Sonde muonique et instrumentation associée pour
l’étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans
l’expérience ALICE
Fabien Guérin
To cite this version:
Fabien Guérin. Sonde muonique et instrumentation associée pour l’étude du plasma de quarks et de
gluons dans l’expérience ALICE. Physique Nucléaire Expérimentale [nucl-ex]. Université Blaise Pascal
- Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. Français. �NNT : �. �tel-00132781�
HAL Id: tel-00132781
https://theses.hal.science/tel-00132781
Submitted on 22 Feb 2007
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
Numéro d’ordre : DU 1700
EDSF : 506
PCCF T 0606
UNIVERSITE BLAISE PASCAL
(U.F.R. de Recherche Scientifique et Technique)
ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES FONDAMENTALES
THESE
présentée pour obtenir le grade de
DOCTEUR D’UNIVERSITE
(SPECIALITE : PHYSIQUE CORPUSCULAIRE)
par
Fabien GUERIN
Maître ès-Sciences, Diplômé d’Etudes Approfondies
Sonde muonique et instrumentation associée pour
l’étude du plasma de quarks et de gluons dans
l’expérience ALICE
Thèse soutenue le 30 novembre 2006, devant la commission d’examen :
Président :
Examinateurs :
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
A.
H.
P.
G.
A.
P.
BALDIT
BOREL
DUPIEUX
MARTINEZ
MUSSO
ROSNET
Directeur de thèse
Rapporteur
Rapporteur
: !# #" # #!! 6 # #/
# # "# 4 ! # # !" #4#! . # ! , # # ; # #! 6 ; ! #4 # #4 < . & ! ! 6
! # # !" !# #!# #4#! ,
4 "#! ; 8 ,#= ; %!2 , #4 2#
! <" #4#! . #! # > 4# "#! %!# 7#! #4 <? . (4 7! #4
# ; <? .
> ; ! " %&$ !# # ! # /
!. # 8# # 8"?# ! # # !6# #6 # ! # ! # "#
! ## ! ! !# !#
? !
> "#! ; ! # !# # # ! /
#" # ; #4 & 7# , # "#!
#6 #- > ! # 0 0 0 7 # ;
#" ##@# A >B %#0 7<#0 #40 0 # 0 # 0
: & C 8 ! A # #B # ! # !# # #4 ! # #2D# > "#!
!!# %!6 ! # ! !#
!! E0 # !0 @ # ! > "#! A F "#<#B #4 A# ! 6 B
# !# # # .
#!0 < ; 2# "# ; # ; 2. #! # # #4 #! # ##
! # # ! . , ; 4 !"#$ %&
GG 8#! G5 &# / ?# *# A* B G5G $ G55 & &#"#" * G53 &# # !#" * G3 & !## #F "! G3G & .! # AI ,$ 7#" ,! JB G35 &# # # * G33 & #"# # * GH & !! ! !#/!#4 GHG &4! #/!! !! GH5 &# #! !! GH3 & M # !# #! GH3G & ##" !# I #@" J GH35 &M GH33 & I ! 8!# # J 8 GN & "# !## #F "! GNG & 4# ! "! #! GNGG &# !! GNG5 &# " GNG3 ,.! # # GN5 &# " # # ! GN5G &# # ! # pT GN55 &# < I < " J GN3 &# #F# GN3G $ GN35 &# #F ! GN33 &# #F# GN3H
#6 !# 6#6 ' (
5G & &( 55 &6 %&$ 55G &# # #! 55GG &$ AI $ # F" ? JB 55G5 &# AI < # JB 55G3 & AI # ## JB
4
($
G
5
5
3
H
K
L
G
GG
G3
GH
GH
GN
GN
GO
GO
GO
GK
5
5
5G
55
53
53
5
5O
5L
)*
3O
3L
H5
H5
H3
H3
+
%7& ,%$P
55GH
55GN
& + AI +2 !" JB & (, $ AI (" , # ! $ #
JB 55G & (+ AI (+ JB 55GO & ,%& I ! ,#" %& JB 55GK #!#2 2# # /
!# # #! 555 & ; "# # 555G & 9 AI 9 " #! JB 5555 & , AI ,!! ? JB 5553 & , AI @# ,!! ? JB 555H & 555N & : 553 & . ; 553G &# 2#! 5535 & !#" 2# # 5533 & ! 553H & # #< "# 553N & ! ; 553 & ?. ! . ; 55H & ?. ! 55N &# #* AI ## # * JB ! (& AI (" &4! "" JB
53 & ?. ! . ; 53G $ 53GG ! I "" J 53G5
I "" J 53G3 #! ! pT A # B 535 & 535G $ 5355
5353 & %&$ 533 &# "# 53H &! I / J 53N &! I "" J 53NG &! I "" J ! #! 53N5 &! I "" J "#! 53N3 &! I "" J "! #! 53NH &! ! ) # , - 3G $ 35 & 2 6#! 35G
"#! 355 ## !# 353 ## I J "#! ! 33 %#!? 2# !# 33G # !# # 335 %#!? !" !Q # !# 335G Q # !# 3355 (" !Q # !# HN
HN
H
HO
HO
HO
HK
HK
N
N
N
NG
N5
N5
NH
NH
NH
NN
NN
NO
NK
NK
NK
NK
NK
5
5
H
O
./
L
O
O
O
O5
OH
OH
OH
OH
ON
+
%7& ,%$P
3353 " 335H # Q # ; KR 333 ! ##! 33H ! !! 3H ! 0
) ON
OO
OL
K
K5
!, #1 "
HG ,4# H5 !# ,/#! H3 H3G & M H35 ! #4 # H35G ApT0 ηB AπB F# ASB H355 ApT0 ηB # # #6 H353 ApT0 ηB # Aφ0 >Dψ0 ΥB HH & 2# I "" J HHG Q # I "" J HHGG Q # I "" J ! HHG5 Q # I "" J ! AπDSB→ µ0 ! #
!# # HHG3 Q # I "" J ! "#! Aφ0 >Dψ ΥB HH5 #6 I "" J HH5G HH55 # ! I "" J HH53 , #6 I "" # J HH5H ? !! !# # 2 !# #! HH5N #6 M 2 !# #! HH5 8# HH5O #6 I "" # J # M #/
HH5K #6 I "" # J #4 ! M /
# HH5L # HH3 #6 # # I "" J HN ! 2)
K3
KH
KH
KH
KN
KN
KK
L
LG
L3
L3
3 ! 4! NG ,4# N5 8# # N5G N55 N53 ! N5H # " N5HG & #F# N5H5 & ! N5H3 & / ! N3 6# #6 LN
LK
GG
GG
GG
GH
GH
GN
G
GO
GK
GGO
GGL
G5G
'3
G5N
G5
G5
G5
G5O
G5O
G5K
G5K
G3
G3
+
%7& ,%$P
N3G
N35
6# #6 # ! 6# !# #6 # !0
!# # ! #F# N35G 2 N355 %< "! #! #6 NH ' !# # ! NHG $ NH5
# .! NH3 Υ′ /Υ 2 !# #! NN ! 1 %G
%5
%3
%H
$ & ?# !! /?#
!! ?#/?#
56
7 87 6!"
G3G
G3N
G3O
GH
GH5
GH5
GHN
GH
GHO
0/
3
GNG
GNG
GN5
GN3
.)
.2
./
! #0 ! ? ! #"# # !#
#. !# # !# !! ! !#/!#4 &#
#. !# #! A0 ?#B # ! /!#
!!/E #F "! +0 # 4 ;
!# ! ! < ; ! # !# #.
# # ?# 6E A# # D
# #?B0 ! #F "! # #4
! ! !# !# / ?# *# A* B 2
I !## #F "! J # ! . / #. !
I 7" 7#" J0 ! 4 # 4 # !! 0 2# 6#0 ! ## 4! 4 ! 4 # ! ! #
#< 4! # !# #. !#0 ! !## #F "!0
## M !! !# # # 2#0
"# ! 4" # # 4 6#! "# #4# # ( #= ,# GLK !# #F# # !# # !## # ##"
! & "# 6#! !! ! !#/!#4 #
# ! # K ; !%8 AI %!#" 8# ? JB0 4 # AI ? JB 50 ! ($ AI !#4
(#4? $ !! JB "# 0 ; # 5O0 ! &(
AI &#" (# !! JB # "# 6#! #4 "
5K 2 ; !! ($ & # 6 !# # !" 2# #6 M " M #"# # !# #. !#
# 5 # 6!# #"# # !# #. !#0 6 !# 2# # !## <; 4 # 6 0 # 6!0 !# >Dψ 4 # !#
# # pT 4 # ($ 50 ! ! !#
# # ! # ! 6 ; ! # 4! # !# #.0 T !
#F ! "! 0 #4# 4 # ! !! ! # 5N0 ! !# # ! # . # # ($ ; !# M #U#0 ! 0 !# 2# # !#
#. !# . . # # ! !! ! #F "! 4! # !# #. 4 # ($ M ! # # !# 2 # # T
! *8 I "!? # " *#F/8! !## J #0 !
2# # # !! # # ($ ! ! "# # !! " ## ? 4! # !# #.
6
. "# !# #. 4# # ! # G0 ! 6 /
6#! !# ? !! ! !#/!#4 #
# ! # 50 ! ## 2 !! &( AI &#"
(# !! JB %&$ AI % &#" $ !! 6 JB0
! ; ! !! ! !#/!#40 & 2# / !# # #! /
. ; "#! #!0 # # #
#!! ?. ! . ; ! # # ! # 30 < # !##!? 2# AI 4 !# # JB !# !" !
! ?. ! . ; & 2# ? 2# # # 53 %. 2 6#! 0 ##!? 2# 0 ! # !. !" !Q # 0 # #
! # H0 ! 2# ?. ! Q/
# 2 ! 0 # !# ,/#!0 #
# ! # N0 < # 6# #6 /
#F# ; # # 4## # " # #. !! / # &( #4 ! .
; & !# %
" " *
*
*
'('
" # %&' ( % & % ) %& !
#
$
$
&
+ '+ + ,
%& . / !!#!
! . !0 ! ? !# #. # ! #. ; # !# ; ! /
%<0 !# ! # ! !# 6 2#!! ! 2
A# ! /B ! A# ! B & 2
! # ! 4 !# #. & 0 ! 0 !! !
## ; 2#!! & 0 # ; 60 # !
#" # ! 2 # ! # *# # 2#/
#! ; <
V !# ! #" . !! 0 ! #"0 ! ! #" # #/
!# # ! ! & 0 # !!0 !
G
'
V
V
# ; # &# # !
! # ! #" ! ! ; !# ! #/
" W
V !# !# 2# ! # ! !# ## 4 β ± #4 # 0 ! #2 W ± Z 0 # 6 ;
# 6E 0 ! !# #!! ! A10−18 B
& # !0 ! ; !# !# 2# !0 #" 2# ! W
V !# !# 2 # !# ?#6 # & # ! "! # ! ; !# #!! A4 10−15 B & # !0 ! ; !# !# 20 #" ! W
V !# "#4#!! "4 !# ?# !4 #/
0 !6 ?0 ! "#4 # "#/
! ! # ! ! ; !# "#4#!!
#. !# !# 4#! !# # !" E = mc2 & ,.! ## XG℄ ! . # !# /
!# ?# # ! !# &# "#4#!!0 ! # .!0 # "!"# ! ; ! !! # !/
# M0 ; ! !! !#0 !# "#4#!! ! 1040 ! 2# ! !# ! #"
& ,.! ## ? 4## ## !# ?# # ! !# &# ! #"
! " ? AGB # # !# 4# !# #"
! &# 2# ! # ; !! # " ? A5B½ /
# # !# 4# # 2# ! % 4 !# #" !0
!# !# 2 ! " ? A3Bc + " 6 !# 20 ! ! ! #F0 4# ! /
# #6!! ! ! & ! Ae0 µ0 τ 0 ! # νe 0 νµ ντ B ! ; !# ! 2# ! A # !#
2 ! #" !# 2 !# 2# ! # 8!#@0 #!# Z/
"B0 #! ! #F Au0 d0 s0 c0 b tB ! ; ! # ? !# 2 20 ! #" ! # #6
! 6 # #" ! + ! ! ! #F0 !
6 "#! # # ! #! # & # # !
!# #F D ##F + " 6 !#
# 4# ! #F ! Aq q̄B #F ##F ! #? #F Aqqq B
& # ! A !# B 4/;/4 !# 2
# !0 # ! # ,.! ##0 /
4 6#! # !# 0 # 6!0 ! #F # AGLONB0
! "! AGLOLB0 ! W ± Z 0 AGLK3B ! #F AGLLNB
'()
*+, - .- /
; !# 4 6#! ∆++ 0 # 3 #F I J
AuuuB #?# # [GD50 4# " ! 0 !# #" !0
½ n×n "9#$ %$ :%;
)
# # 8 " X5℄ # 4! ! 6 ! #!¾
$! "#! # 4# " ! # ! #! !
Q # # # !! ! / # ! !# !6 & #F . # #" ! # ! 3 ! !
