. Theyar
eeasyt
ar
get
sf
orwarr
ecr
ui
t
sand pol
i
t
i
cal
ext
r
emi
st
s.
I
nj
ust
i
ces
Wher
ev
ert
her
ei
si
nj
ust
i
cepeacewi
l
lnev
erpr
ev
ai
lbecausei
nj
ust
i
cemani
f
est
si
t
sel
fi
n
manyway
s.I
susual
l
yt
hesour
ceofanger
,f
r
ust
r
at
i
on,andr
esent
mentt
ot
heex
i
st
i
ng
gov
er
nment
?
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
126
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Conf
l
i
ctaboutI
nf
or
mat
i
on
I
nmanyi
nst
ances,t
hepar
t
i
esi
nconf
l
i
ctdonothav
esuf
f
i
ci
ent
,orev
ent
hesame
i
nf
or
mat
i
onaboutasi
t
uat
i
on.
Conf
l
i
ctov
erResour
ces
Di
sput
esaboutmat
er
i
alr
esour
cessuchasl
and,
moneyorobj
ect
sar
enor
mal
l
yobv
i
ous
t
oi
dent
i
f
yandof
t
enl
endt
hemsel
v
eswel
l
t
ost
r
ai
ghtf
or
war
dbar
gai
ni
ng.
Conf
l
i
ct
sov
erRel
at
i
onshi
ps
Peopl
ei
nt
hef
ami
l
yr
el
at
i
onshi
psbusi
nesspar
t
ner
shi
psorcommuni
t
yor
gani
z
at
i
ons
commonl
yhav
edi
sagr
eement
sov
erav
ar
i
et
yofspeci
f
i
ci
ssues.
Conf
l
i
ct
sov
eri
nt
er
est
sorneeds
I
mpor
t
antandpower
f
ulneedsf
orsucht
hi
ngsasi
dent
i
f
y
,r
espect
,par
t
i
ci
pat
i
on,abi
l
i
t
y
t
oi
nf
l
uenceot
her
sandsuccessar
eof
t
enatt
hehear
tconf
l
i
ct
st
hatappear
t
o be
acont
estov
ermat
er
i
al
t
hi
ngs.
Conf
l
i
ct
saboutst
r
uct
ur
es
St
r
uct
ur
escr
eat
edpeopl
esuchaspol
i
t
i
calorr
el
i
gi
ousst
r
uct
ur
es,usual
l
ydet
er
mi
ne
whohasaccesst
opowerorr
esour
ceswhoi
saccor
dedr
espectandwhohasaut
hor
i
t
y
t
omakedeci
si
ons.
Conf
l
i
ct
si
nv
ol
v
i
ngv
al
ues
Val
uesandbel
i
ef
sar
esomet
i
mesf
or
medbyl
i
f
eexper
i
encesandf
ai
t
hper
spect
i
v
es.
Becauseachal
l
enget
oaper
son’
sv
al
uei
sseenasat
hr
eatt
oone’
si
dent
i
t
y
NEGATI
VEI
MPACTSOFCONFLI
CTSI
NAFRI
CA
 I
nnocentpeopl
ear
eki
l
l
edespeci
al
l
ychi
l
dr
en,womenandt
hedi
sabl
ed.Women
ar
eal
sosexual
l
yhar
assed.
 Peopl
ear
ef
or
cedt
or
unawayf
r
om t
hei
rhomest
ot
aker
ef
ugei
nar
easwher
e
t
her
ei
snowar
.
 Theeconomyofacount
r
yi
nconf
l
i
cti
snegat
i
v
el
yaf
f
ect
ed.Agr
i
cul
t
ur
eandt
r
ade
decl
i
ne.
 Damagest
ot
hei
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
e;br
i
dges,bui
l
di
ngs,ai
r
por
t
sandr
ai
l
wayl
i
nesar
e
dest
r
oy
ed.
 Conf
l
i
ct
sl
eadt
oenv
i
r
onment
aldegr
adat
i
on.Env
i
r
onmentdegr
adat
i
oni
smaki
ng
t
heenv
i
r
onmentl
essf
i
tf
orhuman,
ani
mal
andpl
antl
i
f
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
127
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Publ
i
c expendi
t
ur
ei
s pr
edomi
nant
l
yf
ormi
l
i
t
ar
y ef
f
or
t
. Such expendi
t
ur
e
nor
mal
l
yi
ncr
easest
heNat
i
onal
debtasacount
r
ybor
r
owsf
ort
hewaref
f
or
t
.
 Conf
l
i
ctweakensgov
er
nancei
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons,ashasbeent
hecasei
nSomal
i
.Asa
r
esul
t
,
cr
i
mer
i
sesast
her
ei
snost
r
onggov
er
nancei
nst
i
t
ut
i
on.
 Pr
ov
i
si
onofheal
t
handeducat
i
onalser
v
i
cesi
sdi
sr
upt
edaspeopl
ear
eaf
r
ai
dt
o
r
epor
tf
orwor
k.
 Emer
genceofchi
l
dsol
di
er
swhoar
ef
or
cef
ul
l
yr
ecr
ui
t
edi
nt
oar
medmi
l
i
t
i
as.
 Thei
nf
l
owofr
ef
ugeescr
eat
esbur
densandgr
i
ev
ancesi
nnei
ghbor
i
ngcount
r
i
es
andpossi
bi
l
i
t
i
esofspi
l
l
ov
erconf
l
i
ct
sbecomehi
gh.
 Cr
i
mel
ev
el
sescal
at
easpeopl
eeasi
l
yacqui
r
esmal
l
ar
msandl
i
ghtweapons.
POSI
TI
VEI
MPACTS(
ECONOMI
CANDPOLI
TI
CALGAI
NS)
 Whenagr
oupcapt
ur
est
het
er
r
i
t
or
yoft
heenemy
,
t
her
esour
cesar
epl
under
edby
t
hegr
oupt
hathascapt
ur
edi
t
.Forexampl
et
heUNI
TAgr
oupi
nAngol
a,RUFi
n
Si
er
r
aLeon.
 Compani
espr
oduci
ngar
ms(
guns)ammuni
t
i
ons,uni
f
or
m,boot
s,f
ood,mi
l
i
t
ar
y
har
dwar
el
i
ket
anksandpl
anesgai
neconomi
cal
l
y
.
 Whenonegr
oupi
sdef
eat
ed,suchadef
eatl
eadst
ot
er
r
i
t
or
i
alexpansi
onbyt
he
v
i
ct
or
si
nt
heconf
l
i
ct
.
 Thosewhowor
khar
dt
obr
i
ngpeacei
nt
her
egi
onsofconf
l
i
ct
sal
sobenef
i
tf
r
om
t
heconf
l
i
ct
sf
orexampl
e:t
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onalCommuni
t
ypr
ov
i
dedmuchf
undt
o
br
i
ngaboutpeacei
nDRC.
 Conf
l
i
ct
st
hati
nv
ol
v
emor
egr
oupsornat
i
onsal
l
i
ancesar
ef
or
medi
nor
dert
o
def
eatt
heot
her
.Suchal
l
i
ancescr
eat
epol
i
t
i
cal
uni
t
y
.
CONFLI
CTRESOLUTI
ON
Conf
l
i
ctResol
ut
i
oni
st
heset
t
l
ementorav
oi
danceofdi
sput
esbet
weeni
ndi
v
i
dual
sor
gr
oupst
hr
oughsol
ut
i
onst
hatav
oi
dv
i
ol
enceandat
t
emptt
or
euni
t
et
hepeopl
e.
METHODSOFRESOLVI
NGCONFLI
CT
Counsel
i
ng
Thi
smet
hodi
susednor
mal
l
yi
ni
ndi
v
i
dualsi
t
uat
i
ons. Thecounsel
ori
ssomeone
t
r
ust
edbybot
hpar
t
i
es.
Negot
i
at
i
on
Thi
si
sapr
ocessconduct
edbyar
el
i
abl
eandski
l
l
ednegot
i
at
i
ondi
r
ect
l
ybet
weent
he
di
sput
i
ngpar
t
i
es.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
128
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Medi
at
i
on
Thi
si
samet
hodofconf
l
i
cthandl
i
ngbyaneut
r
alt
hi
r
dpar
t
yaccept
abl
et
ot
hedi
sput
e
par
t
i
esorgr
oupst
oar
r
i
v
eatanaccept
abl
esol
ut
i
ongener
at
edbyt
hepar
t
i
esorgr
oups
t
hemsel
v
es.LundaLuv
al
ei
nZambi
a.
Ar
bi
t
r
at
i
on
Thi
si
saconf
l
i
cthandl
i
ngski
l
lunder
t
akenbyanar
bi
t
r
at
orwhoi
sappoi
nt
edbyt
he
di
sput
i
ngpar
t
i
esorgr
oupst
or
esol
v
et
hei
rdi
f
f
er
ences.
Li
t
i
gat
i
on
Thi
si
samet
hodt
hatal
l
owst
hepar
t
i
esconcer
nedt
opr
oceedt
ot
hepubl
i
ccour
t
sof
l
aw.Somet
i
mesdi
sput
esofconf
l
i
ct
sbet
weencount
r
i
esar
et
akent
ot
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
cour
tofj
ust
i
cet
ober
esol
v
ed
CREATI
NGACULTUREOFPEACE
Peacei
swhatshoul
dpr
ev
ai
li
nanycount
r
y
.Butpeacecanonl
ybei
nourhear
t
si
fwe
r
espectot
herhumanbei
ngs.
 Weshoul
dcont
r
olouranger
,t
hehur
twehav
ef
orot
herpeopl
eandcont
r
olt
he
r
esent
mentt
hatwehar
bori
nourhear
t
sf
orot
herpeopl
e
 Pr
omot
i
onofgoodgov
er
nancei
sanot
heri
mpor
t
antst
ept
owar
dst
hecr
eat
i
onof
acul
t
ur
eofpeacei
nourcount
r
y
.
 Pr
omot
eposi
t
i
v
esoci
al
andeconomi
cdev
el
opmentf
ort
hebenef
i
tofal
l
ci
t
i
zens.
ROLESOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONI
NPROMOTI
NGPEACE




Sendi
ngpeacekeepi
ngt
r
oopst
ocount
r
i
eswer
et
hei
rconf
l
i
ct
s.
Appl
ysanct
i
onsonanycount
r
yt
hr
eat
eni
ngpeace.
Encour
agi
ngdi
al
ogueamongcount
r
i
eswhi
char
ei
nconf
l
i
ctt
hr
oughmedi
at
i
on.
Usemi
ni
mum f
or
cei
fnecessar
yoncount
r
i
eswhi
cht
hr
eat
enwor
l
dpeacei
n
or
dert
omai
nt
ai
npeacef
ul
coexi
st
enceofst
at
es.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1.Def
i
nepeace
2.Expl
ai
nsomemet
hodsofpr
omot
i
ngpeace.
3.Gi
v
esomeexampl
esofpeacef
ul
count
r
i
esandcommuni
t
i
es.
4.Br
i
ef
l
yout
l
i
nesomecausesofconf
l
i
ct
s?
5.Anal
y
zet
heI
mpact
sofconf
l
i
ct
si
nAf
r
i
ca.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
129
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
6.Out
l
i
nesomemet
hodsofr
esol
v
i
ngconf
l
i
ct
s.
7.Whati
st
her
ol
eofuni
t
ednat
i
oni
npr
omot
i
ngpeace?
8.Assesst
hei
mpactofconf
l
i
ctonAf
r
i
casoci
et
y
.
9.I
l
l
ust
r
at
et
hef
or
msofconf
l
i
ctatv
ar
i
ousl
ev
el
si
nsoci
et
y
.
10.I
fy
ouwantpeacewor
kf
orj
ust
i
ce,
expl
ai
nway
sofcr
eat
i
ngcul
t
ur
epeace.
SOCI
ALCHALLENGES
Soci
alChal
l
enges
Thesear
ei
ssuesandpr
obl
emsf
aci
nghumanbei
ngst
oday
.Forexampl
e,Chi
l
dAbuse,
Sexual
Assaul
t
,
TeenagePr
egnanci
esandGenderVi
ol
ence
CHI
LDABUSE
Chi
l
dabusei
sanyf
or
m ofi
l
lt
r
eat
mentofachi
l
d.Thi
si
l
lt
r
eat
mentcoul
dbephy
si
cal
,
ment
al
orv
er
bal
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
130
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Phy
si
calabuseanyact
i
ont
hatcausephy
si
cali
mpai
r
mentsuchasBat
t
er
y
,
sl
appi
ng,
pi
nchi
ngoft
heski
n,
pul
l
i
ngear
s,
bur
ni
ngoft
heski
n,
bi
t
i
ngt
hechi
l
d.
 Ment
alabusecoul
dbel
ackofl
ov
e,negl
ect
,i
nsul
t
s,shout
i
ngatt
hechi
l
d,name
cal
l
i
ngorr
i
di
cul
e.
FORMSOFCHI
LDABUSE.
Chi
l
dDef
i
l
ement
Def
i
l
ementi
st
heactofhav
i
ngunl
awf
ulsexuali
nt
er
cour
sewi
t
hagi
r
lundert
heageof
16y
ear
s.I
ti
ncl
udes:



Touchi
ngpr
i
v
at
epar
t
sofachi
l
d.
Maki
ngt
hechi
l
dt
ouchorpl
aywi
t
hsex
ual
or
gansofanol
derper
son.
Showi
ng chi
l
dr
enpi
ct
ur
esofnaked peopl
ef
orpur
poseofexci
t
i
ng t
hem
sexual
l
y
.Suchanacti
scal
l
edI
ndecentassaul
t
.
Chi
l
dBat
t
er
i
ng
Thi
si
saf
or
m ofchi
l
dabusewher
esomeonebeat
sachi
l
dof
t
en.
Chi
l
dNegl
ect
Thi
si
sasi
t
uat
i
onwher
echi
l
dr
enar
enott
akencar
eofbyt
hei
rpar
ent
sorguar
di
ans.
Somet
i
mechi
l
dr
enar
eabandoned
Chi
l
dl
abour
Ref
er
st
owor
kt
hati
sment
al
l
y
,
phy
si
cal
l
y
,
soci
al
l
yormor
al
l
ydanger
ousandhar
mf
ult
o
chi
l
dr
en.
Chi
l
dSexualAbuse
Sexualabusei
sanysexualacti
mposedonachi
l
dory
oungper
sonbyacl
oser
el
at
i
v
e
andi
ncl
udesf
ondl
i
ngachi
l
d’
sgeni
t
al
s,
maki
ngt
hechi
l
df
ondl
et
headul
t
’
sgeni
t
al
sand
hav
i
ngsexual
i
nt
er
cour
sewi
t
hachi
l
d.
Sexualassaul
ti
swhenast
r
angercommi
t
st
heabov
et
ot
heChi
l
d.
Chi
l
dt
r
af
f
i
cki
ng
Thi
si
st
hei
l
l
egalt
r
anspor
t
at
i
onandsel
l
i
ngofchi
l
dr
enwi
t
hi
norout
si
deacount
r
y
,f
or
pr
ost
i
t
ut
i
on,por
nogr
aphy
,f
or
cedl
abour
,cr
i
meorbusi
nessi
nv
ol
v
i
ngsel
l
i
ngofbody
or
gans.
Chi
l
dPr
ost
i
t
ut
i
on
Thi
si
ssexual
expl
oi
t
at
i
onofchi
l
dr
en.I
tcanbef
or
cedorv
ol
unt
ar
y
.
 For
cedchi
l
dpr
ost
i
t
ut
i
oni
swhenchi
l
dr
enar
ecompel
l
edt
osel
lsexualser
v
i
ces
f
orexampl
ei
nhot
el
s,
br
ot
hel
s,
orst
r
eet
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
131
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Vol
unt
ar
ychi
l
dpr
ost
i
t
ut
i
oni
sasi
t
uat
i
onwher
egi
r
l
ssel
lsexualser
v
i
cesf
ora
l
i
v
i
ng,
i
nor
dert
omeett
hei
rdai
l
yneeds.
WAYSOFADDRESSI
NGCHI
LDABUSE.
 Legi
sl
at
i
ononchi
l
dl
abour–t
hel
awshoul
dpr
escr
i
bepenal
t
i
esorpr
act
i
ci
ngand
encour
agi
ngal
l
f
or
msofchi
l
dl
abour
.
 Enact
i
ngst
i
f
fpuni
shmentf
orchi
l
ddef
i
l
er
si
ncl
udi
ngt
hosewhobat
t
erornegl
ect
t
hei
rchi
l
dr
en.
 Sensi
t
i
zi
ngt
hecommuni
t
yaboutchi
l
dabuse.
 Repor
t
i
ngcaseofchi
l
dpr
obl
em.
 Speaki
ngaboutt
hepr
obl
ems
 Encour
agi
ngv
i
ct
i
mst
ogot
ov
i
ct
i
m suppor
tuni
t
.Dr
opi
nCent
r
e’
sandNGO’
sf
or
counsel
i
ngser
v
i
cesandl
egal
adv
i
ce
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSCHI
LDABUSE.
 Vi
ct
i
m suppor
tuni
t(
Zambi
aPol
i
ceSer
v
i
ce)
 YoungWomen’
sChr
i
st
i
ansAssoci
at
i
on(
YWCA)
 YoungMenChr
i
st
i
ansAssoci
at
i
on(
YMCA)
 Zambi
aCi
v
i
cEducat
i
onAssoci
at
i
on(
ZCEA)
PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTSEXUALASSAULT
 Tr
yt
omakey
ourhomeassecur
easpossi
bl
e.
 Donotl
etany
onei
nt
oy
ourhomei
fy
ouf
eel
i
nanywaydoubt
f
ul
orsuspi
ci
ous.
 Av
oi
dsi
t
uat
i
onst
hatmakey
ouf
eeluncomf
or
t
abl
eorunsaf
e,
ev
eni
fy
oucansee
nor
easonf
ory
ourf
eel
i
ngs.
 Tr
yt
ogethel
pf
r
om someonenear
by
,
butst
ayal
er
tandusey
ourj
udgment
.
 Hi
ckHi
ki
ngi
sr
i
skyf
orgi
r
l
sandwomen.
 Wheny
out
r
av
el
al
oneusi
ngpubl
i
ct
r
anspor
tt
r
yt
osi
twi
t
hanot
herwoman.
 Remember
st
hatmostoft
heabuser
sar
epeopl
ewhoknowy
ousuchasf
r
i
ends
andr
el
at
i
v
es.
 Pr
act
i
cesel
f
def
enseski
l
l
sr
egul
ar
l
y
.
RAPE
Thi
si
sanactoff
or
ci
ngaper
sont
ohav
esexuali
nt
er
cour
seagai
nsthi
sorherownwi
l
l
.
I
nZambi
a,accor
di
ngt
ot
hepenalcode,r
apei
sdef
i
nedas:Anyper
sonwho has
unl
awf
ulcar
nalknowl
edgeofawomanoragi
r
lwi
t
houtherorwi
t
hherconsentby
usi
ngf
or
ce,
t
hr
eat
sori
nt
i
mi
dat
i
on.
WAYSOFRESI
STI
NGRAPE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
132
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020

At
t
ent
i
onseeki
ngt
act
i
cs,shout
i
ng,scr
eami
ngort
r
y
i
ngt
ogetsomeonet
o
hel
p.

Noncor
por
at
i
ont
act
i
csf
orexampl
er
ef
usi
ngt
ot
akey
ourcl
ot
hesof
f
.

Psy
chol
ogi
calt
act
i
cs;
f
orexampl
er
easoni
ngwi
t
ht
her
api
st
,
t
r
y
i
ngt
of
r
i
ght
en
hi
m,
di
sgusthi
m orgai
nsy
mpat
hy
.

Phy
si
cal
r
esi
st
ance;
f
i
ght
i
ngbackorst
r
uggl
i
ng.
POSSI
BLEREACTI
ONSAFTERRAPE

Shock

Lossofcont
r
ol
,
f
eel
i
ngsofpower
l
essness.

Unmat
ur
el
ycal
m

Tr
y
i
ngt
oact
i
ngnor
mal
l
y
.

Pr
obl
emswi
t
hsl
eepf
orexampl
eni
ght
mar
es.

Fear

Shame

Feel
i
nggui
l
t
y

Av
oi
di
ngphy
si
cal
cont
act

Depr
essi
on

Anger

Tr
auma
WHATTODOAFTERRAPE




Repor
tt
ot
hepol
i
ce
Getamedi
cal
r
epor
tf
r
om t
henear
estheat
hcent
r
e.
Vi
si
tacounsel
or
.
Seekl
egal
adv
i
ce.
TEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES
FACTORSTHATCONTRI
BUTETOPREGNANCY
Peerpr
essur
e
Somet
i
mesboy
sandgi
r
l
sengagei
nsexualact
i
v
i
t
i
esduet
opeerpr
essur
eandwoul
d
l
i
ket
obel
i
keot
her
s.
Per
sonalDev
el
opment
Aschi
l
dr
engr
ow somet
i
mest
heydev
el
opsexualf
eel
i
ngsandemot
i
onswhi
cht
hey
don’
tunder
st
andasar
esul
tt
heywantt
of
ul
f
i
l
l
t
heseal
l
eges
Lackofsexeducat
i
on
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
133
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Par
ent
sdonotdi
scusssexual
i
ssueswi
t
ht
hei
rchi
l
dr
en.
Soci
et
yandmedi
ai
nf
l
uence.
I
nf
l
uenceofcul
t
ur
esmoder
nsongst
el
ev
i
si
onandr
adi
opr
ogr
ams.
Cul
t
ur
ali
ssues.
Gi
r
l
sar
emar
r
i
edof
fatanear
l
yageandar
enotal
l
owedt
ogot
oschoolonl
yboy
sar
e
al
l
owed.
Economi
ci
ssues.
Somegi
r
l
sengagei
nsex
ual
act
i
v
i
t
i
esf
ormonet
ar
ygai
ns.
EFFECTSOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES






Theheal
t
hoft
hemot
heri
saf
f
ect
edbecausehe/
shei
snoty
etmat
ur
ef
or
r
epr
oduct
i
on.
Themot
hermaynotknowhowt
ot
akecar
eoft
hebaby
,
hencepoorheal
t
hf
or
t
hebaby
.
Thebur
deni
sshi
f
t
edt
ot
hepar
ent
si
ft
hey
oungcoupl
ecannotcopewi
t
h
cost
s.
Chancesoft
hegi
r
l
get
t
i
ngmar
r
i
edar
eatst
ake
Chi
l
ddumpi
ng.
Di
st
ur
bancei
nt
heeducat
i
onoft
hemot
her
.
PREVENTI
ONOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES








Abst
i
nence
Av
oi
di
ngbadcompany
Set
t
i
nggoal
sorpr
i
nci
pal
s
Di
scussi
ngwi
t
hf
r
i
ends
Av
oi
di
ngal
cohol
anddr
ugs.
Resi
st
i
ngpeerpr
essur
e
Uphol
di
nggoodmor
al
sandv
al
ues
Beoccupi
edwi
t
hact
i
v
i
t
i
esl
i
kej
oi
ni
ngcl
ubs.
SEXUALHARASSMENT
Sexualhar
assmenti
swhensomeonekeepsonsay
i
ngt
hi
ngsordoi
ngt
hi
ngsofsexual
ki
ndl
i
ket
ouchi
ngormaki
ngsexual
r
emar
ks.
Peopl
ewhoar
esexual
l
yhar
assedcandot
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
134
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020



Makei
tcl
eart
haty
oudonotwantt
hatki
ndofbehav
i
orf
r
om t
heper
son.
I
fhe/
shecont
i
nuest
ohar
assy
ou,keepar
ecor
doft
hei
nci
dent
si
nanot
e
bookandt
el
l
af
r
i
endt
owi
t
nesst
hem f
orsuppor
t
.
Di
scusst
hepr
obl
em openl
yandi
nt
hatwayy
oucanmakepr
obl
em knownt
o
st
opt
hehar
asser
.
GENDERVI
OLENCE
Genderbasedv
i
ol
encei
sphy
si
caloremot
i
onalf
or
cei
nv
ol
v
i
ngmenandwomeni
n
whi
cht
hef
emal
ear
eusual
l
yt
hev
i
ct
i
m.
FORMSOFGENDERVI
OLENCE.
Phy
si
calVi
ol
ence
Af
or
m ofv
i
ol
encedi
r
ect
edont
hebody
.I
tt
akest
hef
or
m off
ondl
i
ng,
beat
i
ng,
sl
appi
ng,
punchi
ng,
shoot
i
ng,
ki
cki
ng,
st
abbi
ng,
r
apeandsexual
assaul
t
.
Psy
chol
ogi
calv
i
ol
ence
I
ti
sv
i
ol
encet
owar
dt
hemi
nd.I
tt
akest
hef
or
m ofhumi
l
i
at
i
on,
t
hr
eat
s,
har
assmentand
at
t
ackonanot
herper
son’
ssur
fwor
t
h.
St
r
uct
ur
ev
i
ol
ence
I
ti
ncl
udesv
i
ol
ence t
hatexi
st
swi
t
hi
nt
he st
r
uct
ur
esofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons. I
toccur
si
n
economi
c,
pol
i
t
i
cal
,
soci
al
andmi
l
i
t
ar
ysy
st
ems.
Genderbasedv
i
ol
enceemanat
esl
ar
gel
yf
r
om t
hepat
r
i
ar
chalgendersy
st
em t
hatv
i
ol
et
s
women’
sr
i
ght
satal
ll
ev
el
s. I
ti
ncl
udespov
er
t
y
,l
andev
i
ct
i
onofl
ackofaccesst
o
ser
v
i
ces.
CausesofGenderBasedVi
ol
ence.










Soci
al
i
zat
i
on–Lear
nedbehav
i
orbasedoncul
t
ur
alpr
act
i
cesandbel
i
ef
st
hat
di
sadv
ant
agewomenandchi
l
dr
enespeci
al
l
ygi
r
l
chi
l
d.
Lowsel
f
est
eem byper
pet
r
at
or
.
I
nsecur
i
t
y
,
soci
al
andf
i
nanci
al
economi
cdependencebyt
heabused.
Bel
i
ef
st
hatwomenpr
ov
okemenbyanswer
i
ngback.
Suspect
edext
r
amar
i
t
al
af
f
ai
r
s.
Ref
usal
ordel
ayt
oser
v
ef
ood.
Per
cei
v
edsadnessandl
ackofr
espectf
ort
hehusband.
Bel
i
eft
hatmenshowl
ov
ebybeat
i
ngwi
v
es.
Ref
usal
t
ohav
esex.
Fai
l
ur
et
osetper
mi
ssi
onf
r
om mal
epar
t
ner
st
odosomet
hi
ng
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
135
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020



Genderr
ol
esst
er
eot
y
pi
ng-soci
et
albel
i
ef
s,my
t
hsorat
t
i
t
udest
hatmenand
womenbyv
i
r
t
ueoft
hei
rsoci
al
i
zat
i
onshoul
dper
f
or
m cer
t
ai
nt
asks.
Dr
unkenness.
Pet
t
yj
eal
ousy
.
Whoar
et
heAbuser
s?
Abuser
smayi
ncl
udepeopl
ewi
t
hi
nt
hef
ami
l
ysuchashusbandandwi
f
eguar
di
anand
t
hoseout
si
det
hef
ami
l
yf
r
i
endsandst
r
anger
s.
COMMONFORMSOFVI
OLENCE

Phy
si
cal
(
spousebat
t
er
y
)

Ver
bal
abusef
orexampl
ei
nsul
t
s)

Rapeanddef
i
l
ement

I
ncest

Thr
eat
s

Pr
oper
t
ygr
abbi
ng

Cr
uel
t
ybyguar
di
ans

Lackofchi
l
dorspousesuppor
t
.
EFFECTSOFGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

Oppr
essi
onoft
hespouse.

Theabusedmaybef
ear
f
ul
andangr
y

Sexual
v
i
ol
encecont
r
i
but
i
onst
ot
hespr
eadofHI
V/
AI
DSandSTI
s.

Phy
si
cal
,
ment
al
i
nj
ur
yanddeat
h

Per
manentdi
sabi
l
i
t
y

Unpl
annedpr
egnanci
es

Sui
ci
de

Depr
essi
onort
r
auma

Lossofsel
f
est
eem andconf
i
dence.

