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Table Of Contents:
What’s included: Ready-to-study anatomy, physiology and pathology notes of the integumentary system presented
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OVERVIEW OF SKIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPALS OF DERMATOLOGY
BENIGN CYSTIC SKIN LESIONS
o EPIDERMAL CYST
o PILAR CYST (TRICHILEMMAL CYST)
o GANGLION CYST
o MILIUM
- BENIGN FIBROUS SKIN LESIONS
o DERMATOFIBROMA
o SKIN TAGS
- BENIGN HYPERKERATOTIC LESIONS
o SEBORRHEIC KERATOSIS
o CORNS / ‘HELOMATA’
- BENIGN PIGMENTED LESIONS
o CONGENITAL NEVOMELANOCYTIC NEVI (‘BIRTH MARK’)
o ACQUIRED NEVOMELANOCYTIC NEVI (COMMON MOLE)
o ATYPICAL NEVUS (DYSPLASTIC NEVUS)
o EPHELIDES (FRECKLES)
o SOLAR LENTIGO
- VASCULAR LESIONS
o HAEMANGIOMAS
o PORT-WINE STAINS
- ACNEIFORM ERUPTIONS
o ACNE VULGARIS (COMMON ACNE)
o ROSACEA
- DERMATITIS (ECZEMA)
o ACUTE DERMATITIS/ECZEMA
o SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS
o STASIS DERMATITIS (VENOUS ECZEMA)
o LICHEN SIMPLEX CHRONICUS
o ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
- PAPULOSQUAMOUS DISEASES
o LICHEN PLANUS:
o PITYRIASIS ROSEA
o PSORIASIS
- VESICULOBULLOUS DISEASES
o BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID
o PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
o DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
o PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA
- DRUG ERUPTIONS
o MORBILLIFORM DRUG REACTIONS
o URTICARIAL DRUG REACTIONS
- HERITABLE DERMATOSIS
o ICHTHYOSIS VULGARIS
o NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1
VITILIGO
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
o
o IMPETIGO (SCHOOL SORES)
o ERYSIPELAS
o CELLULITIS
o FOLLICULITIS
o FURUNCLES (BOILS) & CARBUNCLES
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
o PITYRIASIS (TINEA) VERSICOLOR
PARASITIC INFECTIONS
PARASITIC INFECTIONS
SCABIES
o LICE (PEDICULOSIS)
- VIRAL INFECTIONS
o HERPES SIMPLEX
o CHICKEN POX (VARICELLA ZOSTER)
o HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
o MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
o HPV WARTS (VERRUCA VULGARIS)
- PREMALIGNANT & MALIGNANT SKIN CONDITIONS
o ACTINIC KERATOSIS (SOLAR KERATOSIS)
o BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
o SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
o KERATOACANTHOMA
o MALIGNANT MELANOMA
- PEDIATRIC EXANTHEMS
o MEASLES VIRUS
o RUBELLA VIRUS (“GERMAN MEASLES)
o HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19 (“5TH DISEASE”)
o SCARLET FEVER
o SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME (SSS)
o TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS)
- PROCEDURAL DERMATOLOGY
- SKIN PATHOLOGY – UNDER A MICROSCOPE
- EXAMPLES OF EXAM QUESTIONS
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OVERVIEW OF SKIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
OVERVIEW OF SKIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Functions of Normal Skin:
• Mechanical barrier
• Chemical barrier
• Prevent Fluid Loss (Overlapping Cells & Intercellular Lipid → Minimises loss of Water)
• Defence against micro-organisms
• Immunological barrier
• Endocrine organ – (Produces Vitamin-D under UV)
• Vitamin D → Maintains Calcium Homeostasis (↑Ca+ Absorption in Gut & ↑Renal Ca+ Retention)
• Melanin → Protects against UV
• Thermoregulation – (Varying blood flow →Allows heat Conservation or Evaporative Cooling)
• Sensory organ
Basic Structure of Normal Skin:
- 3 Layers:
o Epidermis (Top Cellular Layer):
 Keratinocytes
 Melanocytes
 The 5 Layers of the Epidermis:
 1) Stratum Germinativum/Basale:
o Single layer of cuboidal/columnar cells
 2) Stratum Spinosum (Prickle Cell layer):
o Several layers of polyhedral cells
 3) Stratum Granulosum:
o 3-5 layers flattened cells
 4) Stratum Lucidum:
o (Present only on very thick layers of epidermis (Eg: Glabrous Skin
[palms/feet]))
o = The Lucid layer of Flattened Cells before Stratum Corneum
 5) Stratum Corneum:
o 5-50 layers of Flattened, Dead Cells (Squames)
o Protective Barrier; Holds in Moisture
o Cytoplasm is filled with keratin & keratohyalin granules
o Dermis (Middle Fibrous Layer):
 Connective Tissue
 Blood Vessels
 Nerves (Sensory Receptors & Free Nerve Endings)
 Hair Follicles + Arrector Pili (the Smooth Muscle)
 Note: Skin without hair – (Eg: Palms & Soles) = “Glabrous Skin”
 Note: Skin With Hair – (Ie: Rest of the body) = “Non-Glabrous Skin”
 Glands (Sweat, Sebaceous)
 Contains Some Cells:
 Fibroblasts: Synthesis and degradation of connective tissue
 Histiocytes/Macrophages: Phagocytic cells
 Mast cells: Secretory cells →Vasoactive Mediators (histamine) → Skin Allergies
 Lymphocytes: Small number collect around blood vessels in normal skin
 2 Layers:
 (R) - Reticular Layer (thick Collagen, lower layer) - much stronger
 (P) - Papillary layer (fine Collagen, upper layer) – weaker
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o Hypodermis :(Fat
Layer):
 Adipose Tissue
https://www.stuvia.com/en-us/doc/3102163/clinical-skills-en-examinations Functions:
notes-l-complete-guide
 Insulates the body
 Stores Energy