A"0 : 7!B &# # !# 20 !# / ?#
*# A* B0 <#" /# ! A )#"/,!! X3℄B0
! " ? A3Bc * XH℄0 !# ?# # #F ! A# # B 4 !# !#"#" #
Ldirac =
Nf
3 α=1 j=1
α
Ψj (iγ µ ∂µ − m)Ψjα
AGGB
T Ψjα ! # #F # m0 #4 j Aj = u, d, s, c, b, tB0 12 ! α Aα = 1, 2, 3B !#"#" 4##
# # ; #2# <#" ! #! " <#" A3Bc 0 /
!# #! # !# !#"#" !# 4 #!! ∂µ # !# 4
4## Dµ
Dµ = ∂µ − ig
8
Ta Aaµ
AG5B
a=1
T Ta ! K "# " <#" A3Bc Aaµ ! K <#" !# A3Bc <#" ! # "! ! a
Aa = 1, ..., 8B # 4## 0 ! !#" ! # #F Ψjα
! # "! Aaµ ###- #! # !# !#"#" 4# ! α
AG3B
gΨj γ µ Ta Aaµ Ψjα
T ! # ! a0 α0 µ j ! &# # g !# # !#" * ## # ! !# &# !#"#" !# / ?# *#0 4# !# ?#/
#F "!0 #!
1
α
µ
j
LQCD = − Gaµν Gµν
a + Ψj (iγ Dµ − m)Ψα
4
AGHB
T ! ! a0 α0 µ0 ν j ! & 0 4##
<#" ! #!0 !# #"# # "! ! 0 #4
Gaµν
=
∂µ Aaν
−
∂ν Aaµ
+g
8
fbca Abµ Acν
AGNB
b,c=1
T ! ##. fbca ! # " A3Bc & 0 ###- # ! ?# # A* B0 ## <#" /# ! #- !#" "! A/
# "!/"!B0 ! "! #" ! $! ¾ ! 0
V
V
!" ### # * 0 # ! <#"0 ! 0 # #" ! \ # !# !#"#" * 0 ## 4 ! #/
4 #F ! # # "! A4#! #6
# ,#6@!! * B # # !# * SQCD (A, Ψ, Ψ) =
dt d3 x LQCD
AGB
+ "#!0 # ##!" #4 !# * 0 # ! ! ."! ?# !#
* # # ! #! ! #2 Q # A4# #"#
?#B ! # #F/#F0 "!/#F0 "!/"!
&# # !#" g 0 I J A# # #4 ! 4 #B0
###- # ! !#" A !#" ! # #F !
# "!B !# !#"#" * 0 E # ##!"
#4 !# * αS =
g2
4πh̄c
AGOB
\ # ] # 4 # A # #!# #
#F/##F ! #F/##F # ! 2#! #"# ?#B0 . !## 40 ##!" ; ! * 0 4# /
##" !# #" !0 !# #" M 4 A
#!B - # !# # 0 /;/ # !" #"
* 0 !# M !! #4 !# * 4 2# ! ! "!
<#!! 4 4 M #/ # # # #
; !M # ! #F !# # 4 !# #" #! # ! # !# * 0 ; #4 !# #" #!
-0 # !" -
&# * <#" #!# ! XH℄0 /;/ !! ! 4 ? * # !# #"# ?# ;
! ! ; !# # !#" 2 ! !! " Q ; !#!! !# 4 ! ?
αS (Q2 ) =
α (µ2 )
S
Q2
33 − 2Nf
2
1 + αS (µ )
ln 2
12π
µ
AGKB
T Nf ! #4 #F µ ! !! " /
#!# &# # !#" # # ! #"# ; ! ! ! #4 # . "#
ANf < 17B0 4 αS (Q2 ) - ; Q2 #"0 /;/ !# # !#" 4 ; 2# ! # A2# ! # !
#F ! "!B ## !# * #!! !# ! #? A" GGB
$! ! !# # !#" # ! ##. !!
Λ !# #. 4#
"9#$ %$ :%;
αS (Q2 ) =
12π
Q2
(33 − 2Nf ) ln 2
Λ
3
12π
2
Λ2 = µ2 e (33 − 2Nf )αS (µ )
−
#4
AGLB
6 ; " ! ! !! " Q2 ; !#/
!! !# 4 ! ?
V Q2 >> Λ2 αS (Q2 ) 0 ! 4! #2 !# * # αS 4#!# ! & #F #! #/! A! #?B ! # " !# * #4 W
V Q2 ≃ Λ2 !# # !#" 4"0 ! # #2 !#
* ! 4#!# ! & #F ! "! #" 2 # # " 4 ! #F "!
! # " !# * / #4
& ##. !! ##. ! !# * E 6#! ##. !! 6 # ! 6#! XN℄
; Λ = 210 ,: Nf = 50 !# # !#"0 αS 0 "#! ; 0, 1182 4#! * 6 ; !# # # Z 0 A" GGB
Lattice
NNLO
Theory
Data
α s(Q)
NLO
0.5
Deep Inelastic Scattering
e+e- Annihilation
Hadron Collisions
Heavy Quarkonia
0.4
Λ(5)
MS
{
245 MeV
QCD
211 MeV
O(α 4s)
181 MeV
0.3
α s (Μ Z)
0.1210
0.1183
0.1156
0.2
0.1
1
10
< = Q Q [GeV]
100
αS (Q) ℄
.
V
'(0
V
"# $ %#
& .! # X℄ !" #F ; ! # # ! .! # 0 ! #F # ! !#4 # # 4!# ! ; ! #
! !# #!! # & #
.! 4 !! !# 7 6 ! # # ! 4 * !" #F &# # 7 #
!" ! M / #2 * #. .!0 . # ]
#2# AI !! "#= J 3 #F ! B ; 7 40 ! .
7!! #!
3 × Ec +
4π 3
R B = cte
3
#4
Ec =
2, 04
R
AGGB
&" #F ! AEc B ; # !# #
# #0 γ µ pµ Ψ = 00 ; !#!! #< #6 ! # ! 4
* # # ! # 0 ! # ! AJµ = Ψγµ ΨB !#
#" ! Aρ = ΨΨB 4 #! #6 # 0 #?
R
4# !# # # ; R0 !6 !# B #
3 × 2, 04 1
B=
AGGGB
4
4π
R
0 # 6!0 ! #? "#! # #? R = Rp =
0, 8 20 # # !# #
B = 0, 235 8:D23
AGG5B
+ # ! # .! # # #/
##- M0 !# ; ! # 4 ; !!
# A# #M#" D #"# !# ?.B0 !/ ! ! #F # !! 0 4!! # !# #.
0 #F "! A; !# ! B
\ # .!0 ## ! ## ?/
# A# " B !# # # "#= !## #F "! & 6 # /
E "#= #2# # !# 0 ! #! ! ! #0
! 6 #0 ! ! #? µB ! !#
M ! #? #/ #? & #
# A !#/!#4B "#= A2B # T ! #? µB !0 ! A2B !
p 4# ! 7/ A/ # B
1
f (p) = p/T
e ±1
#4
+ ! 2 A#F #/#FB
− ! A0 "!B
&# " "#= #!
AGG3B
! $> 6 ǫ=g
0
∞
*
⎧
7 π2 4
⎪
⎪
g
! 2 A#F #/#FB
⎪
⎨ 8 30 T
4πp2 dp
pf (p) =
⎪
(2π)3
2
⎪
⎪
⎩ g π T 4 ! A0 "!B
30
AGGHB
& 2# " g 4# 3 ! # #6 #
#" Aπ + , π −, π 0 B0 G ! "! A5 # × K # !B 5H
! #F A5 # × 3 # ! × 5 # #4 × 5 # #"B & 2# ODK # # A "B "#= "#= 7
&# !# " "#= #2# !#/!#4 7 A B ! # !# #0 ǫ − 3P = 0 &# " ǫ !# P 4 #! 2 !# #
π2 4
ǫπ = 3 T
30
π2 4
Pπ = 3 T
90
AGGNB
"#= !#/!#40 ǫQGP = 37
π2 4
T +B
30
PQGP = 37
π2 4
T −B
90
AGGB
!## #F "!
&# # 7 ! !## #F "! !# " # # ! #F "!0 #!
; ! &# 4## !# " 2 !#
# !# " G50 ! 6 # "
"". !# # # !# # # !# # !## A !# " ! !# # #B ###- # Tc ∼ 0, 148 8:
AGGOB
&# # Tc # !# "#= 4
"#! ; !# !## #F "! APπ = PQGP = Pc ∼ 20 ,:D23 B
\ # .!0 !# " 0 #4 !# GG0 4#
ǫc ∼ 1 8:D23 \ !# # 0 !# M ! "
!# #! !# 4!0 l 4#
l = ǫQGP (Tc ) − ǫπ (Tc ) ∼ 0, 93 8:D23
AGGKB
#! !# !# #! 4! # # ! ! #F "!0 #! ; ! A 2
" G5B
#! ! !# 4 E ; ! /! &# /
# !# " 0 #4 .! !#4
!0 # . !# #! ! ! #! *
# A 2 ##"# 4#B
2
ǫ/T 4
V
V
20
18
16
ǫQGP
14
12
10
8
6
4
ǫπ
2
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Tc
0.45
T
0.5
" #
<' = " ! & #! ! * # ! !
## ?# !# # # "#= #
!## #F "! &# * # XL℄ # ! #! ! * # ! # " T ! # #2
! 4#!# ! # # # ! ! #F "! & ; !# / ! &# #!! !# #!!
!# # # !! ! 0G 2 & "#! # #!! 0 ! 3 20 4 #! !
#! ! & ; #! ! 4 ! ; !# #!!
!# #!! !# # #! ! !#6
! # ! 0 !# * # #! ! !# 2 /
# "# # Z(T, V, µB ) ?. ; # T ;
! #? µB + ! 4# ! /
?#0 ; #4 !# " ǫ0 !# P ! S 0 ; !# !# 4# XK℄
T2
ǫ=
V
∂ ln Z
∂T
P =T
V,µB
∂ ln Z
∂V
P,µB
S=
∂T ln Z
∂T
AGGLB
V,µB
&# " G3 !4! !# ǫ A; "# B ! # A; B ?. 2 !# # T 0 ; ! #?/
µB ! & !# # #4 !# # Tc 0 #
4## # !# " ?.0 ## !# ! #/
" ! # ?.0 # #
# # D # ; 2# !
! #? # # ? I 4 J
# ! 4## ! ?# # "! A/
B \ ! "# ! 0 !# # # # #4 !# " # 4#" !# #
Tc XG℄ & # A" G3 ; B !# 4# !# # *8 # # ; !! "#= #2# #F "!
! $> 6 /
A# # ! #F ! "!B !! ǫ−3P = 0 4#0
#0 " ! #0 2 0 #" 2 #
!# # !## # ! E ; . # #
\ ! #? !0 # # !## 6 #4 #F !" Au, dB ## ! # Tc =
173 ± 15 ,: " ǫc = 0, 7 8:D23 XK℄
9.0
16.0
14.0
8.0
εSB/T4
ε/T4
4
(ε−3p)/T
nf=3
nf=2+1
nf=2
nf=0
7.0
12.0
6.0
10.0
5.0
8.0
4.0
6.0
3 flavour
2+1 flavour
2 flavour
4.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
T/T c
1.0
T/T c
4.0
0.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
<) = #
$ # $ % &℄ '
# $ " # $ ( '
" ( $! 2# # # # #"# !# ##
!# ? #! #. ! #! ! * # XK℄
! & #"# # !# #. !# # ! !# AµB , T B0 #! !
* # XGG℄0 !# " GH & #"# # # 6 #4 #F !" Au, dB #4 #F ! AsB #"#0 " # M
V ! "#= # # !# ! # ! # 4/;/4 !# #" ! # # # ; 2# !
# ; 2# ! ! #? W
V ! !## #F "! # ! # !
#F "! ! . " ! !
# # !! ; # # W
V # # ! ! #F !# #
# 0 ## # # ! # # ; ! #? !4 ; 2# ! #/
#. ! #! ! * #0 !# # # ! "#= #
! !## # ; 2# ! ! #? A# ?
I 4 JB 4# µB ! !4 6# # 6 # T !# # # & #! ! * # ! ; µB = 360 ± 40 ,:
; T = 162 ± 2 ,: XG℄ &# #. !# I #! J ; µB = µ0 ∼
940 ,:0 ρ0 = 0, 16 8:D230 ; T = 00 !! ! # # !
&# !" U# ; ; !# # !/"#= ?
V
V
&# # # ! "#= # ! *8 # 6! # !
!! ! # &( ; !# " # ; µB ∼ 0
T
quark-gluon
plasma
~170
MeV
00
11
00
11
00
11
deconfined,
χ -symmetric
hadron gas
confined,
χ -SB
1
0
0
1
0
1
color
superconductor
µo
few times nuclear
matter density
µ
<0 = #µB , T $ " ( #u, d$ ( #s$ ))℄
'(1
## # #+#2
0 #4 4 !# # # ! "#= # ! !## #F "! # ! ; # 6E T = 173 ,:0
; # ! G13 S \ ##0 !# #
# !! ! G8 S
+T 4 ?# 6E ^
V # ! . I 7" 7#" J ! # 4#
!4! ! 4 !/ 0 ; 0 4# !#
2 !## #F "! =# F!. !