Fami
l
ydi
sr
upt
i
on,
f
orexampl
edi
v
or
ce.
WAYSOFREDUCI
NGGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE





Speaki
ngaboutt
hepr
obl
em.
Sensi
t
i
zi
ng t
hecommuni
t
yaboutgenderv
i
ol
enceand t
heneed t
o wor
k
t
oget
hert
ost
opt
hev
i
ce.
Assi
st
i
ngcoupl
est
odi
scussandr
esol
v
et
hei
rpr
obl
ems.
Repor
t
i
ngcasesofv
i
ol
encet
ot
hepol
i
cev
i
ct
i
m suppor
tuni
tf
orl
egalact
i
on
andcounsel
i
ng.
Encour
agev
i
ct
i
mst
ogof
orl
egaladv
i
cet
oNGOsordr
opi
nCent
r
e’
sdeal
i
ng
wi
t
hgenderbasedv
i
ol
ence.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
136
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
MEASURESTOCURBGENDERVI
OLENCEANDCHI
LDABUSE






Lobbyand f
orchangesi
nl
awsand enf
or
cementl
awsr
egar
di
ng gender
v
i
ol
ence.
Awar
enesscompani
esongenderv
i
ol
enceandchi
l
dabuse.
Est
abl
i
shi
ngcounsel
i
ngCent
r
e’
sf
orv
i
ct
i
ms.
Put
t
i
ngpr
essur
eont
hecommuni
t
yt
omakecondi
t
i
onssaf
erf
orv
ul
ner
abl
e
peopl
esuchasi
mpr
ov
i
ngst
r
eetl
i
ght
i
ngi
ncer
t
ai
nar
eas.
Resear
chi
ngandkeepi
ngr
ecor
dsonchi
l
dabuseandgenderv
i
ol
encef
or
soci
al
act
i
onandpol
i
cymaki
ng.
For
mul
at
i
onofcommuni
t
ybasedgenderv
i
ol
encecommi
t
t
ees.
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE





Vi
ct
i
m Suppor
tUni
t
YoungWomenChr
i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on
YoungMenChr
i
st
i
anAssoci
at
i
on
Legal
Ai
dCl
i
ni
cf
orwomen
Ot
herNGOs.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1.Def
i
net
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
m:
i
. Soci
al
chal
l
enges.
i
i
.
Chi
l
dabuse.
i
i
i
. Sexual
har
assment
.
i
v
. Teenagepr
egnanci
es.
v
.
Genderv
i
ol
ence.
2. I
dent
i
f
yi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatdeal
wi
t
hgenderbasedv
i
ol
ence.
3.Whatar
et
heef
f
ect
soft
eenagepr
egnanci
esonschoolgoi
ngchi
l
dr
enand
gi
v
eway
sofaddr
essi
ngt
hi
si
ssue?
4.I
dent
i
f
ypossi
bl
e ef
f
ectofr
ape on t
he v
i
ct
i
m and descr
i
be way
s of
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
137
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
pr
ot
ect
i
ngr
ape.
5.Ther
ear
ev
ar
i
ousf
or
msofabuse,suggestway
sofaddr
essi
ngdi
f
f
er
ent
f
or
msofchi
l
dabuse.
6.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
echi
l
dl
abuorandchi
l
dwor
k.Suggestway
sofi
nv
est
i
gat
i
ng
genderbasedv
i
ol
enceandhow y
oucanpr
esentt
hef
i
ndi
ngst
ov
i
ct
i
m
suppor
tuni
t
.
7.Out
l
i
net
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
ont
hataddr
essessoci
al
chal
l
engesi
nZambi
a.
8. Di
scussMeasur
est
ocur
bGenderVi
ol
enceandChi
l
dAbuse.
9. I
dent
i
f
yt
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hataddr
essgenderbasedv
i
ol
ence.
10.
Descr
i
bet
heef
f
ect
sofgenderbasedv
i
ol
ence.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
138
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
GRADETWELVE
I
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS.
Human r
i
ght
si
nst
r
ument
sr
ef
ert
oi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsand mechani
smst
hatar
eused t
o
pr
omot
eandpr
ot
ecthumanr
i
ght
s,suchast
her
i
ghtt
ol
i
f
e,r
i
ghtt
ov
ot
e,r
i
ghtt
o
educat
i
onet
c.
TYPESOFI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS
TheI
nt
er
nat
i
onalBi
l
lofRi
ght
swhi
chi
smadeupoft
hr
eemai
ni
nt
er
nat
i
onalhuman
r
i
ght
si
nst
r
ument
snamel
y
:
 Uni
v
er
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
s.
[
UDHR]of1948
 I
nt
er
nat
i
onalCov
enantonCi
v
i
landPol
i
t
i
calRi
ght
s.
[I
CCPR]
of1966andi
t
s
t
woopt
i
onal
pr
ot
ocol
s
 I
nt
er
nat
i
onalCov
enantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s[
I
CESCR]of
1966.
SPECI
ALI
ZEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSI
NCLUDES
 The I
nt
er
nat
i
onalConv
ent
i
on on t
he El
i
mi
nat
i
on ofal
lf
or
ms ofRaci
al
Di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on[
I
CERD]of1965.
 TheConv
ent
i
onont
heEl
i
mi
nat
i
onofal
lf
or
msofDi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nst
Women[
CEDAW]of1979andi
t
sOpt
i
onal
Pr
ot
ocol
.
 The Conv
ent
i
on agai
nstTor
t
ur
e and ot
herCr
uel
,I
nhuman orDegr
adi
ng
Tr
eat
mentorPuni
shment[
CAT]of1984.
 Conv
ent
i
onont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d[
CRC]of1989andi
t
st
woOpt
i
onal
Pr
ot
ocol
s.
 TheI
nt
er
nat
i
onalConv
ent
i
onont
hePr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
gr
ant
Wor
ker
sandMember
soft
hei
rFami
l
i
es[
CMW]of1990.
CHARTERBASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENT
THEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS(
1948)
 Thi
si
nst
r
umentbegi
nswi
t
ht
hepr
eambl
eori
nt
r
oduct
i
onwhi
chst
at
est
hev
al
ues
andbel
i
ef
soft
hedocument
.I
ti
sani
nt
er
nat
i
onal
l
yr
ecogni
zedandagr
eedupon
i
nst
r
umentt
hr
oughwhi
chi
ndi
v
i
dual
sandgov
er
nment
scanwor
kanddel
i
v
er
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
139
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
basi
cr
i
ght
s.
 I
twasadopt
edon10thDecember
,1948byt
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsi
nGenev
a,as
t
her
esul
tofgenoci
det
hatt
ookpl
acei
nNazi
,Ger
manydur
i
ngt
heSecond
Wor
l
dWaragai
nstt
heJews.
 Thi
sdecl
ar
at
i
oncont
ai
ns30ar
t
i
cl
eswhi
char
eal
i
stofbasi
cr
i
ght
sev
er
y
humanbei
ngi
sbor
nwi
t
handcanbedi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
wot
hemesnamel
yCi
v
i
l
andPol
i
t
i
calr
i
ght
saswel
l
asEconomi
c,
Soci
alandCul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s.
TheUDHRar
t
i
cl
esar
esummar
i
zedbel
ow.
Ev
er
y
one:
 I
sbor
ni
nf
r
eedom,
equal
i
t
yanddi
gni
t
y
.
 Hast
her
i
ghtnott
obedi
scr
i
mi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
ol
i
f
eandt
ol
i
v
ei
nf
r
eedom andsaf
et
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
ol
i
ber
t
yorf
r
eedom
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
osecur
i
t
yofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
or
t
ur
edorsuf
f
erf
r
om
cr
uel
andi
nhumant
r
eat
ment
.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oequal
i
t
ybef
or
et
hel
awandequal
pr
ot
ect
i
on.
 Hast
her
i
ghtr
ecogni
t
i
onbef
or
et
hel
aw
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oef
f
ect
i
v
er
emedy
 Hast
her
i
ghtnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bi
t
r
ar
yar
r
estordet
ent
i
on.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
ul
l
andf
ai
rhear
i
ngbef
or
eani
mpar
t
i
al
andi
ndependentt
r
i
bunal
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
i
l
pr
ov
engui
l
t
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
omar
r
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oasy
l
um
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofmov
ement
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oNat
i
onal
i
t
y
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
v
acy
.
 Hasr
i
ghtt
oownpr
oper
t
y
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
140
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom oft
hought
,
consci
enceandexpr
essi
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofopi
ni
onandex
pr
essi
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
at
i
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
ot
akepar
ti
ngov
er
nment
,
accesst
opubl
i
cser
v
i
cesandt
ov
ot
e.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
osoci
al
secur
i
t
y
.
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
owor
k
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
or
estandl
ei
sur
e
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ng
 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
i
on
 Hast
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eel
ypar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nt
hecul
t
ur
al
l
i
f
eoft
hecommuni
t
y
 I
sent
i
t
l
edt
oasoci
al
andi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
or
dert
or
eal
i
zet
her
i
ght
sandf
r
eedoms
 Hasdut
i
est
ot
hecommuni
t
y
 Musti
nt
er
pr
ett
hi
sdecl
ar
at
i
oni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
i
ght
s
andf
r
eedomsofot
her
s.
TREATY–BASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS
THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTON ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALANDCULTURALRI
GHTS
[
I
CESCR]
1966.
 Thi
si
sanext
r
actoft
heUni
v
er
salDecl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
swhi
chwasal
so
anef
f
or
tt
ocomeupwi
t
hal
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ngdocument
,
f
or
medi
n1966
 Theser
i
ght
sar
epr
obl
emat
i
cbecauset
heyar
edependentonr
esour
cesf
ort
hei
r
r
eal
i
zat
i
on.
 Thepr
eambl
egi
v
esanout
l
i
nef
ort
heexpl
anat
i
onoft
her
i
ght
si
nt
heCov
enant
andt
al
ksaboutwhati
scont
ai
nedi
nt
heUni
v
er
salDecl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
s
[
UDHR]becauset
heser
i
ght
si
nt
heCov
enantar
ebasedont
hei
nher
entdi
gni
t
y
oft
hehumanper
son.
 Thepr
eambl
eal
soemphasi
zest
hei
ndi
v
i
si
bi
l
i
t
yandi
nt
er
dependenceofal
l
humanr
i
ght
sbyst
at
i
ngt
hat
,t
hei
dealoff
r
eehumanbei
ngsenj
oy
i
ngf
r
eedom
f
r
om f
earandwantcanonl
ybeachi
ev
edi
fcondi
t
i
onsar
ecr
eat
edi
nwhi
ch
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
141
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ev
er
y
onecanenj
oyhi
seconomi
c,soci
alandcul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s,aswel
lashi
sci
v
i
l
andpol
i
t
i
calr
i
ght
s
SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SI
ONSI
NTHEI
CESCR
 Ri
ght
st
owor
k
 Ri
ghtt
oj
ustandf
av
or
abl
econdi
t
i
onsofwor
k,
i
ncl
udi
ngf
ai
rwages,
equalpayf
or
equal
wor
kandhol
i
day
swi
t
hpay
.
 Ri
ghtt
of
or
m andj
oi
nt
r
adeUni
ons,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
her
i
ghtt
ost
r
i
ke.
 Ri
ghtt
osoci
al
secur
i
t
y
.
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hef
ami
l
y
,
i
ncl
udi
ngspeci
al
assi
st
ancef
ormot
her
sandchi
l
dr
en.
 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ngi
ncl
udi
ngf
ood,
cl
ot
hi
ngandhousi
ng
 Ri
ghtt
ot
hehi
ghestat
t
ai
nabl
est
andar
dofphy
si
cal
andment
al
heal
t
h
 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
i
on
 Ri
ghtt
opar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
nt
hecul
t
ur
al
l
i
f
eandenj
oyt
hebenef
i
t
sofsci
ent
i
f
i
cpr
ogr
ess.
THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTONCI
VI
LANDPOLI
TI
CALRI
GHTS[
I
CCPR]
1966.
 Thi
scamei
nt
of
or
cei
n1996andi
sl
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ngt
oi
t
smemberst
at
es.These
ar
er
i
ght
st
hatar
eeasyt
onat
ur
eandi
mpl
ementbecauset
heyr
equi
r
enobi
g
i
nv
est
ment
sf
ort
hem t
obeenj
oy
ed.
 Thepr
eambl
e(
i
nt
r
oduct
i
on)oft
hi
sdocument
sst
at
est
hat
,t
hei
dealoff
r
ee
humanbei
ngsenj
oy
i
ngf
r
eedom f
r
om f
earandwantcanonl
ybeachi
ev
edi
f
condi
t
i
onsar
ecr
eat
edi
nwhi
chev
er
y
onecanenj
oyhi
seconomi
c,soci
aland
cul
t
ur
alr
i
ght
s,
aswel
lashi
sci
v
i
landpol
i
t
i
calr
i
ght
s
 Thet
r
eat
yexpandsont
heCi
v
i
landPol
i
t
i
calr
i
ght
ssetouti
nt
heUni
v
er
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
s[
UDHR]
,wi
t
ht
heexcept
i
onoft
her
i
ghtt
opr
oper
t
y
andr
i
ghtt
oasy
l
um.
SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SI
ONSI
NTHEI
CCPR.
 Ri
ghtt
ol
i
f
e
 Fr
eedom f
r
om t
or
t
ur
eandi
nhumant
r
eat
ment
 Fr
eedom f
r
om sl
av
er
yandf
or
cedl
abour
 Ri
ghtt
ol
i
ber
t
yandsecur
i
t
y
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
142
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Ri
ghtofdet
ai
nedper
sonst
obet
r
eat
edwi
t
hhumani
t
y
 Fr
eedom f
r
om i
mpr
i
sonmentf
ordebt
 Fr
eedom ofmov
ementandchoi
ceofr
esi
dence
 Fr
eedom ofal
i
ensf
r
om ar
bi
t
r
ar
yexpul
si
on
 Ri
ghtt
oaf
ai
rt
r
i
al
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onagai
nstr
et
r
oact
i
v
i
t
yoft
hecr
i
mi
nal
l
aw
 Ri
ghtt
or
ecogni
t
i
onasaper
sonbef
or
et
hel
aw
 Ri
ghtt
opr
i
v
acy
 Fr
eedom oft
houghtorconsci
enceandr
el
i
gi
on
 Fr
eedom ofopi
ni
onandexpr
essi
on
 Pr
ohi
bi
t
i
onofpr
opagandaf
orwarandofi
nci
t
ementt
onat
i
onal
,
r
aci
al
orr
el
i
gi
ous
hat
r
ed
 Ri
ghtt
oassembl
y
 Fr
eedom ofassoci
at
i
on
 Ri
ghtt
omar
r
yandf
i
ndaf
ami
l
y
 Ri
ght
soft
heChi
l
d
 Pol
i
t
i
cal
r
i
ght
s
 Equal
i
t
ybef
or
et
hel
aw
 Ri
ght
sofmi
nor
i
t
i
es
OPTI
ONALPROTOCALS
An Opt
i
onalPr
ot
ocoli
s a pr
ov
i
si
on at
t
ached t
o an i
nt
er
nat
i
onalhuman r
i
ght
s
i
nst
r
umenti
nor
dert
oof
f
ermor
epr
ot
ect
i
on.TheI
CCPRhast
woopt
i
onalpr
ot
ocol
s
namel
y
:
FI
RSTOPTI
ONALPROTOCOL(
1976)
:Thi
spr
ov
i
si
onal
l
owsi
ndi
v
i
dual
st
ocompl
ai
nt
o
t
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
ononi
ssuesofhumanr
i
ght
sv
i
ol
at
i
ons
cont
ai
ned i
nt
he I
CCPR pr
ov
i
ded t
heyexhaustal
lchannel
sofcompl
ai
nt
susual
l
y
t
hr
ought
hecour
t
sofl
aw.Zambi
ai
sast
at
epar
t
y(
member
)t
ot
hi
spr
ot
ocol
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
143
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
SECONDOPTI
ONALPROTOCAL(
1990)
:
Thi
sai
msatt
heabol
i
t
i
onoft
hedeat
hpenal
t
yandZambi
ai
snotast
at
epar
t
yt
ot
hi
s.
SPECI
ALI
SEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS
THE I
NTERNATI
ONAL CONVENTI
ON ON THE ELI
MI
NATI
ON OF ALL FORMS OF
RACI
ALDI
SCRI
MI
NATI
ON[
I
CERD]
1969.
 I
tcamei
nt
of
or
cei
n1969andi
twasdr
af
t
edt
odr
aw at
t
ent
i
ont
omat
t
er
sof
r
aci
aldi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onwhi
chwer
est
i
l
l
r
ampanti
nt
hewor
l
d.
 Pr
i
nci
pl
e Def
i
ni
t
i
on ofRaci
aldi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on:I
ti
s anydi
st
i
nct
i
on,excl
usi
on,
r
est
r
i
ct
i
onoranyper
f
or
mancebasedonr
ace,
col
or
,
descentornat
i
onaloret
hni
c
or
i
gi
nwhi
chhast
hepur
poseofi
mpai
r
i
ngt
her
ecogni
t
i
onorenj
oy
mentonan
equalf
oot
i
ng,ofhuman r
i
ght
s and f
undamentf
r
eedoms i
nt
he pol
i
t
i
cal
,
economi
c,
soci
al
,
cul
t
ur
aloranyot
herf
i
el
dofpubl
i
cl
i
f
e.
SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SI
ONSI
NTHEI
CERD
 Condemnr
aci
al
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on,
segr
egat
i
onandapar
t
hei
d.
 Pr
ohi
bi
tt
heactofdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onbyi
ndi
v
i
dual
soror
gani
zat
i
ons
 Assur
eev
er
y
onewi
t
hi
nt
hepower
s,
adequat
epr
ot
ect
i
onandr
emedi
es
 Condemn al
lpr
opaganda and or
gani
zat
i
ons based on i
deas ort
heor
i
es of
super
i
or
i
t
yofoner
aceorgr
oup.
 Pr
ohi
bi
tandel
i
mi
nat
er
aci
al
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onandequal
enj
oy
mentofal
l
t
her
i
ght
s
 Under
t
akei
mmedi
at
eandef
f
ect
i
v
emeasur
esi
nt
eachi
ng,educat
i
on,cul
t
ur
eand
i
nf
or
mat
i
on,wi
t
hav
i
ew of combat
i
ng pr
ej
udi
ces whi
ch l
ead t
or
aci
al
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on.
THECONVENTI
ONONTHEELI
MI
NATI
ONOFALLFORMSOF
DI
SCRI
MI
NATI
ONAGAI
NSTWOMEN[
CEDAW]
1979
 Thi
s came aboutaf
t
ert
he f
ai
l
ur
e oft
he 1967 decl
ar
at
i
on t
o el
i
mi
nat
e
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstwomen.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
144
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
twasobser
v
edt
hatf
emal
esst
i
l
lsuf
f
ert
hewor
stdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
oni
nt
hesoci
al
economi
caswel
l
ast
hei
rci
v
i
l
andpol
i
t
i
cal
r
i
ght
s.
 Thi
si
nst
r
umentwasputi
nf
or
cei
n1979t
odi
r
ect
l
y
.
 Pr
i
nci
pl
edef
i
ni
t
i
onofr
aci
aldi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on:t
hi
si
sanydi
st
i
nct
i
on,excl
usi
on,
r
est
r
i
ct
i
onoranyper
f
or
mancebasedonsexwhi
chhast
hepur
poseofi
mpai
r
i
ng
t
her
ecogni
t
i
onenj
oy
mentofanequalf
oot
i
ngofhumanr
i
ght
sandf
undament
al
f
r
eedom i
nt
hepol
i
t
i
cal
economi
csoci
al
ot
herr
i
ghti
npubl
i
cl
i
f
e.
SUMMARYOFPROVI
SI
ONSI
NTHECEDAW
 El
i
mi
nat
eal
l
f
or
msofdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstwomen.
 Est
abl
i
shl
egal
pr
ot
ect
i
onoft
her
i
ght
sofwomenonanequal
basi
swi
t
hmen.
 Pr
omot
et
hepr
i
nci
pl
eofequal
i
t
yofmenandwomeni
nt
hei
rdomest
i
cl
egi
sl
at
i
on
 Modi
f
yorabol
i
shexi
st
i
ngnat
i
onall
egi
sl
at
i
onandpr
act
i
ceswhi
chconst
i
t
ut
e
di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstwomen.
 El
i
mi
nat
edi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
oni
nt
heenj
oy
mentofal
l
r
i
ght
sbet
weenmenandwomen
ACCORDWOMENEQUALI
TYWI
THMENBEFORETHELAW
 El
i
mi
nat
edi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstwomeni
nal
lmat
t
er
sr
el
at
i
ngt
omar
r
i
ageand
pr
oper
t
y
.
CEDAW hasanopt
i
onal
pr
ot
ocol
adopt
edi
n1999whi
chal
l
owst
heUni
t
edNat
i
ons
Commi
t
t
eeont
heEl
i
mi
nat
i
onofDi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstWoment
or
ecei
v
eandhear
Casesofv
i
ol
at
i
onsofwomen’
sr
i
ght
s
THE CONVENTI
ON AGAI
NST TOTURE AND OTHER CRUEL,I
NHUMAN OR
DEGRADI
NGTREATMENTORPUNI
SHMENT[
CAT]
1984.
 Thi
sconv
ent
i
oncamei
nt
obei
ngon10th December
1984andZambi
abecamea
st
at
epar
t
yt
ot
heconv
ent
i
oni
n1998.
 Theai
m oft
hei
nst
r
umenti
st
ot
ot
al
l
yf
or
bi
dt
or
t
ur
eandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanor
degr
adi
ngt
r
eat
mentorpuni
shment
.
 Pr
i
nci
pl
edef
i
ni
t
i
on:
Tor
t
ur
ei
sdef
i
nedasanactbywhi
chsev
er
epai
norsuf
f
er
i
ng,
whet
herphy
si
calorment
al,i
si
nt
ent
i
onal
l
yi
nf
l
i
ct
ed on a per
son f
orsuch
pur
posesasobt
ai
ni
ngf
r
om hi
m orat
hi
r
dper
soni
nf
or
mat
i
on orconf
essi
on,
puni
shi
nghi
mf
oranactheorat
hi
r
dper
sonhascommi
t
t
edori
ssuspect
edof
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
145
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
hav
i
ngcommi
t
t
ed.
SUMMARYOFPROVI
SI
ONSI
NCAT
 Pr
ohi
bi
tt
or
t
ur
e
 Notr
ef
oul
er
,whi
chmeanst
osendbackaper
sont
oacount
r
ywher
ehe/
shei
s
l
i
kel
yt
ounder
got
or
t
ur
e.
 Puni
sht
or
t
ur
er
s.
 Rehabi
l
i
t
at
ev
i
ct
i
msoft
or
t
ur
et
hr
oughcounsel
i
ng
 Cont
r
ol
t
hesy
st
em ofi
nt
er
r
ogat
i
onanddet
ent
i
on
 Repor
tt
ot
hecommi
t
t
ee.
 Educat
eci
t
i
zensont
heev
i
l
oft
or
t
ur
e
THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCONVENTI
ON ON THEPROTECTI
ON OFTHERI
GHTSOF
ALLMI
GRANTWORKERSANDMEMBERSOFTHEI
RFAMI
LI
ES [
CMW]
1990.
 Thi
si
smeantt
opr
ot
ectt
her
i
ght
sofpeopl
ewor
ki
ngi
nacount
r
ywhi
chi
snot
t
hei
r
s.
[i
nt
heDi
aspor
a]
 St
at
epar
t
i
esar
eobl
i
gedt
opr
ot
ectandseekj
udi
ci
alr
emedyt
ot
hosemi
gr
ant
wor
ker
swhoser
i
ght
shav
ebeenv
i
ol
at
ed.
Pr
i
nci
pl
edef
i
ni
t
i
on:t
hi
sappl
i
est
oal
lmi
gr
antwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rf
ami
l
i
es
wi
t
houtdi
st
i
nct
i
onofanyki
ndsuchassex,r
ace,col
or
,l
anguage,r
el
i
gi
onorconv
i
ct
i
on,
pol
i
t
i
calorot
heropi
ni
on,nat
i
onal
,et
hni
corsoci
alor
i
gi
n,nat
i
onal
i
t
y
,age,economi
c
posi
t
i
on,
pr
oper
t
y
,
mar
i
t
al
st
at
us,
bi
r
t
horot
herst
at
us.
SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SI
ONSI
NTHECMW
 Non–di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onofmi
gr
antwor
ker
sandt
hei
rf
ami
l
i
eswi
t
houtdi
st
i
nct
i
onof
anyki
nd.
 Mi
gr
antwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rf
ami
l
i
esshal
lbef
r
eet
ol
eav
eanyst
at
e,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
rst
at
eofor
i
gi
n.
 Theyhav
et
her
i
ghtt
oent
erandr
emai
ni
nt
hei
rst
at
eofor
i
gi
n.
 Ther
i
ghtt
ol
i
f
eofmi
gr
antwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rf
ami
l
i
esshal
lbe
pr
ot
ect
edbyl
aw.
 Nomi
gr
antwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rf
ami
l
i
esshal
lbesubj
ect
edt
ot
or
t
ur
eor
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
146
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
cr
uel
,
i
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
r
eat
mentorpuni
shment
.
 Nomi
gr
antwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rf
ami
l
i
esshal
lbehel
di
nsl
av
er
yor
ser
v
i
t
ude.
 Nomi
gr
antwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rf
ami
l
i
esshal
lber
equi
r
edt
oper
f
or
m
f
or
cedorcompul
sor
yl
abor
.
 Theyshal
l
hav
et
her
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom oft
hought
,
consci
enceandr
el
i
gi
on.
 Theyshal
l
hav
et
her
i
ghtt
ohol
dopi
ni
onswi
t
houti
nt
er
f
er
ence.
 Theyshal
lnotbesubj
ect
edt
oanyar
bi
t
r
ar
yorunl
awf
uli
nt
er
f
er
enceoft
hei
r
pr
i
v
acy
.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON.
1.Def
i
nei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
HumanRi
ght
si
nst
r
ument
2.Descr
i
bet
het
y
pesofi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
HumanRi
ght
si
nst
r
ument
3.Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weent
hef
i
r
stopt
i
onalpr
ot
ocolandt
hesecondopt
i
onal
pr
ot
ocol
4.St
at
et
heel
ement
soft
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onalConv
ent
i
onont
heel
i
mi
nat
i
onofal
l
f
or
msofdi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onagai
nstwomen
5.Expl
ai
n cl
ear
l
yhow Zambi
ai
si
mpl
ement
i
ng t
he i
nt
er
nat
i
onalHuman
Ri
ght
s
6.St
at
et
hei
mpor
t
anceofi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
HumanRi
ght
s
7.Wr
i
t
ebr
i
efnot
esont
hef
ol
l
owi
ngHumanRi
ght
si
nst
r
ument
s.
i
. Conv
ent
i
onAgai
nstTor
t
ur
eandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanordegr
adi
ng
orpuni
shment
i
i
. I
nt
er
nat
i
onalConv
ent
i
onont
heEl
i
mi
nat
i
onofal
lf
or
msofRaci
al
Di
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on(
I
CERD)
RI
GHTSOFACHI
LD
HumanRi
ght
sar
euni
v
er
saland,
t
her
ef
or
e,
ev
er
yet
hni
ci
t
yi
sent
i
t
l
edt
ot
hem asl
ongas
onei
shuman.
WHOI
SACHI
LD
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
147
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Theconv
ent
i
ondef
i
nesachi
l
dasev
er
yhumanbei
ngbel
owt
heageof18y
ear
s.
 Theconv
ent
i
onr
ecogni
zest
hatchi
l
dr
enr
equi
r
especi
alcar
eandassi
st
ance.I
t
asser
t
st
her
ol
eoft
hef
ami
l
yi
nchi
l
dr
en’
sl
i
v
es.
 I
ti
dent
i
f
i
est
hechi
l
d’
sexper
i
enceofchi
l
dhoodasbei
ngl
ar
gel
ydet
er
mi
nedbyt
he
car
eandpr
ot
ect
i
ont
heyr
ecei
v
ef
r
om adul
t
,
soci
et
yandst
at
e.
CHI
LDREN’
SRI
GHTSAREHUMANRI
GHTS
Asepar
at
ehumanr
i
ght
si
nst
r
umentf
orchi
l
dr
endoesnotmeant
hatchi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
s
ar
edi
f
f
er
entf
r
om HumanRi
ght
s.Chi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
sar
eH/
Randar
eder
i
v
edf
r
om t
he
sameUni
v
er
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onofH/
R(
UDHR)exceptt
hatt
heconv
ent
i
onsr
i
ght
shav
ebeen
dr
awnupspeci
f
i
cal
l
yt
oaddr
esst
hechi
l
dr
en’
shumanr
i
ght
ssi
t
uat
i
ons. A chi
l
di
s
ent
i
t
l
edt
ospeci
al
car
eandpr
ot
ect
i
on.
REASONSFORASEPARATEHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSFORCHI
LDREN
 Chi
l
dr
enexper
i
encedi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
onandt
her
ef
or
eneedspeci
alpr
ot
ect
i
onunder
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
.
 Chi
l
dr
enar
ei
ndi
v
i
dual
swi
t
hequal
st
at
usasadul
t
s.
 Thehi
ghestl
ev
elofdev
el
opmentofanysoci
et
ycanonl
ybeat
t
ai
nedwi
t
hi
nt
he
heal
t
hyandact
i
v
epar
t
i
ci
pat
i
onofchi
l
dr
en
 Chi
l
dr
enbecomedependentonl
ywi
t
ht
hehel
pofadul
t
swhi
chmakest
hem
v
ul
ner
abl
east
heyar
emor
esensi
t
i
v
et
osoci
al
condi
t
i
onsofsoci
et
y
.
 Chi
l
dr
enar
emor
eaf
f
ect
edbyGov
er
nment
’
sact
i
onsandpol
i
ci
est
hananyot
her
gr
oup.
 Most
l
ychi
l
dr
enhav
el
i
mi
t
edaccesst
ocompl
ai
nt
smechani
smsofanyl
egal
sy
st
ems.
 Chi
l
dr
enar
emor
ev
ul
ner
abl
et
oexpl
oi
t
at
i
onandabusebecauseoft
hei
rphy
si
cal
,
emot
i
onal
.
 Chi
l
dr
enar
easaf
eguar
doft
hehumanr
acewi
t
houtwhom t
hehumanr
acewi
l
l
becomeext
i
nct
.Consequent
l
y
,whenchi
l
dr
enar
enegl
ect
edi
ti
satt
hecount
r
y
’
s
ownhar
m.
STEPSTAKENTOCOMEUPWI
THTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD
 Bef
or
ecomi
ngupwi
t
ht
heconv
ent
i
onont
her
i
ght
soft
hechi
l
dt
hatwasadopt
ed
t
h
byt
heUni
t
edNat
i
onson20 Nov
ember1989.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
148
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Sev
er
alat
t
empt
swer
emadet
ocomeupwi
t
ht
hecompr
ehensi
v
ei
nst
r
umentf
or
chi
l
dr
en.Egl
ant
y
neJebbanEngl
i
shwomanwasaf
ounderofSav
et
heChi
l
dr
en
al
l
i
anceaf
t
erser
v
i
ngi
nt
heBal
kanWar
.Shedi
scov
er
edt
hatChi
l
dr
enneed
speci
alpr
ot
ect
swhi
ch l
ead t
ot
heat
t
empt
st
o comeup wi
t
h speci
f
i
cH/
R
i
nst
r
ument
s.
YEAR
EVENT
1924
The f
i
v
e poi
nt decl
ar
at
i
on of t
he r
i
ght
s of chi
l
d. The
decl
ar
at
i
on.Wasadopt
edbyt
heLeagueofNat
i
ons
1946
Theuni
t
ednat
i
onsgener
alassembl
ycr
eat
edt
heUNI
CEFasa
uni
v
er
sal
mov
ementf
orchi
l
dr
en.
1959
TheTenpoi
ntDecl
ar
at
i
onoft
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d.Thi
s
Decl
ar
at
i
on by U.
N Gener
alAssembl
ycont
ai
ned t
en mai
n
Poi
nt
s
1961
Ar
esol
ut
i
on byt
heUNGA based on t
he1959 Decl
ar
at
i
on
br
oadensUNI
CEF’
sf
i
el
dofoper
at
i
on
1965
Hague Conv
ent
i
on on Jur
i
sdi
ct
i
on, Appl
i
cabl
e Law,
Recogni
t
i
on, Enf
or
cementand cooper
at
i
on i
nr
espectof
Par
ent
al
Responsi
bi
l
i
t
yandmeasur
es
f
ort
hepr
ot
ect
i
onofchi
l
dr
en.
1979
The Uni
t
ed Nat
i
ons Gener
al Assembl
y pr
ocl
ai
ms t
he
I
nt
er
nat
i
onal Year of t
he Chi
l
d (
I
YC) t
o cel
ebr
at
e t
he
t
h
20 Anni
v
er
sar
yoft
hedecl
ar
at
i
onoft
her
i
ght
soft
hechi
l
d.
TheI
YC
Wasi
nt
endedt
oencour
age
t
he
i
mpl
ement
at
i
on
of
t
he
1959
Decl
ar
at
i
on.
1980
Hague Conv
ent
i
on on ci
v
i
laspect
s ofi
nt
er
nat
i
onalchi
l
d
Adopt
i
on
1986
Uni
t
ed Nat
i
ons Decl
ar
at
i
on on Soci
aland LegalPr
i
nci
pl
es
Rel
at
i
ngt
ot
hepr
ot
ect
i
onandwel
f
ar
eofchi
l
dr
enwi
t
hspeci
al
r
ef
er
encet
of
ost
erpl
acementandNat
i
onalandI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
adopt
i
on.
1989
Adopt
i
on byt
he Uni
t
ed Nat
i
onsGener
alAssembl
yi
n New
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
149
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Yor
konConv
ent
i
onont
her
i
ght
soft
hechi
l
d.
1990
TheConv
ent
i
onwhi
chi
sal
egali
nst
r
umentent
er
si
nt
of
or
ce
af
t
er
THEFOURPRI
NCI
PLESONTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD
TheCRCi
sf
oundedonf
ourgener
al
pr
i
nci
pl
esandt
hesear
e:
Thebesti
nt
er
estoft
hechi
l
d Al
l
adul
t
smustdowhati
sbestf
orchi
l
dr
en.
 Thi
sent
ai
l
st
hatwhenadul
t
smakedeci
si
ons,t
heyshoul
dt
hi
nkabouthowt
hei
r
deci
si
onswi
l
l
af
f
ectchi
l
dr
en.
Nondi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on Theconv
ent
i
onappl
i
est
oal
lchi
l
dr
en,what
ev
ert
hei
rr
ace,r
el
i
gi
onorabi
l
i
t
i
es,
what
ev
ert
heyt
hi
nkorsay
,
what
ev
ert
y
peoff
ami
l
yt
heycomef
r
om.
 Nochi
l
dshoul
dbet
r
eat
edunf
ai
r
l
yonanybasi
s.
Sur
v
i
v
alanddev
el
opment
 Chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
ol
i
f
e.Ther
ef
or
eGov
er
nmentshoul
densur
et
hatchi
l
dr
en
sur
v
i
v
eanddev
el
opheal
t
hi
l
y
.
 Dev
el
opment
alr
i
ght
si
ncl
udepr
ov
i
si
onsf
oreducat
i
on,accesst
oi
nf
or
mat
i
on,
pl
ayandl
ei
sur
e,
cul
t
ur
al
act
i
v
i
t
i
es.
Par
t
i
ci
pat
i
on
 Whenadul
t
sar
emaki
ngdeci
si
onst
hataf
f
ectchi
l
dr
en.
 Chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
osaywhatt
heyt
hi
nkshoul
dhappenandhav
et
hei
r
opi
ni
onst
akeni
nt
oconsi
der
at
i
on.
PROVI
SI
ONSOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSCHI
LDRENSRI
GHTSCONVENTI
ON(
UNCRC)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
150
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
1.Ci
v
i
lRi
ght
sandFr
eedoms
Thesear
er
i
ght
st
hathav
et
odowi
t
hbei
ngaci
t
i
zenandi
ncl
udepol
i
t
i
cal
,soci
al
,
l
egal
r
i
ght
sandequal
i
t
y
.Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
et
hepr
ov
i
si
ons
 Nameandnat
i
onal
i
t
y
:ev
er
ychi
l
di
sent
i
t
l
edt
oaname,
nat
i
onal
i
t
yandhas
t
her
i
ghtt
oknow hi
s/
herpar
ent
sandt
obecar
edf
orbyt
hepar
ent
s.
Chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
oi
dent
i
t
ysuchasabi
r
t
hcer
t
i
f
i
cat
e.
 Pr
eser
v
at
i
onofi
dent
i
t
y
:I
ti
st
hedut
yoft
hegov
er
nmentt
oassi
stany
chi
l
dwhosei
dent
i
t
yhasbeenunl
awf
ul
l
yt
akenawayt
ogeti
tback.
 Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onandi
nf
or
mat
i
on:t
hi
sr
i
ghtpr
ov
i
desf
ort
hechi
l
d
t
of
r
eedom ofexpr
essi
onandt
oseeki
nf
or
mat
i
on.Ther
i
ghti
ncl
udes
f
r
eedom t
oseek,
r
ecei
v
eandt
ogi
v
eouti
nf
or
mat
i
onandi
deasofal
l
ki
nds.
 Fr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
el
i
gi
on:t
hi
sr
i
ghtal
l
owsachi
l
d
f
r
eedom oft
houghtorconsci
encei
nchoosi
ngt
odot
her
i
ghtr
at
hert
han
t
hewr
ongt
hi
ng.Chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
ot
hi
nkandbel
i
ev
ei
nwhatt
hey
wantandt
opr
act
i
cet
hei
rr
el
i
gi
on.
 Fr
eedom ofassoci
at
i
on:Thi
sr
i
ghtpr
ov
i
desf
orgov
er
nment
st
or
ecogni
ze
t
her
i
ght
soft
hechi
l
dt
of
r
eedom ofassoci
at
i
on and t
of
r
eedom of
peacef
ulassembl
y
.Associ
at
i
oni
sbel
ongi
ngt
oagr
oupf
orachi
ev
i
nga
commonpur
pose.
 Access t
o i
nf
or
mat
i
on and medi
a:The pr
ov
i
si
on r
ecogni
zes t
he
i
mpor
t
anceofmassmedi
aandhow i
tshoul
densur
et
hatt
hechi
l
dhas
accesst
oi
nf
or
mat
i
onf
orbot
hl
ocal
andi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
sour
ces.
 Tor
t
ur
e,
capi
t
alpuni
shment
,
depr
i
v
at
i
onofl
i
ber
t
y
:Thi
spr
ov
i
si
onpr
ot
ect
s
chi
l
dr
enf
r
om t
or
t
ur
e,cr
uelt
r
eat
mentorpuni
shment
,unl
awf
ular
r
estor
depr
i
v
at
i
onofl
i
ber
t
y
.I
tf
ur
t
herpr
ot
ect
st
hechi
l
df
r
om bei
ngsent
encedt
o
deat
h.
 Fami
l
yenv
i
r
onmentandal
t
er
nat
i
v
ecar
e:Ther
i
ght
sundert
hi
scl
ust
er
deal
swi
t
ht
hef
ami
l
yenv
i
r
onmentandal
t
er
nat
i
v
ecar
ef
ort
hosechi
l
dr
en
whoar
eunabl
et
obel
ookedaf
t
erbyt
hei
rownpar
ent
sf
orv
ar
i
ousr
easons.
 Par
ent
s,f
ami
l
y
,communi
t
yr
i
ght
s and r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
es:t
hi
s pr
ov
i
si
on
r
equi
r
est
he gov
er
nmentt
or
espectt
he r
i
ght
sand r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esof
par
ent
sandt
heext
endedf
ami
l
yt
opr
ov
i
degui
dancef
ort
hechi
l
dwhi
chi
s
appr
opr
i
at
et
o hi
s orherev
ol
v
i
ng capaci
t
y
.Ev
ol
v
i
ng capaci
t
yi
st
he
mat
ur
i
ngpr
ocesst
hatchi
l
dr
engot
hr
oughbef
or
er
eachi
ngadul
t
hood.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
151
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
2.FAMI
LYENVI
ROMENTANDALTERNATI
VECARE
 NONSEPERATI
ONFROM PARENTS
Thi
si
sar
i
ghtt
hatensur
est
hati
fachi
l
di
ssepar
at
edf
r
om hi
s/
herpar
ent
s
he/
shehast
her
i
ghtt
okeepcont
actwi
t
hhi
sorpar
ent
s.
 FAMI
LYREUNI
FI
CATI
ON
Request
sbyachi
l
dt
ol
eav
eorent
eracount
r
yf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hechi
l
d
r
euni
t
i
ngwi
t
ht
hef
ami
l
ymember
sshal
lbedeal
twi
t
hi
nahumanemanner
.The
chi
l
dhast
her
i
ghtt
okeepcont
act
swi
t
ht
hepar
ent
si
ft
heyl
i
v
ei
ndi
f
f
er
ent
count
r
i
esorpl
aces.
 I
LLI
CI
TTRANSFERANDNONRETURNOFCHI
LDREN
Thegov
er
nmentshal
lt
akemeasur
est
ocombatt
hei
l
l
i
ci
tori
l
l
egalt
r
ansf
erand
nonr
et
ur
nofchi
l
dr
enabr
oad.
 PARENTALRESPONSI
BI
LI
TY
Thi
sr
equi
r
espar
ent
st
ohav
ef
ul
lr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yt
obr
i
ngupt
hei
rchi
l
dr
enandt
hat
par
ent
sshoul
dal
way
sconsi
derwhati
sbestf
ort
hei
rchi
l
dr
en.I
ncaseswher
et
he
par
ent
sf
ai
l
t
og
 ABUSEANDNEGLECTWHI
LEI
NFAMI
LYORCARE
Gov
er
nmenthast
hedut
yt
omakel
awsandpr
ov
i
desoci
alandeducat
i
onal
measur
est
opr
ot
ectt
hechi
l
df
r
om al
l
f
or
msofphy
si
cal
orment
al
v
i
ol
ence.
 ALTERNATI
VECAREFORCHI
LDRENI
NTHEABSENSEOFPARENTS
Thi
sr
i
ghtpr
ov
i
desf
orachi
l
dwhoi
st
empor
ar
i
l
yorper
manent
l
ydepr
i
v
edofhi
s
orherf
ami
l
ywi
t
hspeci
al
pr
ot
ect
i
onorassi
st
ancebyt
hegov
er
nment
.
 ADOPTI
ON
Thi
sr
i
ghtr
ecogni
zest
hatchi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
ocar
eandpr
ot
ect
i
on.Soi
f
adopt
edorundercar
e,
t
heconcer
nwi
l
l
bewhati
sbestf
ort
hechi
l
dadopt
ed.
 REVI
EW OFTREATMENTI
NCARE
Chi
l
dr
enwhoar
el
ookedaf
t
eri
ni
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsofcar
er
at
hert
hant
hei
rpar
ent
s,
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
152
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
hav
et
her
i
ghtt
hei
rl
i
v
i
ngar
r
angement
sr
ev
i
ewedr
egul
ar
l
yt
ochecki
ft
heyar
et
he
mostappr
opr
i
at
e.
 STANDARDOFLI
VI
NG
Thi
sr
i
ghtpl
acesdut
yon t
he gov
er
nmentt
ot
ake st
epst
or
ecov
erunpai
d
mai
nt
enancef
ort
hechi
l
df
r
om par
ent
sorot
her
swhoar
er
equi
r
edt
ot
akecar
eof
t
hechi
l
df
i
nanci
al
l
y
.
 RECOVERYANDREI
NTEGRATI
ON
Gov
er
nmenthast
hedut
yt
or
educeandr
euni
t
echi
l
dv
i
ct
i
msofexpl
oi
t
at
i
on,
t
or
t
ur
eoranyot
hermi
st
r
eat
mentbacki
nt
ot
hei
rcommuni
t
i
es.
3.BASI
CHEALTHANDWELFARE
Her
e,
t
her
i
ght
sar
emeantt
opr
omot
et
heheal
t
handwel
f
ar
eoft
hechi
l
d.
͓wel
f
ar
ei
st
hesi
t
uat
i
onofhav
i
nggoodheal
t
handcomf
or
t
abl
el
i
v
i
ng.
 PARENTALRESPONSI
BI
LI
TY
Undert
hi
spr
ov
i
si
on,gov
er
nment
shav
er
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yoft
aki
ngal
lappr
opr
i
at
e
measur
est
oensur
et
hatchi
l
dr
enofwor
ki
ngpar
ent
shav
et
her
i
ghtt
obenef
i
t
f
r
om chi
l
dcar
eser
v
i
cesandf
aci
l
i
t
i
esf
orwhi
cht
heyar
eel
i
gi
bl
e.
 CHI
LDRENWI
THDI
SABI
LI
TI
ES
Ther
i
ghtpr
ov
i
dest
hatadi
sabl
edchi
l
dhast
her
i
ghtpr
ov
i
dest
hatadi
sabl
ed
chi
l
dhast
her
i
ghtt
ospeci
alcar
e,
educat
i
onandt
r
ai
ni
ngt
ohel
phi
m orherenj
oy
af
ul
l
anddecentl
i
f
e.
 HEALTHANDHEALTHSERVI
CES
Chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
ot
hebestheal
t
hcar
esuchassaf
edr
i
nki
ngwat
er
,
nut
r
i
t
i
ousf
ood,
acl
eanandsaf
eenv
i
r
onment
.
 SOCI
ALSECURI
TY
Gov
er
nmentshal
lr
ecogni
zef
orev
er
ychi
l
dt
her
i
ghtt
o benef
i
tf
r
om soci
al
secur
i
t
y
,i
ncl
udi
ng soci
ali
nsur
ance and shal
lt
ake necessar
y measur
es t
o
achi
ev
et
hi
sr
i
ghti
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
hei
rnat
i
onal
l
aw.
 PARAGRAPHS:1AND3:STANDARDOFLI
VI
NGGov
er
nmentaccept
st
he
r
i
ghtofev
er
ychi
l
dt
oast
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ngsui
t
abl
ef
ort
hechi
l
d’
sphy
si
cal
,
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
153
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ment
al
,spi
r
i
t
ual
,mor
alandsoci
aldev
el
opment
.Par
ent
sorot
herpeopl
e
r
esponsi
bl
ef
ort
hechi
l
dhav
et
hef
i
r
str
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yt
opr
ov
i
dewi
t
hi
nt
hei
r
abi
l
i
t
i
es.
4.EDUCATI
ON,
LEI
SUREANDCULTURALACTI
VI
TI
ES
Ther
i
ght
sher
ehav
et
odowi
t
heducat
i
on,
r
ecr
eat
i
onandcul
t
ur
al
act
i
v
i
t
i
es.
RI
GHTTOEDUCATI
ON
Al
l
chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
oapr
i
mar
yeducat
i
on,
whi
chshoul
dbef
r
ee.
 Di
sci
pl
i
ne i
n school
s mustr
espectchi
l
dr
en’
s di
gni
t
y
.Any f
or
m of
di
sci
pl
i
neshoul
dt
akei
nt
oaccountt
hechi
l
d’
shumandi
gni
t
y
.
 Schooladmi
ni
st
r
at
or
sshoul
d makesur
et
hatanydi
sci
pl
i
nepr
act
i
ces
i
nv
ol
v
i
ngphy
si
cal
orment
al
v
i
ol
enceornegl
ecti
sel
i
mi
nat
ed.
 Secondar
y and v
ocat
i
onal educat
i
on shoul
d be encour
aged by
Gov
er
nmentandmaket
hem av
ai
l
abl
et
oev
er
ychi
l
d.
 Measur
essuchast
hei
nt
r
oduct
i
onoff
r
eeeducat
i
onandof
f
er
i
ngf
i
nanci
al
assi
st
ancei
ncaseofneedshoul
dbet
akenbygov
er
nment
.
 Gov
er
nmentshoul
dmakehi
ghereducat
i
onaccessi
bl
et
oal
lont
hebasi
s
ofcapaci
t
y
.
AI
MSOFEDUCATI
ON
 Educat
i
onoft
hechi
l
dshoul
dbet
hedev
el
opmentoft
hechi
l
d’
sper
sonal
i
t
y
,
t
al
ent
sandment
al
andphy
si
cal
abi
l
i
t
i
est
ot
hei
rf
ul
l
estpot
ent
i
al
.
 Dev
el
opmentofr
espectf
orhuman r
i
ght
sand f
undament
alf
r
eedoms
enshr
i
nedi
nt
hechar
t
eroft
heUni
t
edNat
i
ons.
 Dev
el
opmentofr
espectf
ort
hechi
l
d’
spar
ent
s,hi
sorherowncul
t
ur
al
i
dent
i
t
y
,
l
anguageandv
al
uesoft
hecount
r
yi
nwhi
cht
hechi
l
di
sl
i
v
i
ng.
 Pr
epar
at
i
onoft
hechi
l
df
ort
her
esponsi
bl
el
i
f
ei
naf
r
eesoci
et
y
.
PLAYANDRECREATI
ON
 The chi
l
d has t
he r
i
ghtt
or
estand l
ei
sur
e,t
o engage i
n pl
ay and
r
ecr
eat
i
onal
act
i
v
i
t
i
esequal
t
ot
hechi
l
d’
sage.
 St
at
epar
t
i
esshal
lr
espectandpr
omot
et
her
i
ghtoft
hechi
l
dt
of
ul
l
y
par
t
i
ci
pat
ei
ncul
t
ur
al
andar
t
i
st
i
cl
i
f
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
154
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
5.SPECI
ALPROTECTI
ONMEASURES
Ther
i
ght
sher
epr
ot
ectt
her
i
ght
sofchi
l
dr
enwhocomei
nt
oconf
l
i
ctwi
t
ht
hel
aw
andf
r
om anyf
or
m ofabuseandexpl
oi
t
at
i
on.
Ref
ugeechi
l
dr
enst
at
esshal
lensur
et
hatachi
l
dwhoi
sseeki
ngr
ef
ugeest
at
us
ori
sconsi
der
edar
ef
ugeebyl
aw.
Economi
cexpl
oi
t
at
i
on
St
at
epar
t
i
esr
ecogni
zet
her
i
ghtoft
hechi
l
dt
obepr
ot
ect
edf
r
om economi
c
expl
oi
t
at
i
onandf
r
om per
f
or
mi
ngwor
kt
hati
shar
mf
ult
ot
hechi
l
dori
nt
er
f
er
e
wi
t
ht
heeducat
i
onoft
hechi
l
d.
Nar
cot
i
candpsy
chot
i
csubst
ances
St
at
epar
t
i
esshal
lt
akemeasur
est
opr
ot
ectchi
l
dr
enf
r
om t
heuseofi
l
l
i
ci
tof
nar
cot
i
cdr
ugsandot
heri
l
l
i
ci
tpr
oduct
i
onoft
r
af
f
i
cki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.
Sexualexpl
oi
t
at
i
on:st
at
epar
t
i
est
opr
ot
ectt
hechi
l
df
r
om al
lf
or
msofsexual
abuse.
St
at
epar
t
i
esshal
lal
soensur
epr
ot
ect
i
onofachi
l
df
r
om bei
ngengagedi
nt
he
i
l
l
i
ci
tpr
oduct
i
onofandt
r
af
f
i
cki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.
ͯAbduct
i
on,
sal
eandt
r
af
f
i
cki
ngofchi
l
dr
en-st
at
epar
t
i
esshal
lt
akenat
i
onaland
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
st
epst
opr
ev
entt
heabduct
i
onandsal
eofchi
l
dr
enf
oranypur
pose.
ͯOt
herf
or
msofexpl
oi
t
at
i
on:st
at
epar
t
i
esshal
lpr
ot
ectt
hechi
l
dagai
nstal
l
ot
herf
or
msofexpl
oi
t
at
i
onhar
mf
ul
t
ot
hechi
l
d’
swel
f
ar
e.
Tor
t
ur
e,
Capi
t
alpuni
shmentanddepr
i
v
at
i
onofl
i
ber
t
y
 Nochi
l
dshal
lbemadet
oexper
i
encesuf
f
er
i
ngoft
or
t
ur
eori
nhumane
t
r
eat
ment
.
 Deat
horl
i
f
ei
mpr
i
sonmentshoul
dnotbegi
v
ent
oaper
sonbel
owt
heage
of18y
ear
s.
 Nochi
l
dshal
l
bedet
ai
nedi
npol
i
cest
at
i
onany
how.
 Ar
r
est
,
det
ent
i
onandi
mpr
i
sonmentofachi
l
dshal
lbewi
t
hi
nt
hepr
ov
i
si
on
oft
hel
awandshal
l
beusedast
hel
astr
esor
t
.
 Ev
er
ychi
l
dar
r
est
edshal
lbesepar
at
edf
r
om t
headul
t
sunl
essi
ti
si
nt
he
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
155
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
i
nt
er
estoft
hechi
l
d.
 Thechi
l
dshal
l
al
sohav
et
her
i
ghtt
okeepi
nt
ouchwi
t
hhi
sf
ami
l
y
.
 Ev
er
ychi
l
dar
r
est
edanddet
ai
nedshal
lhav
et
her
i
ghtt
oobt
ai
nqui
ckl
egal
hel
pandt
her
i
ghtt
oquest
i
onwhyhe/
shei
sdet
ai
ned.
 ͯAr
med conf
l
i
ct– st
at
e par
t
i
es t
o ensur
er
espectf
ort
he r
ul
es of
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
humani
t
ar
i
anl
awi
nar
medconf
l
i
ctsuchas:
 Nochi
l
dunder15y
ear
sofageshoul
dt
akepar
ti
nar
medconf
l
i
ct
.
 Nochi
l
dundert
heageof18y
ear
sshoul
dber
ecr
ui
t
edi
nt
hecount
r
i
es
ar
medf
or
ces.
JUVENI
LEJUSTI
CE
 Chi
l
dr
enwhoar
eaccusedofcommi
t
t
i
ngacr
i
mehav
et
her
i
ghtt
obe
t
r
eat
edwi
t
hr
espectanddi
gni
t
y
.
 Theyhav
et
her
i
ghtt
obeconsi
der
edi
nnocentunt
i
lpr
ov
engui
l
t
yaccor
di
ng
t
ot
hel
aw.
 Chi
l
dr
enhav
et
her
i
ghtt
ohav
et
hemat
t
erdet
er
mi
nedwi
t
houtdel
aybya
compet
entcour
tofl
awandt
ohav
ef
r
eeassi
st
anceofani
nt
er
pr
et
er
CRCOPTI
ONALPROTOCOLS:
 Theopt
i
onalpr
ot
ocolt
ot
heconv
ent
i
onont
her
i
ghtoft
hechi
l
dont
he
sal
eofchi
l
dr
en
 Chi
l
dpr
ost
i
t
ut
i
onandchi
l
dpor
nogr
aphyt
hatcamei
nt
of
or
ceon18t
h
Januar
y 2002 was t
he r
esul
tofgr
eatconcer
n by t
he i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
communi
t
yatt
hesi
gni
f
i
cantandi
ncr
easi
ngi
nt
er
nat
i
onalt
r
af
f
i
cki
ngi
n
chi
l
dr
enf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hesal
eofchi
l
dr
en.
Thepr
ot
ocolpr
ohi
bi
t
s
 Thesal
eofchi
l
dr
en,
chi
l
dpr
ost
i
t
ut
i
onandchi
l
dpor
nogr
aphy
.
 Theopt
i
onalpr
ot
ocolt
ot
heconv
ent
i
onont
her
i
ght
soft
hechi
l
dont
he
i
nv
ol
v
ementofchi
l
dr
eni
nar
medconf
l
i
ct
s.
 Thepr
ot
ocolensur
est
hatper
sonswhoar
enoty
et18y
ear
sofagear
enot
compul
sor
i
l
yr
ecr
ui
t
edi
nt
ot
hear
medf
or
ces.
ROLEOFTHEGOVERNMENTI
NFULFI
LLI
NGTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
156
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
1.Obl
i
gat
i
ont
or
espect
-Thi
sobl
i
gat
i
onr
equi
r
esgov
er
nmentt
ost
opdoi
ng
any
t
hi
ngt
hatwoul
di
nt
er
f
er
ewi
t
haper
son’
senj
oy
mentoft
hei
rr
i
ght
sorhi
nder
t
hei
rabi
l
i
t
yt
osat
i
sf
yt
hoser
i
ght
sbyt
hei
ref
f
or
ti
nr
egar
dt
ochi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
s
2.Obl
i
gat
i
ont
opr
ot
ect
Theobl
i
gat
i
ont
opr
ot
ectr
equi
r
est
hest
at
et
opr
ev
entt
hev
i
ol
at
i
onofhuman
r
i
ght
sbyt
hepeopl
e.Thegov
er
nmentdoest
hi
sbyput
t
i
ngi
npl
acel
awst
hat
pr
ot
ectper
sons.
3.Obl
i
gat
i
ont
of
ul
f
i
l
l
Thi
st
y
peofobl
i
gat
i
oni
ncl
udest
heobl
i
gat
i
ont
of
aci
l
i
t
at
e,pr
omot
eandpr
ov
i
de.
I
tpl
acesanobl
i
gat
i
onont
hegov
er
nmentt
ot
akest
epst
oensur
et
her
eal
i
z
at
i
on
ofhumanr
i
ght
st
hr
ought
headopt
i
onofl
awsandot
hermeasur
essuchas
pr
ov
i
si
onofeducat
i
on.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS.
1. Whoi
sachi
l
d?
2.Gi
v
er
easonswhyt
hechi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
si
nst
r
umenti
si
mpor
t
ant
.
3.Chi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
sar
ehumanr
i
ght
s.Di
scuss.
4.Di
scusst
hepr
ov
i
si
on oft
heUni
t
ed Nat
i
onsconv
ent
i
onont
he
r
i
ght
soft
hechi
l
dr
enandt
heopt
i
onal
pr
ot
ocol
s.
5.Out
l
i
net
heel
ement
soft
hechi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ghtconv
ent
i
on.
6.I
dent
i
f
ycul
t
ur
alpr
act
i
ceswhi
chv
i
ol
at
echi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
si
ny
our
communi
t
y
.
7.St
at
et
her
ol
esoft
hegov
er
nmenti
nf
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ngt
hechi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
s.
8. Besi
desenj
oy
i
ngt
hei
rr
i
ght
s,chi
l
dr
enal
sohav
er
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
est
o
t
hecommuni
t
y
.Li
stdowndut
i
esoft
hechi
l
d.
9.Di
scusst
hef
ourpr
i
nci
pl
esofUNDHonchi
l
dr
en’
sr
i
ght
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
157
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
FAMI
LYLAW
WHATI
SAFAMI
LY?
Af
ami
l
yi
sagr
oupofpeopl
er
el
at
edbybl
oodormar
r
i
age.I
ti
st
hesmal
l
estuni
ti
n
asoci
et
y
.
I
nZambi
a,
t
her
ear
ef
ourt
y
pesoff
ami
l
ynamel
y
:
[
i
]NUCLEARFAMI
LY.
 Thi
si
sagr
oupofper
sonsconsi
st
i
ngofahusband,wi
f
e,orwi
v
esi
ncaseofa
cust
omar
y
Mar
r
i
age,
andt
hei
rchi
l
dr
en.
[
i
i
]ANEXTENDEDFAMI
LY.
 Thi
si
saf
ami
l
yconsi
st
i
ngofahusband,wi
f
eorwi
v
es,chi
l
dr
en,gr
andpar
ent
s,
uncl
es,
aunt
i
es,
ni
eces,
nephews,
cousi
ns,
i
nl
awsandgr
andchi
l
dr
en.
[
i
i
i
]ASI
NGLEHEADEDFAMI
LY.
 Thi
si
saf
ami
l
yconsi
st
i
ngofasi
ngl
epar
entandchi
l
dr
en.Forexampl
e,aman
andhi
schi
l
dr
enorawomanandherchi
l
dr
en.
 I
tcanbeasar
esul
tof:
 Di
v
or
ce.
 Bei
ngwi
dowed.
 Ref
usal
t
ot
aker
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
ybyamanaf
t
eri
mpr
egnat
i
ngawoman.
 Outofchoi
cewhenamanorwomandeci
desnott
omar
r
ybutt
ohav
echi
l
dr
en
whom t
heydesi
r
et
obr
i
ngupont
hei
rown.
[
i
v
]CHI
LDHEADEDFAMI
LY.
 Thi
si
saf
ami
l
yheadedbyachi
l
dowi
ngt
ot
hedeat
hofbot
hpar
ent
s,l
eav
i
ng
chi
l
dr
ent
obr
i
ngt
hemsel
v
esup.
MARRI
AGE
AMar
r
i
agei
sal
egaluni
onofamanandwomanashusbandandwi
f
e;t
hus,i
ti
sa
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
158
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
cont
r
act
t
hatcr
eat
est
hesoci
alst
at
usofhusbandandwi
f
e,
basedonr
i
ght
s,
obl
i
gat
i
on,
and
capaci
t
i
es
andi
ncapaci
t
i
es.
 Ri
ght
s:ar
eent
i
t
l
ement
sawi
f
eorhusbandenj
oy
si
nt
hemar
r
i
age.I
nat
r
adi
t
i
onal
setup,
ahusbandhast
her
i
ghtt
obel
ookedaf
t
erf
orwhi
l
eawi
f
ehast
her
i
ghtt
o
bepr
ov
i
dedf
orbyt
hehusband.Howev
er
,
acoupl
ecanmaket
hei
rownr
i
ght
s.
 Obl
i
gat
i
on:ar
edut
i
est
hatawi
f
eorhusbandper
f
or
msi
nt
heuni
onsuchas;
each
spousehast
hedut
yt
ot
akecar
eofandpr
ot
ectt
heot
herspouse.
 Capaci
t
i
es:ar
eabi
l
i
t
i
esorcapabi
l
i
t
i
eswhi
cht
hespousebr
i
ngst
ot
heuni
on.A
wi
f
ebr
i
ngst
heabi
l
i
t
yt
oconcei
v
eandbearchi
l
dr
enf
ort
heuni
onwhi
l
et
he
husbandhast
heabi
l
i
t
yt
opr
ov
i
det
hemat
er
i
al
needsf
ort
hef
ami
l
y
.
 I
ncapaci
t
i
es:ar
et
hei
nabi
l
i
t
i
esori
ncapabi
l
i
t
y
’
st
hateachspousebr
i
ngst
ot
he
uni
on.Forexampl
e,anuneducat
edandunski
l
l
edwomanmaybeunabl
et
o
nei
t
herear
nal
i
v
i
ngnorpr
ov
i
de.
 Howev
er
,t
her
i
ght
sandobl
i
gat
i
onsi
nmar
r
i
agedonotdependont
hecoupl
e
al
ongbutdependont
hel
awoft
hecont
r
act
.
 I
nt
heev
entofdeat
hofonespouse,
t
het
y
peofmar
r
i
ageent
er
edi
nt
owi
l
ldi
ct
at
e
howt
hesur
v
i
v
i
ngspousewi
l
l
i
nher
i
tt
hepr
oper
t
yoft
hedeceased(
dead)
.
ELEMENTSOFFAMI
LYLAW
 Mar
r
i
age
 Di
v
or
ce
 Pr
oper
t
yset
t
l
ement(
shar
i
ng)
 Mai
nt
enanceofspouseandchi
l
dr
enwi
t
hi
nandaf
t
ermar
r
i
age.
 Cust
odyofchi
l
dr
enaf
t
erdi
ssol
ut
i
onofmar
r
i
age
 Adopt
i
onofchi
l
dr
en
 Legi
t
i
macyofchi
l
dr
en
 Successi
on.
 I
nher
i
t
anceofpr
oper
t
y
.
TYPESOFMARRI
AGESI
NZAMBI
A
 Ther
ear
eonl
yt
wot
y
pesofmar
r
i
agei
nZambi
a,St
at
ut
or
yandCust
omar
yt
hat
ar
er
ecogni
zedbyl
aw.
St
at
ut
or
ymar
r
i
age
 I
tr
ef
er
st
ov
ol
unt
ar
yuni
onofonewi
f
eandonehusbandf
orl
i
f
eandexcl
udi
ngal
l
ot
her
s.
 I
ti
sal
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oasaCi
v
i
lmar
r
i
ageandi
ti
samonogamousmar
r
i
age(
one
husbandandwi
f
eat
i
me.
)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
159
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 ASt
at
ut
or
ymar
r
i
agecannotbeconv
er
t
edt
oaCust
omar
ymar
r
i
agebecausei
ti
s
i
l
l
egalandi
nor
derf
oronet
oent
ert
heSt
at
ut
or
ymar
r
i
age,onehast
ot
aket
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngi
nt
oaccount
:
Takeoutanot
i
ceofmar
r
i
age:
 Thi
si
sanot
i
ceoft
hecoupl
e’
si
nt
ent
i
ont
omar
r
ymadeonapr
escr
i
bedf
or
mt
o
t
heRegi
st
r
arofMar
r
i
agesatt
heLocal
Counci
l
Of
f
i
ces.
 Thenot
i
cewi
l
l
bepubl
i
shedout
si
det
heRegi
st
r
ar
’
sof
f
i
cef
or21day
s.
 Atl
eastoneoft
hepar
t
i
esi
nt
endi
ngt
omar
r
yshoul
dbear
esi
dentwi
t
hi
nt
he
di
st
r
i
ctr
egi
st
er
edunderf
oratl
east15day
sbef
or
et
hemar
r
i
agecer
emoni
es.
 Af
t
er21day
s,t
hemar
r
i
agewi
l
lbesol
emni
zed(
cel
ebr
at
ed)byaPast
oror
Li
censedPr
i
estorMar
r
i
ageRegi
st
r
ar
.
 Dur
i
ngt
heper
i
odofnot
i
ce,anyper
soncanst
opt
hemar
r
i
agei
ft
her
ei
sagood
r
easonf
ort
hecoupl
enott
omar
r
ybywr
i
t
i
ngt
hewor
d,f
or
bi
ddenandgi
v
i
ng
r
easons,
i
nt
hemar
r
i
agenot
i
cebook.
Mar
r
i
agepay
ment
s:
 Ther
ear
enomar
r
i
agepay
ment
sr
equi
r
edi
naCust
omar
ymar
r
i
ageunl
esst
he
i
ndi
v
i
dual
sconcer
nedwantt
oobser
v
et
hecust
omar
yr
i
t
ual
ofpay
ment
s.
 The Mar
r
i
age Actdoes notst
i
pul
at
e anypay
mentofanyki
nd butmost
Zambi
ansi
nt
endi
ngt
omar
r
yobser
v
et
het
r
adi
t
i
onalr
i
t
ualofmar
r
i
agepay
ment
commonl
yknownasLobol
a.
Age
 Thepar
t
i
esi
nt
endi
ngt
omar
r
yshoul
dbe21y
ear
sofageundert
heMar
r
i
ageAct
,
buti
fanyoft
hepar
t
i
esi
sbel
ow 21y
ear
sbutmor
et
han16y
ear
s,heorshe
needsal
et
t
erofconsent
.
 Thi
si
sawr
i
t
t
enper
mi
ssi
onandbl
essi
ngoft
hepar
ent
sorguar
di
ans,f
i
l
ed
t
oget
herwi
t
haswor
naf
f
i
dav
i
tatt
heHi
ghCour
t
.
Rel
at
i
onshi
p:
 Thet
woi
nt
endi
ngt
omar
r
yshoul
dnotber
el
at
edei
t
herbymar
r
i
ageorbl
ood.
 Theser
el
at
i
onshi
pswhi
char
epr
ohi
bi
t
edbyl
awt
oent
eri
nt
omar
r
i
agear
eknown
aspr
ohi
bi
t
eddecr
ees.
Sol
emni
zat
i
onofmar
r
i
age:
 Thi
si
swhent
heact
ualweddi
ngi
sper
f
or
medf
ol
l
owi
ngt
hel
ai
ddownr
i
t
ual
s
suchast
aki
ngvows,
exchangi
ngofr
i
ngsandsi
gni
ngt
heRegi
st
er
.
 Thi
sshoul
doccuri
nar
oom wi
t
hopendoor
sbet
ween08:
00hr
sand18:
00hour
s
andt
her
eshoul
dbeatl
eastt
wowi
t
nessest
osi
gnt
heRegi
st
erandcer
t
i
f
i
cat
e,
t
oget
herwi
t
ht
heof
f
i
ci
al
per
f
or
mi
ngt
hecer
emonyandt
hecoupl
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
160
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Mar
r
i
agecer
t
i
f
i
cat
e:
 Thi
si
st
heev
i
denceofmar
r
i
ageandcopyofwhi
chi
skeptbyt
heRegi
st
r
arand
anot
herbyt
hecoupl
e.
 Themar
r
i
agei
sr
egi
st
er
edi
nt
heMar
r
i
ageRegi
st
erkeptatt
hecounci
l
whi
chcan
bei
nspect
edbyany
oneuponpay
i
ngasear
chf
ee.

CUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE:
Thi
si
sauni
onofonemanandonewomanorwomenashusbandandwi
f
eor
wi
v
es.
Thi
si
samar
r
i
agecont
r
act
edundercust
omar
ypr
act
i
cesandauni
onmaynotbe
v
ol
unt
ar
yasi
naci
v
i
lmar
r
i
agebecauseonemaybecompel
l
edt
omar
r
yaper
son
chosenbyr
el
at
i
v
es.
Cust
omar
ymar
r
i
agei
sgov
er
nedbycust
omsandt
r
adi
t
i
ons,whi
char
eusual
l
ya
pr
ocesswi
t
haser
i
esofcer
emoni
esl
eadi
ngt
omar
r
i
age.
Thel
ocalCour
tRegi
st
r
arcanr
egi
st
erandi
ssueamar
r
i
agecer
t
i
f
i
cat
easl
ongas
t
her
ei
st
hewoman’
sguar
di
anorpar
entt
owi
t
nesst
her
egi
st
r
at
i
on.



REQUI
REMENTSFORACUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE
Consent
:
 Thi
si
s when par
ent
s orguar
di
ans oft
he woman get
t
i
ng mar
r
i
ed gi
v
e
per
mi
ssi
onf
orhert
omar
r
yandal
sowhent
heper
sonsget
t
i
ngmar
r
i
edagr
ee
t
omar
r
y
.
Mar
r
i
agepay
ment
 Thi
si
sany
t
hi
ngv
al
uabl
epai
dt
ot
heguar
di
ansorpar
ent
soft
hewoman[
br
i
de
t
obe]asr
ecogni
t
i
onoft
hemar
r
i
age.
 Thi
scanbeat
okensum orasubst
ant
i
alamountdependi
ngont
heet
hni
c
gr
oup.
Spouse
 Thepar
t
i
est
ot
hemar
r
i
ageshoul
dbemal
eandf
emal
e,
andt
hef
emal
eshoul
d
besi
ngl
e,di
vor
cedorwi
dowedbutt
hemal
emayal
r
eadyhav
eoneormor
e
wi
v
es.
 Themanshoul
dhav
et
heabi
l
i
t
yt
opr
ov
i
def
ort
hef
ami
l
y
.
Rel
at
i
onshi
p
 Theper
sonsi
nt
endi
ng t
o getmar
r
i
ed shoul
d notber
el
at
ed bybl
ood or
mar
r
i
age,
al
t
houghi
nsomeet
hni
cgr
oupscousi
nscanmar
r
y
.
OTHERTYPESOFMARRI
AGE
Al
t
hought
hesear
econsi
der
edmar
r
i
ages,
t
heyar
enotr
ecogni
zedbyt
hel
aw:
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
161
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
RELI
GI
OUSMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
si
samar
r
i
aget
hati
ssol
emni
zedi
nachur
ch,
whi
chshoul
dbef
ol
l
owedup
byr
egi
st
r
at
i
onatei
t
hert
heCi
v
i
cCent
r
eorCounci
lOf
f
i
cesundert
hemar
r
i
age
ActorataLocalCour
tundert
heLocalCour
tAct
.
 Howev
er
,somechur
chandcl
er
gy
menhav
ebeengi
v
enl
i
censeundert
he
mar
r
i
ageactt
oper
f
or
m ci
v
i
lmar
r
i
ages.
 I
facoupl
ewant
st
hei
rmar
r
i
aget
obeataChur
ch,not
i
cei
sgi
v
enoft
he
i
mpendi
ngmar
r
i
aget
hr
oughmar
r
i
agebanns.
 Mar
r
i
agebannsar
eannouncement
st
hatar
emadei
nachur
choft
hecoupl
e’
s
i
nt
ent
i
ont
omar
r
y
.
 Howev
er
,
chur
chmember
sar
easkedt
oi
nf
or
mt
hepr
i
esti
nconf
i
dencef
ort
he
coupl
enott
omar
r
y
.Forexampl
e,i
nt
heSDAchur
ch,t
henot
i
ceofi
nt
ent
i
ont
o
mar
r
yl
ast
sf
oraper
i
odofatl
eastf
ourt
osi
xmont
hs.
 Assuch,
i
ft
hecoupl
ewant
st
hei
rmar
r
i
aget
ober
egi
st
er
edundert
hel
aw,
t
hey
shoul
dmakesur
et
heyar
emar
r
i
edbyt
heMar
r
i
ageActl
i
censedPast
orort
hey
shoul
dr
egi
st
erei
t
herwi
t
ht
heHi
ghCour
t(
ci
v
i
lmar
r
i
age)orLocalCour
t
(
Cust
omar
yMar
r
i
age)
.
 Acopyoft
hemar
r
i
agecer
t
i
f
i
cat
eshoul
dbesentt
ot
her
egi
st
r
arofmar
r
i
ages
oft
hedi
st
r
i
ctt
ober
ecor
dedi
nt
hemar
r
i
ager
egi
st
er
.
COHABI
TATI
ON:
 Thi
si
samar
r
i
agewher
et
hepar
t
i
esconcer
neddeci
dedt
ol
i
v
et
oget
heron
t
hei
rownwi
t
houtt
heconsentoft
hei
rpar
ent
s,
guar
di
ansandf
ol
l
owi
nganyof
t
her
i
t
ual
sper
f
or
medei
t
heri
nacust
omar
yorci
v
i
lmar
r
i
age.
 Af
t
ersomet
i
me,soci
et
i
esacceptandr
ecogni
zet
hecoupl
eashusbandand
wi
f
eandt
heymayev
enhav
echi
l
dr
ent
oget
herandgr
andchi
l
d.
 Themar
r
i
agewi
l
lnotber
ecogni
zedundert
hel
awandwi
l
lber
ef
er
r
edt
oasa
v
oi
dmar
r
i
ageandt
hecoupl
enomat
t
erhowl
ongt
heyl
i
v
et
oget
herwi
l
lj
ustbe
cohabi
t
i
ng.
VOI
DANDVOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE
VOI
DMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
si
samar
r
i
agewi
t
houtal
egalst
andi
ngr
i
ghtf
r
om t
hebegi
nni
ngbecausei
ti
s
nul
l
andv
oi
d
 .Anypar
t
yt
oaav
oi
dmar
r
i
agemaynotbegui
l
t
yofbi
gamyi
fheorshemar
r
i
es
bef
or
edi
v
or
ci
ngt
heso–cal
l
edf
i
r
stwi
f
eorhusbandbecauset
hemar
r
i
agewas
notr
i
ghtf
r
om t
hest
ar
t
.
 Bi
gamyi
smar
r
y
i
nganot
herper
sonwhi
l
est
i
l
ll
egal
l
ymar
r
i
edt
osomeoneel
se,
whi
chmaybeduet
o:
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
162
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Lackofpar
ent
al
consent
 non–publ
i
cat
i
onoft
hebannsi
nchur
ch,
I
ft
heman i
sunder21y
ear
sol
d,
i
ft
he
f
emal
ei
sunder21y
ear
sandabov
e16y
ear
swi
t
houtt
heconsentofherpar
ent
s
orguar
di
ans;
 I
fonepar
t
yi
sal
r
eadymar
r
i
ed undert
hemar
r
i
ageActatt
het
i
meofcont
r
act
i
ng
t
he“
mar
r
i
age”
,
 Pr
ohi
bi
t
eddecr
eesofmar
r
i
agewhi
char
er
el
at
i
onshi
psbybl
oodi
nl
egalt
er
ms
knownasconsangui
ni
t
yorbymar
r
i
agewhi
chbyl
awi
scal
l
edaf
f
i
ni
t
y
.
VOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE
 Thi
si
samar
r
i
agewhi
chi
si
ni
t
i
al
l
yv
al
i
d,
butl
at
eri
nv
al
i
dat
edbyt
hecour
tofl
aw
becauseoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngr
easons:
 I
ft
hechi
l
dbor
ni
snott
hehusband’
schi
l
d
 I
faspousehascont
r
act
edasexual
l
yt
r
ansmi
t
t
edi
nf
ect
i
onf
r
om el
sewher
enot
f
r
om t
hespouse
 I
ft
he mar
r
i
age i
s notconsummat
ed due t
oi
mpot
ence.Consummat
i
on i
n
mar
r
i
agemeansmaki
ngmar
r
i
agev
al
i
dbyhav
i
ng sexuali
nt
er
cour
seandi
s
appl
i
cabl
et
obot
hci
v
i
landcust
omar
ymar
r
i
age:
 Wi
l
l
f
ul
r
ef
usal
t
oconsummat
et
hemar
r
i
agebyanypar
t
i
es
 Ment
al
di
sor
derofanyoft
hepar
t
i
es.
DI
VORCE
Undert
hel
aw,mar
r
i
agecannotbeconsi
der
edf
ordi
v
or
ceunt
i
lt
hecour
thandl
i
ngt
he
casei
ssat
i
sf
i
ed,
t
hatamar
r
i
agehadact
ual
l
yexi
st
ed.
DI
VORCEI
NCUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE
 Accor
di
ngt
ot
heMat
r
i
moni
alCausesActof1973,di
v
or
ceunderacust
omar
y
l
awwi
l
l
t
akepl
acedependi
ngont
heCust
om t
hecoupl
ewasmar
r
i
edunder
.
 Someoft
hepay
ment
smayber
et
ur
ned t
ot
hehusband’
sf
ami
l
yand i
ti
s
expect
edundert
hecust
omar
yl
awt
hati
ti
st
hemanwhodi
v
or
cest
hewi
f
eand
notv
i
cev
er
sa.
 I
nacust
omar
yl
aw,di
v
or
cecanbedonebyt
het
wof
ami
l
i
esmeet
i
ngt
oget
her
andmar
ki
ngt
hedeci
si
onorei
t
herpar
t
ycansuet
hespousef
ordi
v
or
cei
nt
he
Local
cour
t
.
Causesaccept
abl
easgr
oundsf
ordi
v
or
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
r
i
age.
 Adul
t
er
yoft
hewi
f
e(
whi
chdoesnotneedt
obepr
ov
ed)
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
163
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Cr
uel
t
y
 Lazi
nessont
hepar
toft
hewi
f
e
 Badr
el
at
i
onswi
t
ht
hei
n–l
aws
 I
nf
er
t
i
l
i
t
y
 Lackofmai
nt
enancebyt
heman.
 Deser
t
i
on.
DI
VORCEUNDERSTATUTORYMARRI
AGE
 TheMat
r
i
moni
alCausesActof1973,
t
her
ei
sonl
yonegr
oundf
ordi
v
or
ce,
whi
ch
i
st
hat
,
‘
t
hemar
r
i
agehasbr
okendowni
r
r
et
r
i
ev
abl
y
.
’
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hemar
r
i
agecannotbesav
edorr
edeemedusi
nganyot
her
means,
whi
chcanar
i
seoutoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngr
easons:
 Adul
t
er
ywhi
chshoul
dbepr
ov
edwi
t
ht
het
hi
r
dper
sonknownandnamed.
 One orbot
h oft
he mar
r
i
ed per
sons conductt
hemsel
v
es i
n unr
easonabl
e
behav
i
or
,
Cr
uel
t
yorv
i
ol
encet
hatmakesi
ti
mpossi
bl
ef
ort
heot
herpar
t
nert
ol
i
v
e
saf
el
y
.
 I
fonepar
t
nerdi
sser
t
sanot
herf
oraper
i
odoft
woy
ear
s,t
hent
her
ei
ssuf
f
i
ci
ent
gr
oundf
ordi
v
or
ce.
 Separ
at
i
onwi
t
hconsentoft
hecoupl
ef
ort
woy
ear
s.
 Li
v
i
ngapar
tf
oracont
i
nuousper
i
odoff
i
v
ey
ear
s.
Not
e:
apet
i
t
i
onf
ordi
v
or
cecanonl
ybef
i
l
l
edi
nt
hehi
ghcour
taf
t
eroney
earofmar
r
i
age.
Bef
or
eoney
ear
,
i
twi
l
l
notbeadi
v
or
cebutanannul
ment
.
Thel
awy
er
shandl
i
ngt
hecaseshoul
dv
er
i
f
ywhet
hert
heyt
r
i
edt
or
econci
l
et
hecoupl
e
dur
i
ngt
heper
i
odofsepar
at
i
on.
ADecr
eeni
ssii
sat
empor
ar
ydi
v
or
cecer
t
i
f
i
cat
egi
v
ent
oacoupl
eandaf
t
ersi
xweeks,
aDecr
eeabsol
ut
e(
per
manentdi
vor
cecer
t
i
f
i
cat
e)i
sgr
ant
edpr
ov
i
dedt
hecour
ti
s
sat
i
sf
i
edwi
t
ht
hear
r
angement
smadef
ort
hechi
l
dr
en.
PROPERTYSETTLEMENT(
SHARI
NG)
.
 Af
t
eradi
v
or
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
r
i
age,t
hewomanusual
l
yget
ssomef
or
m of
compensat
i
ont
oal
l
ow hert
ost
ar
tl
i
f
eaf
r
eshexcepti
ncaseswher
eshehas
commi
t
t
edadul
t
er
y
.
 Howev
er
,t
heseday
si
ti
sr
ecogni
zedt
hatwhoev
eri
satf
aul
tcompensat
est
he
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
164
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ot
her
,
t
her
ef
or
e,
whoev
erhasmor
emoneywi
l
l
paycompensat
i
ont
ot
heot
her
.
 I
nCi
v
i
lmar
r
i
age,
pr
oper
t
yi
sshar
edbyt
hecour
t
’
sDeput
yRegi
st
r
ar
.I
nasi
t
uat
i
on
wher
eoneper
sonwor
kedandbr
oughti
nal
lt
heear
ni
ngs,
t
heper
sonwhost
ay
ed
athomeandl
ookedaf
t
ert
hehomeandf
ami
l
yget
sat
hi
r
d[
1/
3]oft
het
ot
al
weal
t
hoft
hecoupl
e.I
fbot
hwor
kedandear
nedal
i
v
i
ng,t
heywi
l
lshar
et
hei
r
pr
oper
t
yhal
f–hal
forf
i
f
t
y–f
i
f
t
ybasi
s.
 Somet
i
mesi
naCi
v
i
lmar
r
i
age,acoupl
emaychooset
omar
r
yi
nCommuni
t
yof
Pr
oper
t
ywhi
chmeanst
hatev
er
y
t
hi
ng t
heyownedandt
hei
rdebt
s,f
r
om bef
or
e
t
hei
rmar
r
i
agei
sputt
oget
heri
naJoi
ntEst
at
e.
MAI
NTENANCEOFSPOUSEANDCHI
LDREN
 Dur
i
ngmar
r
i
ageunderst
at
ut
or
yl
aw,
t
hespousehasadut
yt
omai
nt
ai
nhi
sorher
par
t
ner
.
 Af
t
erdi
v
or
ce,aspousest
i
l
lhast
her
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yofmai
nt
ai
ni
nghi
sorher
spouseunt
i
l
heorshedemandorbecomesf
i
nanci
al
l
yi
ndependent
.
 Mai
nt
enancemaybepai
dper
i
odi
cal
l
yasagr
eementuponbyt
hepar
t
i
esori
tmay
bepai
dasbepai
dasal
umpsum.
 Theamountdependsont
hei
ncomeear
nedandt
hef
i
nanci
alst
at
usoft
he
par
t
i
esi
nv
ol
v
ed.
undert
hecust
omar
yl
aw,
 Thecour
tcanawar
d anyamountf
orei
t
herper
i
odorl
umpsum mai
nt
enanceas
t
heyseei
tf
i
t
.
 I
fei
t
heri
snotsat
i
sf
i
ed wi
t
ht
he amountawar
ded,t
heycan appeali
nt
he
subor
di
nat
e(
Magi
st
r
at
e)Cour
t
.
 Themai
nt
enanceofchi
l
dr
eni
spr
ov
i
dedi
nt
heAFFI
LI
ATI
ONandmai
nt
enance
pr
ov
i
si
onsAct
,
CAP64oft
her
ev
i
sedl
awsofZambi
a.
 Thi
sActper
mi
t
schi
l
dr
enbor
noutofwedl
ockt
obeaf
f
i
l
i
at
edt
ot
hei
rmal
epar
ent
andt
her
eby,
cl
ai
m mai
nt
enance:
 Achi
l
d;
f
r
om i
t
saf
f
i
l
i
at
edf
at
herorl
egal
par
ent
s.
 Aguar
di
an;f
orexampl
e,agr
andpar
entoranuncl
ecancl
ai
m mai
nt
enanceon
behal
foft
hechi
l
d.
 Asi
ngl
ewomanf
r
om t
heaf
f
i
l
i
at
edf
at
herorherchi
l
d
 Aspousehi
sorherpar
t
nerwher
edi
v
or
cedornot
.
 Not
e:any
one wi
shi
ng t
o cl
ai
m mai
nt
enance can appr
oach t
he cl
er
katt
he
near
estl
ocal
cour
torl
awy
er
.
Cust
odyofchi
l
dr
en
 Thel
awst
at
est
hatt
her
eshoul
dbeal
way
sanadul
tt
ol
ookaf
t
ert
hechi
l
dr
en.
 I
ft
hechi
l
dr
enar
ey
oungt
hecour
tusual
l
ygi
v
escust
odyt
ot
hemot
her
.
 I
famot
herdoesnotmanaget
opr
ov
i
def
ort
hechi
l
dr
en,t
hef
at
herst
i
l
lhasa
mai
nt
ai
ni
ngf
ort
hemot
herandchi
l
dr
en.
Adopt
i
onofchi
l
dr
en
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
165
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Thel
awsofZambi
a,under Adopt
i
onofchi
l
dr
enAct
,chapt
er136of1948,t
he
cour
t
shav
ebeengi
v
i
ngpowert
ogr
antanor
dert
oadul
t
sr
equest
i
ngt
oadopta
chi
l
d
Cat
egor
i
esofadopt
i
on
 Acoupl
ecanj
oi
nt
l
yadoptani
nf
anti
sachi
l
dl
ess7y
ear
sol
d.
 Thest
epmot
herorf
at
heroft
hei
nf
antal
soi
sel
i
gi
bl
e.
 Bot
ht
hei
nf
antandt
heper
sonappl
y
i
ngf
oradopt
i
onshoul
dl
i
v
ei
nZambi
a.
 Thei
nf
ancyhasbeenl
ookedaf
t
erbyt
heappl
i
cantcont
i
nuousl
yf
oratl
eastt
hr
ee
mont
hsbef
or
et
hedat
eofadopt
i
on.
 Theper
soni
nt
endi
ngt
oadoptnot
i
f
i
est
hecommi
ssi
ont
hr
eemont
hsbef
or
e.
Howev
er
,
t
hel
awf
or
bi
dsadopt
i
oni
f
:
 Adopt
i
onofaf
emal
ei
nf
antbyamal
eappl
i
cantonhi
sownunl
esst
her
ear
e
speci
al
r
easonsf
ordoi
ngso.
 Adopt
i
on ofan i
nf
antwho al
r
eadyhas par
ent(
s)orguar
di
an orany
body
pr
ov
i
di
ngmai
nt
enance.
 Whengr
ant
edt
headopt
i
onshoul
dber
egi
st
er
edwi
t
ht
heRegi
st
erwhor
ecor
ds
t
hedet
ai
l
si
nt
heAdopt
i
onChi
l
dr
en’
sRegi
st
er
.
ADOPTI
ONSOCI
ETI
ES
Thei
ror
gani
zat
i
ont
hatexi
stf
oradopt
i
onofi
nf
ancyandt
heywi
l
lnotber
egi
st
er
edi
fi
t
appeart
hat
;
 Theact
i
v
i
t
i
esoft
hesoci
et
yar
enotcont
r
ol
t
hemember
soft
hesoci
et
y
 Anymemberwor
ki
ngf
orsuchasoci
et
yi
snotf
i
tt
owor
kf
oranor
gani
zat
i
on
 Thenumberofcompet
entper
sonsempl
oy
edi
snotsuf
f
i
ci
entt
ocopewi
t
hwor
k
LEGI
TI
MACYOFCHI
LDREN
Thel
egi
t
i
macyactof1927oft
hel
awsofZambi
apr
ov
i
dest
hatachi
l
dbor
noutofwed
l
ockshoul
dbel
egi
t
i
mat
ebutt
hi
sacthasbeent
akenbyUNCRCof1989at
t
empt
st
o
equal
i
zechi
l
dr
enf
r
om out
si
demar
r
i
ageandt
hosebor
nofawedl
ock
I
NHERI
TANCEOFPROPERTY
I
nZambi
a,t
hei
nher
i
t
anceofpr
oper
t
yi
spr
ov
i
dedf
ori
nt
het
est
at
eandi
nt
est
at
e
successi
onAct
.
TESTATESUCCESSI
ON
I
tdeal
swi
t
ht
hei
nher
i
t
anceofpr
oper
t
yofadeadper
sonwhol
ef
tawi
l
l
.
 The wi
l
li
sadecl
ar
at
i
on nor
mal
l
yi
nwr
i
t
i
ng st
at
i
ng howaper
sonwant
shi
sor
herpr
oper
t
ydi
st
r
i
but
i
oni
nt
heev
entofhi
sorherdeat
h
KEYTERMSI
NTHETESTATESUCCESSI
ONACT
 Test
at
or(
mal
e)t
heper
sonwhomadet
hewi
l
l
andTest
at
r
i
x(
f
emal
e)
.
 Anor
alwi
l
lcanal
sobev
al
i
di
fi
ti
smadei
nt
hepr
esenceoft
wowi
t
nessesnot
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
166
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
benef
i
ci
ar
i
est
ot
heest
at
e.
 I
nt
est
at
esuccessi
oni
swhensomedi
eswi
t
houtl
i
v
i
ngawi
l
l
l
i
v
i
ngawi
l
l
behi
nd
orsomeonewhohasl
ef
tawi
l
l
buti
snul
l
i
f
i
edbyt
hecour
t
.
Pr
oper
t
yi
sdef
i
nedasaper
son’
si
t
emsofcl
ot
hi
ng,ar
t
i
cl
esofper
sonaluse
such as v
ehi
cl
es bi
cy
cl
es,f
ur
ni
t
ur
e,appl
i
ances,ut
ensi
l
s,boat
,l
i
v
est
ock,
agr
i
cul
t
ur
eequi
pment
,
booksandmoney
.
THEI
NTESTATESUCCESSI
ONACTSTATES
 20%oft
heest
at
egoest
ot
hesur
v
i
v
i
ngspouse.
 I
fnosur
v
i
v
i
ng20%wi
l
lbedi
st
r
i
but
edt
ot
hechi
l
dr
enaccor
di
ngt
ot
hepr
opor
t
i
on
ofagesandneeds
 I
ft
her
ear
enochi
l
dr
en,
20%wi
l
l
begi
v
ent
opar
entt
oshar
e10%each
 I
ft
her
ear
enopar
ent
s,
t
he20%goest
odependent
si
nequal
shar
es.
 Whenal
lt
hement
i
onedr
el
at
i
v
esar
enotal
i
v
e,t
henhi
sorherest
at
ewi
l
lgot
o
r
el
at
i
v
essuchasbr
ot
her
s,
si
st
er
s,
gr
andpar
ent
s,
cousi
nsi
nequal
shar
es.
 When none oft
he r
el
at
i
v
es ment
i
oned do notexi
st
,t
he est
at
e goes t
o
gov
er
nment
.
 Whenamandi
esi
napol
y
gamousmar
r
i
age,20% wi
l
lbeshar
edamongt
he
sur
v
i
v
i
ngdependi
ngont
henumberofy
ear
si
nmar
r
i
age.
 50%oft
heest
at
egoest
ot
hechi
l
dr
enbot
hi
nandout
si
dewedl
ockaccor
di
ngt
o
ageandneedsofeachchi
l
d.
 I
ft
her
ear
enochi
l
dr
en,t
he50% goest
osur
v
i
v
i
ngspousedependentandt
he
par
ent
s.
 I
ft
her
ear
enopar
ent
s,t
he50% goest
ot
hespouseanddependent
sshar
ed
equal
l
y
.
 20%goest
ot
hepar
ent
sorguar
di
ans.
 Wher
et
her
ear
enopar
ent
s,20% wi
l
lbegi
v
ent
ot
hechi
l
dr
enandt
hespouse
equal
l
y
.
 10%goest
odependent
si
nequalpr
opor
t
i
ons.I
nt
hi
scase,t
hedependent
sar
e
t
hosel
i
v
i
ngwi
t
ht
hedeceasedpr
i
ort
ohi
sorherdeat
h,
orl
i
v
i
ngout
si
det
hehome
butdependentont
hedeceased.Wher
et
her
ear
enodependent
s10% goest
o
par
ent
s
 I
ft
her
ear
enopar
ent
s,i
ti
sshar
edbet
weent
hesur
v
i
v
i
ngspouseandchi
l
dr
en
equal
l
y
.
VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T
 I
twascr
eat
ed t
o pr
osecut
e,i
nv
est
i
gat
e and sensi
t
i
ze t
he publ
i
cand of
f
er
counsel
i
ngser
v
i
cet
of
ami
l
i
eswhi
char
eaf
f
ect
ed.I
tdeal
swi
t
hf
ami
l
yof
f
ences
suchas;
 Domest
i
cv
i
ol
ence.
 Ar
son.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
167
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Occasi
oni
ngbodi
l
yhar
m.
 Causi
nggr
i
ev
ousbodi
l
yhar
m.
 Mal
i
ci
ousdamage
 Sodomy
 I
ndecentassaul
t
 Chi
l
dpr
ot
ect
i
on
 Humant
r
af
f
i
cki
ng
Cr
i
mi
nalI
nv
est
i
gat
i
onsDepar
t
mentwi
l
ldealwi
t
hpeopl
ewhohav
ecommi
t
t
edsuch
cr
i
mes.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
ms
i
. Fami
l
y
i
i
. Mar
r
i
age
2.Cust
omar
yand st
at
ut
or
ymar
r
i
agesar
esomeoft
het
y
pesofmar
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esuccessi
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hedeceasedwoul
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10.
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DEVELOPMENTPLANNI
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GOALS

