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Standard Test Systems for Modern Power System Analysis: An Overview
Article in IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine · December 2019
DOI: 10.1109/MIE.2019.2942376
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Standard Test Systems for Modern Power System Analysis: An Overview
Peyghami, Saeed; Davari, Pooya; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmud; Blaabjerg, Frede
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I E E E Industrial Electronics Magazine
Publication date:
2019
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Accepted author manuscript, peer reviewed version
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Peyghami, S., Davari, P., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., & Blaabjerg, F. (2019). Standard Test Systems for Modern
Power System Analysis: An Overview. I E E E Industrial Electronics Magazine.
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Standard Test Systems for Modern Power
System Analysis: An Overview
Saeed Peyghami, Member IEEE, Pooya Davari, Senior Member IEEE, Mahmud FotuhiFiruzabad, Fellow IEEE, and Frede Blaabjerg, Fellow IEEE
Abstract –Reliable design, planning and operation of power systems are of paramount importance to ensure
providing reliable services to customers. This paper reviews the different aspects of power system reliability from
planning to operation. Afterwards, standard benchmarks employed for power system studies are reviewed according to
almost 2,500 journal publications in the IEEE since 1986 to early 2019. The present overview shows the pros and cons
of the existing test systems implying the lack of appropriate benchmarks for future power system studies including
renewable resources and modern technologies. Furthermore, this paper presents requirements for updating and
modifying the benchmarks for modern power systems analysis.
Index: power system, smart grids, operation, reliability, security, stability, test systems, IEEE standard test systems,
CIGRE benchmarks, DC benchmarks, reliability benchmarks.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Modern technologies in particular, variable energy resources and distributed generations such as Photo-Voltaic (PV)
and wind energy, e-mobility, and most recently, distributed storages, Direct Current (DC) based transmission and
distribution systems, together with smart grid concepts are revolutionizing the electrical power systems worldwide [1],
[2]. Power systems are becoming as distributed as possible in both physical and cyber layers [1], [3]. In the physical
layer, power electronics plays a significant role in the energy conversion process in generation, transmission,
distribution and consumption levels. Furthermore, paradigm shift from top-down manner to the distributed one
highlights the importance of communication systems in planning and operation of modern power systems. On the other
hand, electrical networks are one of the most critical infrastructures and the most complex systems, in which, any
accident or outage might introduce irrecoverable socioeconomic consequences. The modernization and liberalization
aiming to efficiency and performance enhancement even make it more complex and vulnerable and being exposed to
reliability, security and cyber-security issues.
Operation and planning of such a complex system with different dynamics require deep analyses considering
various phenomena. These analyses comprise of power system planning issues such as marketing, energy management,
power flow and optimal power flow control, and operation issues such as stability and protection. The wide range of
analyses regarding planning and operation are generally carried out to strengthen the power systems performance. The
best performance will be deduced if the system is planned and operated economically with a reasonable level of
reliability taking into account uncertainties in generation, load, outages and accidents. To evaluate and improve the
system performance beside economic studies, the system reliability assessment is of paramount significance.
System performance evaluation and enhancement require establishing some techniques, methods, tools, algorithms,
and concepts for different phenomena. For a complex system, the viability of solutions as well as validating the
techniques should be examined through agreed test systems. Different test systems, IEEE and CIGRE benchmarks in
particular, have been introduced for power system analysis. These systems are available from small to large scale at
various voltage and power levels.
The benchmarks can be used for analysis of power system reliability, stability, protection, power quality, marketing,
planning, observability, optimization and etc. So far, the standard test systems have been employed for conventional
grid analysis with centralized, top-down generation and control systems. However, modern power systems analysis
needs new benchmarks to address modern technologies and their associated issues in power system studies.
The test systems for reliability evaluation have been reviewed identifying 240 journal papers in [4]. The most focus
of that review was on the main concepts of reliability, i.e., adequacy and security. However, power system reliability
can be affected by wide range of phenomena, which may deteriorate the system reliability and shift it to an insecure
region. Therefore, reliable operation and planning of power systems require studying its different aspects. This paper
classifies different power system concepts from design to operation including reliability, stability, control and so on.
T. Ind. Informatics
Others 5%
4%
5%
T. Sustainable Energy
6%
T. Power Delivery
T. Smart Grid
14%
T. Power System
66%
Fig. 1. Statistics of reviewed IEEE journal Transactions (T.) discussing test systems.
Afterwards, the existing standard test systems are reviewed and the use of standard benchmarks for different power
system studies are investigated identifying almost 2,500 related journal papers since 1986 to early 2019 from the
following journals:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
Fig. 1 shows the contribution of the aforementioned journals on the reviewed papers of this work. In the following,
Section II reviews the power system analysis concepts. Then the standard test systems and their applications in different
areas are presented in Section III and Section IV, respectively. Section V presents the pros and cons of the existing test
systems. The modern power system challenges and the recommended requirements for modifying the test systems are
discussed in section VI. Finally, the paper is summarized in Section VII.
II. MULTI-TIME SCALE POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Power system planning and operation are set processes of optimal and economical design, expansion, monitoring,
management, protection and control of electrical networks in order to supply end consumers with a desired level of
reliability. It requires various studies in different time scales from microseconds to even several years. Power system
studies can generally be studied in three major time frames including long-term facility planning (so-called expansion
planning), short-term operational planning and real-time operation as shown in Fig. 2.
Long term dynamics are associated with the planning, where it can be divided into two categories. The first one is
the facility planning and the second one is the operational planning [5]. The time of interest for facility planning is 5 to
30 years and for the operational planning is from a few minutes to 1 year [6]. The aim of facility planning is to
optimally and economically develope power systems such as addition of generation units, expansion and reinforcement
of transmission, distribution networks considering load growth within a specific time. On the other hand, operational
planning refers to optimal and economical employment of the existing facilities to reliably supply the load at the real
time. Furthermore, power system operation refers to continuously monitoring, operating and control of facilities in
order to appropriately maintain the normal operating state. The ultimate goal is to ensure a certain level of reliability per
cost in supplying end consumers.