#. ! I 7" 7#" J0 ! 4 # # #
4 ! 4 # # #< W
V # _ ! ! ! !## #F "! /
# 6 # ! ; 0 T !# #? .
# W
V ! !! ! ! ? ! # ! ? 4 4!! # !# #. !# &
?#6 ! # ! <; 4 !! !#
!.0 !! !## #F "! #
#! 2 # ! " # # !! !! !#! &# " # # !! #" #4 !"
2# #6 ! - 9 +
& ## ! 2 ! !! #! ?#/?# #4
! # !# AI ? JB0 ($ AI !#4
(#4? $ !! JB &( AI &#" (# !! JB # !
# !# GG 5O0 # " # #! #4 ! &( !
!## #F "!0 #4 " 2# #6 5K 2
; !! ($0 ! # !## ! #0 !
!" ! !! #!
√
A8:B
ǫ A8:D23B
τ0 A2D B
τQGP A2D B
τf A2D B
Vf A23 B
sNN
A B
/
($ A7 &B
%/%
GO0K
3
∼G
5
N
∼ 05
5/H
∼ 5/3
! 104
<2
G
! 103
∼
( : ;
797
33??
.9.0
∼ ?@
> ?
∼ )?90?
$ $ ?
< = #√sNN $ τ = 1 * #ǫ$ #τ0 $ #τQGP $
+ , - #τf $ + , - #Vf $ ./. 012 '1 )3 )4 ) ℄
" #$% & # # ! # 7<F XG5℄0 !4! #/!! !! ! !#/!#4 # ! !# Az, tB !# " GN T ! ? !
; τ # # ! # #0 !
M # !4! !! ! 4#
V ; τ < 00 ! ?#6 # # ! <; # 4 .
!! !# !. # ! 2! # !# !!0
! ?#6 #! !# 2 # 2R/γ T γ ! 2# !#4 &= R ! #? ?# & I ! 8!# # J
A 8B A 2 `GH33B # < ! # ; 4# !# !!
<; τ < 0, 2 2D W
V ; τ = 00 ! ?#6 ! !! ! . !!
#/# ! W
V ! !! # ; 4! ! ?. 4! 4
! #F "! !# " ; !# " Aǫc B !# #!! !# 4 ! √
t2 − z 2 τ
τ=
$ % & ' ( 2R/γ ) *'**+ R
( , 6, 624 %
V
'
V
#= "#0 ! ?# #! # ; τ = τ
*8 #! 2 W
V 0 ! *8 2 ; # 6# !"#! # ?/
?# 2#0 ! ?. #! # #
? I 4 J ; T = Tc = 173 ,: ! *8 4! "4
4 "#= # % # 0 ! " ! # # ! ?. 4 #! # # # W
V 0 ! ?. 4! "#= # ! # !! "
6 # &# . # T ! !! !#
! "! AI #! 2= JB &# #/
#! 6 &# 6. ! "! AI #! 2= JB
# T ! ? # ! !! !#0 !# #
# #! " ." 4!! 2 # ! # ! µ
µ
t
freeze−out
Jet
k
π
hadronisation
symétrie chirale
équilibre thermique
équilibre chimique
déconfinement
hadrons
mixte
plasma
partons
thermalisation
z
<3 = 5
5
67 ( )8℄
#4 4 ! !## #0 2 #!0 6# ??/
# !"#! + # 4! !# "0
!# # ! ?. # ! ^
; 0 7<F XG5℄ # ! ?. ]
!#4 #2# # #6 ! !??# !#4 ??#/
!#40 ! "/! E 40 #4
T µν = (ǫ + P )uµ uν − P g µν
AG5B
# ! !## "#= #2# !#/!#40 !# !#
" ! # !# # ǫ − 3P = 0 & .! 7<F
"#! 4## ?. # # ; !# # y &6#
∂µ T µν = 0
- 9 +
)
?. τ = t 1 − vz2 T vz !# 4 !/
"#! !6# ?. # ! 2! !# # 6#
4#! ; !6# ! 4 # ! # ( ! #!0
!# 4! !# " 2 τ
∂ǫ 4 ǫ
+
=0
∂τ
3τ
AG5GB
!4# #0 4 !4! !# "0 !# /
# AT ∝ ǫ1/4 B ! 4! As = (ǫ + P )/T B 2 τ
ǫ(τ ) =
τ0
τ
4/3
ǫ0 ,
T (τ ) =
τ0
τ
1/3
T0 ,
s(τ ) =
τ0
s0
τ
AG55B
T s00 T0 ǫ0 4 !0 !# # !# "
#! ?. ; τ = τ0 = τ # ! E ! #
4! ! 4 # ! .! I 7"/7#" J0 !# 4 ! .! 7<F ! .! I &!/7#" J #4 4 /
!# # "#= #2# # # 4#!# ! ! !## #F
"! # ! #F ! "! #" 2 Aǫ > 3P B + !# " #!
ǫ0
τ0
τ0
> ǫ(τ ) > ǫ0
τ
τ
4/3
AG53B
T ! ; !4! !# " ?. #6
# !# !! τ < τ "
$ # &# #! !# !! ; # ##. # b !# !!
!# # #4 ## ! 6 ?#6 &# #! !#
!! ! ; !# " # ! !# !! ! !#
!! #!0 ! ! ##. # ! !# "
# !4 # ! !! !0 !# b ! 4# ! ? ?. 2 !# "
& ##. # b # # ! # ! !! ! & .! " 8!# XGK℄ A 2 #6 %B ! ##. ; 4# ! # ! !! !" D !# !! ! ## ! ##. # !# Q # /
?0 ! .! 8!# #! !# Q # ?#/?# A 2 #6 %B
# !! ?#/?# A%/7B0 ! "#! ! #
4## ! ! ; !# #!0 !! V N AN B ! ! # # A #B ; !# !!
?#/?# ! # # ! # ; # !!
!# W
V N ! !! / !# # !! ?#/
?#
# ! !! ?#/?#0 4## ! !! ! 6#/
! ! 4# ! !! / #6 !! ?#/?# M0 ! 0
V
V
I J A "# Q # D 2# ! pT B # !! ?#/?# A%/7B0 N 0 N
1
= N
2
×N
AG5HB
T N ! I J # !! / %! !
I J A 2# ! Q # D # pT B # !! ?#/?# A%/7B0 N 0 T N N
= N × N AG5NB
! I J # !! /
" ' #$ & 2# # !# RpA (p , b) ! M #
#! # ! !! /?# /?# 2# !#
#. 4#
d2 N /d2 p dy
R (p , y, b) =
< N (b) > ×d2 N /d2 p dy
AG5B
T N (b) ! !! / !# # !! /?#
A/%B E !# ! .! 8!# A 2 %6 %B
<0<)< - 6 A "B6 C
& !! ?#/?# M # # 4# #0 ! 2# # !
# ; ! ?# 4#!0 # 6!0 ! Q # ?#/?# &# # ! # ?# M/
!! ! ! 2# !# # ! M 0 "#! ! # 4# # j A"!
#FB
RjA (x, Q2 ) =
fjA (x, Q2 )
A × fjN (x, Q2 )
AG5OB
T fjA(x, Q2 ) fjN (x, Q2 ) 4 ! #
√
A B ; ! ?# A ! ! N 0 #! x = 2pz / sN N !#
2# ! !"#! # ! # j Q2 ! !!
" ; !#!! ! ! ! ?#
# # "#! ; G0 #! ! ?# A # 4#! /
# ; !# A ! ! &# ! # ?# # # !# # # ; !! !
! & # #0 #! ! #4 ! .! SLK XGO℄0 # ! # ! AA = 208B !# " G 2 x M 4#! Q2 M " ; " # ! # x # ! #
&( Ax ∼ 10−4 B0 ! 2# ##" !# 2 ; G # =0
!# # ! # 2 "! # . #! ! ##" !# AI #@" JB 4#! x ! 0G # ! # 0 # # # # ; G #
M #" !# # ! # 2 "! + #! #!
#/ ##" !# AI #/#@" JB
- 9 +
3
=208
1.3
LHC
( ,
2
)
1.2
1.1
RHIC
SPS
2
10000 GeV
1.0
0.9
0.8
2
0.7
=2.25 GeV
2
0.6
10
-5
10
-4
-3
10
10
-2
<. = 0 10
-1
1
#A = 208$ x 9:.;& ' < Q2 88 =>2 )???? =>2 ' ./. 012 '1 5
" 5
<0<)<' -D # M ; 0 # !# #!0 !M XG℄ # !!/
/?#0 # 4# !! M !# #4
! # ?# # 4 ! #4 ? #"
; !! M !# #4 ! # ?# %0 M
# # # # #6 # ; 2# ! pT 0
# # # #"# #6 ; pT # A∼ 2 − 4 8:D B M # # ; #" A1/3 #! ! "# pT <0<)<) A & C &
& I ! "!# # J XGO0 GK0 35℄ # 4 # ! !# (% A !/
! ! /B !# "! xG(x, Q2 ) 0 !# " GO \ # "0 ! ! !! #F 4#! 0 ! !" #"0 "! !# # ! "! !! ; αS ln(1/x) T x !# 2# ! !/
"#! "! & "! x #<#
# !# "! 2# !0 4! #4 !" !# +
# !# "! ! - ; x Q2 #"0 # #4 ! !# 4 # !6 (%
! !# "! #0 ; # "0 !# "!
#" # ! # !# #F
4! # ! !# "! # .
V
V
!! ## Qs M0 !# "! 4 !! #
# ! ! ! 2 "! # ! !#
# "! # 2 "! Agg → g B
2
2
Q = 20 GeV
Gluon
Density
Grows
2
Q = 200 GeV2
xG(x,Q 2 )
Q
-4
10
2
2
= 5 GeV
-3
10
10
-2
-1
10
x
0000
1111
0000
1111
111
000
0000
1111
111
000
0000
1111
111
000
0000
1111
111
000
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
111
000
0000
1111
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
00
111
000 11
00
11
111
000
11
00
111
000
00
11
111
000
11
00
111
000
111
000
11
0011
111
000
111
000
111
000
11
0000
0000
1111
111
000
11
00
000
111
00
11
111
000
11
00
0000
1111
000 11
111
11
00
111
000
00
11
00111
0000
1111
000
11
00
000
111
111
000
00
11
11
00
0000
1111
0011
11
00
11
00
111
000
000
111
11
00
0000
1111
00
11
00
11
11
00
111
000
000
111
1111
0000
00000
11111
000
111
0000
1111
00
11
11
00
00
11
11
00
000
111
1111
0000
00000
11111
00
111
000
000
111
0000
1111
11
00 11
11
00 111
000
111
0000
1111
00000
11111
00
11
000
000
111
11
00
00000
11111
11
00
1111
0000
00000
11111
111
000
00
111
000
00011
111
00
00000
11111
11
00 11
1111
0000
00000
11111
111
000
111
000
000
111
111
000
11
00
00000
11111
1111
0000
00000
11111
111
000
111
000
111
000
11
00
11
00
00000
11111
11
00
00000
11111
111
000
111
000
111
00011
11
00
00000111
11111
111
000
00
00000
11111
000
111
000
111
000
11
00
00000
11111
000
111
11
00
111
000
11
00
0000
1111
111
000
00000
11111
111
000
11
00
00
11
11
00
0000
1111
111
000
111
000
11
00111
00000
11111
111
000
00111
11
00
11
11
00
0000
1111
000
11
00
111
000
000
00
11
001111
11
11
00
0000
111
000
11
00
00
11
11
00
0000
111
000
00
11
0000
1111
111
000
11
00
00
11
11
00111
1111
000011
001111
111
000
0000
000
11
00
00
11
1111
0000
11
00
000
111
11
00
111
000
0000
1111
111
000
111
000
11
00
111
000
1111
000011
111
000
11
00111
000
111
000
1111
000000
11
00
111
000 111
11
00000
111
000
111
000
111
00011
0000
1111
11
00
111
000
111
000
111
0000011
1111
0000
00
11
00
111
000
11
00111
11
00
111
000
111
000
11
00
00011
111
00
11
11
00000
0011
11
000
00
11
111
000
00
000
111
00
11
00111
11
00
111
000
00
11
00
000
111
11
00 11
111
000
11
00
00
00
0011
11
000
111
11
00 11
11
0011
00
11
111
000
11
0000
0011
11
11
00
00
Low Energy
High Energy
<* = x < Q " 190@ # $ 0 x # $ x # $ # $
2
& ! 8!# # # "#! 6! # M # #!
! ##" !# AI #@" JB !M \ x0 !# "! !! # # ! ! !
"! 6 ! M ?# 4 #! # 2 "! # 0 ! x0 !# "! ?# 4 #!
2 ; % 2 !# "! !
xG (x, Q2 ) < A × xG (x, Q2 )
⇐⇒
RgA (x, Q2 ) < 1
AG5KB
T RgA (x, Q2 ) ! 2# ! ##" !#
& 8 6! ! . ##" !# ; x &
8 ! ##" !# #" ; x # !! !/?#0 ; # !# "# # ; x0 # ! #! #" ! 2 #4 ! # ?#
& !! !# #! ! # ! !