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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
168
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020

El
i
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
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
169
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
AtPr
ov
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CI
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CEDUCATI
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170
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
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 Al
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CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
171
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
gr
owt
ht
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oughpr
oduct
i
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ei
nv
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.
ZAMBI
A’
SDEVELOPMENTPLANS
1.Emer
gencyDev
el
opmentPl
an(
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 Thepl
anwasl
aunchedi
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at
el
yaf
t
eri
ndependenceast
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i
r
stst
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est
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t
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Capi
t
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i
steconomy
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 I
tpr
ov
i
dedaf
r
amewor
kf
ormor
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v
epr
ogr
amsofeconomi
cand
soci
al
dev
el
opment
2.Tr
ansi
t
i
onDev
el
opmentpl
an(
TDP)1965-1966
 Moneywasspentonext
ensi
onoft
r
anspor
tpowerandcommuni
cat
i
onsser
v
i
ces
 I
tal
sof
ocusedont
hei
mpr
ov
ementofagr
i
cul
t
ur
eandeducat
i
on.
3.Fi
r
stDev
el
opmentPl
an(
FNDP)1966-1970
Ai
ms
 Todi
v
er
si
f
yt
heeconomyf
r
om coppermi
ni
ngt
oagr
i
cul
t
ur
eandmanuf
act
ur
i
ng
 Todev
el
opt
her
ur
al
ar
eas
 Toexpandwel
f
ar
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v
i
cessuchashousi
ngandbui
l
di
ngmor
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t
al
s
 Toi
mpr
ov
epowerandt
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
onser
v
i
ces
 Tocr
eat
e100,
000newbyt
heendof1970
4.SecondDev
el
opmentPl
an(
SNDP)1972-1976
I
t
sgoal
swer
et
oi
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easeandexpandt
hedi
v
er
si
f
i
cat
i
onpr
ocessi
ni
t
i
at
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 At
t
ai
ni
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f
i
ci
encyi
nf
oodsuppl
i
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mpr
ov
ementi
ni
ncome
 Expandi
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si
f
y
i
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ni
ngt
hr
oughi
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tsubst
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t
ut
i
onby
usi
ngLocal
mat
er
i
al
s
 I
ni
t
i
at
i
ngmeasur
esf
orr
egi
onal
dev
el
opment
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nki
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r
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uct
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5.Thi
r
dNat
i
onalDev
el
opmentPl
an(
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I
thadt
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ol
l
owi
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ov
i
si
ons:
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l
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i
ng i
nv
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mentf
unds and cr
eat
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ort
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r
ansf
or
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i
sm andHumani
sm
 I
nv
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v
i
ngt
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i
v
at
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i
standHumani
sti
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 Bal
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opmentwi
t
hr
egar
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ol
i
nkagesbet
weeni
ndust
r
yandagr
i
cul
t
ur
e
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easi
ngt
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oduct
i
onofconsumerandcapi
t
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goods
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ri
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i
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i
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ar
i
an(
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si
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i
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opment
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
172
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Expandi
ngeducat
i
ont
r
ai
ni
ngf
aci
l
i
t
i
est
ospeedupZambi
ani
zat
i
on.
6.Four
t
hDev
el
opmentPl
an(
FNDP)1989-1993
Thi
s pl
an was f
ol
l
owed byt
he New Economi
c Recov
er
yPr
ogr
am,(
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y1987 t
o
December1993)
TheFNDPf
ocusedon:
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i
odi
cr
ev
i
ewoft
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at
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nt
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estr
at
es
 Ther
educt
i
onofbudgetdef
i
ci
tt
obel
ow2%ofGr
ossDomest
i
cPr
oduct(
GDP)by
1993
 Agr
adual
r
educt
i
onofsubsi
di
essoast
or
educepr
essur
eont
hebudget
.
 Reduct
i
oni
nt
heannual
gr
owt
hofmoneysuppl
yt
obel
ow40%by1993
 Reduct
i
oni
nt
her
at
eofi
nf
l
at
i
ont
obel
ow20%i
n1993
 I
ncr
easecapaci
t
yut
i
l
i
zat
i
ont
oabov
e70%ofi
ndust
r
i
al
av
er
agesby1993
 Reduci
ngt
henumberofpr
i
cecont
r
ol
l
edi
t
emst
ooneby1993
7.Tr
ansi
t
i
onalNat
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onalDev
el
opmentPl
an
I
n2002,t
hegov
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nmentr
ei
nt
r
oducedNat
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onalDev
el
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chwasexpect
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t
or
unf
r
om 2002t
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,
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onaldev
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or
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yr
educt
i
onst
r
at
egypr
ogr
ammePRSPt
hemai
n
f
ocusofwhi
chwasr
educi
ngpov
er
t
yandt
hedebtbur
den.
8.TheVi
si
on2030
Toenhancepl
anni
ng,
t
hegov
er
nmentcameupwi
t
hal
ongt
er
m nat
i
onalpl
anknownas
v
i
si
on2030whi
chai
medatt
ur
ni
ngZambi
ai
nt
oapr
osper
ousmi
ddl
eI
ncomenat
i
onby
2030.
I
twasexcept
edt
hatby2030,woul
dl
i
v
ei
nst
r
ongdy
nami
cmi
ddl
e– i
ncome
i
ndust
r
i
al
economyt
opr
ov
i
deoppor
t
uni
t
i
esf
ori
mpr
ov
i
ngt
hewel
l
bei
ngofal
l
.
9.Fi
f
t
hNat
i
onaldev
el
opmentpl
an(
FNDP)
Thef
i
f
t
hNat
i
onaldev
el
opmentwasbasedont
heVi
si
on2030andcov
er
edt
heper
i
od
2006–2010.Someoft
hegoal
si
ncl
ude:
 Dev
el
opandr
ehabi
l
i
t
at
ei
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
e
 Dev
el
opandbui
l
dhumanr
esour
ceandcapaci
t
yr
espect
i
v
el
y
 Mai
nst
r
eam cr
oss cut
t
i
ngi
ssuessuchasHI
VAI
DS,gender
,democr
acy
,good
gov
er
nance,
humanr
i
ght
sandenv
i
r
onment
 Dev
el
opi
r
r
i
gat
i
oni
nbot
hpr
i
v
at
eandpubl
i
csect
or
s.
10.
Si
xt
hNat
i
onalDev
el
opmentPl
an20112015
 I
tcov
er
saper
i
odf
r
om 2011-2015
 I
tal
socov
er
st
hepr
ov
i
si
onof2030
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
173
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
11.
REVI
SEDSI
XTHNATI
ONALDEVELOPMENTPLAN:20132016.
[
RSNDP]
 Thi
sPl
anwasf
or
mul
at
edwi
t
hav
i
ew t
o meett
henat
i
onalaspi
r
at
i
onsas
ar
t
i
cul
at
edi
nt
heVi
si
on2030.
 These aspi
r
at
i
ons ar
et
ot
r
ansf
or
m t
he count
r
yf
r
om a pr
i
mar
y pr
oduct
dependenteconomyt
oast
r
ong,dy
nami
cmi
ddl
ei
ncomei
ndust
r
i
al
i
sedcount
r
y
by2030.
 Thepl
anwasmost
l
ysuppor
t
edt
hr
ought
heannualbudget
sandmedi
umt
er
m
expendi
t
ur
e f
r
amewor
ks. Howev
er
,t
he amount
s and unpr
edi
ct
abi
l
i
t
y of
budget
ar
y r
el
eases negat
i
v
el
y af
f
ect
ed pr
ogr
amme i
mpl
ement
at
i
on and
achi
ev
ementofdesi
r
edout
put
sandout
comes.
12.
Sev
ent
hNat
i
onalDev
el
opmentPl
an20172021.
 I
ti
sapol
i
cydocumentt
hatout
l
i
nest
heGov
er
nment
’
sdesi
r
eddev
el
opment
al
out
comesaswel
l
ast
heaccompany
i
ngst
r
at
egi
esandpr
ogr
ams.
 TheSev
ent
hNat
i
onal
Dev
el
opmentPl
andepar
t
sf
r
om sect
or
al
basedpl
anni
ng
t
oani
nt
egr
at
ed(
mul
t
i
-sect
or
al
)dev
el
opmentappr
oachundert
het
heme
“
Accel
er
at
i
ngdev
el
opmentef
f
or
t
st
owar
dst
heVi
si
on2030wi
t
houtl
eav
i
ng
any
onebehi
nd”
.
 Thegoaloft
he7NDPi
st
o:
 cr
eat
eadi
v
er
si
f
i
edandr
esi
l
i
enteconomyf
orsust
ai
nedgr
owt
hand
soci
oeconomi
c
t
r
ansf
or
mat
i
ondr
i
v
enbyagr
i
cul
t
ur
e,
t
our
i
sm,
manuf
act
ur
i
ngandmi
ni
ng.
 r
espondt
ot
heSmar
tZambi
at
r
ansf
or
mat
i
onagenda2064andembedsi
ni
t
 t
opr
omot
eeconomi
cst
abi
l
i
sat
i
onandgr
owt
hnecessar
yf
ort
heact
ual
i
sat
i
onof
aSmar
tZambi
a.
TYPESOFDEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG
1.Shor
tTer
m Pl
an
 Thi
scov
er
sashor
tper
i
odf
r
om si
xmont
hst
ooney
ear
,Forexampl
et
heAnnual
Nat
i
onalPl
an.The AnnualPl
an i
st
he cont
r
olpl
an whi
ch checks di
f
f
er
ent
mi
ni
st
r
i
est
omakesur
et
hatwhatwaspl
annedandbudget
edf
orhasbeen
i
mpl
ement
ed.
 Themaj
orchal
l
engeaboutshor
tt
er
m pl
ani
sunderest
i
mat
i
on.
2.Medi
um Ter
m Pl
an
 I
tr
angesbet
weent
hr
eeandsev
er
aly
ear
swi
t
hf
i
v
ey
ear
sast
hemostpopul
ar
choi
ce.
 Thepur
poseofmedi
um Ter
m Pl
ani
st
omov
et
owar
dssel
f
sust
ai
ni
nggr
owt
h,
gr
owt
h,
f
orexampl
e:
-af
t
eri
ndependenceZambi
ahadt
heEmer
gence
 Nat
i
onalDev
el
opmentPl
an whi
ch wasdesi
gned t
o mov
et
he count
r
yf
r
om
col
oni
al
Mono-Economyt
odi
v
er
si
f
i
edeconomy
.
Themai
nobj
ect
i
v
esoft
heMedi
um Ter
m Pl
anmaybe:
-
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
174
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020












Di
v
er
si
f
yt
heeconomyt
oel
i
mi
nat
eov
erdependenceononeort
wopr
oduct
s
I
ncr
easet
hev
al
ueoft
heNat
i
onsowni
nput
Mai
nt
ai
nr
easonabl
epr
i
cest
abi
l
i
t
y
El
i
mi
nat
edi
spar
i
t
i
esbet
ween ur
banandr
ur
alpopul
at
i
on i
ni
nt
er
nsofweal
t
h
andj
oboppor
t
uni
t
i
es
Rai
set
hel
ev
el
ofgener
al
educat
i
on
Pr
ov
i
det
r
ai
ni
ngt
oequi
pmor
epeopl
ef
oradmi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
eandt
echni
cal
j
obs
Dev
el
opt
henecessar
ysoci
al
i
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
esuchasschool
shospi
t
al
sandr
oads
Dev
el
opt
r
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
i
ons
At
t
ai
nsel
f
suf
f
i
ci
encyi
nf
oodsuppl
yandsecur
i
t
yandnewsour
cesener
gy
Bal
ancedev
el
opmentbet
weenmanuf
act
ur
i
ngi
ndust
r
yandAgr
i
cul
t
ur
e
St
abi
l
i
zet
heeconomybycont
r
ol
l
i
ngi
nf
l
at
i
on
Per
i
odi
cal
l
yr
ev
i
ewt
heexchangeandi
nt
er
estr
at
e.
3.LongTer
m Pl
an
Thi
si
ssomet
i
mesr
ef
er
r
edt
oast
heLongRangeDev
el
opmentPl
an.I
tcov
er
sa
per
i
od oft
en t
ot
went
yy
ear
s and abov
e.The Pl
an i
s most
l
yneeded f
or
i
mpl
ement
at
i
onofhugepr
oj
ect
s




Ref
or
est
at
i
on
Openi
ngnewmi
nes.
const
r
uct
i
onofhy
dr
ost
at
i
on
Const
r
uct
i
on ofnew r
oadsand r
ai
l
wayl
i
nessuch pr
oj
ect
s.I
tal
so enabl
es
gov
er
nmentt
ospr
eaddev
el
opmentt
oal
l
ar
easpar
t
i
cul
ar
l
yi
nr
ur
al
ar
eas.
 Al
ongt
er
m pl
ant
akescar
eoft
heshor
t
comi
ngofshor
tandmedi
um t
er
m pl
an
suchaspl
anni
ngf
ort
oomanyt
hi
ngsi
nonebudget





METHODSOFPLANNI
NG
Cent
r
al
i
zedPl
anni
ng
Thi
spl
anni
ngi
sdonebyt
hecent
r
algov
er
nmentwi
t
houtt
hei
nv
ol
v
ementoft
he
l
ocal
communi
t
i
es.
I
nt
hepastcent
r
al
i
zedpl
anni
ngandadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onwer
econsi
der
ednecessar
y
t
ogui
deandcont
r
ol
t
heeconomi
csofcount
r
i
es.
Thi
st
y
peofpl
anni
ngwascommoni
ncommuni
stcount
r
i
es.Zambi
ausedt
hi
s
t
y
peofpl
anni
ngi
nt
hef
i
r
standsecondRepubl
i
cs.
Lack of par
t
i
ci
pat
i
on of t
he l
ocal communi
t
yi
n t
he f
or
mul
at
i
on and
i
mpl
ement
at
i
onoft
hepl
an.
I
twasar
guedt
hatpl
answer
ebei
ngi
mposedi
nt
opdownf
ashi
ononl
ocal
communi
t
i
eswhi
chshoul
dt
heent
husi
asm att
hecr
uci
al
i
mpl
ement
at
i
onst
age.
Pl
anor
gani
zat
i
onswer
edomi
nat
edbyexpat
r
i
at
eadv
i
ser
swhoknow v
er
yl
i
t
t
l
e
aboutl
ocal
f
ar
mi
ngcommuni
t
i
es.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
175
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Ther
ewasdel
ayoft
heappr
ov
aloft
hepl
anssi
ncet
heywer
er
ef
er
r
edt
ot
hehead
quar
t
er
sbef
or
ei
mpl
ement
at
i
on




Decent
r
al
i
zedPl
anni
ng
Thi
st
y
pe ofpl
anni
ng i
s done by i
nv
ol
v
i
ng t
he l
ocalcommuni
t
y
.A l
ocal
communi
t
yi
dent
i
f
i
espr
oj
ect
st
obeundert
akenatcommuni
t
yl
ev
el
byt
aki
ngi
nt
o
consi
der
at
i
oni
t
sact
ual
needs.
Forexampl
e:-School
s,hospi
t
al
s,br
i
dges,pi
pedwat
erandhousi
nguni
t
s.The
communi
t
ymaydr
awabudgetf
ori
tt
obesubmi
t
t
edt
ot
hecent
r
alGov
er
nment
f
orf
undi
ng
TheZambi
angov
er
nmentt
r
i
edt
hi
st
y
peofpl
anni
ngi
nt
he1980sbutt
her
ewas
l
ess success.Much of t
he r
esour
ces wer
e spent on wor
ker
st
han on
dev
el
opmentpr
oj
ect
s.
Si
ncet
hey
ear2000,Decent
r
al
i
zedpl
anni
nghasbeenr
e-i
nt
r
oducedi
nZambi
a
t
hr
oughAct
i
v
i
t
yBasedBudget
i
ngPl
ansi
nt
hecommuni
t
y
.
MI
CROANDMACROI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
Mi
cr
o-I
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ng“
smal
l’
’AMi
cr
oFi
nanci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
oni
sonet
hat
gi
v
esf
i
nanci
alassi
st
ancet
osmal
lscal
epr
oducer
sorent
r
epr
eneur
sf
orsmal
lscal
e
pr
oj
ect
s.Forexampl
e:
-f
ar
mi
ng,r
epai
rofacl
assr
oom bl
ocksandi
mpr
ov
i
ngwat
er
suppl
y
.







Zambi
aSoci
al
I
nv
est
mentFund(
ZAMSI
F)
WomenFi
nanceCooper
at
i
v
eofZambi
a
BayPor
tFi
nanceSer
v
i
ce
Uni
t
yFi
nance
Bl
ueFi
nanci
al
ser
v
i
ces
I
zwel
oans
Mi
cr
of
i
n
MACRO-FI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
Macr
o-i
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ngl
ar
ge.
Macr
oFi
nanci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsar
ei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onswhi
chf
undl
ar
gescal
epr
oj
ect
ssuch
asconst
r
uct
i
onofschool
s,
br
i
dges,
r
oadsandr
ai
l
wayl
i
ne.
(
i
)
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalMonet
ar
yFund(
I
MF)
TheI
MFi
saspeci
al
i
zedagencyoft
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsOr
gani
zat
i
onwhi
chwas
setupi
n1944.Some oft
heObj
ect
i
v
esoft
hef
undar
et
o:
-
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
176
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020