System design
One month
One Year
Maintenance
scheduling
Few hours
Few weeks
Unit commitment
Economic dispatch
Few seconds
Few Minutes
Multi
Seconds
System security
analysis
Frequency control
tie-line control
Security
Few Minutes
Few hours
Operations
Marketing
Adequacy & Security
Facility
Planning
five years
thirty Years
Operational Planning
Time
Relaying execution
control
voltage control
Fig. 2. Multi-time scale power system dynamics needed for power system analysis.
Security
Manag ement
RTU
PMU
Networ k
Topolo gy
Security
Assessment
State
Esti ma tion
Contingen cy
Ana lysis
Optimal
Power Flow
Power Flow
Ana lysis
Pro tection
Stability
Ana lysis
Voltage
Stability
Freque ncy
Stability
Ang ular
Stability
Pre ven tive
Corrective
Security E nhancement
Fig. 3. Power system security assessment.
Conceptually, power system reliability is defined as the ability of a power system including physical and cyber
(control) layers to supply the load with a specific level of probability [7]. It is classified into two major categories
including adequacy and security. Adequacy refers to the existence of sufficient facilities to supply the consumers taking
into account planned and unplanned outages. Furthermore, security is concerned with the ability of a power system to
respond to any disturbances arising within the system. Generally, adequacy is associated with the planning and security
is attributed to the operation. However, security is also considered during long term planning to ensure minimum level
of reliability. Fig. 2 shows the different time frames and corresponding management activities attributed to the planning
and operation of power systems.
A. Long-term planning
Facility planning considers the load and technology growth in order to expand and install new facilities in the next 5
to 30 years [6]. The main objectives of long-term planning are the optimal and economical expansion of power systems
in order to ensure adequate and secure power delivery. The long-term trading among producers and consumers/retailers
is carried out in order to overcome the future price risks.
B. Short-term planning (operational planning)
Operational planning is associated with the marketing and maintenance within the time frame of interest from a few
minutes to one year. Maintenance management of facilities in order to ensure reliable power delivery is of paramount
importance on power system planning. Conceptually, maintenance could be preventive or corrective. Preventive
maintenance is periodically performed to decrease the probability of failure, while corrective maintenance is carried out
after a failure occurrence. As a result, maintenance management can significantly affect the system availability and
operational costs.
During operational planning, the electricity market includes some submarkets such as day-ahead market, intra-day
market and balancing market. Producers, consumers and retailers trade each other on the day-ahead market. The energy
is traded for a fixed period in the coming day, where different market players trade each other to economically supply
the demand. In the intra-day market, which takes place in the hour of delivery, the market players are allowed to modify
their plans considering the present state of the grid and accurate demand and generation amounts which were not much
clear in the day-ahead market. Day-ahead and intra-day markets are called spot market in the literature indicating short
time between planning and delivery. After scheduling the generating units, the mismatch between predicted and actual
power within the operation is supplied by the balance responsible players, who are trading in the balancing market. The
primary reserve immediately handles the power mismatch by the primary frequency control of generation units.
Furthermore, the secondary and tertiary reserves can participate in load balancing within several minutes by trading in
the real-time balance market. The post-delivery market financially settles the imbalances after real power delivery.
In the liberalized (so-called deregulated) environment, the Independent System Operator (ISO), who plays a major
role in reliable operation of power system, interconnects the producers and consumers/retailers to figure out an optimal
scheduling of the generation and transmission systems. This decision making refers to unit commitment, in which, the
objective is to maximize the profits. Unit commitment schedules the set of generators to be on/off/standby during a
period of time, usually one week, according to a forecasted load and electric grid status. The generation commitment
will change hour by hour following the objectives such as profit maximization. The optimization within each hour is
performed by an economic dispatch program, where the economic dispatch program obtains the optimal operating
points of generating units using optimal power flow solutions.
C. Operation and control
In the operational planning phase, the ISO has been in charge of maintenance, marketing, unit commitment and
economic dispatch in order to optimally schedule the generating units. The next phase is the real time operation, in
which, the generators are scheduled to produce the predefined powers, primary reserve providers compensate the
imbalances and then the secondary and tertiary reserves (so-called spinning reserve) suppliers compensate the
imbalances due to the uncertainty of load forecast, renewable generation forecast, and unintended outages. These terms
are associated with the adequacy. Moreover, in the real-time operation, the system operators concern about the system
security; in particular, they need to know: how secure the system is in the present state and how secure it is going to be
in the next several minutes [8]. Hence, the system security becomes the paramount issue within the operation.
Power system security refers to its ability, both at physical and control levels, to respond to any disturbances within
the system [8], [9]. A secure system is able to maintain its stability, voltages and thermal limits after any disturbances.
Today, the operators employ dynamic security assessment approaches to monitor the system security on-line. The
building blocks of a security assessment tool is represented in Fig. 3.
At the real operation time, the system operator should know the current state of the grid. The system present state,
which is the grid topology and the operating parameters such as load flow through the lines and voltage levels, should
be determined by means of Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, Remote Terminal Units
(RTUs) and Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), which require a communication system [5]. These infrastructures are
required in power systems for monitoring and control of such a complex system. Hence, cyber security management,
bad data detection and management and estimation accuracy are of high importance for successful state estimation. The
collected data are employed by state estimation block to find out the operating point of the grid by estimating all grid
parameters including bus voltages and line flows.
Afterwards, the operator should do contingency analysis on the present network to figure out the consequences of
the any credible outage on the system in order to ensure a certain level of security for the present operating condition as
well as in the next few minutes. It requires to check both static security and dynamic security for all credible
contingencies. The static security refers to the system ability to retain the steady state voltage and thermal limits (for
different equipment especially for lines and transformers) in the acceptable boundaries. Hence, the power flow and
optimal power flow analysis should be carried out for all the likely contingencies to check the violation of the voltages
and thermal limits. Moreover, the dynamic security refers to the system ability to maintain its stability due to the
contingences. Stability issues are conventionally divided into three major categories according to the instability causes.