M # ; pT A"# Q # B 4 ! ; "# pT M0 ; "# pT A# " 2# ! Q # B0 !# M #
! !! & 8 6! "#! !M $! 2# !# 2# 8 # ! 6#! ($ &# " GK ! 2# # !#0
RdAu (p )0 ! # ; M # # ! !! /% #
!6 7%(, X5℄ \ 2# ! #0 # ; # pT # # ; # pT 40 ## !M \ "# # A xB0 # ; ! pT 40
## ! ##" !# AI #@" JB *# !# # #" Ax
B0 !#! #"0 # ! 8 X5G℄
& &( # ! 8 # ! . x0 #4 6 ∼ 10−4
; η ∼ 0 4# <; x ∼ 10−7 ! "# # &
6 ! $> 6 2
h ++h2
η= 0
1
0.5
0
1
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
p T [GeV/c]
6
0
-
η = 2.2
2
3
4
5
1
6
p T [GeV/c]
<2 = 0
0
η = 3.2
h
-
1.5
0.5
1
2
h
1.5
R d+Au
1.5
R d+Au
R d+Au
1.5
2
h ++h2
η= 1
R d+Au
2
*
1
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
pT [GeV/c]
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
pT [GeV/c]
A RdAu (pÌ ) " 60@1B. 5@ 8?℄
<5
. ; %&$ #2# # # A−4 < η <
−2, 5B
& !! /?# /?# ! ! M
# !# #! T # !## #F "! # 2
& !! ?#/?# 4 E 4 #
!## #F "! #?# M !# # # # # T M "!"# !
'(3
% "# $ %#
! !## #F "! !! 2 # ! !! ! !#/!#40 # ; # # ##.
? # # # # # # ! # T ! !##
# 2 " # # 2# ! "# #4# ! "#
V ! W
V !#"# !#" W
V !# #F# W
V !# <
! ! 6 . "# # !# $! 2# ! ! 4# ! "# # !! " 4!!
# !# #. !# !0 # 4 0 ! ! "# # "#! ## ? 4!! # !# #. !#
+ "#0 ! 6 "#! 4# ! "! #!0 # 6!
!# "0 !# !! !# #!0 ## !#
!! # 4# ! 4 2 # # !#
! 2# # !## #F "!
( )%) )
<3<< ! &# !! # # ! # !!
# ; # !# !! 2
V
V
6 2 !# # y !# /# η 4# ! . # # !! !# " # # ! !!
?#/?#
ǫ=
< m > dN
A τ0 dy
AG5LB
y=0
T < mT > !# # #4 ? ! # ! # !
!# #4 A ; !# 2# 4 # ! !# #4
?#6 dN/dy|y=0 !# !! # ! # ! !#
#4
&# " GL !4! !# !! # ! #" ; #
√
!! Nch /(0, 5N ) 2 !" sN N ! /
?#/?# #! ! !! /0 # !"# √
0 # ; # " # ! !6 ; sN N =
2 : + ## # /0 # ! #" ; # !! √
! G0K A50H NB ; sN N = 17 8: A5 8: N0N :B ! !!
?#/?#0 ! .! ## X55℄0 !# " # !# √
!"0 # ! #" sN N 0,38 ! ($ &# !! √
# ! #" # ($ dNch /dy|y=0 ∼ 650 ; sN N = 200 8:
% &(0 .! ## # !! # ! #"
; /# !! dNch /dη|η=0 ∼ 5N ! !! #! / ;
√
sN N = 5, 5 :
%4# ! !# ($0 !# !# .! # !! # ! #" 0 4# # <; K # !
#" # # ; # !! %&$ # U #4#!!
# 4 . # !! 0 dNch /dy|y=0 = 8000
<3<<' -6
& #! ! * # !# # # "#= # !## #F "! #### #
!# " 4 ; !# " ! G 8:D23 $! 2# #4 ; !# " #! # # !
!! ?#/?# + ! !# !# 2! 7<F XG5℄ ǫ0 =
1 dE
A τ0 dy
AG3B
y=0
T ET !" #4 ; # !!0 τ0 ! 2# !## A !# 2# #4 T !" !# !!0
/;/ !# 2# #4 4 ?#6 # ! # !!
#! ?#/?#0 !# 2# A "#! ; πR2 T R ! #? ?#
&" #4 # ! !! #! #6 " √
($ ! # sN N X53℄
dE
dy
√
= 133 sN N
0,3
AG3GB
y=0
- $ η = − ln[tan(θ/2)] θ
, . η y v c'
6 ! $> 6 /
Nch / (0.5×Npart.)
15
10
ALICE
⎥ y⎥ < 0.5
A = 170
eff
PHOBOS 200 GeV
RHIC comb. 130 GeV
PHOBOS 56 GeV
NA49 (SPS)
E866/E917 (AGS)
UA5
CDF
5
1
10
100
1000
10000
√s (GeV)
</ = B
5 @5@ C3℄ ' 5 #@5@$ 7 # $ ' @5@ 7 88℄ #
$ '
7 @5@
&6#!# ! &( " #4 GO 8: !
!! / # ! # !! #! / A%/%B0 !# /
" # G 2D #. !# !! ! G5 8:D23 AN 8:D23 B # &(
A# ($B
% ($0 ! 2# !## !# ! # !
#?# " ? < m > # ! !# #4 Ay = 0B 2 ? #. τ0 XG3℄
< τ0 >=
h̄
< m >
#4
< m >=
2 dET /dy
3 dNch /dy
AG35B
y=0
& ($ !# # #4 ? #
#6 " ($ ; 0 8: XG3℄ & 2# !## #! "#! ;
τ0 = 0, 35 2D 0 4#! # # ?#6
! A2R /γ B + 4 #! " #! ǫ0 ∼ H 8:D23
# 03N 2D #. !# !! # ! # !! #! / # &(
2 ! !## 20 ! 2# ! #! % ($0 ! .! ?/
?# #!# ! !## 0 G 2D XG3℄
* # ($ # &(0 !# " # G 2D #. !#
!! ; ! " Aǫc ∼ 1 8:D23B +
# ; !## #F "! #! 2
# ($ # &(
'?
<3<<)
V
V
1 $ ! "
& # # ! . # !4! ?. 2
# ! !! ?#/?# & #6 # ; !#
.! # 2 ! ## ?#/
"! AI #! 2= JB0 !# #
6 # "! A! !! !# B # !/
! "# #0 ! #6 ? # i #" Si 0 #? Bi #" ! Qi #! #
gi V
< Ni > = 2
2π
0
∞
p2 dp
e(Ei −µi )/T
±1
#4
+ ! 2 A #?B
− ! AB
AG33B
T T !# # Ei = p2 + m2i !" #! µi = µB Bi + µS Si + µI Ii
! ! 0 #4 µB 0 µS µI ! ! !#2 # #?0 ; !#" ; ! gi = (2Ji + 1)(2Ii + 1) ! 2# " #4 Ji Ii 0 ! ! # i & ##. µS 0
µI ! 4! V 6 # ! 4# #
A!#"0 !# #" ! 0 ! #?B !# #! A! ?#6
#4# !!B !# #! A ! # # "!
B #!0 ! ! ##. ! .! !# # T
! ! #? µB #0 ##. !#0 !
2# ## !#" γS 0 E ! #6 # ! #"
√
&# ## 6#! ($ A !! %/% ; sN N =
130, 200 8:B #4 ! .! # X5H℄ AγS = 1B !# " GG &# # T ! ! #? µB # "! #! 6# #4 .! X5H℄ & 4#! !
4#
√
V T = 174 ± 7 ,: µB = 46 ± 5 ,: ; sN N = 130 8: W
√
V T = 177 ± 7 ,: µB = 29 ± 6 ,: ; sN N = 200 8:
√
% A !! / ; sN N = 17, 8 GeV B0 !# ## 6/
#! #4 ! E .! ! "! ###- # T = 170 ± 5 ,: ! µB = 255 ± 10 ,: %
&(0 ! 6#!# ($ ! "! # #
# ! T ∼ 175 ,: A # # ($B ! µB ∼ 1 X5H0 53℄
(
#$ GLK50 7<F # ! ; ! . 6 < # ! #4 # !## #F "! X5N℄ 7.40
! # !# 4# ! ! 2 # ! !! ?#/?# !# # !40 ! # # pT 4 !"
# M !# #4 ! #F ! # ! ! ! #4 ! . # # # # ! !# #4
Ay = 0B #4 ! #4 pT 0 #!0 2 ! ! #40 ! #
## ! #4 p′ p′ = p −
dE
L
dx
#4
√
dE
≃ αS2 ǫ
dx
AG3HB
Ratios
6 ! $> 6 10
-
p /p Λ/ Λ Ξ / Ξ Ω / Ω π-/ π+ K -/K + K -/ π- p / π- K *0 /h - φ /h Λ /h - Ξ /hΩ
/ π-*10
-1
STAR
PHENIX
PHOBOS
BRAHMS
-2
s NN=200 GeV
Model re-fit with all data
T = 176 MeV, µ b = 41 MeV
Model prediction for
T = 177 MeV, µb = 29 MeV
Braun-Munzinger et al., PLB 518 (2001) 41
<? =
p /p K -/K + K -/ π- p / πΩ
/h-*50
1
s NN=130 GeV
10
'
D. Magestro (updated July 22, 2002)
#5$ * 012 5
84℄
T dE/dx !# " # !" # # ! !
L !# !" # ! # # ! ! ǫ !# "
! 0 # # ! # # 2 4 !
! #0 !# " # M !# # !# ! " # # ! ! M0 ! I "!#!" J0
!4#! * I #!" J * 0 E # " X50 5O℄ # # #4 ! 0 ! # # !" # #? "!
<3<'< !! ! " pT
$! ! ! 2# # !#0 RAA(p, b)0 ! !/
! ?#/?# # !# # # pT $! !# #. 4#
RAA (p , b) =
d2 NAA /d2 p dy
2
2
< N (b) > ×d Npp /d p dy
AG3NB
T < N (b) > ! ? !! / !# # !!
?#/?# E !# ! .! 8!# A 2 %6 %B # "#! ; G !! ?#/?# #
N !! /
& 2# # !# !! /% %/% A /
#!B # !6 ( $ ! ! # #" !# " GGG A; "# B + # # #" #
! !! /% ! # #" #6 ! #4 #0
6! # !M !# # #
pT 4 ! # pT # ! !! %/% #!0 # ! 2# # !# . 2 ; G ! # ! π0 # # #6 !! /% ! N ! #4 #!!# N 8:D ; G 8:D #
# pT # ! !! %/% E M # !# #! # ! #
4 # ! !! /% ! !# # !
. # ! !! %/% T ! # # pT ! "
''
V
V
# ! ! # #? "! ##0 #. ##0 # # pT
&# " GGG A; B ! 2# # !# 0 η ! !! %/% #! # !6/
( $ & # pT a 5 8:D 0
# ! ! ; !# # # A !B & /
0 Aqq̄ → γg qg → γqB0 4 !#
#!# RAA ! pT # ! # ! #4 T ###-
!# # # 0 # ! π0 η 2# ∼ N # # #
pT H 5 8:D ! E #
!# # # A # 4# #B # #4
! # " # # ! /
! RAA !# " GGG A; B # .! X3℄0 ! # ! " # ! ! # #? "! %4 "! dN g /dy = 11000 ! .! ! !
4#! √ ; " #! GN 8:D23 # !
!! #! %/% ; sN N = 200 8: X3℄
<3<'<' !! E A E $ "6 C
& # # pT # # # I J
A2 → 2B ! # # !# * #4 & 5 < # pT /;/0 #4 p1 = p2 < 4 E . #
! 2 #6 # !# !! M0 !# # # pT #4 ! ! A #F "!B #- # !# !" !# # < * 4/ !# ? < # ($ ^
& < # pT # 4 # !! AdNch/dy|y=0 ∼ 650 # ! !! #! %/% ; 5 8:B # !# /
< Q ! #! Q !0 ! 6 ($
! ! # ! # pT !# #=#!0 ∆φ =
φtrig − φ0 # # ; # ! 2 Aφtrig B0 # # !#
E !! AφB
&6 % # ! < # !4#!! /#
|η| < 0, 7
trig
#4 0 ! # ! 0 ! #4 p H 8:D 0 0 ! # ! # 0 ! #4 5 ptrig
&# " GG5 ! !# #=#! # # pT # !6 % ! !! /0 #! /% I # J /%
A" #B + # ; φ ∼ 0 ! # ! # # # ; φ ∼ π # #6 # # !# ; !# . 4# # * ! !! / ! !! /%0 ! #=#! # !
# pT !# /;/ ## 5 < # pT
/;/ # !! &# " GG5 A #B # ! !#
# ! !! / /% #6 !# # ! !! %/% #!
# ! !! %/% #!0 ! !# !. # 6! ! # # # 2# # " # #? "! ! # #4 ! #! !
# # # # # A#/!!B # ! ! #
6 ! $> 6 ')
# # "
; 4# 6#! A # ! # pT ##" <B0 ! ! ! 2 #6 " ($ E
! T ! # A#B #" 2 # 4#0 # ; # 2# # ($0 !# 4 !# 2# *8 ! *8 A "!? # " *#F/8!