Pr
omot
ei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Monet
ar
yCooper
at
i
on.
Pr
omot
est
abl
eex
changer
at
esandmai
nt
ai
nor
der
l
yexchangear
r
angement
s
Faci
l
i
t
at
et
heexpansi
onandbal
ancedgr
owt
hofi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
t
r
ade.
Encour
agef
ul
lconv
er
t
i
bi
l
i
t
ybet
weencur
r
enci
esandcanendt
oexchanger
at
es
cont
r
ol
s
 Toshor
t
enper
i
odsofbal
anceofpay
ment
sofmembercount
r
i
es
 Howev
er
,t
he economi
c adj
ust
ment
s pol
i
ci
es pr
escr
i
bed by t
he I
MF ar
e
consi
der
edbymanyt
ohi
nderdev
el
opment
.
Themeasur
essuggest
edbyt
heI
MFt
oov
er
comet
hebal
anceofpay
ment
s
 Pr
obl
emsi
ncl
ude:
 Rel
axi
ngexchangecont
r
ol
s
 Remov
al
ofi
mpor
tr
est
r
i
ct
i
ons,
pr
i
cecont
r
ol
sandt
heendofsubsi
di
es
 Remov
alofcont
r
ol
s ov
erf
or
ei
gn exchange and i
mpor
t
si
n or
dert
o get
assi
st
ance.
 The I
MF’
s mai
nf
i
nanci
alr
ol
ei
st
o pr
ov
i
de t
empor
ar
ycr
edi
t
st
o member
s
exper
i
enci
ngbal
ancepay
ment
s’
di
f
f
i
cul
t
i
es.
(
i
i
)I
nt
er
nat
i
onalBankf
orReconst
r
uct
i
onandDev
el
opment(
I
BRD)
 TheI
BRDi
scommonl
yknownast
heWor
l
dBank.I
tbegani
t
soper
at
i
onsi
n1946.
 TheBankencour
agescapi
t
al
i
nv
est
mentf
oral
l
memberst
at
es.
 I
tgi
v
esl
oanst
ospeci
f
i
cpr
oj
ect
st
hatar
epr
oduct
i
v
eandpr
ov
i
desFi
nancef
or
f
or
ei
gnexchanger
equi
r
ement
sf
orsuchpr
oj
ect
sLoansar
eusual
l
yf
oraper
i
od
of20y
ear
s wi
t
hgr
aceper
i
odoff
i
v
ey
ear
s.
(
i
i
)Af
r
i
canDev
el
opmentBank(
ADB)
 TheADBwasest
abl
i
shedi
nAugust1963andbegani
t
soper
at
i
onsi
nJul
y
1966.
 I
tgi
v
esconcessi
onar
y l
oanst
omemberst
at
es.
 Concessi
onar
yLoani
smoneygi
v
ent
oacount
r
ywi
t
hnocondi
t
i
onsat
t
ached.
 I
tgi
v
esLoanst
ospeci
f
i
cpr
oj
ectt
hatar
epr
oduct
i
v
eandpr
ov
i
desf
i
nancef
or
f
or
ei
gnexchanger
equi
r
ement
s f
orsuchpr
oj
ect
s.Thel
oansgi
v
enar
epai
d
backwi
t
hal
owi
nt
er
estr
at
el
esst
han10%
 TheBankal
sogi
v
esgr
ant
st
omemberst
at
est
of
i
nanceessent
i
alpr
oj
ect
si
n
educat
i
onandheal
t
h.Theheadquar
t
er
sofADBi
si
nAddi
sAbaba,
Et
hi
opi
a.
(
i
i
)Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDev
el
opmenti
nAf
r
i
ca(
ABEDA)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
177
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 TheBankwassetupbyt
heAr
abLeaguei
n1973andbegunoper
at
5i
onsi
n1975.
 TheHeadOf
f
i
cei
si
nKhar
t
oum,Sudan.I
tgi
v
esl
oanst
ospeci
f
i
cpr
oj
ect
st
hat
ar
epr
oduct
i
v
eandpr
ov
i
def
i
nancef
orf
or
ei
gnexchange.
 Gener
al
l
y
,Pr
oj
ect
sar
ef
i
nancedj
oi
nt
l
ywi
t
hi
nt
er
nat
i
onall
endi
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons
suchast
heWor
l
dBankandAf
r
i
canDev
el
opmentBank.Zambi
aobt
ai
nedl
oans
f
r
om ABEDAf
orcapi
t
al
pr
oj
ect
ssuchasr
oadconst
r
uct
i
on.
I
NDI
CATORSOFDEVELOPMENT
 I
ndi
cat
or
s ofdev
el
opmentar
e si
gns t
hatshow whet
herornott
her
ei
s
i
mpr
ov
ementi
nt
hecount
r
y
’
seconomyandpeopl
e’
sbasi
cneedssuchasf
ood,
saf
eandcl
eandr
i
nki
ngwat
erhousi
ngeducat
i
onandheal
t
h.
 I
ti
snoteasyt
omeasur
edev
el
opment
.Ther
ef
or
ev
ar
i
ousi
ndi
cat
or
shav
et
ouse.
 These ar
e measur
abl
ev
ar
i
abl
es whi
ch ar
e assumed di
r
ect
l
yr
el
at
ed t
o
dev
el
opmentsuchas:
1.Gr
ossNat
i
onalPr
oduct(
GNP)orTheNat
i
onalI
ncome
 Thi
si
smeasur
eofpr
oduct
i
oni
nmonet
ar
yt
er
msdur
i
ngper
i
odoft
i
me.
 I
ti
st
heamountofgoodsandser
v
i
cespr
oducedwi
t
hi
nacount
r
yand
account
edf
ori
napar
t
i
cul
ary
ear
.
 I
tal
soi
ncl
udesi
ncomef
r
om abr
oad.
2.Gr
ossDomest
i
cPr
oduct(
GDP)
 GDPi
st
het
ot
alout
putofaneconomyandconsi
st
sofal
laccount
edf
or
goodsandser
v
i
cest
hathav
ebeenpr
oducedi
nt
hecour
seoft
hey
ear
.
 Al
lpr
oduct
sand ser
v
i
cespr
oduced wi
t
hi
nt
hecount
r
yar
eadded up
cal
cul
at
edi
nmonet
ar
yf
or
m.
3.HumanDev
el
opmentI
ndex(
HDI
)
 Thi
si
st
hemeasur
eofhumandev
el
opmentusi
ngf
our
 Li
f
eexpect
ancyatbi
r
t
h
 Adul
tl
i
t
er
acy
 Av
er
agey
ear
sofschool
i
ng
 Pur
chasi
ngpowerofper
sonsaged25andabov
eexpr
essedi
ndol
l
ar
s
I
ft
hecount
r
yhasal
i
f
eexpect
ancyatbi
r
t
h,ahi
ghadul
tl
i
t
er
acyl
ev
el
sandahi
gh
av
er
agey
ear
sofschool
i
ngandpur
chasi
ngpowerperper
son.I
ti
ssai
dt
ohav
eahi
gh
l
ev
el
ofdev
el
opment
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
178
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
4.PerCapi
t
aI
ncome
 I
ti
st
heGNPoft
hecount
r
ydi
v
i
dedbyt
het
ot
al
popul
at
i
on.
 Thi
sdoesnott
akei
nt
oaccounti
ncomedi
st
r
i
but
i
ondi
spar
i
t
i
es
 PerCapi
t
al
I
ncome= GNP
Tot
al
popul
at
i
on
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Anal
y
zet
hef
act
or
st
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’
sdebtcr
i
si
s.
2.St
udyt
hechar
tbel
owr
epr
esent
i
ngv
ar
i
ousst
agesi
npl
anni
ng.
DECENTRALI
SED
(
i
)
LONG TERM
SHORTTERM
Fi
l
l
i
nt
hemi
ssi
ngst
agesbandd
(
i
i
)Expl
ai
nt
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weenshor
tt
er
m andl
ongt
er
m
pl
anni
ng.
(
i
i
i
)
Whati
st
heef
f
ectofpooreconomi
cpl
anni
ngi
nanat
i
on?
3.Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weenl
ongt
er
m andshor
tt
er
m pl
anni
ng.
4.HowcanZambi
apl
anf
ori
t
sf
uel
i
nl
ongt
er
m
5..
Whyi
spl
anni
ngi
mpor
t
ant
?
6.Gi
v
et
he adv
ant
ages and di
sadv
ant
ages of cent
r
al
i
zed and
decent
r
al
i
zedpl
anni
ng.
7. Whatar
et
hei
ndi
cat
or
sofdev
el
opmentpl
anni
ng?
8. Expl
ai
nt
hecont
r
i
but
i
onoff
i
nanci
ali
nst
i
t
ut
i
ont
oeconomi
cand
soci
al
dev
el
opment
9.St
at
et
he measur
es ofhuman dev
el
opmentusi
ng t
he Human
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
179
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Dev
el
opmentI
ndex.
10.Compar
eandcont
r
astmi
cr
oandmacr
of
i
nanci
al
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
on.
POVERTYI
NZAMBI
A
Pov
er
t
yi
sacondi
t
i
onofbei
ngpoor
.Pov
er
t
yi
sassoci
at
edwi
t
ht
henegat
i
v
easpectof
humandev
el
opment
.
HumanDev
el
opmenti
st
hepr
ocessofenl
ar
gi
ngpeopl
es’choi
cest
ot
hei
rper
sonal
adv
ancement
.Forexampl
epov
er
t
ymaybedef
i
nedasi
nsuf
f
i
ci
entaccesst
obasi
c
needs.Thi
ski
ndofpov
er
t
yi
sknownasabsol
ut
epov
er
t
y
.
Absol
ut
epov
er
t
yi
sacondi
t
i
onofl
i
f
esol
i
mi
t
edbymal
nut
r
i
t
i
on,i
l
l
i
t
er
acydi
sease
squal
i
dsur
r
oundi
ngs,
hi
ghi
nf
antmor
t
al
i
t
yr
at
eandl
owl
i
f
eexpect
ancyast
obebeneat
h
anyr
easonabl
edef
i
ni
t
i
onofhumandecency
.
MEASURI
NGPOVERTY
Pov
er
t
yi
sdi
f
f
i
cul
t
yt
omeasur
e.Thoughdi
f
f
i
cul
t
yt
omeasur
ei
tcanbemeasur
edusi
ng
t
hr
eeper
spect
i
v
es
1.I
ncomeper
spect
i
ve:A per
soni
spoori
fhehi
sorheri
ncomef
al
l
sbel
ow a
def
i
nedmoneyormet
r
i
cpov
er
t
yl
i
ne.E.
g.aper
sonl
i
v
i
ngononedol
l
arperday
.
2.Basi
cneedsper
spect
i
ve:Aper
soni
spoori
fhi
s/
herr
equi
r
ement
sf
orami
ni
mal
accept
abl
ef
ul
f
i
l
l
mentofhumanneedsar
enotmet
3.Capabi
l
i
t
yper
spect
i
ve:Aper
soni
spoori
fhe/
shel
ackcer
t
ai
ncapabi
l
i
t
i
est
o
f
unct
i
onsuchasadequat
ef
ood,cl
ot
hi
ng,shel
t
erandabi
l
i
t
yt
opar
t
i
ci
pat
ei
n
communi
t
y
.
HUMANPOVERTYI
NDEX.(
HPI
)
HPIwasdev
el
opedbyt
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsDev
el
opmentPr
ogr
amme,
measur
espov
er
t
y
i
nt
er
msofdepr
i
v
at
i
onoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngar
eas:
 Sur
v
i
v
al(
l
i
f
eexpect
ancy
)depr
i
v
at
i
onofal
ongl
i
f
eandheal
t
hyl
i
f
emeasur
edby
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
180
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
l
i
f
eexpect
ancyofabout40y
ear
s
 Knowl
edgedepr
i
v
at
i
onofknowl
edgemeasur
edbyi
l
l
i
t
er
acy
.
 Adecentst
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ngdepr
i
v
at
i
oni
neconomi
cpr
ov
i
si
onmeasur
edbyt
he
per
cent
ageoft
hepopul
at
i
onl
acki
ngaccesst
oheal
t
hser
v
i
cesandsaf
edr
i
nki
ng
wat
erandadequat
enut
r
i
t
i
on.
DI
MENSI
ONSOFPOVERTY
Cent
r
alSt
at
i
st
i
calOf
f
i
ce(
CSO)
.Measur
espov
er
t
yl
i
neast
heamountofmont
hl
y
i
ncomer
equi
r
edt
opur
chasebasi
cf
oodt
omeett
hemi
ni
mum cal
or
i
cr
equi
r
ementf
ora
f
ami
l
yofsi
x.(
Foodbasket
)
.
Ov
er
al
landext
r
emepov
er
t
yi
nZambi
ai
nr
ur
alandur
banar
eas,
1998
Locat
i
on
Ov
er
al
lpov
er
t
y%
Ext
r
emepov
er
t
y%
Rur
alar
eas
83
70
Ur
banar
eas
56
36
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
181
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Cent
r
al
pr
ov
i
nce
77
63
Copperbel
tpr
ov
i
nce
65
47
East
er
npr
ov
i
nce
80
66
Luapul
apr
ov
i
nce
81
69
Lusakapr
ov
i
nce
52
34
Nor
t
her
npr
ov
i
nce
81
67
Nor
t
h–west
er
npr
ov
i
nce
76
63
Sout
her
npr
ov
i
nce
76
60
West
er
npr
ov
i
nce
89
78
Thepoor
estpr
ov
i
ncei
nZambi
ai
sWest
er
nPr
ov
i
ncewi
t
h89%f
ol
l
owedbyLuapul
aand
Nor
t
her
nPr
ov
i
nceswi
t
h81%.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFPOVERTY
1.Per
sonalandPhy
si
calSt
at
us
 Hasnof
oodordoesnoteatwel
l
 Lackaccesst
oeducat
i
on
 Lackaccesst
oadequat
eshel
t
er
 Lackofaccesst
oheal
t
hcar
e
 Poorcl
ot
hi
ng
2.Economi
cSt
at
us
 Lackofmoneyoradequat
ei
ncome.Ur
banar
eas
 Lackofpr
oduct
i
v
easset
ssuchaspl
oughs,hoes,oxen,f
i
shi
ngnet
s,canoes.
Rur
al
ar
eas
3.Soci
alSt
at
us
 I
nequal
i
t
y
 Lowsel
fest
eem
 Landl
essness/noaccesst
ol
and
4.Pol
i
t
i
calPar
t
i
ci
pat
i
on
 Power
l
essness
 Lackofpol
i
t
i
cal
v
oi
ce
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
182
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Lackofaccesst
ol
egal
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hati
scour
t
sofl
aw.
CAUSESOFPOVERTYI
NZAMBI
A
Thecausesofpooreconomi
cper
f
or
mancecanbebr
oadl
ydi
v
i
dedi
nt
oi
nt
er
naland
ext
er
nal
f
act
or
s:
I
nt
er
nalFact
or
s
Zambi
a’
s pol
i
ci
es f
ocused on t
he st
at
et
aki
ng ov
erpr
i
v
at
e busi
ness,and heav
y
i
nv
ol
v
ementi
nt
hepr
oduct
i
v
esect
or
soft
heEconomy
.TheEconomi
cr
ef
or
mst
hatwer
e
adopt
edl
ef
tt
hemaj
or
i
t
yofpeopl
ei
nsecur
ei
nt
er
msofempl
oy
ment
,
i
ncomeandheal
t
h.
Ext
er
nalFact
or
s
Copperexpor
t
saccount
edf
or90%oft
hecount
r
y
’
sexpor
tear
ni
ngsandabout50%of
t
ot
all
ocalpr
oduct
i
onofgoodandser
v
i
cesorGr
ossDomest
i
cPr
oduct
.(
GDP)
.Thef
al
l
i
ncopperpr
i
cesf
r
om mi
d1970’
ssev
er
el
yaf
f
ect
edt
hegov
er
nment
’
scapaci
t
yt
oi
nv
est
i
nt
heEconomyandpr
ov
i
dedadequat
esoci
al
ser
v
i
ce.
Changesi
nAgr
i
cul
t
ur
ePol
i
ci
es
Ther
ewer
enegat
i
v
eagr
i
cul
t
ur
alpol
i
ci
esbet
ween1992and2001.Someoft
henegat
i
v
e
pol
i
cychangesi
ncl
udedt
her
emov
aloft
hesy
st
em i
nwhi
chf
ar
mer
swer
eof
f
er
ed
f
er
t
i
l
i
zeronapaybackbasi
sandt
hel
i
ber
al
i
zat
i
onoft
hemar
ket
sf
ort
heagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
pr
oduce.
Agr
i
cul
t
ur
alsect
oroft
heeconomyi
schar
act
er
i
zedby
 I
nconsi
st
entagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
pol
i
ci
es
 Lat
ear
r
i
v
al
ofagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
i
nput
s
 Expensi
v
eagr
i
cul
t
ur
al
i
nput
sandi
mpl
ement
s
 I
nadequat
est
or
agef
aci
l
i
t
i
es
 I
nsuf
f
i
ci
entext
ensi
onser
v
i
cesandmar
keti
nf
or
mat
i
on.
 Endemi
cl
i
v
est
ockdi
seases
 Poorr
oadi
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
eespeci
al
l
yi
nr
ur
al
ar
eas.
Debtbur
den
Ov
ert
hey
ear
s,t
hepay
mentoft
hedebt
sonav
er
ageaccount
edf
or10per
centoft
he
Gr
ossDomest
i
cPr
oductGDP.Thi
smeanst
hatmor
emoneyi
sspentonser
v
i
ci
ngt
he
debtatt
heexpenseofi
nv
est
i
ngi
nsoci
al
andeconomi
cdev
el
opment
.
Ext
er
nalDependence
Zambi
a hascont
i
nued t
o bor
r
ow f
r
om par
t
ner
st
oi
nv
esti
n soci
aland economi
c
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
183
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
dev
el
opmentf
orexampl
e,
i
nt
heeducat
i
onandheal
t
h.
Cl
i
mat
i
cVar
i
at
i
on
Rai
nf
al
lpat
t
er
nsar
ei
ncr
easi
ngl
yer
r
at
i
canddr
ought
sar
eacommonf
eat
ur
eandt
hi
s
hasl
edt
ol
owf
oodpr
oduct
i
on,
hencef
oodi
nsecur
i
t
y
,
Mor
bi
di
t
yandmor
t
al
i
t
y
Mor
bi
di
t
ymeansi
ncr
easei
ni
l
l
nesses.AtNat
i
onalLev
eleconomi
cgr
owt
hi
saf
f
ect
ed
byt
hehi
ghi
nci
denceofHI
V/
AI
DSwhi
chhasl
edt
ol
ossofhumanr
esour
cet
hr
ough
deat
handl
ossofmanpowerduet
osi
ckness.
Or
phans
Thei
ncr
easei
nt
henumberofor
phansr
equi
r
i
ngcar
eandsuppor
tf
r
om r
el
at
i
v
escauses
ast
r
ai
nont
hef
ami
l
i
es.
Si
ngl
epar
enthousehol
ds:Manysi
ngl
epar
entorchi
l
dheadedhousehol
dshav
ef
ai
l
ed
t
omeett
hebasi
cneedsoft
hef
ami
l
i
es.
I
nequal
i
t
y
I
thasbeenobser
v
edt
hatt
hegapbet
weent
her
i
chandpoori
swi
deni
ng.Thi
si
nequal
i
t
y
i
nt
er
msofi
ncome,educat
i
on,weal
t
handaccesst
oasset
shasl
edt
ohi
ghpov
er
t
y
l
ev
el
s.
LowpayLowpayi
sact
ual
l
yamaj
orcauseofpov
er
t
y
.
Conf
l
i
ct
Whent
her
ei
sconf
l
i
cti
nasoci
et
y
,l
esst
i
mei
sspentoneconomi
cact
i
v
i
t
i
es.Hence
t
her
ei
snot
i
met
ocr
eat
eweal
t
h.
Genderi
nequal
i
t
yi
neconomi
cact
i
v
i
t
i
es.
Thepar
t
i
ci
pat
i
onofwomeni
neconomi
cdev
el
opmenti
sv
er
yl
ow.Mostwomenhav
eno
accesst
ol
oansandl
and,
andot
hermeansofpr
oduct
i
on.
PoorWor
kcul
t
ur
e
Whenpeopl
ehav
eanegat
i
v
eat
t
i
t
udet
owar
dswor
kandl
acki
ni
t
i
at
i
v
et
hi
scanl
eadt
o
pov
er
t
y
I
ndi
v
i
dualWeakness
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
184
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Lazi
nessandl
ackofr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
ycanl
eadt
opov
er
t
yanddependencysy
ndr
ome
EFFECTSOFPOVERTY