These are voltage stability, frequency stability and angular stability. Following the size of disturbance in the system, it
poses the large signal or small signal instability of voltage, angle and frequency.
Moreover, the protection system should be appropriately coordinated in order to react in a suitable time to separate
the faulty region/equipment. After analyzing the system security and understanding the weakest points of grid due to
some contingencies, the operator should take appropriate preventive and/or corrective actions to maintain the overall
system security. These actions could be re-scheduling the units, splitting the system into islands, load curtailment and so
on. The operator should restore the separated or shut down regions after fault or contingency clearance.
D. Power system Concepts Classification
According to the last subsections on power system planning and operation, different power system concepts can be
classified into:
a) Stability: which includes different types of transient, angular, frequency and voltage stability.
b) Planning: this concept includes both long term and operational planning activities such as power system
expansion, electric marketing, unit commitment, economic dispatch, energy management, optimal power flow,
c) Protection: protection system coordination, fault detection, short circuit analysis.
d) Cyber Security: this category includes cyber-attacks, communication technologies, vulnerability and so on.
e) State Estimation: state estimation methods, PMU placement, data processing
f) Frequency response: primary and secondary reserve, spinning reserve
g) Power Flow Analysis: different power flow analysis methods and solutions for both active and reactive powers.
h) New Technologies: wind farms, PV plants, HVDC/MTDC systems, electrical vehicles.
i) Control: this category consists of voltage and frequency control, hierarchical microgrid and smart grid control,
distributed and decentralized control, Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
j) Power Quality: includes harmonic analysis, resonance analysis, voltage sag/swell detection and control, filter
design.
k) Reliability: includes both adequacy and security related concepts such as adequacy and security assessment
approaches, adequacy and security enhancement techniques, operational planning optimization strategies, reserve
planning, maintenance scheduling, security-oriented planning and so on.
l) Restoration and outage: power system restoration, failure/ outage identification, splitting.
III.
STANDARD TEST SYSTEMS
Table I. Overview on standard test systems.
Test System
IEEE 9
IEEE 14
IEEE 30
IEEE 39
IEEE 57
IEEE 118
IEEE 300
IEEE RTS-24
RBTS
CIGRE B4
DC
CIGRE MV
CIGRE LV
CIGRE 32
CIGRE
HVDC
Voltage (kV)
AC/DC
No. of
Busse
s
No. of
Generators
Load
(MW,
MVAR)
Most common
application
Time of interest for most
common used application
AC
9
3
315, 115
Stability
Milli to several seconds
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
14
30
39
57
118
300
24
6
5
6
10
7
19
69
32
11
259, 73.5
283.4. 126.2
6097, 1409
1251, 336.4
3668, 1438
3405, 240, -
State Estimation
Planning
Stability
State Estimation
Planning
State Estimation
Reliability
Reliability
A few hours to several years
Milli to several seconds
A few hours to several years
Several minutes to several years
Several minutes to several years
13.8, 16.5,
18, 230
13.8, 18, 69
33, 132
345
138, 345
138, 345
138, 230, 345
230, 138
230
±400, ±200,
380,145
20
0.4
130, 220, 400
DC
Fig. 20
Fig. 20
7500, -
New Technologies
Milli seconds to minutes
AC
AC
AC-DC
14
Fig. 21
74
utility
utility
20
~43, ~16
11060, -
Control
New Technologies
Control
Milli seconds to seconds
Milli seconds to minutes
Milli seconds to seconds
345, 230
DC
2
2-utility
1000 (base)
Stability/Control
Milli seconds to seconds
Stability
Planning
Protection
Cyber-security
State estimation
Frequency response
Power flow
New technologies
Control
Power quality
Reliability
Restoration
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
R
Fig. 4. Overview of electrical test systems and applications; blue: test systems, green: applications – I-: IEEE, C-: CIGRE.
Two major test systems are covered in this study including IEEE and CIGRE benchmarks. The general
specifications of the standard test systems are summarized in Table I and the corresponding single-line diagrams are
shown in the Appendix. All of the IEEE benchmarks are suitable for conventional AC power systems. Meanwhile, the
CIGRE benchmarks, which are indeed a part of European countries grids, include AC and/or DC power systems. Fig. 4
shows the statistical analysis on the reviewing 2,500 papers at different power system concepts. According to this
figure, planning followed by state estimation are the most published articles in power systems. Furthermore, the IEEE
118 Bus followed by the IEEE 30 and 14 Bus benchmarks are the most commonly used benchmarks for power system
studies. The distribution of applicability of each test system for different topics is shown in Fig. 5.
IEEE 9 Bus: This test system is a modified version of Western System Coordinated Council (WSCC) 9 Bus test
case, which is a well-known test system for transient stability analysis [10]. As shown in Fig. 5(a), this test case has
been employed for stability studies in 23% of reviewed papers. It has been widely used for protection studies in power
systems as well.
IEEE 14 Bus: This test system is a simplified model of the American Electric Power System in the Midwestern US
as it was in 1962. This test system is mostly used for state estimation in 24% and planning studies in 20% as it is shown
in Fig. 5(b).
IEEE 30 Bus: This test system is a part of American Electric Grid as it was in 1961. It has been mostly used for
planning studies in 34% and then for state estimation purposes in 16% of the total studies as shown in Fig. 5(c).
IEEE 39 Bus: This is the well-known New England 10 generator power system. This test system has been widely
used for small signal stability in conventional power systems [11]. The result of present overview shows that this
system has been used for stability studies in 21% of the reviewed papers. It has also been used for planning studies
(16%) and new technology application (12%) as shown in Fig. 5(d).
IEEE 57 Bus: This system is a part of American Electric Grid as it was in 1960. It has been mostly used for
planning studies and for state estimation purposes in 25% of total cases as shown in Fig. 5(e).
IEEE 118 Bus: This test system is a part of American Electric Grid as it was in 1962. Fig. 5(f) shows the usage of
this test system for different studies, where it mostly has been employed (in 38%) for planning studies.