!##B # ($ X35℄
& &( < " 4 #
4 ! !! / / RAA <; 4#!
pT G 8:D X330 3H0 3N℄ !0 ! #F ! Ac, bB # # #4 4 53 AGB # # A #6B # # ! !!
/
#! &# " #F ! # ! ! # #! E
#4 !# RAA # # #6 X3℄
( <3<)< *+ GLK0 ( #= ,# X3O℄ 4!! "# !##
#F "! & ! ! ! # #F/##F
# # # !## 2# #F "! # #F/##F # # ! ! 2# ! 2 # ! #F/
##F A#FB # !## + # ; #F# ! ! 2 # !! ?#/?# !## #F
"!
& #F# # ! #F/##F ! A # #B ! #F !0 #4 mc ≃ G05/G0N 8: mb ≃ 4, 5 8:0 !# #F# E !# !# # /!#4 T !#
2 !# ! i0 Ψi (r)0 4 !# b" 4#
1 2
2m − ∇ + V (r) Ψi (r) = Mi Ψi (r)
m
AG3B
T :AB ! ! # ! #F # # r !
! "#! !# #. 4#
V (r) = σr −
α
r
AG3OB
T ! !## #F ; "# # A B
#4 σ ≃ 0, 2 8:2 ! 6. ; !#
! ! #" ! ; # #4 α ≃ π/12
&# ! !# b" !# # Mi 0 !
#? ri !" !# ∆Ei M # ! i & ## # !0 #4 .!0 # ! # !# G5 6# !#
# #F ; mc = 1, 25 8: mb = 4, 65 8: &# #F#
# #4 # !# # Mi !# # # .! Mi 2 ; GR &# 6#! #F# # ! # !# G3
*# !# # #"0 !# σ 4 !! # 4 ! ; ! σ(T > Tc ) = 0 #0 ! ! ! # #F/##F # T
V
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
charged hadrons
neutralpions
V
PHENIX Au+Au (central collisions):
Direct γ
π0
η
RAA
RAA
'0
d+Au
10
g
GLV parton energy loss (dN /dy = 1100)
1
Au+Au
10−1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
pT (GeV/ c )
14
16
pT (GeV/ c )
< = D A √ 5@ @ 5
@ sN N = 200 => " /19E2F 8&℄ D A √ η @ 5@ sN N =
200 => " /19E2F 8;℄ '
='> #= ' >$ 3?℄
0.2
h++ h-
d+Au FTPC-Au 0-20%
d+Au min. bias
(a)
p+p min. bias
Au+Au central
(b)
1/Ntrigger dN/d(∆φ)
0.1
0
0.2
0.1
0
0
<' =
π/2
π
∆φ (radians)
, pT " .G@0 3)℄ 5 # $ 5@ # $ + - 5@ #$ @ 5@ # $
6 ! $> 6 '3
# ! i
>Dψ
AGB
χc
ψ′
Υ
χb
Υ′
AG B
A5B
AGB
AG B
A5B
A5 B
A3B
Mi A8:B
30G
30N3
30K
L0H
L0LL
G05 G05
G03
ri A2B
0N
0O5
0L
05K
0HH
0N
0K
0OK
∆Ei A8:B
0H
05
0N
G0G
0O
0NH
03G
05
Td /Tc A8:B
50G
G0G
G0G5
H
G0O
G0
G0GL
G0GO
i
fJ/ψ,Υ
ARB
5
3
K
N5
5
G
G
5
χ′b
Υ′′
<' = . ( #Mi , ri, ∆Ei $ ( #Td $ 3&℄ " i
#fJ/ψ,Υ
$ ;3℄ Tc )%3 B> ; !# # Tc \ # # ## !# !
0 #!! !# # # Td 0 !# ! #! !
2
# !## #F "! ; !# # T 0 ! ! # #F ##F # # !# #" ! ! #F
!##F & 4 ##" !## ! ! # #F
##F !# # T ! !# #. 4#
α
V (r, T > Tc ) = − e−r/rD (T )
r
AG3KB
T rD ! #? ? 4 ##" !
!## % 0 ! !# !# #F # !#
!## M0 rD 4# r #! ! ! #F/##F !
# !# 2# !# ! ! # 0 rD "# 4# r0 4 ! ! ! 0 !# 2# !# ! #! ! & #?
? ## ! !# #
T ! #0 ! #! ! * # ! #? ? ; T #"
\ # T 0 ! #! ! * # #! !
! ! # #F ##F + # ! #?
? !## ! # # Td M #
! & # # Td ; # #! ! *
# # ! # !# G5 + # ! # 2##6
A>Dψ 0 ΥB0 # ! #? 7 ! ! 0 6 # ! ! # # ! ! !4 #
! !## &# # # ! # ! !## "#! 2 !# # ! A" GGHB
& # # # 6 # . ! Tc & ψ ′ ! χc # E !# "
# ǫ ≃ 2 8:D23 &# # >Dψ 4# ### #/
! 2Tc ; " 5N 8:D23 +0 !
" M # # ($ 2
#4 ǫ ≃ 2 − 4 8:D23 # ǫ ≃ 5, 5 8:D23 # ($ # 0 # #! χc ψ ′ 4# E # # # ($ + 4#
'.
V
V
# 4 #!! >Dψ ! HR # 4#" Tc A 2 " GG3B0 # HR # >Dψ 4 !# "# A I 2/
@ JB χc A3RB ψ ′ AGRB A 2 # !# G5B # # #0
! " &(0 4 2# ! Υ′′ ! E ! χc ! ψ ′ # !
>Dψ
AGB
χc
ψ′
Υ
χb
Υ′
AG B
A5B
AGB
AG B
A5B
M A8:B
30LO
30NGG 30K
Γ AF:B
L30H
KL
33O
NH05
/
3G0LK
/
5035
BRµµ ARB
N0L3
0O3
50HK
G0L3
50GK
3N0
N0G
3N0K
5O
G
G0
Survival Probability
<) = . χc
ε (Tψ ’) ε (Tχ )
ψ
1
<0 = (1S)
ε (2S) ε (1P)
Energy Density
ε (1S)
$ H*ψ # $ T ~
= 1.2 Tc
T < Tc
Υ χ b Υ ’χ ’b
(2S) (1P)
ε (Tψ )
<) = / cc̄ #
ψ χ cψ ’
A3B
" ( 3;℄
1
ψ’
A5 B
Υ′′
L0H L0KL3 G053 G05NN G03NN
J/ψ Survival Probability
BRJ/ψ,Υ ARB
χ′b
ψ
( Υ χ bΥ ’
T ~
= 3 Tc
Υ
<3<)<' ! $> &# # #F/##F ! AQQ̄B E 4#! # !
# !# * #4 # ! # !# # QQ̄0 !"
#2 "# Q > 2mQ >> ΛQCD XG℄ 2#0 !# # !#"
2# !0 αS < 0N A05B # ! # " T !# # cc̄ Abb̄B 0 A 2
`G53B
6 ! $> 6 '*
!# 4#! !# # !#"0 ! 4! #2
! #6 6 αS AαS2 αS3 B Q# #! ! !# Q # # QQ̄ \ ! αS2 A&+ I &#" + JB0 !
#"# ?# ; 6 46 AαS2 B ; !# # QQ̄ !# 2 "! Agg → QQ̄B !#!# qq̄ Aqq̄ → QQ̄B T q
#F !" Au, dB A" GGNB \ ! αS3 A &+ I 6 &#"
+ JB0 ! #"# ?# ; !# # *Q̄
! "! # !# #!0 !# "! I "! !" J
!6 # #4 A" GGB & 4! # #
!# # cc̄0 # ! #
# pT
& # cc̄ Abb̄B #6 # !# !!0 τcc̄ =
1/2mc ∼ 0, 1 2D τbb̄ = 1/2mb ∼ 0, 02 2D <3<)<) ! $>
&# #F# M 6 # &# . # !# 2# # #F/##F0 . # #! !# ! ;
# !# * #4 &# # ; 2 ! #F #
#! A2B !# # #F/##F &# #! 4# !#
# !! 4 !# # #. # # !# !0 #" ! 4# E #! #F ! 6#! # # ! 4 #!# !# /
! 4! !# # !" !! A # ;
!! # !# # QQ̄B0 !# . / #2
& M ! 4 .! 6# 4 !# #. #
!# #! !# # QQ̄ .! # # ! 6/
#! Q # !## .! #
!# 1 -+! & .! 4## ! ! .! 4# !# #F# XH℄ &# # QQ̄ # # ! &# /
#!# !# ! # .! M # # ! #6
!# ?# &# Q # >Dψ0 #
6!0 !# #. 4#
σJ/ψ = fJ/ψ
2mD
2mc
dmcc̄
dσcc̄
dmcc̄
AG3LB
T fJ/ψ ##. .! 6 # ! 6#! A 2
# !#GHB & ##. mD 4 # !"# !# Q # QQ̄
!# # # # ! ! !" .!
!# # !# 6 # ! # !"
! ! 6#! .! 6! ! Q # # ! # ! pT ! # " #0 ! .! # ! pT '2
V
V
q
Q
q
Q
(a)
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
(d)
(c)
(b)
<3 = D #αS2 $
QQ̄ I
q q̄ #
$ #
$
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
q
q
q
(c)
(b)
(a)
Q
Q
q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
<. = D #αS3 $
QQ̄ I #
$ " #
$ A #
$
6 ! $> 6 # ! i
fi
<0 = /
>Dψ
05N
χc
ψ′
Υ
'/
Υ′
Υ′′
0G 03N 0H 05H 0OK
A" " 5
4)℄
1 6 & .! "! ! A, I ! "! ,! JB !#
2# #F# 6 # XH5℄ &# . # ; !# # QQ̄ !# !# #! !# # 6 # #0 !# 2# # !# Q # # #4 # / #4 .! ! #F
!##F # # ! 2! # #F # !#
# #F !4 .! "#! !# ! ! !#
# QQ̄ 6 ! !# # !!/ #" # # !# #! !0 !# # QQ̄ # # "! !0 #
! #F E ! &# # ! ! #F ! # 2 b" .! 4# ! !
# " # !# ; # "0 # !
! !# >Dψ ψ′ 1 - & .! ! ! !! !# #F# # !# # QQ̄ # # ! XH3℄ # # ,0 !# 4 !#4 #F ! "!"
# ! +,0 !!/ # !4 Av2 ∼ 13 c2 B % 40
! +, M 4 /!#4 #0 ; E !# ?# #F # !4 !# * /!#4 A * I !#4 *# ?# JB !# " GGO
A; "# B 4# !# >Dψ # !! /0 ! .! ! ! ! # # ! #! ! #! # #F# 2## 4 !
V !# 2 "! # cc̄ !0 Acc̄B8 W
V "! E # # ! ! 2 #
/#0 Acc̄gB1 W
V !# ! #! 2 # "! ! # /
"!0 cc̄
.! #< ! # " # ! ! pT #F# # ! !! / # !6 <3<)<0 ! ! ( , % 0 !6 %N ! ! !!/)# #!# !
!# >Dψ 2 !# #! !! & !!/)# ! #" ! #" !#!# # #F ##F
V
)?
σ (µb)
p
V
10
(b)
PHENIX
1
10
10
−1
−2
COM(GRV98NLO)
10
p
(cc̄)8
(cc̄g)1
(cc̄)1
10
−3
COM(MRST2001NLO)
−4
10
10
2
s (GeV)
<* = H*ψ √ # $ @7 J 5 H*ψ s
# $
4!0 !! ." # ! #! &
!!/)# 6#0 ! >Dψ0 # 4## " & !!/)# ! ; !# 2 2# 2 ! !# >Dψ #. ! .! 8!# 0 !#
Q # ?#/?# ! !!/)# A 2 #6
%B
DY
DY
σAB
= AB × σpp
AGHB
T σppDY !# Q # / !!/)# &# Q # ?#/
?# !!/)# # # ! 6 XHH℄ M ?
!! # 4 ! # !# GH
$! 2# !# 2 !!/)# ! # # ! E
! # &( A Q # 2# !B % ($0 ! # #
!# RAA(N )0 #! #6 !! /0 ! !#
#F# $! # "#! E ! # &( &# ! 2# ! Z 0 W ± # ! ##! XHO℄ # # E !