Hunger/f
oodi
nsecur
i
t
y
Hi
ghunempl
oy
mentl
ev
el
s
I
ncr
easei
ncr
i
me
Conf
l
i
ct
si
nsoci
et
y
I
ncr
easei
ncor
r
upt
i
onandv
andal
i
sm
I
ncr
easei
ndependencysy
ndr
ome
Lowl
i
f
eexpect
ancyduet
ol
owst
andar
dofl
i
v
i
ngandot
herf
act
or
s
I
ncr
easei
npr
ost
i
t
ut
i
on{
commer
ci
al
sex}
Lackofaccesst
obasi
cneedsl
i
kef
ood,shel
t
er
,cl
eanwat
er
,educat
i
onand
heal
t
hf
aci
l
i
t
i
es
 Br
eakdownoft
heext
endedf
ami
l
ysy
st
em
 Depl
et
i
on ofnat
ur
alr
esour
ces due t
o mor
e peopl
e expl
oi
t
i
ng t
he same
i
nadequat
er
esour
ces
 I
ncr
easei
nchi
l
dl
abour
POVERTYALLEVI
ATI
ON
Pover
t
yal
l
evi
at
i
oni
st
hepr
ocessofl
esseni
ngt
hesuf
f
er
i
ngoft
hepoorbymeet
i
ngt
hei
r
i
mmedi
at
epr
essi
ngneeds
Someoft
hewayt
hr
oughwhi
chpov
er
t
yZambi
acanbeal
l
ev
i
at
ed:
 I
mpr
ov
et
hepr
ov
i
si
onofeducat
i
onaseducat
i
oni
sav
er
ypower
f
ult
oolf
or
pov
er
t
yr
educt
i
on
 I
ncr
easef
oodpr
oduct
i
onandempowersmal
l
scal
ef
ar
mer
s
 I
mpr
ov
et
heheal
t
hst
at
usofpeopl
ei
nZambi
aespeci
al
l
yt
hepoor
.
 Reducet
hei
nci
dence,
i
nf
ect
i
onandsoci
oeconomi
ci
mpactofHI
V/
AI
DS
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
osaf
ewat
erandsani
t
at
i
on
 Pr
omot
e a sel
f
sust
ai
ni
ng expor
tl
ed agr
i
cul
t
ur
alsect
orensur
ei
ncr
eased
househol
di
ncomeandf
oodsecur
i
t
y
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
oski
l
l
sdev
el
opmentandv
ocat
i
onal
t
r
ai
ni
ng
 Pr
omot
er
ur
alel
ect
r
i
f
i
cat
i
ont
oat
t
r
acti
nv
est
ment
sandr
educeunempl
oy
ment
.
I
nr
ur
al
ar
eas
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
omeansofpr
oduct
i
onsuchasl
andandf
ar
mi
ngi
mpl
ement
s
POVERTYREDUCTI
ONSTRATEGYPAPER
Pov
er
t
yReduct
i
onSt
r
at
egyPaper(
PRSP)i
st
heov
er
al
l
f
r
amewor
kf
ornat
i
onal
pl
anni
ng
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
185
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
anddev
el
opmentf
ocusi
ngoni
nt
er
v
ent
i
onf
orpov
er
t
yr
educt
i
on.
Ar
easaddr
essedbyt
he
PRSP:
 Macr
oeconomi
cs-t
oachi
ev
eahi
ghandsust
ai
nedr
ealGDP gr
owt
hgr
eat
er
equi
t
yofoppor
t
uni
t
y
,
i
ncomeandaccesst
or
esour
ces
 Agr
i
cul
t
ur
e-t
opr
omot
easel
f
sust
ai
ni
ngexpor
tl
edagr
i
cul
t
ur
alsect
orwhi
ch
ensur
esi
ncr
easedhousehol
di
ncomeandf
oodsecur
i
t
y
.
 Tour
i
sm-t
oenhancet
het
our
i
sm sect
or
’
scont
r
i
but
i
ont
oeconomi
cgr
owt
hand
pov
er
t
yr
educt
i
on
 Mi
ni
ng-t
o pr
omot
ei
nv
est
ment i
nt
he mi
ni
ng i
ndust
r
y and ensur
et
he
dev
el
opmentofsel
f
sust
ai
ni
ngmi
ner
al
basedi
ndust
r
y
.
 I
ndust
r
y
-t
opr
omot
egr
owt
hofanexpor
tl
edi
ndust
r
yl
eadi
ngt
oempl
oy
ment
cr
eat
i
onandpov
er
t
yr
educt
i
on.
 Heal
t
h-t
oi
mpr
ov
et
heheal
t
hst
at
usoft
hepeopl
eofZambi
a
Educat
i
on–t
opr
ov
i
der
el
ev
ant
,
equi
t
abl
e,
ef
f
i
ci
entandqual
i
t
yeducat
i
onf
orForal
l
 HI
V/
AI
DS-t
or
educet
hei
nci
dence,i
nf
ect
i
on and soci
oeconomi
ci
mpactof
HI
V/
AI
DS.
 Gender–t
opr
omot
egenderbal
ancet
oeaset
hebur
denofpov
er
t
yespeci
al
l
yof
womenatt
hehousehol
d,
communi
t
yandnat
i
onal
l
ev
el
s.
 Env
i
r
onment– t
of
or
mul
at
e appr
opr
i
at
e pol
i
ci
es on t
he pr
ot
ect
i
on oft
he
env
i
r
onment
,managementanddev
el
opmentofnat
ur
alr
esour
cesandensur
e
t
hei
ref
f
i
ci
entandef
f
ect
i
v
edel
i
v
er
y
 Ener
gy–t
oensur
eopt
i
mum suppl
yandut
i
l
i
zat
i
onofener
gy
 Wat
erand sani
t
at
i
on-t
o cont
r
i
but
et
o pov
er
t
yr
educt
i
on t
hr
ough i
ncr
eased
accesst
osaf
ewat
erandsani
t
at
i
on,i
ncr
easedf
oodpr
oduct
i
onandi
ncr
eased
f
oodpr
oduct
i
onandf
oodsecur
i
t
y
.
 Tr
anspor
t and Communi
cat
i
on- t
o cr
eat
e an ef
f
i
ci
ent t
r
anspor
t and
communi
cat
i
on sy
st
em t
hat wi
l
lpr
omot
e economi
c gr
owt
h and pov
er
t
y
r
educt
i
on
 Roads-t
oexpandr
ehabi
l
i
t
at
eandi
nv
esti
nt
her
oadsect
orsoast
oi
mpr
ov
e
accessi
bi
l
i
t
yandmobi
l
i
t
y
.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
186
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
1.Whati
spov
er
t
y
?
2.Showhowt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcont
r
i
but
et
opov
er
t
yi
nZambi
a.
i
. Debi
tbur
den
i
i
. Cl
i
mat
ev
ar
i
at
i
on
i
i
i
. Lowwagesandsal
ar
i
es
3. Di
scusst
heef
f
ect
sofpov
er
t
y
.
4.Ment
i
onsomeoft
hecausesofpov
er
t
yi
nZambi
a.
5.Di
scusswi
t
hexampl
ehow t
hegov
er
nmentcanal
l
ev
i
at
epov
er
t
yamong
t
hepeopl
ei
nr
ur
al
ar
eas.
6.Pov
er
t
yi
st
hei
nsuf
f
i
ci
entaccesst
obasi
cneeds.Di
scuss
7.Di
scuss Zambi
a’
s ef
f
or
tt
owar
ds t
he at
t
ai
nmentoft
he Mi
l
l
enni
um
Dev
el
opmentGoal
s.
8.Desi
gnanant
i
pov
er
t
yst
r
at
egyt
oaddr
esspov
er
t
yi
ssuesf
aci
ngy
our
communi
t
y
.
9.Out
l
i
net
hechar
act
er
i
st
i
csofpov
er
t
y
ENVI
RONMENTALEDUCATI
ON
Envi
r
onment
:
r
ef
er
st
osur
r
oundi
ngsandt
het
hi
ngsf
oundi
nt
hem bot
hphy
si
caland
cul
t
ur
al
whi
chdi
f
f
erf
r
om pl
acet
opl
ace.
COMPONENTSOFTHEENVI
RONMENT
 Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
et
hecomponent
s:
l
i
vi
ngandnonl
i
vi
ngcomponent
s
I
fhumanact
i
v
i
t
i
esar
econsi
der
edcent
r
alt
hent
heenv
i
r
onmenti
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
oNat
ur
al
andcul
t
ur
al
component
s.Her
ear
et
hecomponent
si
ndet
ai
l
s:
Nat
ur
alEnv
i
r
onment
Phy
si
cal
andl
i
v
i
ng
env
i
r
onment
,
At
mospher
e,
Hy
dr
ospher
e,
Li
t
hospher
e
Ani
mal
andPl
antLi
f
e.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
187
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Pol
i
t
i
calEnv
i
r
onment
Pol
i
t
i
cal
I
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsmaki
ng
choi
cesDeci
si
onmaki
ng
Economi
cEnv
i
r
onment
Economi
cSy
st
em
Economi
ci
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons
Rur
al
andUr
banl
andscapes
Soci
al
/
Cul
t
ur
alEnv
i
r
onment
.
Cul
t
ur
e and soci
al i
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons Bel
i
ef
s,
Cust
omsandt
r
adi
t
i
ons
ENVI
RONMENTALDEGRADATI
ON
 I
tr
ef
er
st
oanyact
i
onorpr
ocesst
hatmakest
heenv
i
r
onmentl
essf
i
tf
orhuman,
pl
antorani
mal
l
i
f
e.
 I
ti
sal
soassoci
at
edwi
t
ht
hel
ower
i
ngorr
educt
i
onofenv
i
r
onment
al
qual
i
t
y
Causesofenv
i
r
onment
alDegr
adat
i
on
1.Over
popul
at
i
on;
t
hi
si
st
hepr
esencei
nagi
v
enar
eaofmor
epeopl
et
hancanbe
suppor
t
edadequat
el
ybyt
her
esour
cesav
ai
l
abl
ei
nt
hear
ea.
2.Pol
l
ut
i
on:pol
l
ut
i
onr
ef
er
st
ot
hepr
esenceofmat
t
er
sorener
gywhosenat
ur
e,
l
ocat
i
on,
orqual
i
t
ypr
oducesundesi
r
abl
eenv
i
r
onment
al
ef
f
ect
s.
Pol
l
ut
i
ont
akesi
nt
hef
or
ms:
Nat
ur
alWast
es:Nat
ur
al
wast
esmaybeor
gani
cori
nor
gani
c.
 I
nor
gani
cwast
esi
ncl
udeel
ement
sofcomponent
ssuchasl
ead,copper
,and
sul
phur
.
 Theseel
ement
sar
ef
oundi
nr
ocksandar
epr
esenti
nsmal
lconcent
r
at
i
oni
nour
bodi
es.
 Thesesubst
ancesar
eemi
t
t
eddur
i
ngmi
ni
ngandsmel
t
i
ngoper
at
i
ons.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
188
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Whenmi
ned t
heycont
ami
nat
est
r
eams,st
r
eams,r
i
v
er
s,l
akesgr
ound wat
er
suppl
i
es,
soi
l
andt
heat
mospher
e.
Sy
nt
het
i
cchemi
cal
s:Thesear
echemi
cal
compoundswhi
char
eManmade.
 Thesesy
nt
het
i
cchemi
cal
sar
epr
esenti
npl
ant
s,dy
es,f
oodaddi
t
i
v
es,dr
ugs,
pest
i
ci
de,f
er
t
i
l
i
zer
s,cl
ot
hes,cl
eani
ngmat
er
i
al
s,pl
ast
i
cs,cosmet
i
csandbui
l
di
ng
mat
er
i
al
s.
Bi
odegr
adabl
e:t
hesedecomposeasar
esul
tbi
ol
ogi
cal
act
i
on.
NonBi
odegr
adabl
e:t
hesear
eamat
er
i
al
t
hatdoesnotdecomposei
nt
heenv
i
r
onment
.
3.Depl
et
i
onofResour
ces
 Ar
esour
cei
sanysour
ceofr
awmat
er
i
al
sorobj
ectt
hathumanbei
ngsar
eabl
et
o
uset
osust
ai
nl
i
f
eorpr
oduceweal
t
h.Forexampl
e,
wat
er
,
f
i
sh,
mi
ner
al
s,
soi
l
sand
t
r
ees.
 Ar
esour
cei
sdepl
et
edorusedupwheni
tbecomesl
essav
ai
l
abl
ef
ori
t
si
nt
ended
f
unct
i
onoruse
Resour
cesgetdepl
et
edi
nt
hr
eedi
f
f
er
entway
s.Thesear
e:
1.Byconv
er
t
i
ng[
Conv
er
si
on]t
hosei
nt
oanot
hersubst
ance,coaloroi
lar
e
dest
r
oy
edwhent
heyar
ebur
ntt
opr
oduceener
gy
.
2.Bybeen di
spl
aced [
Di
spl
acement
]t
o same l
ocat
i
on f
r
om whi
ch t
he
mat
er
i
alcannotber
ecov
er
ed.Forexampl
e,when copperi
smi
ned i
t
cannotber
epl
acedi
nt
hegr
ound.
3.Bybei
ngpol
l
ut
ed[
Pol
l
ut
i
on]
,
asubst
ancei
sr
ender
edusel
essf
oruse.
EXAMPLESOFRESOURCEDEPLETI
ON
Soi
l
-soi
l
er
osi
oni
sest
i
mat
edt
obeexceedi
ngsoi
l
f
or
mat
i
onbyabout35
For
est
-Thehi
ghdemandf
ort
i
mberf
ori
ndust
r
i
alanddomest
i
cusehasl
edt
odepl
et
i
on
off
or
est
s.
Fi
sher
i
es–Rapi
di
ncr
easei
ngl
obal
f
i
shhar
v
esthasl
edt
odepl
et
i
onoff
i
sh
Maj
orEnv
i
r
onment
alI
ssuesi
nZambi
a
TheNat
i
onalEnv
i
r
onment
alAct
i
onPl
an(
NEAP)
,hasi
dent
i
f
i
edt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngmaj
or
env
i
r
onmentconcer
nsi
nZambi
a.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
189
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Def
or
est
at
i
on
 Wi
l
dl
i
f
edepl
et
i
on
 Landdegr
adat
i
on
 I
nadequat
esani
t
at
i
on
Def
or
est
at
i
on-i
st
her
emov
al
oft
r
eecov
erf
r
om anar
ea.
ReAf
f
or
est
at
i
on-i
st
opl
antt
r
eesi
nar
east
hathav
ebeendef
or
est
ed.
Af
f
or
est
at
i
on-r
ef
er
st
opl
ant
i
ngoft
r
eesi
nar
east
hatdi
dnothav
et
r
eecov
erbef
or
e
Benef
i
t
sofReaf
f
or
est
at
i
onandaf
f
or
est
at
i
on
 Assur
edsuppl
yofchar
coal
andf
uel
wood
 Col
l
ect
i
onofMushr
ooms,
cat
er
pi
l
l
ar
s,
nut
sandmoney
 Pl
antl
eav
escanbeusedasf
ol
derbyl
i
v
est
ock
 Pr
ot
ect
i
onofsoi
l
f
r
om agent
sofer
osi
on
 Somepl
ant
sf
i
xni
t
r
ogeni
nt
hesoi
l
 Somepl
ant
spr
ov
i
def
r
ui
t
sandher
bsf
ormedi
ci
nal
use
WI
LDLI
FEDEPLETI
ON
 Mostoft
heGamemanagementar
easar
eal
mostf
i
ni
shi
ngoft
hegame.
 Thi
si
sbecausehumanset
t
l
ement
sandot
herl
anduseswer
eper
mi
t
t
ed,t
hus
exposi
ngt
hem t
odegr
adat
i
oni
nt
heabsenceofcompr
ehensi
v
emanagement
pl
an.
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
et
her
eser
v
edar
easf
orwi
l
dl
i
f
e:
Nat
i
onalpar
k-i
sanar
eat
hati
spr
ot
ect
edbyl
awf
ort
heconser
v
at
i
onofwi
l
dl
i
f
e.
Gamemanagementar
ea-i
sapr
ot
ect
edar
eaf
orwi
l
dl
i
f
ei
nwhi
chl
egal
i
zedhunt
i
ngi
s
per
mi
t
t
ed
 Themai
ncauseoft
hedecl
i
nei
nt
henumberofbi
ggamesuchas
 el
ephant
sandar
hi
noi
sessent
i
al
l
ypoachi
ngf
ort
r
ophi
es.
Tr
ophy
i
ssomet
hi
ngofv
al
uet
hati
skeptt
or
ememberorshow ot
herpeopl
eones
achi
ev
ement
.Forexampl
e:
r
hi
nohor
ns,
l
eopar
d’
sski
nsandel
ephantt
asks
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
190
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Thet
abl
eshowssomeoft
heendanger
ed,
v
ul
ner
abl
ebi
r
dandani
mal
speci
esi
nZambi
a:
Speci
es
St
at
us
Shoebi
l
l
Vul
ner
abl
e
Wat
t
l
edCr
ane
Vul
ner
abl
e
Sl
at
eyEgr
et
Vul
ner
abl
e
Tai
t
aFal
con
Vul
ner
abl
e
LesserKest
r
el
Vul
ner
abl
e
Bl
ackCheekedLov
ebi
r
d
Vul
ner
abl
e
Bl
ackLechwe
Vul
ner
abl
e
Kaf
ueLechewe
Vul
ner
abl
e
Bl
ackRhi
no
Endanger
ed
El
ephant
Endanger
ed
Li
on
Vul
ner
abl
e
Cheet
ah
Vul
ner
abl
e
Wi
l
ddog
Endanger
ed
El
ephant
Vul
ner
abl
e
Endanger
edspeci
es-ar
especi
est
hatar
el
i
kel
yt
obeext
i
ncti
fmeasur
esar
enott
aken
t
opr
ot
ectt
hem.
Vul
ner
abl
e speci
es-ar
e speci
es t
hatar
el
i
kel
yt
o be endanger
ed i
fconser
v
at
i
on
measur
esar
enott
akeni
nt
opr
ot
ectt
hem.
POLLUTI
ON
 Thi
si
st
her
api
di
ncr
easei
nt
hegener
at
i
onofwast
es
Themi
nespol
l
ut
et
heenv
i
r
onmenti
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngway
s:
Wat
erpol
l
ut
i
on:t
hr
ought
her
el
easeofdi
ssol
v
edchemi
cal
si
ncl
udi
ngheav
ymet
al
s
suchasl
eadandcopper
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
191
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Pest
i
ci
de i
s def
i
ned as a subst
ance ormi
xt
ur
e oft
he subst
ances oror
gani
sms
pr
oducedt
ot
hi
sal
socont
r
ol
,r
epelormi
t
i
gat
eanypesti
ncl
uded’subst
ancest
hatar
e
usedaspl
antr
egul
at
or
,
ordef
ol
i
ant
.
Def
ol
i
ant
:i
sachemi
calt
hatcausesl
eav
est
odr
opofpl
ant
s,
f
orexampl
e‘
agentor
ange’
wasusedbyt
heUni
t
edSt
at
es
Wast
e:i
sal
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oasgar
bage,
r
ef
useorl
i
t
t
er
Env
i
r
onment
alManagement
 Thi
sr
ef
er
st
omeasur
esandcont
r
ol
sdi
r
ect
edatenv
i
r
onment
alconser
v
at
i
onand
sust
ai
nabl
eut
i
l
i
zat
i
onofr
esour
ces.
I
nst
i
t
ut
i
onst
hatPr
omot
eEnv
i
r
onment
alManagementi
nZambi
a
I
nst
i
t
ut
i
on
Env
i
r
onmentcounci
lofZambi
aECZ
Mai
nRol
es
 Env
i
r
onmentPr
ot
ect
i
on
 Pol
l
ut
i
oncont
r
ol
 Nat
ur
al
r
esour
ceManagement
Mi
ni
st
r
yofEducat
i
on
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onofEnv
i
r
onment
al
Educat
i
oni
nl
ear
ni
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons
Mi
ni
st
r
y of l
ocal Gov
er
nment and
housi
ng(
Counci
l
s)
 For
mat
i
on of pol
i
cy
i
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
edev
el
opment
 Dev
el
opment
set
t
l
ement
s
Mi
ni
st
r
yofEnv
i
r
onmentTour
i
sm and
Nat
ur
alResour
ce
of
human
 For
mul
at
i
on of pol
i
cy
i
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
edev
el
opment
 Dev
el
opment
set
t
l
ement
s
of
on
on
human
Mi
ni
st
r
yofLands
 For
mul
at
i
onofpol
i
ci
esonLand
For
estCommi
ssi
on
 Management of t
he count
r
y
’
s
f
or
est
s
Depar
t
mentofWat
erAf
f
ai
r
s
 Managementofwat
erResour
ces
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
192
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Nat
i
onal Her
i
t
age
Commi
ssi
on.
Conser
v
at
i
on
Zambi
aWi
l
dl
i
f
eAut
hor
i
t
y(
ZAWA)
 I
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
on and management
ofobj
ect
sofaest
het
i
cv
al
ue.
 ManagementofWi
l
dl
i
f
eest
at
es
 Ensur
i
ng equi
t
abl
e shar
i
ng of
benef
i
t
sofWi
l
dl
i
f
emanagement
andconser
v
at
i
on
Fi
sher
i
esDepar
t
ment
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onofl
egi
sl
at
i
onon
t
he dev
el
opmentoft
he f
i
shi
ng
sect
or
 Regul
at
e Fi
shi
ng Met
hods and
r
ei
nf
or
ci
ng f
i
sh ban per
i
od
bet
ween Decemberand Mar
ch
(
br
eedi
ngPer
i
od)
TheEnv
i
r
onment
alCounci
lofZambi
a
 The Env
i
r
onmentPr
ot
ect
i
on and Pol
l
ut
i
on Cont
r
olActof1990 cr
eat
ed t
he
Env
i
r
onment
al
Counci
l
ofZambi
a(
ECZ)
.
 TheEnv
i
r
onmentCounci
lofZambi
ai
sal
so r
esponsi
bl
ef
orcocoor
di
nat
i
ng
act
i
v
i
t
i
esofal
lact
i
v
i
t
i
esofal
lmi
ni
st
r
i
esandor
gani
zat
i
onst
hatar
ei
nv
ol
v
edi
n
t
hepr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heenv
i
r
onmenti
nZambi
aandt
hesubr
egi
on.
Zambi
aWi
l
dl
i
f
eAut
hor
i
t
y
 I
tZAWAwasest
abl
i
shedbyanactofpar
l
i
amentof1988.
 ZAWAi
sr
esponsi
bl
ef
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentandmanagementofNat
i
onalpar
ks,
gamemanagementar
easandpr
ot
ect
i
onofal
l
wi
l
dl
i
f
e.
TheZambi
aFor
est
r
yCommi
ssi
on
I
t
sr
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
i
esi
ncl
ude:
 For
mul
at
i
onoff
or
estpol
i
ces;
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onoff
or
estpl
ans;
 Managementandcont
r
ol
off
or
estr
esour
ces
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
193
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Car
r
y
i
ngoutr
esear
chf
or
est
s;
 Pr
ov
i
si
onofext
ensi
onser
v
i
ces;
 Af
f
or
est
at
i
on(
pl
anni
ngofbot
hexot
i
candi
ndi
genoust
r
eesi
nar
easwher
et
her
e
wer
enof
or
est
sbef
or
e)
 Managementoff
or
estpl
ant
at
i
ons
Way
st
oi
mpr
ov
eEnv
i
r
onment
alManagement
.
 Thegov
er
nmentshoul
ddev
el
opacl
earpol
i
ceont
heenv
i
r
onment
.The
pol
i
cyshoul
densur
ebr
oaderpar
t
i
ci
pat
i
onbyal
lst
akehol
der
si
nt
he
sect
or
 The env
i
r
onment
alCounci
lofZambi
a shoul
d cont
i
nue t
o ef
f
ect
i
v
el
y
coor
di
nat
et
heexi
st
i
ngpi
ecesl
egi
sl
at
i
onont
heenv
i
r
onmentbyv
ar
i
ous
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
ons.
 Someoft
hepi
ecesofLegi
sl
at
i
onofl
egi
sl
at
i
onneedt
ober
epeal
edas
t
heynol
ongercont
r
i
but
et
osust
ai
nabl
edev
el
opment
.
Suggest
edLegalAct
i
onst
oPr
ev
entPol
l
ut
i
on
 Expl
osi
ons,acci
dent
s,andacci
dent
alr
el
easeofpoi
sonoussubst
ancesof
t
en
r
esul
ti
ni
nj
ur
y
.Cer
t
ai
nl
egalact
i
onsshoul
dbeputi
npl
acet
opuni
sht
hose
r
esponsi
bl
ef
orsuchcat
ast
r
ophes.
 Thegov
er
nmentshoul
dr
egul
at
epol
l
ut
i
onandpr
ev
entormi
ni
mi
zeenv
i
r
onment
al
cat
ast
r
ophes.
 Some r
ecommendat
i
ons on t
he l
egalact
i
ons t
hatcan be t
aken agai
nst
env
i
r
onmentpol
l
ut
ant
s:
Rest
r
i
ct
i
ons:
Gov
er
nmentcanr
est
r
i
ctorabol
i
shpr
oduct
i
onofhar
mf
ul
subst
ance
Qual
i
f
i
edRest
r
i
ct
i
ons:Somepol
l
ut
ant
sar
enotacut
epoi
sonssuchassul
phurdi
oxi
de
emi
t
t
edbysmel
t
er
sont
heCopper
bel
t
.
Subsi
di
es:
Cor
por
at
i
onsorcompani
est
hatdonotpol
l
ut
et
heenv
i
r
onment
.
Resi
dualChar
ges:I
ndust
r
i
esandi
ndi
v
i
dual
swhopol
l
ut
et
heenv
i
r
onmentcanal
sobe
char
gedamount
spr
opor
t
i
onal
t
ot
hequant
i
t
yoft
hepol
l
ut
antemi
t
t
ed.
 I
nt
hi
swayt
hepol
l
ut
ercanei
t
herdumpt
hewast
eandpayt
hef
i
neordealwi
t
h
t
hewast
ei
nsomeot
herwaysuchast
r
eat
i
ng,
r
ecy
cl
i
ng,
st
or
i
ngi
ti
nasaf
epl
ace
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
194
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ormi
ni
mi
zei
t
semi
ssi
oni
nt
heenv
i
r
onment
.
Ot
herMeasur
es
 Composi
t
i
ngofor
gani
cwast
ewhi
chcanbeusedasf
er
t
i
l
i
zer
.
 Document
at
i
on ofsour
ces and composi
t
i
on ofv
ar
i
ous wast
es as wel
las
v
i
gor
ouspubl
i
cawar
enesscampai
gnsi
nwast
emanagementpr
act
i
ces;
 Encour
agei
ndust
r
i
esi
nt
hecount
r
yt
ousecl
eanerpr
oduct
i
ont
echni
quesand
pr
act
i
ces.
 Est
abl
i
shmentofr
ecy
cl
i
ngpl
ant
sbyal
l
l
ocal
aut
hor
i
t
i
es.
.
Pr
i
nci
pl
esofEnv
i
r
onment
al
l
yFr
i
endl
yPol
i
cy
 Anydi
schar
georemi
ssi
onshoul
dber
egar
dedashar
mf
ul
unt
i
l
pr
ov
enhar
ml
ess
 Est
abl
i
shl
i
mi
t
sofpol
l
ut
i
ont
hatt
henat
ur
alenv
i
r
onmentcanwi
t
hst
andwi
t
hout
per
manent
l
ydamaged.Thi
scr
i
t
i
cal
l
oadshoul
dnotbeexceeded.
 Al
lst
agesoft
hepr
oduct
i
onpr
ocessshoul
dexami
net
hor
oughl
ywi
t
hr
egar
dt
o
pol
l
ut
i
onmanagementandcont
r
ol
.
 Thenat
ur
alenv
i
r
onmenti
snotf
r
eeofchar
ge.I
ndust
r
i
esmustbest
i
mul
at
edt
o
t
aket
heenv
i
r
onmenti
nt
oconsi
der
at
i
oni
nal
lt
hei
roper
at
i
onssoast
or
educe
pol
l
ut
i
on.
 Poort
echni
calsol
ut
i
onsshoul
dnotbeusedasanexcusef
orpol
l
ut
i
onev
en
whenbet
t
ert
echnol
ogyi
sav
ai
l
abl
e.
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalConv
ent
i
onsandAgr
eement
sont
heEnv
i
r
onment
Zambi
ai
sal
soapar
t
yt
osev
er
ali
nt
er
nat
i
onalconv
ent
i
onsandagr
eement
sont
he
env
i
r
onment
.
Asasi
gnat
or
yt
ot
heseconv
ent
i
onsandagr
eement
s,t
hecount
r
yhashadaccesst
o
i
nt
er
nat
i
onalf
undi
ngandcapaci
t
ybui
l
di
ngi
nt
heenv
i
r
onment
almanagementsect
or
.
Someoft
heconv
ent
i
onsar
e:
 BaselConv
ent
i
onont
hecont
r
oloft
heTr
ansboundar
ymov
ementofhazar
dous
wast
e
 Conv
ent
i
onsont
heConser
v
at
i
onofmi
gr
at
or
yspeci
esofwi
l
dani
mal
s
 Conv
ent
i
ononwetl
ands(
Ramsarconv
ent
i
on)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
195
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Conv
ent
i
onont
hepr
ot
ect
i
onofWor
l
dCul
t
ur
al
andNat
i
onal
Her
i
t
age
 Conser
v
at
i
onont
hepr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heozonel
ay
er
.
Bi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
Bi
odi
v
er
si
t
yorbi
ol
ogi
caldi
v
er
si
t
yi
sa t
er
m used t
o descr
i
bea l
ar
gev
ar
i
et
yand
v
ar
i
abi
l
i
t
yofl
i
v
i
ngt
hi
ngsandt
heecol
ogi
cal
env
i
r
onmenti
nwhi
cht
heyoccur
.
Lev
el
sofBi
odi
v
er
si
t
yi
ncl
ude:
Genet
i
cdi
ver
si
t
y
:
t
hi
si
st
hemeasur
eoft
hev
ar
i
abi
l
i
t
ywi
t
hi
nandbet
weenspeci
es.
Speci
esdi
ver
si
t
y
:
Ref
er
st
ot
het
ot
al
numberofspeci
esi
nagi
v
enar
ea
Ecosy
st
em di
ver
si
t
y
:
Thi
sr
ef
er
st
ot
hev
ar
i
et
yofhabi
t
at
swi
t
hi
nwhi
chspeci
esoccur
.
Si
gni
f
i
canceofbi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
Ther
ur
alpopul
at
i
ont
oal
ar
geext
entdependsonav
ar
i
et
yofl
ocalr
esour
cesav
ai
l
abl
e
i
nt
hei
rar
eas.
 Pl
ant
sandani
mal
sar
enotonl
yusedi
nconst
r
uct
i
onorasr
awmat
er
i
al
si
nt
he
pr
ocessi
ngandmanuf
act
ur
i
ngi
ndust
r
i
es.
 Var
i
ous bi
ol
ogi
calr
esour
ces such as mi
cr
oor
gani
sms ar
e used i
nt
he
pr
epar
at
i
onofmedi
ci
neswhi
l
esomepl
ant
sar
ewi
del
yusedasher
bal
medi
ci
ne.
 Bi
odi
v
er
si
t
yi
sal
soi
mpor
t
antt
omai
nt
ai
necol
ogi
calbal
ances.Thepr
eser
v
at
i
on
oft
heecosy
st
em di
v
er
si
t
yensur
escont
i
nuat
i
onofpr
ocessest
hatmai
nt
ai
nal
l
f
or
msofl
i
f
ei
nt
heenv
i
r
onmentsuchaswat
erandnut
r
i
entcy
cl
es.
Ecosy
st
em:i
sagr
oupofpl
ant
sandani
mal
soccur
r
i
ngt
oget
herwi
t
ht
hephy
si
cal
env
i
r
onmenti
nwhi
cht
heyi
nt
er
act
Aest
het
i
c-i
sanyobj
ectorwor
kofar
tt
hatdi
spl
ay
sgr
eatbeaut
y
.
Thr
eat
st
obi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
 Landuse,
conf
l
i
ctbet
weenhumansandani
mal
s.
 Dev
el
opmentofset
t
l
ement
sandr
el
at
edact
i
v
i
t
i
es.
 Pol
l
ut
i
on
 Def
or
est
at
i
on
 Ov
erexpl
or
at
i
onofr
esour
cessuchasov
erf
i
shi
ngandgamepoachi
ng.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
196
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Cl
i
mat
i
cchangesuchoccur
r
enceoff
r
equentdr
ought
s
 Lackofbi
odi
v
er
si
t
yknowl
edgebyt
hepubl
i
c.
Managementofbi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
 I
n Zambi
an soci
et
y
,conser
v
at
i
on met
hods ofr
esour
ces wer
e cent
er
ed on
cust
omar
yl
aws.
 I
ndi
genouscal
endaroff
oodpr
oduct
i
onwasseasonal
.Forexampl
e;f
i
shi
ng,
col
l
ect
i
on,
off
or
est
spr
oduct
ssuchascat
er
pi
l
l
ar
s,
honeyandmushr
ooms.
 Thecul
t
ur
eoft
ot
emsal
so pr
ev
ent
ed i
ndi
scr
i
mi
nat
ehunt
i
ng ofcer
t
ai
n wi
l
d
speci
es,whi
l
e some ot
herwi
l
dl
i
f
e wer
e accor
ded speci
alst
at
us such t
hat
expr
essper
mi
ssi
onoft
hechi
efwasneededt
ohuntt
hem.
Cul
t
ur
eofTot
ems-r
ef
er
st
oasy
st
em ofbel
i
ef
sassoci
at
i
ngcl
answi
t
hnamesof
ani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.Forexampl
eamongt
heBemba’
s;benang’
andu-cr
ocodi
l
ecl
an,
benabowa-mushr
oom cl
an.
Bi
odi
v
er
si
t
ySt
r
at
egi
cPl
an
TheZambi
anpl
ani
sbasedont
hef
ol
l
owi
nggoal
s:
 Ensur
econser
v
at
i
onoft
henat
ur
alecosy
st
em t
hr
ough net
wor
kofpr
ot
ect
ed
ar
eas
 Conser
v
at
i
onofgenet
i
cdi
v
er
si
t
yofcr
opsandl
i
v
est
ock
 I
mpr
ov
ementofl
egalandi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onalf
r
amewor
kaswel
lashumanr
esour
ce
dev
el
opmentt
oi
mpl
ementst
r
at
egi
esf
orSconser
v
at
i
on,
ut
i
l
i
zat
i
onaswel
las
equi
t
abl
eshar
i
ngofbenef
i
t
sf
r
om di
v
er
si
t
ymanagement
;
 Dev
el
opmentofanappr
opr
i
at
el
egalf
r
amewor
kont
her
i
sksi
nv
ol
v
edi
nt
he
useofGenet
i
cal
l
yModi
f
i
edOr
gani
sms(
GMOs)
.Thi
si
sbecausesi
deef
f
ect
s
ofGMOsar
enoty
etknown
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
197
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Def
i
nebi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
2.Whatar
et
het
hr
eat
st
obi
odi
v
er
si
t
y
?
3.Whati
senv
i
r
onment
al
degr
adat
i
on?
4.Di
scusst
hecausesofenv
i
r
onment
al
degr
adat
i
on?
5.ForZambi
at
oachi
ev
esust
ai
nabl
eeconomi
cdev
el
opmentf
ort
hepr
esent
andf
ut
ur
egener
at
i
ont
her
ei
sneedf
ort
hecount
r
yt
omanagei
t
swast
e.
i
. Whati
swast
emanagement
i
i
. Whatar
et
hehar
mf
ul
ef
f
ect
sofwast
eont
heenv
i
r
onment
i
i
i
. Expl
ai
nf
i
v
epoi
nt
swhi
chwoul
dhel
pt
hecommuni
t
ysol
v
et
hi
spr
obl
em
6.Compar
e and Cont
r
astt
he f
unct
i
on oft
he l
ocalCounci
lwi
t
ht
he
Env
i
r
onment
al Counci
l of Zambi
a i
n addr
essi
ng env
i
r
onment
al
degr
adat
i
oni
nZambi
a.
7.Di
scusshowenv
i
r
onment
al
i
ssuescanbecr
osscut
t
i
ngbynat
ur
e
8.I
dent
i
f
y measur
es t
hatt
he l
ocalaut
hor
i
t
y can under
t
ake t
or
educe
pol
l
ut
i
onbysol
i
dwast
ei
nt
hei
rar
eas.
9.Out
l
i
net
hecausesofenv
i
r
onment
al
degr
adat
i
oni
nsubSahar
ar
egi
onwi
t
h
speci
al
r
ef
er
encet
oZambi
aandsuggestt
hesol
ut
i
ont
ot
hepr
obl
ems.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
198
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
GLOBALI
SSUES.
 Gl
obali
ssuesmeanal
lt
hedev
el
opment
sandpr
obl
emswhi
chaf
f
ectt
hewel
f
ar
e
ofpeopl
ei
nal
l
nat
i
ons.
 Theyi
ncl
udei
ssuessuchasHumanRi
ght
sandGoodGov
er
nance,Warand
Peace,t
heWor
l
dRef
ugeecr
i
si
s,t
heWor
l
dDebtcr
i
si
s,t
heWor
l
dEner
gycr
i
si
s,
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalTr
ade,Gl
obalwar
mi
ng,HI
V/
AI
DS,t
he Bi
r
d Fl
u out
br
eak and
Ter
r
or
i
sm.
GLOBALI
NTERDEPENDENCE
 Gl
obali
nt
erdependence-meanst
hateachnat
i
on’
swel
f
ar
emaydependont
he
deci
si
onsandpol
i
ci
esofanot
hernat
i
onandv
i
cev
er
sa.
 I
nt
er
dependenceal
someanst
hateachnat
i
on’
swel
f
ar
edependsongoodsand
ser
v
i
cesof
f
er
edbyot
hercount
r
i
es.
 Forexampl
e,t
hedev
el
opedcount
r
i
esofNor
t
hAmer
i
caandWest
er
nEur
ope
dependonsomeoft
hei
ndust
r
i
al
mat
er
i
al
sf
r
om t
het
hi
r
dwor
l
dcount
r
i
es.
 Ont
heot
herhand,Thi
r
dwor
l
dcount
r
i
esdependonsomeoft
hedev
el
oped
count
r
i
esf
ormar
ket
i
ngoft
hei
rr
awmat
er
i
al
sandf
orpr
oduct
ssuchasi
ndust
r
i
al
machi
ner
y
,
mot
orv
ehi
cl
es,
comput
er
sandel
ect
r
i
cal
appl
i
ances.
FOREI
GNAI
D
For
ei
gnAi
dr
ef
er
st
ot
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onalt
r
ansf
eroff
unds,
goodsandser
v
i
cesi
nt
hef
or
m
ofl
oansandgr
ant
sf
r
om onecount
r
yt
oanot
her
.
TYPESOFFOREI
GNAI
D
Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesoff
or
ei
gnai
d:
Bi
l
at
er
alandmul
t
i
l
at
er
al
.
BI
LATERALAI
D
I
ti
sassi
st
ancef
r
om onecount
r
yt
oanot
herandabi
l
at
er
alagencyi
sanagencyf
or
med
byt
wocount
r
i
est
opr
ov
i
debi
l
at
er
alai
d.Forexampl
e,Zambi
ar
ecei
v
esai
df
r
om t
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngbi
l
at
er
al
agenci
es:
 Fi
ni
shi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Dev
el
opmentAgency(
FI
NNI
DA)
 I
r
i
shAi
d
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
199
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 JapanI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Dev
el
opmentAgency(
JI
CA)
 Swedi
shI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Dev
el
opmentAgency(
SI
DA)
 Uni
t
edSt
at
esAgencyf
ori
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Dev
el
opment(
USAI
D)
MULTI
LATERALAI
D
I
ti
s assi
st
ance f
r
om i
nt
er
nat
i
onalagenci
es f
or
med by sev
er
alcount
r
i
es and a
mul
t
i
l
at
er
alagencyi
sanagencyt
hati
sf
or
medbysev
er
alcount
r
i
est
oof
f
ermul
t
i
l
at
er
al
ai
dandexampl
esofsuchagenci
esi
ncl
ude;




Af
r
i
canDev
el
opmentBank(
ADB)
Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDev
el
opmenti
nAf
r
i
ca(
ABEDA)
I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Monet
ar
yFund(
I
MF)
Wor
l
d Bank,al
so known as t
he I
nt
er
nat
i
onalBank f
orReconst
r
uct
i
on and
Dev
el
opment(
I
BRD)
.
 Bi
l
at
er
alandMul
t
i
l
at
er
alai
dusual
l
ycomesi
nf
or
m ofgr
ant
sandl
oans,
r
ecei
v
ed
i
nf
or
m off
i
nanci
alassi
st
ance,capi
t
algoodsl
i
kemachi
ner
y
,r
el
i
eff
ood,or
t
echni
calexper
t
i
se(
ski
l
l
edl
abour
)
 Gr
ant
s-ar
egi
f
t
sf
r
om I
nt
er
nat
i
onalagenci
est
o agov
er
nmentorf
r
om one
gov
er
nmentt
oanot
herwhi
char
enott
obepai
dback.
 Loans-r
ef
ert
ot
het
r
ansf
eroff
unds,goodsandser
v
i
cesf
r
om onef
i
nanci
al
ent
i
t
yt
oanot
herwhi
chmustber
epai
dusual
l
ywi
t
hi
nt
er
est
.Al
oancanbehar
d
orsof
tdependi
ngont
hecondi
t
i
onsat
t
achedt
oi
t
.
 Har
dl
oan-r
ef
er
st
oal
oangi
v
enwi
t
hcondi
t
i
onsofuseat
t
achedandatahi
gh
r
at
eofi
nt
er
estwher
easaSof
tl
oan-i
sal
oangi
v
enatal
owr
at
eofi
nt
er
estori
s
r
epai
dwi
t
houti
nt
er
estatal
l
.
 Ti
edAi
d:r
ef
er
st
ol
oansandgr
ant
swhi
chhav
est
i
pul
at
edcondi
t
i
onsofuse.For
i
nst
ance,t
her
eci
pi
entcount
r
ymayber
equi
r
edt
ospendal
oanonspeci
f
i
ed
pr
oj
ectsuchasonpov
er
t
yr
educt
i
on,wat
erandsani
t
at
i
on,y
out
hempower
ment
et
c.
THEWORLDBANK.
TheWor
l
d Banki
sal
so known ast
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onalBankf
orReconst
r
uct
i
on and
Dev
el
opment(
I
BRD)andi
t
sheadquar
t
er
sar
ei
nWashi
ngt
on.DC.(
Uni
t
edSt
at
es)
 I
tconsi
st
soff
ouraf
f
i
l
i
at
ei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsnamel
y
:
 I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Dev
el
opmentAssoci
at
i
on(
I
DA)
 I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Fi
nanceCor
por
at
i
on(
I
FC)
 Mul
t
i
l
at
er
al
I
nv
est
mentGuar
ant
eeAgency(
MI
GA)
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
200
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Cent
erf
orSet
t
l
ementofI
nv
est
mentDi
sput
es(
I
CSI
D)
 TheWor
l
dBankof
f
er
st
wot
y
pesofl
oans:
Loansf
ordev
el
opi
ngcount
r
i
eswi
t
hhi
gheri
ncomegi
v
ent
ober
epai
dwi
t
hmor
et
i
me.
Fori
nst
ance,
15t
o20y
ear
swi
t
hat
hr
eet
of
i
v
ey
eargr
aceper
i
odbef
or
et
her
epay
ment
ofpr
i
nci
pl
ebegi
ns.
Loansf
orpoorcount
r
i
esusual
l
ynotcr
edi
twor
t
hyi
nt
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onalf
i
nanci
almar
ket
andcannotaf
f
or
dt
opaymar
keti
nt
er
est
sr
at
esonl
oans.Thesel
oansar
epr
ov
i
dedwi
t
h
a10y
eargr
aceper
i
odandt
heyar
er
epay
abl
ei
n35t
o40y
ear
s.
THEI
NTERNATI
ONALMONETARYFUND(
I
MF)
 I
ti
saspeci
al
i
zedagencyoft
heUni
t
edNat
i
onswhi
chcont
r
ol
sf
l
uct
uat
i
onsi
nt
he
exchange r
at
es ofwor
l
d cur
r
enci
es and l
ends moneyt
o count
r
i
es f
aci
ng
bal
anceofpay
ment
sdef
i
ci
t
s.
FOREI
GNAI
DANDTHEDEVELOPMENTDEBATE
ARGUMENTSFORBI
LATERALANDMULTI
LATERALFOREI
GNAI
D
 I
tpr
ov
i
desf
or
ei
gncapi
t
alneededbyt
her
eci
pi
entcount
r
yt
osuppl
ementl
ocal
l
y
av
ai
l
abl
ei
nv
est
mentr
esour
ces.
 I
tpr
ov
i
demor
ef
or
ei
gnexchangei
ft
hel
oanort
hegr
anti
si
nv
est
edi
napr
oj
ect
whi
chpr
oducesexpor
tpr
oduct
s.
 I
tpr
ov
i
desnewt
echnol
ogyandski
l
l
swhi
cht
hel
ocalpeopl
ecanl
at
eracqui
r
eby
meansoft
r
ai
ni
ng,assumedt
obebot
hdesi
r
abl
eandpr
oduct
i
v
et
ot
her
eci
pi
ent
nat
i
on.
 Ther
eci
pi
entgov
er
nmentear
nsmor
er
ev
enuebyt
axi
ngent
er
pr
i
sesest
abl
i
shed
wi
t
ht
hehel
poff
or
ei
gnai
dandbypar
t
i
ci
pat
i
ngf
i
nanci
al
l
yi
nt
heoper
at
i
onsof
t
heseent
er
pr
i
ses.
 Foodai
dal
l
ev
i
at
esf
ami
nei
ncaseofnat
ur
aldi
sast
er
ssuchasf
l
oods,dr
ought
s
and ear
t
hquakes.I
tal
so pr
ov
i
desf
r
eeorcheaperf
ood t
o count
r
i
esf
aci
ng
chr
oni
cf
oodsuppl
ypr
obl
ems,andhence,i
tal
l
ev
i
at
esf
ami
neanddeat
hf
r
om
mal
nut
r
i
t
i
on.
 For
ei
gn ai
d pr
omot
esi
nt
er
nat
i
onalcooper
at
i
on bet
ween t
hedonorand t
he
r
eci
pi
entcount
r
i
es.
Ar
gument
sagai
nst
:
 Loansandgr
ant
s“
t
i
edt
ot
hedonor
”hav
et
obespentonbuy
i
nggoodsand
ser
v
i
cesf
r
om t
hedonorcount
r
y
,whi
ch ar
eof
t
enmor
eexpensi
v
eandofl
ower
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
201
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020






qual
i
t
yt
hant
hosef
r
om ot
hersour
ces,
hence,
noneedt
o“
t
i
e”t
heai
d.
LoansandGr
ant
s“
t
i
edt
opr
oj
ect
s”canonl
ybespentbyt
her
eci
pi
entcount
r
yon
pr
oj
ect
sagr
eeduponwi
t
ht
hedonorcount
r
y
.
Pr
of
i
t
sf
r
om f
or
ei
gni
nv
est
mentar
eusual
l
yext
er
nal
i
zed,
andr
ar
el
yr
ei
nv
est
edi
n
t
her
eci
pi
entnat
i
on.
Loansmustbepai
dwi
t
hi
nt
er
estandt
hel
agert
hel
oan,
t
hel
agert
hedebtser
v
i
ce
bur
den.Ther
ef
or
e,“
f
or
ei
gnai
d”t
endst
omaket
her
i
chcount
r
i
esr
i
cher
,andt
he
pooronespoor
er
.
Foodai
dmaywor
senf
oodshor
t
agesasi
tt
endst
or
educef
oodpr
i
ce,hence,
ki
l
l
i
ngt
hef
oodmar
ketf
orf
ar
mer
si
nt
her
eci
pi
entcount
r
y
,whi
chmayi
nt
ur
n
causer
educt
i
oni
ndomest
i
cf
oodpr
oduct
i
on.
Food-ai
di
sal
soof
t
engi
v
enast
i
ed–ai
dandt
hef
oodai
dcont
r
act
smayr
equi
r
e
t
her
ecei
v
i
ngcount
r
yt
opur
chasecer
t
ai
ngoodsf
r
om t
hedonorcount
r
y
,ort
o
suppor
tt
hedonorcount
r
yi
nf
or
ei
gnpol
i
cy
.
Technol
ogi
cal assi
st
ance gi
v
en by donor
si
s notal
way
s appr
opr
i
at
e or
benef
i
ci
alt
ot
he needs oft
he r
eci
pi
entcount
r
y
,and i
tmay r
equi
r
et
he
i
mpor
t
at
i
onofexpensi
v
emachi
ner
yandspar
epar
t
sf
r
om t
hedonorcount
r
y
Hence,i
ti
s ar
gued t
hatt
echni
calassi
st
ance act
ual
l
ybenef
i
t
st
he donor
count
r
ymor
et
hant
her
eci
pi
entcount
r
yi
nt
hati
t
:
[
i
]Ear
nsmor
emoneyi
nf
or
m ofi
nt
er
estonl
oanpay
ment
s.
[
i
i
]Cr
eat
esamar
ketf
ori
t
smachi
ner
yandspar
epar
t
si
nr
eci
pi
entcount
r
y
.
[
i
i
i
]Cr
eat
esov
er
seasempl
oy
mentoppor
t
uni
t
i
esi
nf
or
m oft
echni
cal
Exper
t
i
sef
ori
t
sci
t
i
zensi
nt
her
eci
pi
entcount
r
y
.
[
i
v
]Gai
nsaspher
eofpol
i
t
i
cal
andeconomi
ci
nf
l
uencei
nt
her
eci
pi
ent
Count
r
y
I
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE:
 Tr
adei
st
hesel
l
i
ngandbuy
i
ngofgoodsandser
v
i
cest
oear
nsomepr
of
i
t
,
whi
ch
canbei
nt
er
nalorext
er
nal
.
 I
nt
er
nalTr
adei
sknownasHomeordomest
i
ct
r
ade,whi
chi
st
hebuy
i
ngand
sel
l
i
ngofgoodsandser
v
i
ceswi
t
hi
nt
hecount
r
y
.
 Ext
er
nalt
r
adei
sal
soknownasf
or
ei
gnt
r
adeori
nt
er
nat
i
onalt
r
ade,
whi
chr
ef
er
s
t
ot
hesel
l
i
ngandbuy
i
ngofgoodsandser
v
i
cesbet
weent
woormor
ecount
r
i
es.
I
MPORTANCEOFI
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
202
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Unev
enDi
st
r
i
but
i
onofr
esour
ces:
 Thi
smeanst
hatnonat
i
onhasal
lt
henat
ur
alr
esour
cesessent
i
alf
or
t
hef
unct
i
oni
ngofamoder
ni
ndust
r
i
al
economy
.
Cl
i
mat
i
cDi
f
f
er
ences:
 Thi
smeanst
hatsomecl
i
mat
i
ccondi
t
i
onsi
nt
emper
at
ecount
r
i
esl
i
keCanada
ar
enotf
av
or
abl
et
ot
hepr
oduct
i
onofcer
t
ai
nf
oodcr
opsneededbyt
hat
count
r
y
.
Speci
al
i
zat
i
on:
 Thi
smeanst
hatnocount
r
ycanpr
oduceal
lt
hegoodsandser
v
i
cesi
tr
equi
r
es
aseachcount
r
yspeci
al
i
zesi
nagi
v
enl
i
neofi
ndust
r
i
eswher
ei
ti
smost
ef
f
i
ci
ent
.
Technol
ogi
cal
Di
f
f
er
ences:
 Thi
smeanst
hatsomecount
r
i
esdonotpossesst
het
echnol
ogi
calcapaci
t
yt
o
pr
oducecer
t
ai
npr
oduct
swhi
chmakesi
tnecessar
yf
ort
hem t
obuysuch
pr
oduct
sf
r
om ot
hernat
i
ons.
Suppl
ementDomest
i
cpr
oduct
i
on:

Thi
smeanst
hatanat
i
onwi
t
hv
astdemandsori
nadequat
el
ocalsuppl
i
esof
cer
t
ai
npr
oduct
smayi
mpor
tcer
t
ai
ngoodst
osuppl
ementi
t
sowndomest
i
c
pr
oduct
i
on.
Ear
nf
or
ei
gnexchange:

Thi
si
mpl
i
est
hatt
r
adei
sonewayofi
ncr
easi
ngone’
sownweal
t
ht
hr
ough
pr
of
i
tmaki
ng.
Pr
omot
ei
nt
er
nat
i
onalcooper
at
i
on:
 Thi
s means t
hatTr
ade pr
omot
es i
nt
er
nat
i
onalpeace,co-oper
at
i
on and
pol
i
t
i
cal
f
r
i
endshi
pamongcount
r
i
esast
r
adi
ngpar
t
ner
s.
TERMSOFTRADE
 Ter
msoft
r
ademeanst
her
at
eatwhi
chanat
i
on’
sexpor
t
sar
eexchangedf
or
i
mpor
t
sf
r
om anot
hernat
i
on.Theydependont
hepr
i
cesofcommodi
t
i
eson
t
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onal
mar
ket
.
 Fav
our
abl
eTer
msofTr
ade-Meanst
hepr
i
cesf
orone’
scount
r
y
’
sexpor
t
sar
e
r
el
at
i
v
el
yhi
ghert
hant
hepr
i
cesf
ori
t
si
mpor
t
s.
 Unf
av
our
abl
eTer
msofTr
ade-meanst
hepr
i
cesf
orone’
scount
r
y
’
sexpor
t
s
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
203
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
ar
er
el
at
i
v
el
yl
owert
hant
hepr
i
cesf
ori
mpor
t
s
BALANCEOFTRADE
 Bal
anceofTr
adei
st
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weent
hev
al
ueofv
i
si
bl
ei
mpor
t
sand
expor
t
sov
erapar
t
i
cul
arper
i
od.
 Bal
ancedTr
adei
swhent
hev
al
ueofv
i
si
bl
eexpor
t
si
sequalt
ot
hatofv
i
si
bl
e
i
mpor
t
s
 Fav
our
abl
eBal
anceofTr
ade-i
swhent
hev
al
ueof a count
r
y
’
sv
i
si
bl
eex
por
t
s
exceedsori
smor
et
hant
hev
al
ueofi
t
sv
i
si
bl
ei
mpor
t
s.Thi
si
sknownasTr
ade
sur
pl
us.
 Unf
av
our
abl
e Bal
ance ofTr
ade-occur
swhen t
hev
al
ueofgoodsi
mpor
t
ed
exceedst
hev
al
ueofgoodsexpor
t
ed,
al
sor
ef
er
r
edt
oasTr
adedef
i
ci
t
.
BALANCEOFPAYMENTS
 Bal
anceofpay
ment
s-meanst
hedi
f
f
er
encei
nacount
r
y
’
sspendi
ng(
pay
ment
s)
andear
ni
ngsf
r
om i
mpor
t
sandexpor
t
sr
espect
i
v
el
y
 I
ti
ncl
udespay
ment
sandear
ni
ngsf
r
om bot
hv
i
si
bl
eandi
nv
i
si
bl
ei
mpor
t
sand
expor
t
s
 I
nv
i
si
bl
ei
mpor
t
s ar
e ser
v
i
ces such as I
nsur
ance,t
r
anspor
t
,t
our
i
sm,and
Expat
r
i
at
el
abour
.
Unf
av
or
abl
eBal
anceofpay
ment
s
Thi
si
swhenacount
r
yr
ecei
v
esl
essf
or
ei
gncur
r
encyf
r
om i
t
sexpor
t
s,butpay
s
mor
ef
or
ei
gncur
r
encyoni
t
si
mpor
t
s,
al
soknownasBal
anceofpay
mentdef
i
ci
t
Fav
or
abl
ebal
anceofpay
ment
s
Thi
si
swhenacount
r
yr
ecei
v
esmor
ef
or
ei
gncur
r
encyf
r
om expor
t
s,butspendsl
ess
f
or
ei
gncur
r
encyoni
mpor
t
s,
al
soknownasBal
anceofPay
ment
ssur
pl
us.
THEWORLDTRADEORGANI
ZATI
ON(
WTO)
 Thi
si
st
he or
gani
zat
i
on t
hatr
egul
at
es t
r
ade bet
ween count
r
i
es and an
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
bodydeal
i
ngwi
t
ht
hegl
obal
r
ul
esofTr
adebet
weennat
i
ons
 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1995t
or
epl
acet
heGener
alAgr
eementonTar
i
f
f
sand
Tr
ade[
GATT]of1947.
 I
ti
s nota speci
al
i
zed or
gan oft
he Uni
t
ed Nat
i
ons buthas cooper
at
i
on
ar
r
angement
sandwor
kscl
osel
ywi
t
ht
heUni
t
edNat
i
ons.
Funct
i
onsoft
heWTO
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
204
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 Tohel
pt
r
adef
l
ow asf
r
eel
yaspossi
bl
ebyr
educi
ngandev
ent
ual
l
yel
i
mi
nat
i
ng
(
t
r
adet
axes)andot
herbar
r
i
er
si
mposedbyv
ar
i
ousnat
i
ons
 Tosetoutr
ul
esf
orr
egul
at
i
ngi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
t
r
ade
 To i
nt
er
pr
ett
r
adeagr
eement
sandi
mpar
t
i
al
l
yset
t
l
et
r
adedi
sput
esbet
ween
nat
i
ons
 Toor
gani
zet
r
adenegot
i
at
i
onsamongi
t
smember
s
PRI
NCI
PLESOFTHEWTO
Nondi
scr
i
mi
nat
i
on:
Thi
smeanst
hatacount
r
yshoul
dnotdi
scr
i
mi
nat
ebet
weeni
t
st
r
adi
ngpar
t
ner
s,
ast
hey
ar
egr
ant
edt
hemostf
av
or
ednat
i
on(
MFN)st
at
us.
Fr
eeTr
ade:
Thi
si
mpl
i
est
hatt
her
eshoul
dbef
r
eet
r
adeandal
lt
r
adebar
r
i
er
sshoul
dber
educed
t
hr
oughnegot
i
at
i
ons
Pr
edi
ct
abi
l
i
t
y
:
Thi
smeanst
hatf
or
ei
gncompani
es,i
nv
est
or
sandgov
er
nment
sshoul
dbeconf
i
dent
t
hatt
ar
i
f
f
sandot
hert
r
adebar
r
i
er
swi
l
l
notber
ai
sedar
bi
t
r
ar
i
l
y
.
Compet
i
t
i
on:
Thi
smeanst
hatt
her
eshoul
dbemor
ef
r
eecompet
i
t
i
oni
ni
nt
er
nat
i
onalt
r
adeasunf
ai
r
pr
act
i
cesar
enotal
l
owed.
Speci
alpr
i
v
i
l
egesf
orl
essdev
el
opedcount
r
i
es(
LDCs)
,donebygi
v
i
ngt
hem mor
et
i
me
t
oadj
ustt
oi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
r
ul
esoft
r
ade.
STRUCTUREOFTHEWTO
 I
thas146membercount
r
i
esandi
t
sHeadquar
t
er
sar
ei
nGenev
a,
Swi
t
zer
l
and.
 TheWTOor
gansi
ncl
udet
heCounci
l
ofMi
ni
st
er
s(
ofCommer
ce)whomeetev
er
y
t
woy
ear
s:t
heGener
alCounci
l
;whi
chmeet
ssi
xt
i
mesay
ear
;Sect
orCounci
l
s
andsev
er
al
commi
t
t
ees.
WEAKNESSESOFTHEWTO
 Deci
si
onsmadebyt
heWTO ar
est
i
l
lst
r
ongl
yi
nf
l
uencedandgui
dedbyt
he
i
nt
er
est
sofdev
el
opedcount
r
i
essuchast
heUni
t
edSt
at
esandt
heEur
opean
Uni
oncount
r
i
es.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
205
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 The WTO bel
i
ev
es t
hatdeci
si
ons shoul
d be made democr
at
i
cal
l
y and by
consensus,
buti
npr
act
i
cel
essdev
el
opedcount
r
i
esar
eof
t
ennotgi
v
enanequal
pl
at
f
or
mt
onegot
i
at
eanddef
endt
hei
rt
r
adei
nt
er
est
s.
THEDEBTCRI
SI
S
 Debtcr
i
si
smeansani
ncr
easei
ni
ndebt
ednesst
oal
ev
elwher
et
hedebt
ori
s
unabl
et
or
epayt
hedebtwi
t
houtdef
aul
t
i
ngorasi
t
uat
i
onwher
eacount
r
yf
ai
l
st
o
paybackdebt[
money
]owedt
oot
hercount
r
i
es.
REASONSFORDEBTCRI
SI
S
Unf
ai
rI
nt
er
nat
i
onalt
r
ade:
 Thi
r
dWor
l
dcount
r
i
esar
eof
t
enf
or
cedt
osel
lr
awmat
er
i
al
s(
l
i
kecopper
)cheapl
y
t
oi
nt
er
nat
i
onalf
i
r
ms,whi
chi
nt
ur
nuser
awmat
er
i
al
st
opr
oducef
i
ni
shedgoods
andmakehugepr
of
i
t
s.
 Thi
sr
esul
t
si
nabal
anceofpay
ment
sdef
i
ci
tandani
ncr
easei
ndebtbur
den.
Debtser
v
i
ci
ng:
 Debtser
v
i
ci
ngi
st
hepr
ocessofpay
i
ngi
nt
er
estonout
st
andi
ngl
oans.Ther
ear
e
t
oaspect
st
oal
oan;
 I
nt
er
esthast
obepai
doni
t
 Thel
oanhast
ober
epai
d
Spendi
ngl
oansonconsumpt
i
on:
 SomeThi
r
dWor
l
dcount
r
i
esusel
oanst
of
i
nancepur
econsumerpr
oduct
sand
hencet
hef
ai
l
ur
et
or
epayt
hebor
r
owedmoneyduet
ol
ackofpr
oduct
i
v
i
t
y
.
I
ncaseofZambi
at
hedebtcr
i
si
swaswor
senedbyt
woot
herf
act
or
s:
 Thef
al
li
ncopperpr
i
cesi
nt
he1970sandt
he1980s.Ear
ni
ngsoncopperexpor
t
s
wer
ef
al
l
i
ng,
y
etspendi
ngonoi
l
,
machi
ner
yandot
heri
mpor
t
swer
ei
ncr
easi
ng.
 Zambi
ahadt
ospendal
otofmoneyonherdef
ensef
or
ces,r
epai
r
i
ngdest
r
oy
ed
i
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
e,host
i
ng r
ef
ugeesand f
r
eedom f
i
ght
er
sand f
i
ndi
ng al
t
er
nat
i
v
e
r
out
esf
orherexpor
t
sandi
mpor
t
s.
DEBTRELI
EFANDTHEHEAVI
LYI
NDEBTEDPOORCOUNTRI
ES
[
HI
PC]I
NI
TI
ATI
VE
I
twasi
nt
r
oducedbyt
hei
nt
er
nat
i
onaldonor(
cr
edi
t
or
)communi
t
yi
n1996andwas
r
ev
i
sedi
n1999andt
heWor
l
dBankandt
heI
MFwer
egi
v
ent
her
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
yt
oov
er
see
i
t
si
mpl
ement
at
i
on.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
206
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Obj
ect
i
v
esoft
heHI
PCI
ni
t
i
at
i
v
e:
 Reducet
hehugedebtbur
denoft
heWor
l
d’
sHeav
i
l
yI
ndebt
edCount
r
i
est
ol
ev
el
s
wer
ecount
r
i
eswoul
dbeabl
et
omanaget
ocont
i
nuer
epay
i
ngt
hedebt
swi
t
hout
def
aul
t
i
ngi
npay
ment
s(
Sust
ai
nabl
el
ev
el
s)
 Pr
ov
i
def
undsf
orpov
er
t
yr
educt
i
oni
nf
or
m ofdebtr
el
i
ef
.Thi
smeansf
unds
sav
edasar
esul
tofr
educt
i
onsi
ndebtser
v
i
cepay
ment
swoul
dbeusedt
o
f
i
nancepov
er
t
yReduct
i
onPr
ogr
ams(
PRP)
HI
PCQUALI
FI
CATI
ONANDSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMES(
SAPS)
 ACount
r
ymustsuccessf
ul
l
yi
mpl
ementanumberofI
MFandWor
l
dBankl
ed
monet
ar
yr
ef
or
msandst
r
uct
ur
alAdj
ust
mentpr
ogr
ams(
SAPs)t
oqual
i
f
yt
ot
hi
s
i
ni
t
i
at
i
v
e
Al
t
houghcondi
t
i
onsv
ar
y
,
SAPsusual
l
yr
equi
r
et
hatacount
r
ymust
:
 Pr
i
v
at
i
zest
at
eownedcompani
es’
,whi
chi
st
het
r
ansf
erofpar
ast
at
alcompani
es
andot
hergov
er
nmentasset
st
ot
hepr
i
v
at
esect
or
,
i
ncl
udi
ngf
or
ei
gnent
er
pr
i
ses.
 Li
f
tr
est
r
i
ct
i
onsonf
or
ei
gni
nv
est
mentsot
hatpr
of
i
t
scaneasi
l
ybeExt
er
nal
i
ze
–t
akeoutoft
hecount
r
y
Reducet
het
ar
i
f
fbar
r
i
er
s(
cust
om dut
i
est
oencour
agei
mpor
t
s.
 Fl
oati
t
sexchanger
at
essot
hatt
heyar
ef
r
eel
ydet
er
mi
nedbyt
hemar
ket
.
 I
mposer
est
r
i
ct
i
v
ef
i
scal
(
f
i
nanci
al
)andmonet
ar
ypol
i
ci
es
 Remov
e cont
r
ol
s on pr
i
ces and wi
t
hdr
aw subsi
di
es,ev
en on essent
i
al
commodi
t
i
es.
 Rel
axl
aborl
awspr
ot
ect
i
ngwor
ker
sandempl
oy
er
s.
HI
PCCOMPLETI
ONPOI
NTBENCHMARKS
Pover
t
yReduct
i
on
 adoptt
hepov
er
t
yReduct
i
onSt
r
at
egypaper(
PRSP)
st
 Pr
esentt
he1 PRSPpr
ogr
essr
epor
t
 I
mpr
ov
epov
er
t
yDat
abase
Educat
i
onSect
or
 I
ncr
easeshar
eofeducat
i
oni
nt
hebudgett
o23%
 Ref
or
m t
he Basi
c Educat
i
on Cur
r
i
cul
um t
oi
mpr
ov
el
i
t
er
acy
,numer
acyand
communi
cat
i
onski
l
l
s.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
207
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Heal
t
hSect
or




Adoptast
r
at
egi
cf
r
amewor
kf
orHI
V/
AI
DS
I
mpl
ementt
hest
r
at
egi
cf
r
amewor
kf
orHI
V/
AI
DS
I
mpl
ementandscal
eupt
heAct
i
onpl
anf
ort
heMal
ar
i
aCont
r
ol
I
mpl
ementHeal
t
hSect
orRef
or
m.
Mi
cr
oeconomi
c
 Fi
nal
i
zet
hepr
i
v
at
i
zat
i
onoft
heZambi
aEl
ect
r
i
ci
t
ySuppl
y
 Cooper
at
i
on(
ZESCO)
,TheZambi
aNat
i
onalcommer
ci
alBank(
ZANACO)and
ot
herst
at
eownedent
er
pr
i
ses.
Wat
ersubsect
or
Rehabi
l
i
t
at
eur
banwat
ersuppl
ysy
st
em
BENEFI
TSOFTHEHI
PCI
NI
TI
ATI
VE
DebtRel
i
efFunds:
 Zambi
ast
ar
t
edget
t
i
ngdebtr
el
i
efi
nJanuar
y2001andt
he r
el
i
efbet
weent
he
Deci
si
onpoi
ntandt
hecompl
et
i
onpoi
ntar
eknownas“
I
nt
er
i
mr
el
i
ef
”
ReducedExt
er
nal
DebtPay
mentLev
el
s:

TheHI
PCi
ni
t
i
at
i
v
ehasr
educedt
he bur
dent
oanav
er
ageof100mi
l
l
i
ont
o150
mi
l
l
i
onUSdol
l
ar
spery
ear
,
whi
ch gi
v
esani
ndebt
edcount
r
yenought
i
met
opay
t
hedebt
Reduct
i
oni
nt
heTot
alDebtst
ock:
 Af
t
err
eachi
ng t
he HI
PC Compl
et
i
on poi
nt
,i
ti
s expect
ed t
hatt
he t
ot
al
out
st
andi
ngdebtst
ockwi
l
l
gr
adual
l
ybeext
i
ngui
shed.
CONCERNSABOUTTHEHI
PCI
NI
TI
ATI
VE
Reduct
i
onsi
nDebtSt
ockmaynotoccur
Thi
smayhappeni
ft
hecostofi
mpor
t
scont
i
nuest
or
i
seascompar
edt
oexpor
t
ear
ni
ngs.
Possi
bl
emi
suseofDebtRel
i
efResour
ces:
Ther
ei
sgener
alconcer
nt
hatt
hedebtr
el
i
efr
esour
cesmi
ghtbemi
susedbysome
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
208
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
gov
er
nmentof
f
i
ci
al
s
LossofNat
i
onalSov
er
ei
gnt
y
:
Thei
mpl
ement
at
i
onoft
heHI
PCI
ni
t
i
at
i
v
ehasmeantt
hatt
hegov
er
nmenti
sact
ual
l
y
i
mpl
ement
i
ng economi
c pol
i
ci
es and r
ef
or
ms i
mposed byt
he i
nt
er
nat
i
onaldonor
communi
t
y
,
whi
chunder
mi
nest
hecount
r
y
’
snat
i
onal
sov
er
ei
gnt
y
.
MI
LLENNI
UM DEVELOPMENTGOALS(
MDGS)
The Mi
l
l
enni
um Dev
el
opmentGoal
s(
MDGs)ar
e ei
ghtgl
obaldev
el
opmentt
ar
get
s
agr
eeduponbyt
heWor
l
dl
eader
satt
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsMi
l
l
enni
um Summi
ti
n2000.
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
et
heei
ghtMDGs
1.Er
adi
cat
eExt
r
emePov
er
t
yandHunger
:Thi
smeantt
hatby2015,t
hepr
opor
t
i
on
ofpeopl
el
i
v
i
ngononeUSdol
l
aradayandt
hosewhosuf
f
erf
r
om hungerwast
o
ber
educedbyhal
f
2.Achi
ev
eUni
v
er
salPr
i
mar
yEducat
i
on:Thi
smeantt
hatby2015,
al
lboy
sandgi
r
l
s
wer
et
obeabl
et
ocompl
et
epr
i
mar
yschool
educat
i
on
3.Pr
omot
eGenderEqual
i
t
yandEmpowerWomen:Thi
smeantt
hatt
he Gender
gapi
npr
i
mar
yandsecondar
yschoolenr
ol
l
mentwast
obeel
i
mi
nat
ed pr
ef
er
abl
y
by2005andatal
l
l
ev
el
sby2015
4.ReduceChi
l
dMor
t
al
i
t
y
:Thi
smeantt
hatt
hemor
t
al
i
t
yr
at
eamongchi
l
dr
enunder
f
i
v
ey
ear
swast
ober
educedbyt
wot
hi
r
dsby2015.
5.I
mpr
ov
eMat
er
nalHeal
t
h:Thi
smeantt
hatt
her
at
i
oofwomendy
i
ngi
nChi
l
dbi
r
t
h
wast
ober
educedbyt
hr
eequar
t
er
sby2015
6.CombatHI
V/
AI
DS,Mal
ar
i
aandOt
herDi
seases:Thi
smeantt
hatt
hespr
eadof
HI
V/
AI
DSandt
hei
nci
denceofmal
ar
i
aandot
hermaj
ordi
seaseswer
et
obe
st
oppedandr
ev
er
sedby2015.
7.Ensur
eEnv
i
r
onment
alSust
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
:I
tmeantt
hatt
hepr
i
nci
pl
esofsust
ai
nabl
e
dev
el
opmentwer
et
obei
nt
egr
at
edi
nt
ocount
r
ypol
i
ci
esandPr
ogr
ammesand
r
ev
er
set
hel
ossofenv
i
r
onment
alr
esour
cesby2015,e.
g.Reducebyhal
ft
he
pr
opor
t
i
onofpeopl
ewi
t
houtaccesst
osaf
edr
i
nki
ngwat
erby2015.
8.Dev
el
op a Gl
obalPar
t
ner
shi
pf
orDev
el
opment
:I
tmeantt
hatby2015,al
l
count
r
i
eswoul
dhav
ef
ur
t
herdev
el
opedanopent
r
adi
ngandf
i
nanci
alsy
st
em
t
hatwi
l
li
ncl
udeacommi
t
mentt
ogoodgov
er
nance,dev
el
opmentandpov
er
t
y
r
educt
i
onnat
i
onal
l
yandi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
l
y
.
I
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFTHEMDGSI
NZAMBI
A
Pov
er
t
yReduct
i
on
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
209
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
hePov
er
t
yReduct
i
onSt
r
at
egyPaper(
PRSP)
 Cr
eat
i
onoft
heCi
t
i
zenEconomi
cEmpower
mentCommi
ssi
on(
CEEC)
 Pr
ov
i
si
onofsubsi
di
zedf
er
t
i
l
i
zert
osubsi
st
encef
ar
mer
s.
 At
t
r
act
i
onoff
or
ei
gni
nv
est
mentandr
eopeni
ngofmi
nes.
 Cr
eat
i
onofeconomi
czones.
Educat
i
onSect
or
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onoff
r
eebasi
ceducat
i
onf
r
om gr
adeonet
osev
en
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
heschoolr
e-ent
r
ypol
i
cyt
oper
mi
tpr
egnantgi
r
l
st
ogobackt
o
school
.
 Const
r
uct
i
onofmor
eschool
sandexpansi
onofschool
enr
ol
ment
 Tr
ai
ni
nganddepl
oy
mentofmor
et
eacher
si
nbasi
cschool
s.
GenderEqual
i
t
yandWomenEmpower
ment
 Cr
eat
i
onofMi
ni
st
r
yofGender
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
on ofAf
f
i
r
mat
i
v
e Act
i
on Pol
i
cyi
nt
he sel
ect
i
on ofst
udent
si
n
col
l
egesanduni
v
er
si
t
i
es.
Chi
l
dMor
t
al
i
t
y
 Uni
v
er
salv
acci
nat
i
onofchi
l
dr
enunderf
i
v
ey
ear
s(
ki
ckoutpol
i
oandchi
l
dheal
t
h
weekpr
ogr
ams)
.
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onoft
her
ol
l
backmal
ar
i
apr
ogr
amme.
Mat
er
nalheal
t
h
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onofcompul
sor
yAnt
enat
aland Post
nat
al(
Under
Fi
v
eCl
i
ni
cs)
heal
t
hpr
ogr
ams.
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onofFami
l
yPl
anni
ngandChi
l
dSpaci
ngpr
ogr
ams.
Combat
i
ngHI
V/
AI
DS,
Mal
ar
i
aandot
herdi
seases.
 Encour
agementandI
mpl
ement
at
i
onoff
r
eeVol
unt
ar
yCounsel
i
ngandTest
i
ng.
 I
nt
r
oduct
i
onofHI
V/
AI
DSpr
ogr
amsatpl
acesofwor
k.
 Fr
eeI
ndoorResi
dual
(
House)Spr
ay
i
ng(
I
RS)t
ocont
r
ol
mal
ar
i
a.
 Pr
ov
i
si
onofmosqui
t
onet
st
opr
egnantandnur
si
ngmot
her
s.
Env
i
r
onment
alSust
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
 Enf
or
cementofAnnual
Fi
shBan.
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onofAnnual
Tr
eePl
ant
i
ngPr
ogr
ams.
 St
r
engt
heni
ng t
he capaci
t
y and oper
at
i
on oft
he Env
i
r
onment
alCounci
lof
Zambi
a(
ECZ)
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
210
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020
Gl
obalPar
t
ner
shi
pf
orDev
el
opment
 I
mpl
ement
at
i
onofAnt
i
Cor
r
upt
i
onpol
i
ci
es.
 St
r
engt
heni
ngoft
heHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.
 St
r
engt
heni
ng of par
t
ner
shi
ps wi
t
h r
egi
onal and i
nt
er
nat
i
onal economi
c
or
gani
zat
i
onssuchasSADC,
COMESAandEur
opeanUni
on(
EU)
.
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whatar
eGl
obal
i
ssues?
2.Whati
smeantbyt
heThi
r
dWor
l
dCount
r
i
es?Suppor
ty
ouranswerwi
t
hexampl
es.
3.Br
i
ef
l
yexpl
ai
nwhyt
heUS,Japanandot
herdev
el
opedcount
r
i
esar
esai
dt
obe
dependentont
heThi
r
dWor
l
dCount
r
i
es
4.I
nwhatwayar
et
heThi
r
dWor
l
dcount
r
i
esl
i
keZambi
a,dependentont
heUSand
t
heot
herdev
el
opmentcount
r
i
es?
5.How ar
et
heThi
r
dWor
l
dcount
i
esdependentonot
herThi
r
dWor
l
dNat
i
ons?
Expl
ai
ny
ouranswerwi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
oZambi
aandhernei
ghbor
s.
6.Cl
ear
l
ydi
st
i
ngui
shbet
weenBi
l
at
er
al
Ai
dandMul
t
i
l
at
er
al
Ai
d.
7.Anal
y
zet
hef
act
or
st
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’
sdebi
tcr
i
si
s
8.Whatr
easonmaycompelacount
r
yt
ocont
i
nuebor
r
owi
ngmoneyaf
t
eri
t
sheav
y
debtbur
denhasbeenpar
don.
9.Whatr
easonsmaymakeacount
r
ynotacceptt
i
edai
d?
10.
Whatar
et
hebenef
i
t
sandt
hedemer
i
t
sofdebtr
eschedul
i
ng?
11.
AssessZambi
a’
sef
f
or
ti
nat
t
ai
ni
ngt
heMDGssof
ar
.
CI
VI
CEDUCATI
ONCOMMONNOTES
211
NORTHERNPROVI
NCE-REVI
SED2020