IEEE 300 Bus: This test system was developed by the IEEE Test Systems Task Force in 1993. Following Fig. 5(g),
this system has mostly been employed for state estimation and planning studies.
IEEE RTS-24 Bus: This test system is the IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS) – the first version known as RTS79, the second version known as RTS-86 – including 24 busses are the well-known standard test system for reliability
studies [12], [13]. Fig. 5(h) shows that this system is widely used for planning (34%) and reliability analysis (31%). For
inter-area analysis, three or five RTS test systems as stated in RTS-96 can be connected together to construct a larger
power system [14]. A recent update on RTS-96 has been presented by U.S. Department of Energy’s Grid Modernization
Laboratory Consortium (GMLC), which is called RTS-GMLC [15]. This update includes replacing coal and oil fueled
generations with natural gas generations, integrating solar and wind generations, updating load profiles as well as
modifications on generators characteristics, line limits and so on. The presented update is based on the real-world power
system data. This update will introduce unique opportunities to explore the operational and planning issues in modern
power systems [15].
RBTS: This is a well-known test system for reliability studies proposed by Prof. Roy Billinton, designated as Roy
Billinton Test System (RBTS) [16]–[18], for education and research purposes. As shown in Fig. 5(i), this system has
widely (52%) been used for reliability studies. Moreover, due to the size of this system, it has been used for a wide
range of reliability studies associated with planning, operation and inclusion of new technologies in the power
networks.
CIGRE B4 DC: This test system has been developed by Cigre B4 working group for DC system studies. The test
case includes two onshore AC systems, four offshore AC systems, two DC nodes with no connection to AC systems,
and three interconnected DC systems called DCS1, DCS2 and DCS3 [19]. DCS1 is a two-terminal symmetric monopole
HVDC link with ±200 kV. DCS2 is a four-terminal symmetric monopole HVDC link with ±200 kV, and DCS3 is a
five-terminal bi-pole HVDC meshed grid with ±400 kV. Each test system can be separately used for power system
studies where the whole system is complex. The detailed system specifications and parameters are available in [19].
This test system has been cited in a few works in the target journal publications for power flow analysis and control of
HVDC systems.
CIGRE MV: This benchmark is a European test system for integration of renewable resources in Medium Voltage
(MV) 20 kV distribution systems [20]. The American version in also available in [20]. The test system has been
proposed by CIGRE Working Group WG C6-04 for distributed resources and storage coordinated control, energy
management, protection and fault ride through testing, islanded operation, power flow analysis and so on [20], [21]. An
example of integrating renewable resources into the MV distribution grid is provided in [21].
O
J 3%
4%
IEEE 9
O
4%
I
8%
A
23%
H
10%
I
7%
IEEE 30
A
8%
K
5%
G
9%
B
13%
E
6%
C
15%
D
10%
(a)
O
K
6%
6%
A
21%
I
11%
H
12%
H
4%
D
5%
A
7%
K
8%
I
4%
B
25%
H
7%
C
6%
C
5%
D
6%
E
25%
B
38%
G
9%
E
15%
D
5%
(e)
IEEE 300
O
8%
(f)
RBTS
IEEE RTS
O
R
6%
5%
A
12%
O
12%
B
19%
B
34%
I
7%
B
21%
K
31%
G
14%
E
23%
D
3%
O IEEE 118 R
3%
4%
A
6%
K
7%
(d)
K
8%
(c)
IEEE 57
I
5%
C
5%
E
16%
G
13%
B
16%
E
10%
G
15%
(b)
O
4%
IEEE 39
F
7%
B
34%
C
6%
D
9%
E
24%
O A
K
5% 5%
7%
I
6%
H
4%
B
20%
H
5%
G
6%
F
5%
IEEE 14
D
7%
H
17%
I
4%
(g)
H
14%
D
E 3%
3%
K
52%
(h)
(i)
A: Stability
D: Cyber-security
G: Power flow
J: Power quality
B: Planning
E: State estimation
H: New technologies
K: Reliability
C: Protection
F: Frequency response
I: Control
R: Restoration
O: Others
Fig. 5. Applicability of test systems in different power system analysis; (a) IEEE 9 Bus, (b) IEEE 14 Bus, (c) IEEE 30 Bus, (d) IEEE 39 Bus, (e)
IEEE 57 Bus, (f) IEEE 118 Bus, (g) IEEE 300 Bus, (h) IEEE RTS (24 Bus), and (i) RBTS.
CIGRE LV: This European test system includes three 0.4 kV distribution feeders for commercial, residential and
industrial consumptions [20], [21]. This network has also been proposed by CIGRE Working Group WG C6-04 for
integrating renewable resources to Low Voltage (LV) distribution systems. An example of integrating renewable
resources to LV distribution grid is provided in [21].
CIGRE (Nordic) 32: This test system is driven from the Swedish and Nordic power grids and it has been developed
for voltage security analysis under IEEE Task Force PES-TR-19 [22]. In the modified version of this test system, DC
transmission lines are also considered.
CIGRE HVDC: This is the first CIGRE HVDC test system developed in 1985. This test system is a monopole with
±500 kV and 12-pulse rectifier and inverters connected to two AC grids [23]. This benchmark has been used for control
of HVDC systems.
IV.
APPLICATION OF TEST SYSTEMS
Fig. 6 shows the distribution of using test systems for specific applications as described in the following:
Stability: For stability analyses, the IEEE 39 Bus system has been utilized in 26% of case studies as shown in Fig.
6(a). Afterwards, the IEEE 188 Bus and IEEE 14 Bus systems have been used respectively in 23% and 16% of the total
case studies. Moreover, the IEEE 39 Bus test system has mostly been used for transient stability analysis in 46% of
cases, while the IEEE 118 Bus benchmark has been used for voltage stability analysis in 54% of the reviewed papers as
shown in Fig. 7.
Protection: Fig. 6(b) shows the distribution of test systems used for protection purposes. The IEEE 14, 30, 118 Bus
test systems are the most used test cases with the distribution of 23%, 20% and 17% of the whole papers reviewed on
the protection studies.