#! !# #F# # &( # 2 E
4#" ! #6 #F# # ! !! I # J # ! #4 ! 4
!! & !## #F "! 2 # ! !! /
?# # !# " # ! !! # Q# +0
! !! /?#0 !6 %3K # 4 #6
>Dψ #! # !!/)# &# # I #! J !# 4# & !! ?# 60 ! >Dψ0
# # !# !!0 E # # ! ! ?# !" L !# !" ? #.
!# #4 # ! >Dψ # #0 !# Q # >Dψ
# !! ?#/?# !# #. 4#
6 ! $> 6 )
AGHGB
T ρ0 = 0, 17 !D2 !# !# #. !# #! ?#
J/ψ
&# !" ? L E #! ! #4 ! .! 8!# σabs
!#
Q # # !# >Dψ # #<
6#! & #6 >Dψ #! # !!/)#
J/ψ
4 4 exp(−ρ0 σabs
L) 4 6/
#! # %N ! !! /?# ?#/?# !" A/
" GGKB + 6# #! !# Q # # !# >Dψ J/ψ
4# σabs
= 4, 18 ± 0, 35 XHN℄ &# E M #4 ! ψ ′ ψ
σabs
= 7, 9 ± 0, 6 XH℄
$! 2# ! . ($ Q # # !# ! 2# ! # ! G/3 ! >Dψ XHK℄ A/
" GGKB #0 !# !# # ! ! M ! 2# # ($ M0 ! ##" !# AI #@" JB 4# < ! /
# # ($ ! # &( A 2 ` GH3GB 2#0 ! 6 M 40
; #" !" 2# #60 !# !# 4 !! # &( XHL℄0 #! ! ##" !# #"
J/ψ
J/ψ
3
J/ψ
σAB = AB × σpp
× e−ρ0 ·σabs ·L
ψ/DY2.9−4.5 , NA51, pp, pd 450 GeV
ψ/DY2.9−4.5 , NA50 98/00, p−A 450 GeV
60
7
6
50
5
40
ψ , NA50 96/98, p−A 450 GeV
ψ , NA50 2000, p−A 400 GeV
4
dAu/pp J/ψ
1.2
1
RdA
70
Bµµσ(J/ψ)/ A (nb)
Bµµσ(J/ψ)/ σ(DY2.9−4.5)
′
0.8
0.6
30
3
0.4
0.2
20
ψ/DY2.9−4.5 , NA38, S−U 200 GeV
0
2
4
6
8
10
L (fm)
0
−3
Kopeliovich
EKS 3mb (Vogt)
EKS 1mb (Vogt)
FGS 3mb (Vogt)
−2
−1
0
Rapidity
1
2
3
<2 = G " H*ψ 5K ./.
L 5 5 4 ℄ # $ 0 A H*ψ 012 5@ 8?? => 4&℄ # $
!! & #6 >Dψ0 #! #6 #6 #/
0 2 ! # # !# " GGL
% 0 ! #6 # !# #!
# ! !! /?# + # ##!
>Dψ ! 5R ### # ! !! / / #! !
Npart ≃ 120 + "#!0 # ! !! #!
/ 0 ! #0 ! HR &# " # ! !! / /
#! ; 4 5/H 8:D23 ; !# "
# ! #! ! * # Aǫc ≃ 0, 7 8:D23B
Measured J/ψ / normal nuclear absorption
V
V
1.4
NA38 S−U, 200 GeV
NA50 Pb−Pb, 158 GeV
NA60 In−In, 158 GeV
NA60 In−In, 158 GeV
1.3
1.2
R. Vogt, nucl−th/0507027, y=2
R AA
)'
1.2
R. Vogt, nucl−th/0507027, y=0
Au+Au |y|∈[1.2,2.2]
Cu+Cu |y|∈[1.2,2.2]
d+Au |y|∈[1.2,2.2]
Au+Au |y|<0.35
Cu+Cu |y|<0.35
d+Au |y|<0.35
1
1.1
1
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.4
PHENIX preliminary
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Number of participants
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Npart
</ =
G " H*ψ " "
' " 5
5 ℄ 0 A H*ψ
012 5@ 5 @ 5@ C℄
##! E # 6 .! XN0 NG0
N5℄0 # 6! ! .! /4?#" A# *8 B .! ?
!##
V ! .! /4?#" XN3℄ # .!0 ! >Dψ # !#
# # # ! # 4# #! ! /4?#" AJ/ψ +
h → D + D̄B # ! !! ?#/?# .! /
4# ! !# ##! W
V .! ? !## ! .! 9 XNH℄ ! # 4!/
??# *8 #4 # # >Dψ #
! *8 0 ! "! 4 ! >Dψ # !! !# .!
. R >Dψ HR 4 !# "# χc .! . !# 4 #
0 # !! 4 # ($
& .! /4?#" # E " .! ? !## M0 ! .! ? !## >Dψ 2 !# /
" 2 #!0 ! #! # ; !# # #
6 #! !# # ! .! /4?#" 4! ! # # #! X3K℄0 ! 4 !# " G5
$ !! FGψ ( 0 (#= XNO℄ # " ! #6 >Dψ
# # ($ !# " G5G A; "# B !4! !# # ! 4 >Dψ 2 !# " &#
# ! 4 ! # #6 >Dψ
! #6 >Dψ # & #6 #
#! ! # !# !# #! # # ($ + # ###- " J/ ψ Production Probability
J/ ψ Production Probability
6 ! $> 6 1
))
1
ε (Tc )
Energy Density
(2S) (1P)
(1S)
ε (2S) ε (1P)
ε (1S)
Energy Density
<'? =
/ H*ψ 5 # $ #
$ 3&℄
! G0N 8:D23 # ! ; HR ; # " 4
3 8:D23 # # HR >Dψ 4 !# "# ψ ′ χc 0
( #= . #!! >Dψ #! ψ ′ χc ! E # #4 ! !#
# ψ ′ χc ; # !# # " ! 5 8:D23 & #! ! * # !# # # >Dψ ! 2Tc # ; " 4 5N 8:D23 ; !! # # ($ #!0 !# # !
4 ! >Dψ # ! ! ! ; !# 2! 4#
S(J/ψ) = 0, 6Sψ + 0, 4Sψ′ ,χc
AGH5B
T Sψ !# # ! 4 ! >Dψ Sψ′ ,χc !# # ! 4 ! ψ ′ ! χc ! 4#0 4# 4 !# # ! 4 ! >Dψ ; # !# # ! 4 ! ψ ′ # #
! >Dψ # # ASψ ∼ 1B &# # ! 4 >Dψ 0
; # ψ ′ ; #4 0, 4S(ψ ′) + 0, 60 4# #! #4 !!
; # >Dψ 0 A>Dψ B + # 0
!# " G5G A; B0 ! 4# # !# GH5
! 4 ; !# 2 ! >Dψ ! ψ ′ #6 " ($ !
#! 4 ! >Dψ # ! # ($0 # E 2 # !# >Dψ # ##"
! "# !#4 !# 2# !## #F "! # # ($
!! $> (
# 0 !# " Q#0 !# >Dψ #
#! E 4 # &( #0 E ! >Dψ #! #
##" ! # &(0 ! >Dψ 4# E #!! #
2# "!"# ! >Dψ 4 !# "# # #6
&# #6 # # ! !! / # M /
# &( #4 # ! # # ($ !0 ! !#
#6 #F# # E ; !! #
V
V
S(J/ ψ)
S(J/ ψ)
)0
1.00
1.0
0.75
0.8
0.50
0.25
In−In, SPS
Pb−Pb, SPS
Au−Au, RHIC, |y| < 0.35
Au−Au, RHIC, |y|=[1.2,2.2]
1
2
3
ε (GeV/fm 3)
0.6
4
Pb−Pb S(J/ ψ)
In−In S(J/ ψ)
Pb−Pb 0.4 S( ψ ) + 0.6
5
1
2
3
ε (GeV/fm 3)
<' = / H*ψ ./. 012 # $ / H*ψ ψ ′ H*ψ ./. # $ %℄
J/ ψ Production Probability
! AΥ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B XH℄ & ! # !! /
# #F# # ! !! ! # ## ! ! !
2
#0 ! .! # A 2 ` GNG3B 4 #"# #6 >Dψ # &( X5H℄ M0 #4 G3 # # ?
# ! !! / 0 >Dψ # #! 2 # # #F c ##F c̄ &# " G55 !# # ! 4 >Dψ #
# &( # # !! #
#"# # ## # & .! ## #
4 "#! !# 2# # ! # # #
2# ! # &(0 # # 4 N # bb̄ # ? # !
!! / # &( % !!0 ! .! #/
#" ! ! Υ′′ 0 ! ψ ′ ! χc ; !# E #
# ! *8 ; 4 1, 15Tc &# ## #6 Υ′′ 0 Ψ′ χc # !# # # # ! !
exogamous regeneration
1
sequential suppression
Energy Density
<'' = / H*ψ " '1
" I
# $ #
$
6 ! $> 6 )3
#0 4!! 4# #"# !# >Dψ # &( 2 !# #! # ! !! / 0 # "#
2 !# 2# *8 ! " '
"( ) * + *
& 0 &
0 1 & " 2
2 "
' 34 %& . %& . - - . *
&
,
5(6
,
*
**
*,
%/
*#
!!
!
!
& %&$ AI % &#" $ !! 6 JB ! #
2 #!! #. !# !# &( AI &#" (# !!/
JB # A+"## !# !#B # √ 2 # !! 4 5O A2# #6 ; s = 0, 9 :B
)('
4
& &( ! 2 "# # !# A 2 " 5GB !!
#0 4 5O F 2 0 # ! # & AI &#" ! /
JB0 # #0 # ! # !! /0 " # ! # GH :0 " <## # <; &#
#- # !# 4 2# 4 M # !# & 2# #6
# # ! # !# A&$ % 5 ! 2# #6 B # " N ,: #4# < # ! I /
J !4 " ! G 8: # AI ? JB ## 4 5 8: ; !# ; HN 8: ; !#
AI ? JB0 ! 2# #6 #!
< 0 #0 # ! !! &(0 # ! <; #
3O
)2
V V
" #6#! O : 2 " #0 ! # !! #4 " ! # ! # !# !!/
GH : % 4 ! !! # ! #4 ! ! "#=0 4 6E # ! ; 4 # 6?# ! ##6 #
!# . # # !# # ! !! &(0 ! #< #
# 4 5 ## # 0 2 # !! ! ; # G0L S
# ! # 2# #6 ! 0 ! 2 ! E0 # < # ! &$ % 30 4 ! ! E #<
! #0 # ! !! &(0 " #6#! N0N :D ! # ! # !# !!
$! 40 # # &(0 4 # #6 !! / AG7 D# M 4B ; ! !! ! AG6 D#B 6 # 2 4 &#
# #!0 #. ! 2 #! #0 # 4# XNK℄
V / #. "!. ; √s = 14 : W
V ; 6 # / W
V # / A/ α/ B W
V ; 6 # %/%
!# #0 4 4 2 !#
# !# .
√ #
V / A/ α/αB ; s = 5, 5 : W
V ?. # #0 %/% A / 0 +/+0 S/S /B W
V / ; ! # " W
V / ; ! # !
& #! ## 2# #6 ! &( # ! # !# H
2# #6 2# #6 !
" # !
O
50O
Q # !# A B
0O
O0O
!" # AσB A B
O0O
O0O
#? 2# # AµB
OG
GN0L
# ! # #
G0G × G11
O × G7
# ! # AB
5N
G
−2 −1
34
! #6 A B
G
G27
8
2 !! A(=B
O × G
K
'< = / '1
" 5 J " J + - # @" @$
& 2# #6 ! # 4 ! #6#!
A # ! # # 2# B 1034 −2−1 1027 −2 −1 &# ! ##. 2##! # !! !
?0 # ! #6 ? # !0
# # M0 Q # σ0 ! # N # ! L #
-! )/
N =σ·L
A5GB
%4 %&$ XNL℄0 # !# ! !" !! /
!# &( A 2 " 5GB %&% X℄0 , XG℄0 &(/ X5℄ %&% AI % c#!
&( %## JB , AI # , ! JB 6 "/
#! / ! #! !# (""0 . ##
,.! ## # ! # .!0 # ! 6!
!" !# # # ! !# &# ? #F # "#!/
< 2 %&% , !! 4!! 4 ! "#6 ? #/!; ,.! ## 0 #
6!0 !# # ! ? %&% , "#!
4! "# ! !## #F "! !
#4 ! 2# #6 ! # !0 !6 ,
# ! # ! #4 ! # !! G ,:D 2 &6 &(/ AI # &#" (# !! #? 6 JB #
#" !# 4!# !# ? # ! !# # A
7B # 6! !#? #.D##. !4
)()
&"! &6 %&$ X30 H℄ ; ! !## #F "!
6 "#! # ! # ! # "# A#0 ! B # !##
#F "! : ! # " # !
!!
/
! ! #!0 ! %&$ 4# 2 #
4 T !# !! # ! #" # !! . !4 %&$ # U #. ; 4 2 # !!
6E0 K # ! #" ; # #! #
/#
! !! / 0 ! %&$ # ! !! !
! !" # ! !! / A#4 ! !
5 × 1030 −2 −1 B & !! / 4 # 2 ; ! !! ! !! #4 ?#6 #
!#"0 !6?". !# !# # ; !# " &# " 53 ! " # ! !! /
0 6?"./6?".0 #"/#" ! /! " #! ! !# !# 2! 7<F0 ǫ = 160 ,: 2−3 A−2/3 dNch /dy 0 #4
!! # ! #" AdNch /dy B 0 G50 53 0N !! #! / 0 %/%0 +/+ !! /0 4 &#
A2B # #6 !! #!