Frequency response: The IEEE 39 Bus test system has mostly been employed (almost in half of the total cases) for
frequency studies in power systems as shown in Fig. 6(c). It is worth mentioning that this test system includes
comprehensive data for the generators in order to appropriately model and analyze the frequency response of systems.
Reliability: Fig. 6(d) shows that the IEEE-RTS has been employed for reliability studies in 32% of the total cases.
Furthermore, the IEEE 118 Bus test system is the second common used test system with the frequency of 23%. This
figure shows that the RBTS has used for reliability studies in 11% of case studies used for reliability assessment.
Moreover, Fig. 8 shows that the IEEE-RTS has been used for adequacy studies in 78% while for the security analyses
the IEEE 118 Bus test system has been employed in 94% of the reviewed case studies.
Power Flow: The IEEE 30 and 118 Bus systems have been employed in 32% and 28% of the total cases for power
flow studies as shown in Fig. 6(e).
Control: The IEEE 118, 14, 39 and 30 Bus systems have mostly been employed for the studies associated with
power systems control as shown in Fig. 6(f).
Cyber security: The IEEE 14 and 118 Bus systems have been employed in 28% and 27% of the total cases for cyber
security studies as shown in Fig. 6(g).
Power Quality: Fig. 6(h) shows that the IEEE 14 and IEEE 30 Bus test systems have been used for power quality
analysis with the frequency of 47% and 25% of the total cases.
Restoration: For restoration studies, the IEEE 118 Bus test system is the mostly used system with the frequency of
31% as shown in Fig. 6(i).
State estimation: As shown in Fig. 6(j), the IEEE 14, 118 and 30 Bus test systems have been mostly used for state
estimation studies in power systems.
Planning: The IEEE 118 and 30 Bus benchmarks have been employed in 38% and 21% of the total cases for
planning studies as shown in Fig. 6(k). The reason of this high usage of the IEEE 118 bus test system for planning
studies is that it is a large system and has the capability to divide it into two, three or four areas. Hence, it could be an
appropriate case for interarea studies.
New technologies: For this category, as shown in Fig. 6(l), the IEEE 118, RTS, 39, and 14 Bus test systems have
been widely used. However, these test systems have been modified by the researchers to include the new technologies
such as DC transmission systems, wind farms, PV plants, electric vehicles and so on. Therefore, there is not a single test
system for including new technologies in power system studies. Meanwhile, some authors have modified the test
systems by adding extra sections to the existing benchmark, while others have preferred to replace some parts with the
new technologies. The DC based test systems such as CIGRE B4 DC have not been widely used for power system
studies in the reviewed papers.
The data availability of different test systems is summarized in Table II. The original data has been developed for
the specific applications. However, for the other studies, the standard test systems specifications have been modified.
For instance, the IEEE 118 Bus test system is modified for security assessment, and IEEE 14 Bus test system is used for
power
quality
analysis
by
implementing
non-linear
loads
and
power
filters.
Protection
Protection
Stability
Stability
Other
2%
CIGRE HVDC
3%
IEEE300
5%
IEEE9
10%
IEEE14
16%
IEEE118
23%
Frequency Response
Frequency
response
Other
6%
CIGRE
HVDC
3%
Other
8%
IEEE118
IEEE RTS
5%
11%
IEEE9
11%
IEEE118
17%
IEEE9
13%
IEEE14
11%
IEEE14
23%
IEEE30
11%
IEEE39
26%
IEEE57
4%
IEEE39
14%
IEEE57
6%
(a)
Other
3%
(b)
RBTS
11%
IEEE300
6%
IEEE14
9%
IEEE30
12%
Other
8%
IEEE39
6%
IEEE118
23%
IEEE57
4%
IEEE57
9%
IEEE RTS
6%
IEEE RTS
5%
IEEE14
28%
IEEE118
27%
IEEE30
IEEE39 12%
9%
CIGRE HVDC
RBTS 4%
IEEE14
13%
IEEE30
13%
IEEE14
47%
IEEE39
9%
IEEE118
31%
IEEE30
25%
State
estimation
State Estimation
Planning
Planning
New
NewTechnologies
Technologies
CIGRE CIGRE
HVDC 32
9% 3%
IEEE30
21%
IEEE39
6%
(k)
IEEE57
5%
Other IEEE9
3%
4%
CIGRE
LV/MV
5%
RBTS
4%
IEEE
RTS
16%
IEEE118
38%
IEEE57
5%
(i)
Other IEEE14
6%
12%
IEEE RTS
12%
IEEE118
27%
IEEE30
19%
IEEE9
4%
IEEE300
IEEE RTS
2%
17%
IEEE300 Other
6%
4%
IEEE14
28%
(f)
2%
IEEE118
10%
IEEE57
2%
IEEE39
16%
Restoration
Restoration
CIGRE HVDC
8%
(h)
(j)
IEEE300
4%
PowerQuality
Qulity
Power
(g)
IEEE57
10% IEEE39
6%
IEEE30
14%
IEEE118
18%
IEEE57
5%
IEEE300
3%
IEEE9
6%
Other IEEE9
4% 4%
IEEE14
17%
(e)
CyberSecurity
security
Cyber
Control
Control
IEEE
RTS
6%
IEEE30
32%
(d)
IEEE57
7%
IEEE14
17%
IEEE118
28%
IEEE RTS
32%
IEEE300
5%
(c)
CIGRE
CIGRE
HVDC
32
3%
3%
CIGRE
LV/MV
6%
Power
Power flow
Flow
Reliability
Reliability
IEEE30
5%
IEEE39
47%
IEEE30
20%
IEEE14
10%
IEEE30
7%
IEEE39
14%
IEEE118
23%
IEEE57
2%
(l)
Fig. 6. Usage of standard test systems for power system studies (a) stability, (b) protection, (c) frequency response, (d) reliability, (e) power flow, (f)
control, (g) cyber security, (h) power quality, (i) restoration, (j) state estimation, (k) planning, and (l) new technologies.
Small Signal
Stability 22%
Voltage
Small Signal Stability 24%
Stability 30%
Voltage
Stability 54%
Transient
Stability 24%
Transient
Stability 46%
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. Usage of (a) IEEE 39 Bus test system and (b) IEEE 118 Bus test system for stability studies.
Adequacy
6%
Security
22%
Adequacy
78%
Security
94%
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Usage of (a) IEEE RTS test system and (b) IEEE 118 Bus test system for reliability studies.
IEEE 9
IEEE 14
IEEE 30
IEEE 39
IEEE 57
IEEE 118
IEEE 300
IEEE RTS-24
RBTS
CIGRE B4 DC
CIGRE MV
CIGRE LV
CIGRE 32
CIGRE HVDC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Control
Reliability: adequacy
Power flow
State estimation
Planning
Angular stability
Test System
Voltage stability
Table II. Availability of data.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
G
G
2
7
9
3
Wind Farm
6
5
4
Wind Farm
1
G
Fig. 9. IEEE 9 Bus test system with DC grid [24].
G
12
16
5
7
17
6
8
30
113
G
29
9
31
G
28
27
10
G
32
G
114
115
G
G
Fig. 10. IEEE 118 Bus test system with DC grid [24].
V. PROS AND CONS OF EXISTING TEST SYSTEMS
IEEE Test systems are widely used for different power system studies, while they have not been updated to include
variable energy resources and new technologies such as electronic transmission and distribution systems. Even though
some modifications have been presented on the existing test systems, for instance the ones shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10
[24], they are not adopted from the real-world power systems. As a result, the employed data for the modern part with
the conventional data for the existing network may cause erroneous consequences.
Furthermore, the dedicated efforts on updating the IEEE RTS-96, called RTS-GMLC [15], make it feasible for
modern power system studies, while more upgrades should be performed in the next versions. This is due to the fact
that it does not cover the detail information of wind turbines, wind farms, solar power plants, and energy storages. It is
more applicable for planning studies such as unit commitment, economic dispatch, energy management and adequacy
assessment. Meanwhile, in the presented update of RTS-GMLC, the reliability data for variable energy resources have
not been provided especially for power electronic based technologies. However, these technologies are one of the
frequent failure sources in wind farms [25]. On the other hand, the structure of a wind farm can affect its reliability.
Thereby, more detailed technical information regarding wind farms and solar power plants should be provided in the
next updates. This test system, neither RTS-96 nor RTS-GMLC is not flexible for microgrid analysis including
operational planning, operation and control.
Moreover, the IEEE test systems employed for stability analysis are not appropriate for control-related stability
issues such as harmonic stability [26]. Even the IEEE 39 Bus system, which has especially presented for stability
analysis, requires appropriate modifications in order to include the new technologies.
The Cigre benchmarks are more suitable for modern power system studies in which they comprise of new
technologies. The Cigre B4 DC can be used for stability, protection, power flow, planning, control power quality and
frequency response analyses in multi-terminal DC grids. However, it is not applicable for reliability-oriented analysis
such as adequacy assessment due to the lack of reliability data. Moreover, the wind farm structures have not been
covered in this benchmark. The Cigre LV/MV grids are suitable for AC microgrid studies such as control and planning.
However, they need some modifications for reliability and cyber-security analysis. The Cigre 32 Nordic test system
requires to be updated considering the variable energy resources and DC transmission systems.
VI. MODERN TEST SYSTEMS CHALLENGES AND REQUIREMENTS
The paradigm shift from the centralized, top-down strategy to the distributed, bottom-up one in power flow direction
and control systems is revolutionizing the structure of power systems [1]. Decarbonization and economization have
intensified the increasing use of renewable resources and energy storages in order to form self-organizing scalable,
clean, reliable, resilient and efficient power systems. This can be achievable by employing the microgrid and smart-grid
technologies for reliable and efficient operation of different energy resources in a distributed manner. The microgrids
will be the segments of the future power systems which can be operated in the either grid-connected or islanded modes.
The control, monitoring and coordination of clusters of microgrids require smarter solutions relying on communication
systems and/or decentralized approaches. Moreover, thanks to power electronic advances, the DC systems invented by
Edison are re-competing with the AC systems in transmission and distribution system levels. It has introduced more
flexibility and controllability to electric power transmission and distribution with efficient and cost-effective solutions.
Thereby, the modern power systems are going to be equipped with new technologies such as DC high voltage
transmission and medium voltage distribution systems, distributed generations in low voltage and medium voltage
levels, interconnected AC/DC microgrids, large scale wind and PV power plants, large scale energy storages, electric
vehicles and so on. All the new technologies rely on power electronic converters for energy conversion.
Increasing use of power electronic converters in different levels in power systems pose new challenges to the power
system reliability and security. Power converters are one of the failure sources in photovoltaic and wind power systems
[25], [27]–[29], where the environmental and/or operational conditions may trigger some failure mechanisms [30].
Furthermore, the mutual interactions among different energy sources can affect the converters loading and consequently
their reliability [31]. Thereby, in terms of reliability, system-level analysis is required in order to reliably design, control
and operate the power converters for different applications [30]. This can be feasible if more realistic power electronic
based test systems are prepared. In this regard, suitable test systems must be developed for AC and DC microgrid
applications, wind farm and photovoltaic plant structures, MVDC distribution systems and so on.
Moreover, proliferation of power electronic converters in power systems may pose security issues to operation of
future power systems. For instance, interactions among converter control systems, and converters control with the
power system may cause control-related stability issues from a few hertz to several kilo hertz [26], [32]. Therefore,
suitable test systems are required for control-related stability studies in modern power systems. A proper test system
should cover complete model of power converters and the corresponding control systems in order to illustrate a certain
instability phenomenon associated with the interaction between the converter and its control with the system.