AI # JB ?#/?#
& %&$0 " 550 E 4 / ! V !# # #! A−0, 9 < η < 0, 9B0 ## !# ! # #0 ! W
V ! . ; A−4 < η < −2, 5B0 # ! !# # 4## 4# 4!/
! !# "# #F# A# !B W
V ! # 0 ! #! ; "# #0 # !# #! !# !! ! !! # !
0?
V
V
'< =
" 90E ' " #@G'@. B. '1 @'2 9$ '1 -! 0
'<' = . @'2 9
V ε (GeV/fm3)
0'
V
PbPb
ArAr
10
OO
pp
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
A
'<) = 5 "5
" 5 5 67 ( ' # $
" #+ -$ 5
& 4# #!! ! ! / %&$ !
# !. ! . ; !# # #! %&$ #" # ! # #" !##
&3 ## !c#!0 N #? G5 !"0 2 #
#" #6#! 0N $! 0 #4 ! ! ?. #< "#0
! # # ! #" pT > 100 ,:D '<'<< - :A >6 # C;
& ?. #< "# $ XN℄ ?! 0O 3 4!0 . 46 !# #
&$ V ! 46 # W
V ! 46 # "# A #B 7
A #6B0 ? AΛ, Ξ, ΩB S0S W
V ! # # ! # ! ApT < 100 ,:D B0 #/
"# # !# A 2 `55G5B W
V #! !# ! ! # # ! ! !# ; !#
&$ # ! ! ! # A! B0 !
# 2 #4 # . !4 A<; K
# !D 2B $! ! ?! 4# !#" # # A|η| d 0LB !# 3 ? !" M +
40 ## !#6 2# #
V 6 ! ; 6! AI ! 6! JB
! #! 4 ; r e H AOB z e ± G0N AG0NB W
-! 0)
& ! G !! ##6
V 6 ! ; 4 AI ! 2 JB
! #! 4 ; r e GH0L A530KB z e ± 5505
A5L0OB W
V 6 ! ! 2# ; / AI /
! JB0 #! !# 6 # #4 !# !! ! #! 4 ; r e 3L0G AH30B z e ± HN0G AN0KB & GO ! #!
50 !! 4 ##!"
&!# !" . !
! ! # 0 # ! ! ! ! /
# A 2 # !# 55B
'<'<<' :A E "7 C;
&# # ; < !! X℄ !# # !! ?. #< "# !# # #! A 2 " 5NB !# ! "#
<## !! 4 !#" # # A|η| d 0LB !#
! # # ! #"
& #6 V !# # # ! # #" &3 W
V !# ! # ! #" A# !B0 #4 Q # # ! # 0 ! #4
#!!# <; G 8:D W
V ! # # ! #" 4# !# !# " #
!" AdE/dxB !! W
V !# ! #!# 46 A # # #4 !$B
&# 2 ?! N !" #? A∼0K B #
2#U ; #4 2# #6#! 0G/05 # !D 20
#? 6 A∼50N B # ! ! dE/dx !
! ! OR # !4 !! / ! A4 G F:B !# !# # ?!
A 2 " 5NB ,Z AI ,! Z #! # JB !# #6 6 6 ?! & ,Z GK #=c#6 !! # ! !# ! M #!! AI # J 03 2
! ! ; 0L 2 ! ! 6B & "#= ! !#"
Ne ALRB CO2 AGRB0 # ! 40
! M !! !# !" ##0 ! ! 4!! & # #! H :D 4 KK µ ! 50N !"0 2# !# ! ! ! ! !6 %&$
!# "# !! # # # ! !! /
! ! #!0 !# "#!# E ! NO I # J0 # # 4# ?! A6B0 ! !# GG AKB µ r −φ G5N AGGB µ z #4 ! !! 5 # !# 4 Az B
'<'<<) :A C;
& ; #? # XO℄ # !
! ! ; G 8:D "#! ?/
V 00
V
! # ! # σr−φ AµB
σz AµB
σr−φ AµB
σz AµB
G5
G
G
KN
3K
5K
5
5
K3
3
5H
'<' = 0 #r − φ z$ <
2G. #./ . ..$
'<0 = . 2G.
E
E
88 µs
cm
510
'<3 = . G/ @'2 9
-! 03
. ! ! # ! ! #
pT ApT > 2 8:D B & #! ! 2# !# # #! %&$
! ##6 "# /! A/! B #
# #6 A#F#B
4!# !# 0 ! A 2 " 5B ?! 50L #? 30O #? 6 !" #! O # 4
/# !# E !! !# A|η| < 0, 9B & ##! " GK #=#60 6 E 4
N ! # !# !"#! Az B # ! 4! ANH #
#!B ## H0K #0 # !!
!/! AB !# ! " ! ! ! #?# 2# &= γ > 1000 Ap > 0, 5 8:D B 0 # ! ##0 #?
# # # !# # ; 4 &# # 2 #4 !#" Xe AKNRB CO2 AGNRB # 4 O :D &# ! ##! ; G 8:D H AB µ r − φ # A#B !! # # ! !# 0 !# ! !# # # A !B
# ! !! / 4 3 ,:D 2 AK ,:D 2 B
'<'<<0 :A , 6" C;
& + XK℄ ! 4! # ! % ; !# !$0 !
# ## F# ! /
05 50N 8:D & A! B "#! E ! #!!# 0H A0GB 8:D <; H0N A0NB 8:D 4!# ! 0 ! + A 2 5B ?! 30O #? H #? 60 !" #! O0HN $! 4
2# GHG 2 ! E 4#!! /# !# A|η| <
0, 9B &# 4! # ! 2# ; !# # ?
, AI ,!/"# 4 !# # JB 2 #4#!# 0 . . ! !! M0 ! ! !! 2 ; H Q # GR & + # !# 2 GK φ N ! #
!# 2# #0 L ! #! ∼ G !!! ! '<'<<3 ( :A (6" 5 C;
& (, $ XL℄ ; !# # ! #" A0 F#
B "# ! #4 !
F# ! #4 G 8:D 3 8:D # ! # # ! #4 #!!# 5 8:D ; N 8:D #! ! 2# ? %&$ !
!# # # pT & (, $ A 2 " 5OB0 ; N # 0 ! # 4# #
/# |η| < 0, 6 #"! #=#! NO0f0 GR !# # !# # #! # ! $( AI "
$#"" (F4 JB 1, 5 × 1, 5 2 2 # !#
F4 # ! # ! #4# ! ## !
C6 F14 Aβ > 0, 77 n eG03B #! # !# /
# " # ; !
0.
V V
le
s
2
idºD
2
d
I0
s
c
E
rF
L
n
C
fi1
o
e
tA
R
T
O
20º
20º
10º
50
42
R
TOF
TRD
'<. = . @'2 9
G0 GLD '<* = . 35 1B/2
'<'<<. ( :A ( ! C;
& . ; XO℄ #!. ! #" # "#/
!# # ! ; !# A 0 0B 4# ! ##! "# /0 # 6!
π 0 → 2γ A I < " JB
& (+ A 2 " 5KB 4 GOL5 ##6 ! N !
!0 4# 2# K 2 0 !# ; H0H # 4 # # #=#! Gf ! # /# |η| <
0, 120 H0OR !# # !# # #! & ##6 ! #6 "# ! AP bW O4 B 22 × 22 × 180 3 # ;
/ N × N 2
-! 0*
& (+ # ! "
N ,: √
K 8: #4 ! " 4 3%/ E X8:℄
'<2 = . /1L.
'<'<<* A 6 C;
!# ($ # ! I < " J0 #!.
! #" #! ,%& # !# 5K/5L # !# # #!
%&$ $! #! ! ! ? %&$ ! !# ? < # pT # ! !# ? γ / <0 T ! ! < 0 40 # ! (+ ! ,%&
'<'<<2 ! , !, -5 9 ! &# " 5L #!#2 2# # /
!# # #! %&$
'</ = 0 A 5 @'2 9
$ , $
! 2# # 4 #! ; !# /
#! !# !!0 !# !! # ! ! !# # !# !!
02
V V
'<'<'< H :A H 6 C;
& 9 XOG℄ !# 2# # & 9 !
! #0 Nspec 0 !# !! A ! #?# #
#" ! !# !! ?#/?#B0 # !# #! !# !!
2#0 ! #!. !" # ! ! # AEZDC B
## !" ? 2# # # ! AEnucl B0 ! !
# #0 Npart 0 #! Npart = A − Nspec = A −
EZDC
Enucl
A55B
T A ! # ?#0 5K H0 40 ! ?#6
! #" & # # ! # ##. # !#
!! #! E !#0 # 6!0 ! .! 8!# A 2 %6 %B
& 9 A 2 " 5GB !# ; GG # $! 6 !0 ! !# !# !# /
&# # !# #! #
#= #4# ## # A##! ! !# ! B0 ! # ! " /
. #? # M F4 # ! #= A## # 2B # !# & "#! !! # ! # ; /!! #
&# ! # ! 50O : K03R ! L0GR ! 0 ! ! ##. # ! 2. !! ! " !# #! ! !! /
A ∈ X03℄0 X30℄0 X0L℄0 XL0G5℄ XG50G℄ 2B %
#! !# ! #!0 # #!. ! #"
A9,B # !# ; O # # # & 9, 4
!" # ! ; !#4#0 !! ! !# "# & 9, ! !# E #4 ! # &# ! " #4 ! 9, ! O : AG0N :B GR AG0KRB0 40 ! !!
#! AB
'<'<'<' :A " ! # C;
& , XO5℄ # ! 0 4 # 40 !# !! !# ##! # !# "# /# 2, 3 <
η < 3, 5 & , 2# # !" ! #" #4
& , !# ; # 30 # # . ; # "#!# !# 4/
0 4 " AI @ JB & 4
! 0 GN # A3 B0 ! " ! #/
" # # ##" A! # 4 "#!
2# !B " # ! 4! ! # !!
" # !! # 2 × 105 !!! !#
&Q # #" KR ! !! / -! T0L
P.M.D.
0/
'<? = 2 M V0L
Si3
Si2 −inner
Si2 − outer
Si1 −outer
V0R
T0R
Si1 −inner
'< = ' I /B DB #.) .8 .3$ >? G?
V 3?
'<'<'<) :A B
V
! # C;
& , XO3℄ # #! < 2 !# !! # !
#" # !# "# /# −3, 4 < η < −1, 7 1, 7 < η < 5, 1
!# # # # 0 # 2# # A 2 " 5GGB $! N ##6 # ! A5 # 3 #4#! 46 #B0 6 ? M A 6B0
2 4 5 H ! !#"! #=#! φ # # " NG5 5N I J & , #!
NG5 4 ! '<'<'<0 ?
& XO3℄ # # 2 #!
V 2 !! !# !! ! 4! A+B0 ! 4 N W
V !4 "#! I /"" J ! W
V !# !! # ! " "#6 I "" J
min−bias 0 semi−central central W
V ! !! # 46 # # #6 # 2# #/"#= " "#! I "" J #! vertex & A 2 " 5GGB 2 5 / !# ; 6 2# #0
# # # 0 ! R A I " JB0 !#
; O # < 4# !# . ;
0 4 ! # /# 2, 9 < η < 3, 3 !# 0 ! L
A I &2 JB0 ; 3N # 0 4 ! # /
# −5 < η < −4, 5 # / # # G5 F4 2 # #4 ## ; #=
&# ! ! N 0 # ! !# 46 ! . Q # 4 /OR !
!! / GR ! !! ?#6/?#6
'<'<'<3 I?
50 ! : XO3℄ # # #Q ! ?. ! %&$ $! 2 H "#6 ! V I "" J I # J # ! !! / <#6 !!
/ W
V 6 I "" J #! ! !! / W
V 4#!# "#! ! I "" J . ; !
! 2 4# # 2# #/"#=
& : "#! ! !# !
& : 2# 6 / ! #! # # & :A ; 3NN 46 # # /
. ; & :C !# 4# !# 2#! . ;
0 ; L # & :A A:C B 3N AHN B
#?0 " O5 !!# !# N ##6 #
## 4 0H/0N /# & ##6 G ; H 4 G5
3f !## N 5H GNf
/0 ! # ! .0 !Q # ! : 4 KNR !# ! 6 0
-! 3
Q # # LR0 # !# # 4# ! 2 !4 4# # 2# #/"#= / 0 Q # GR !0 ! # 2# #/"#= "!"# !
640
>?C '<' =
. >? ' , GLLN0 !# !!# # %&$ # . ; # ! !# # #! XOH℄ & . ; 4# #
#"!# 5f Lf A−4 < η < −2, 5B # !" 5 # 46 & . ; !# #F# A# 0 # !B0 # # # Aρ, ω, φB # ! ##!
"# 0 #4 ! A # #B # !# ##!