The cluster of hybrid AC/DC microgrids in low and medium voltage distribution systems will be the structure of
future power systems providing an efficient and reliable infrastructure for developing smarter grids. Planning, control,
monitoring and operation of cluster of microgrids are of high importance for reliable and efficient power delivery in
modern smart grids. The bidirectional top-down and bottom-up power flow between transmission and distribution
systems introduces more planning and operation challenges. This requires communication systems in order to facilitate
the reliable operation of such grids. However, it poses cyber-security issues to the modern power systems. All these
issues must be explored using appropriate interconnected transmission-distribution test systems.
On the other hand, for reliability studies, especially for the case of considering renewable generation connected to
the conventional power systems, a compatible set of reliability data for both conventional and modern systems should
be employed. The conventional reliability test cases such as the IEEE-RTS and RBTS require to be modified
considering the new technologies. The technical information regarding the structure of wind farms and photovoltaic
plants, and their reliability data should be provided in the updated version of reliability test systems. Furthermore, these
test systems should be extended to medium and low voltage levels with appropriate inclusion of AC/DC microgrids.
As a result, the following recommendations are proposed for upgrading the test systems for modern power system
analysis:
1- The test systems should include structure of wind farms and photovoltaic plants, and appropriate reliability data
for planning and operation studies.
2- The low and medium voltage (both AC and DC) distribution systems should be interconnected to the high
voltage bulk system for microgrid and smart grid related studies.
3- Smart grid technologies, such as communication systems and smart meters, should be provided in the test
benchmark for control, monitoring, operational planning and cyber-security studies.
4- Power converters and their controls for HVDC and MVDC transmission systems, wind turbines and
photovoltaic plants should be provided in the test system. The operation of converters in grid forming,
following, supporting, and maximum power tracking mode can affect the system performance.
5- Besides the large test systems for simulation studies, a scaled-down benchmark is of high importance for
experimentally evaluating the effectiveness of some solutions in different power system analysis categories.
Moreover, some power system phenomena solely happen in high voltage level, the low voltage implementation
may not suitable for exploring those problems. However, due to the security issues, examination of solutions in
real-world system is not possible. In this case, the test systems may be implemented in Real Time Digital
Simulator (RTDS) environment and some parts of system under study can be physically implemented.
6- Since power electronic reliability is becoming an important issue, the device-level analysis requires to be
carried out with real-world tests. However, the reliability and lifetime of power devices depend on the operation
condition which is related to the system-level controls in power systems. Therefore, real-world analysis of such
kind of issues can be performed by implementing the part of converter in RTDS environment especially for the
high-power multi-level converters, where testing the whole converter is not cost-effective.
VII.
CONCLUSION
This paper reviews the standard test systems including IEEE and CIGRE benchmarks and their applicability for
power system studies. The ultimate goal of power system studies is to supply the end users economically and with an
acceptable level of reliability. Achieving such a goal for a large and complex system requires long-term studies for
design and planning, and short-term studies for operational planning as well as real-time operation. Generally, the longterm and operational planning relate to the decision makings associated with the system adequacy, while security
becomes significant for the short-term operation decision makings. Beyond the general concepts of the reliability
studies, adequacy and security assessment require detailed analysis including stability, power flow, state estimation,
protection, control and so on. These analyses require an appropriate test system to illustrate and evaluate the desired
concepts. This paper has identified almost 2,500 relevant journals of the IEEE to find out the applicability of the
existing test systems for different concepts of power system studies. This study shows that the most efforts have focused
on planning of power systems and the most popular test system for power system studies is the IEEE 118 Bus
benchmark.
This study shows the lack of standard test systems for new technologies such as wind farms, photovoltaic systems,
HVDC-MVDC systems and electric vehicles. The IEEE 118 Bus, IEEE-RTS and IEEE 39 Bus have been modified for
different studies on the new technologies. However, these systems are not suitably designed for exploring different
concepts of power system studies. Therefore, by growing the proliferation of the new technologies, developing relevant
benchmarks becomes a must. This paper presents some recommendations for upgrading the benchmarks for modern
power system analysis.
VIII.
APPENDIX
The single line diagram of the standard grid topologies is shown in the following. More detailed data regarding each
system
is
available
in
the
corresponding
references.
G
G
2
7
8
9
3
6
5
4
1
G
Fig. 11. IEEE 9 Bus test system [33]–[36].
G
C
Generator
Synchronous
Condenser
13
12
14
11
G
10
9
7
6
C
1
4
5
2
G
Fig. 12. IEEE 14 Bus test system [33]–[36].
3
C
C
8
29
28
G Generator
C
27
30
Synchronous
Condenser
25
15
18
14
16
26
24
22
23
21
19
17 20
10
11
C
9
12
G
6
C
8
13
1
3
4
7
C
5
2
C
G
Fig. 13. IEEE 30 Bus test system [33]–[36].
G
37
G
25
30
26
28
29
27
38
2
24
18
1
G
17
G
3
16
35
15
G
21
22
4
39
14
5
12
6
19
7
23
13
11
8
31
36
20
10
G
33
34
9
G
G
G
Fig. 14. IEEE 39 Bus test system [11], [33]–[36].
G
G
G
2
1
G
3
17
15
4
14
45
44
5
16
G
13
46
12
18
19
G
20
21
26
6
49
38
37
48
47
27
39
22
28
57
23
56
29
36
24
35
25
7
50
33
34
30
52
40 42
31
32
43
53
54
41
55
8
G
10
51
11
9
G
Fig. 15. IEEE 57 Bus test system [33]–[36].
1
3
G
2
G
117
14
11
4
5
35
12
G
16
7
G
G
13
G
31
10
G
G
G
113
21
32
114
27
G
72
G
23
G
28
G G
34
G
115 25
26
24
G
G
55
53
57
52
59
58
G
63
50
81
85
84
G
95
89
93
G
G
G
G
88
Fig. 16. IEEE 118 Bus test system [33]–[36].
90
G
64
G
107
106
G
101
92
91
G
105
108
104
100
94
79 96
83
61
98
97
78
82
G
67
G 99
80
60
62
G
68 65
G
G
G
G
66
69 77
118
G
G
73
76
86
56
51
116
G
75
G
87
G
G
74
70
54
49
G
71
G
47
30
22
29
19
20
G
42
48
G
38
18
9
45
46
36
15
17
8
37
G
44
43
G
41
40
33
G
6
G
39
G
G
111
G
103 109
G
102
G
112
G
110
118
G
G
171
G
185
153 G
G 7166
161
184
119
133
1201
164
156
G
160
152
126
G
7001
7017
188
150
G
4
3
2
16
7139
G
G
17
39
49
1
G
64
G
51
53
9
12
7011
45
21
22
100
24
23
103
G
7023
25
319
98
G
48
104
107
78
47
7044
73
113
G
79
86
110
324
69
112
85
80
202
194
195
109
114 201
609
84
G
99
322
77
G
G
108
323
74
88
G
26
320
44
97
102
552
76
92
105
7024
531
40
G
94
87
71
35
36
81
562
19
G
54
528
G
7057
33
9001
G
20
27
37
G
7012
7071
G
7055
91
13
70
57
G
43
89
G
G
38
41
55
46
34
90
14
10
63
59
15
11
G
61
58
G
8
7
529
62
60
6
144
7061
G
42
5
179
173
7062
52
G
G
172
G
7049
7039
143
175
186
130
7003
G
G
138
170
174
139
187
G
G
G
7002
150
167
151
131
148
181
169
G
123
G
149
182
129
G
145
142
137
132
124
176
140
163
168
120
178
G
141
136
128
127
125
180
G
152
157
158
G 177
154
135
1200
116
146
166
165
115
122
G
155
183
134
159
1190
G 147
117
121
211
664
212
203
204
197
G
207
2040
G
205
214
209
9005
213
198
215
193
37
G
242
9001
196
9051 9052 9053
9054
9006
9012
9055
189
9007
208
210
218
200
9071 9072
239
245
246
247
220
9044
248
9004
9024 9022
G
G
249
241
G
222
235
234
237
G
223
G
250
221
G
236
9042 9043
9003
G
238
9023
9041
217
G
199
G
9025 9026
219
244
9021
9002
G
206
9533
216
243
227
224
281
9031 9032 9033 9034 9035 9036 9037 9038
232
233
240
231
225
G
192
228
226
191
190
G
229
230
G
Fig. 17. IEEE 300 Bus test system [33]–[36].
G
G
G
18
G
21
22
17
23
G
G
16
19
20
13
G
14
16
G
24
11
12
3
9
10
6
8
5
4
7
G
1
2
G
G
Fig. 18. IEEE RTS - 24 Bus test system [12]–[14], [33]–[36].
G
G
2
1
4
3
5
6
Fig. 19. RBTS 6 Bus test system [16]–[18].
Ba-A0
Bm-C1
DCS1
Bb-A1
DC bipole (± 400 kV)
DC monopole (± 200 kV)
AC onshore (380 kV)
AC offshore (145 kV)
Cable
Overhead line
Ba-B0
Bm-A1
Ba-A1 Cm-A1
Bb-C2 Cb-C2
Cb-A1
Bo-C2
Bb-D1
DCS3
Bb-B4
Bb-B1
Ba-B1 Cb-B1
Bb-B1s
Cd-B1
Cb-D1 Bo-D1
Bb-E1
Cd-E1
Bm-E1
Cb-B2
Cm-C1 Bo-C1
Cm-E1 Bo-E1
Bb-B2
DCS2
Ba-B2
Bm-B3
Cm-B2 Bm-B2
Ba-B2
Cm-B3
Fig. 20. CIGRE B4 DC test system [19].
Bm-B5
Bm-F1
Cm-F1 Bo-F1
Grid
S1
S2
I0
C1
R3
30 m
C18
C7
C19
R17
I2
30 m
30 m
R10
C16
C5 C15
30 m 30 m
C9
400 V line-to-line
Residential
subnetwork
400 V line-to-line
Industrial
subnetwork
400 V line-to-line
Commercial
subnetwork
Fig. 21. CIGRE LV test system [20], [21].
C8
30 m
35 m 35 m
R18
C4
C20
30 m
C17
30 m
C6
R8
R9
C14
30 m
R15
C13
30 m
R14
35 m
30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m
R7
35 m
200 m
R6
30 m
R13
30 m
R12
30 m
35 m
C2
C10
C3
C11
30 m 30 m 30 m
35 m 35 m 35 m
R5
R16
30 m
C12
35 m
R4
30 m
35 m
30 m
35 m 35 m
R2
R11
S3
C0
I1
R1
Neutral earthing
Supply point
30 m
R0
Switch/CB
///
///
/// ///
MV distribution network
20 kV line-to-line
0
Transformer
Load
Pole
Plate
Bus
HV-MV subtransmission network 110 kV
///
0
110/20 kV
110/20 kV
1
12
Feeder 2
Feeder 1
///
2.8 km
///
2
///
4.9 km
4.4 km
3
///
///
0.6 km
13
4
///
0.6 km
///
1.3 km
S3
0.5 km
3.0 km
11
5
14
///
0.3 km
8
S1
///
///
///
10
9
0.8 km 0.3 km
2.0 km
1.7 km
///
7
S2
0.2 km
Load
Transformer
6
1.5 km
Bus
Switch/CB
Fig. 22. CIGRE MV/LV test system [20], [21].
0.151 H
0.5968 H
0.5968 H
0.0365 H
3.342 μF
345 kV:422.84 kV
1196 MVA
345 kV:422.84 kV
1196 MVA
0.0365 H
7.522 μF
26 μF
0.1364 H
74.28 μF 6.685 μF
15.04 μF 167.2 μF
12-Pulse Rectifier
12-Pulse Inverter
15.04 μF
6.685 μF
0.0136 H
Fig. 23. CIGRE HVDC test system.
0.0061 H
0.0606 H
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G G
G
G
G
G G
G G
Fig. 24. CIGRE 32 (Nordic) test system [22].
IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by VILLUM FONDEN - Denmark under the VILLUM Investigators Grant called
REPEPS.
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