"# / ! <#" AW ±, Z 0 B # ! ##! "# XH℄ !0 #4 ! 2# !! # #
%&$ ! ! 9 ! , 0 ! #6 E 2 !# #! !# !! !# # # "# ! !## #F "! ! ! M ! !# # # #0
!# #4 ! A # #B # ! #4
AI < " JB !# #F#
# # ! ! / # !
. ; 4 "! #! " 5G3 ?. # U #. ; #2# ! . 4#
V 4 !! !4 W
V ! ! O AGB ,:D 2 !# # # ! # # # A !B #. ; #
! M # W
V #4 "# # # <; # pT ! !# /
"# #F# W
V 3'
V
V E ## ! 2 #4 2 ! ! F(= # ! #4 !# # ## ?. # W
V 2 ?#/?#0 /?# /
dipole magnet
tracking chambers
front absorber
TPC
small angle absorber
'<) = > 5 −4 < η < −2, 5
muon filter trigger chambers
@'2 9
'<'<)< -77 ,
$! #" 0 4# !# # . ; 0 ; L # # !" H05 A∼ G !" # B
$! # # !# ; 4 5×10−2 D 2 !
# #< "# ! !! / ! ! #! M0 !# #6#! 4 ! !# !# # 4## #F# !Q # #F# $! #
! 2 4 #! !# "# F#0 # # 0 !# (<" <; G5 F# #" # E # !# # . !
!! / ! ! #! # # " ! !# # #! # ! # # !# !/E $!
#! # 0 #. ; ! ! M
!! !# " # ".0
20 !??!. ! 0 ! 4 " 5GH
'<'<)<' 7 6 , 4!# ! ; 40 ! !#" 2# # ##6 .
! ! ".0 ! ! !# $! ! !# # .
; 4#! # 5f $! !# !" . ; " ! # ! ; "# # # # 2# #/"#= 4 # !#" 2# # !# " 5GN
-! '<3 = . 3)
'<0 = . V 30
V
'<'<)<) ! & ! . ; ## # # # #"/
#6#! 0O # !# x # " 3 ! N !" ; L0L # &# 4# #
# 2# # ! !# A)9B & ! # !# " 5G
'<. =
#z $
/ A Bx < #FK$
'<'<)<0 "7 E 6!"
% # !0 ! # #< "# 4 !! #4 . ! A4 GR !!
6 "# !!B !! #/
! #. ; ! ##! # ! !# 4# !
2 ; G µ
& ?. #< "# ! # ; "#= !!
#4 ! # # " I # # # J &
# 3 ; N 2 !# ! # G 5
## & M # # # ! A5 ;
!#4#0 G ; ! 5 ; !#.B 6 !# # # # 0 ; = 60 !# A60?B !# D !#0 6 # " #4
# !# ! # A 2 " 5GOB &# #! # # . #4#!# &# !# #! # ! #" ! 6 !# # "
& "#= ! !#" Ar AKRB CO2 A5RB !# # 2 4 GO :
& ?. #< "# 4 G !! 4 ! '<'<)<3 5 . # 0 #. !# . # ?. #< "#/
0 ! 2 ! # ?. ! -! 33
Cathode plane
z
d
y
s
Anode plane
x
Wy
Cathode plane
equipped with pads
Wx
'<* = . / # # ! ! #6 ! ! 20
#. ; # # !# # ## ?. # # 20 4 3 2 2# 0 # # G5 g # !# # 0 ! ! ! p > 4 8:D
E # ! # ?. ! '<'<)<. #1 " ! 1 & ?. ! . ; # ! #! ;
!# # A 2 ` 53B
" - $ !
& ?. ! I "" J !6 %&$ XON℄ ! ; ! 4#6 4 # # 6" ? !# # ## ?. # 0 ! ?. !! ! M "#6 I "" J 4? #
! ! AI "" J . ; 0 0 , 0 9 0B
0 ! AI #! "" JB #! #" #
2# 4? 4! "#6 ! & ?. ! %&$ 4#6
V & 4# & #! # 0 #0 ! I "" J . ;
0 ! : ! 0 ! 4# ! ! # #4 !# A !# # !# "#! & # ! B G05 µ
4# 4 #! "#! # ! #6 V & 4# &G #4 #4 !# 0N µ #. !# ! /
# ! 2# ! ! 9 ! 0 !" ! # # &
V &# 4 4 40 4# &50 4 G µ #. !# # 4 ! # !# A∼ KK µB "#! !4
V 3.
V
# ?. # ! !! / T !# !! !40 ! I "" J "#!
2 #/2 ! 0 "### # ! ? #
# ! 4 ! !! /0 ! 5 4 # #6 E !
& # N "#6 5H "#6 ! 4# & N 4
I "" J . ; 0 5 "#6 ! &G ! &5 "#6 0 ! 4#6 & &G0 # ! # !# 530
! !! / g # "#6 0 N !# I "" J
# #
V # !" "#6 &0 &G &5 W
V I ! J ; !! !# # I !/
J ! W
V #/2 I ! J W
V 2# !! # 4!! !# 2 $! 6 G5 !# I "" J ! I "" J & /
. ; # # ! I "" J A&B0 ! I "" J #!
:min−bias A&B0 :semi−centrale A&B0 9 1 A&GB0 9 2 A&GB0 ! I /"" J A&B ! I "" J ! A&GB !# I "" J #!
# ! # !# 5H !! . "# !
G
5
3
H
N
O
K
L
G
GG
G5
G3
GH
GN
G
GO
GK
GL
5
5G
55
53
5H
&
&G
: ,/7#
e+ e− # pT
: /#!
e+ e+ De− e− # pT
: #!
< # pT
!! < # pT
2# #/"#=
! (+ #
# # pT
,%& #
# # pT
! 9 G
µ+ µ+ Dµ−µ− # pT
9 5
+ −
µ µ # pT
9 3
+ +
− −
µ µ Dµ µ # pT
9 #!
µ+ µ− # pT
!" #! G
, !
!" #! 5
I /"" J
(+ < # pT
4
(+ < # pT
4
,%& < # pT
4
,%& < ? pT
4
,%& < # pT
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
'<) = . " + - " '? ') <
@'2 9 G/ /5/
-! 3*
I "" J
G
X · :MB · ,µ µ haut p · pre ℄L0 C X9 G℄L1
5
X · :SC · ,µ µ haut p · pre℄L0 C X9 5℄L1
3
X · :MB · ,µ µ haut p ℄L0 C X9 G℄L1
H
X · :MB · ,µ µ bas p ℄L0 C X9 G℄L1
N
X · :SC · ,µ µ bas p ℄L0 C X9 5℄L1
X · :MB · ,µ µ /µ µ haut p · pre ℄L0 C X9 G℄L1
O
X · :SC · ,µ µ /µ µ haut p · pre ℄L0 C X9 5℄L1
K
X · :MB · ,µ µ /µ µ haut p ℄L0 C X9 G℄L1
L
X · :MB · ,µ µ /µ µ bas p ℄L0 C X9 G℄L1
G
X · :SC · ,µ µ /µ µ bas p ℄L0 C X9 5℄L1
GG
X · :MB · ,µ · pre ℄L0 C X e · 9 G℄L1
G5
X · :SC · ,µ · pre ℄L0 X e · 9 5℄L1
+ −
T
+ −
T
+ −
T
+ −
T
+ −
T
+ +
− −
T
+ +
− −
T
+ +
− −
T
+ +
− −
T
+ +
− −
T
'<0 = + - + - + - ( . .! %
& ?. # XON℄ V !# #4"# # W
V !# 4 ; # /4 # /
!# #4 ! W
V !# 4!! # !# (& ! ! 4 W
V ! ! #! $! # # ## G05N 8D0 #. 0
# # # Q# ! M ##6 ?
&# #!! !# #* F . # !0 4!
##. ! 4#! #! #
6! !# !! # ! # 4 # ! # !! /
#!0 ! !# 4 #!!0 #4# 0 KO ,
# 4 #4 O ,0 K , 0GN , 4 !# 0 ! ! . ; 0 !! K # ! # #
; /# &# #!! 4 / I # J # 0 40 ; 4 NR 5NR !# #!! 4 #! !# "#! 2# 5 E
# # 2# ?
#. "#!0 ! #6 # # #
Q# # # 2 / 0 G6 0 ! ! (= !# ? #0 ! =# (= !# ?
#0 < ! ! # (= !# ?
32
V )(0
V
,5 ! # * " 5 6
& ?. ! I "" J . ; 6 # AI 4 !# # JB ?.
! I / J0 I "" J ! & 6
# 0 ,G ,50 # 6 !# 4 3 2 0
!# 4 ; G0G5 GO0G5 # 0 < .
! ! ; '<)<< A 66 C
& I "" J #" ! . #0 ∼ N #. !#
!!0 ! 4 # # A" E "B ! M # #!" # & 2 4 !! !# "# F# "# # #<# # pT 0 ! ?. ! M # !! #4 A4# !# 4#
B 6 2# M ##!!.! 6 ? V ; pT epcut
T ∼ G 8:D 0 #! # pT !#
? # A>Dψ 0 ψ ′ B W
V ; pT epcut
T ∼ 5 8:D 0 #! # pT !# ? # ! AΥ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B
# # ! !# pT 0 #! I #!! pT J0 6 # !# "# #6#! 4# # !! I "" J ! #!
"#! # pT A# pT B # !4 # 6 # AB # ! # pT A# pT B I "" J # !4 &
?. !4 "#! "#! I "" J ! ! # # pT '<)<<' ! A 66 C
& ?. ! . ; #
!# " 5GK # 0 4 #"! θd # ! #
#" !0 AX1 0 Y1 0 Z1 B AX2 0 Y2 0 Z2 B ! # ,G
,50 4 # #! !# pT # 4# δy2 #
# ; # !" A ! # B0
2 ; ! 6 )cut
2 ! ; !# 4# cut
pT e pT '<)<<) pT : !! ";
# ! !# 4# A)09B !0 !! #
pY Z =
qBL
sin θd
T BL = 3 &6 !#"! 4# !# 4#
A53B
#1 " ! 1 3/
Aimant dipolaire
Y
MT1
MT2
Trace du muon
Y2cut
Y2
Trace pour P infini
} δ Y2
Y1
Y2cut
Point d’interaction
θd
θ
0
Zf
Z1
Z2
Z
Plan médian du dipole
'<2 = .
1
θd =
ZF
+ -
Z1 Y 2 − Z2 Y 1
Z2 − Z1
A5HB
XF2 + YF2
ZF
A5NB
T ZF ; !# !
&! #4 pT pT = pY Z tan θ = pY Z
# ! !# Z = ZF 0 ! AXF , YF B ! 4#
⎧
ZF
⎪
⎨ XF = X1
Z1
A5B
⎪
⎩ YF = Y2 − (Y2 − Y1 )(Z2 − ZF )
Z2 − Z1
!#"! 4# θd . 2# ! Asin θd ≈ θd B0 #! !!/
#4 #
pT ≈ qBL
(Z2 − Z1 ) XF2 + YF2
Z1 Y 2 − Z2 Y 1
A5OB
&# 4# δy2 ! 6 # # # ; # # 4 !
46 # δy2 = Y2 − Y2∞ = Y2 −
Z2
Z1 Y 2 − Z2 Y 1
Y1 =
Z1
Z1
A5KB
&! #4 ## #4
pT ≈ qBL
(Z2 − Z1 )
Z1
YF = Y1
XF2 + YF2
δy2
ZF
Z1 − ZF
− δy2
Z1
Z2 − Z1
A5LB
A5GB
.?
V V
g # !# !# . # AX1 0 Y1 B !# 4# δy2 0
!! #4 E #! ! A 2 # 5L 5GB 2# AX1 0 Y1 0 δy2 B0 ! 4 # !# 0 ! #
!! I "" J ! #! !# ! # !
#! ! # # ! # !# #!! # #- ! !# !# !! #4 ! 2#
X1 0 Y1 0 δy2 /0
'<)<'< & # # # # K XO0 OO℄ %
0 ! # ! I # J 4# /
]6 . 2# ! # ! #" ! (=D 2 8h #
#6 #4#6 !!# #0 I # J0 #!# #0 # ! !#" "#=6 ! ##6 ! !# #!# 0 #6 2 #4 ]6 ! #
(=D 2 & # !!# # &( ! 2 #4#!# !0 ! M 6 #4##" ! ! 2# !
i0 ! !#0 ! 2# !!
'<)<'<' ! A 2 " 5GLB 6 !# # 4 #
# # # 6 !# ! "#= # #! ! 6 !# #. ; # ! 2 #
! 4! "#= &# # !# ? # . !
!!
& # ! #" #4 ! 4! "#=0 !! #
# " # Q# ! "#= # − D+ !M # ! 0 ! ! " 4 !# ! 2 4 !#
# ! # ! Q# !40 ! ! # ! 4 # " # ! # "#= ! ; ! ! "#=0 . #4#!# # ! "#= !#4#!# ; 4!0 # T !# # #!
. 20 ! # # ! #" # 4 ! #! ## !
# # # !# # & # !# 4 #! ".
I # J 4!! 2 #" "#!
! !! # # AI JB0 !# !
2# 6 ! & "#! #" <; !! I /
J # ! "#! # ### 6 #6 6 !# # #0 # ! ! ]6 "#! ! A #
#!! # ! # 3B
'<)<'<) - & 6" %&$ # ! ! 4#
V K &Q # !# E ; LNR ! # !
#" # Q # I "" J
#1 " ! 1 V
'</ = > .
0/ + - L !# ]6 #6 # !0 ! !#" 2# #0 ! 30 H0 N (=D 2 0
40 ! !! / 0 %/% / # # ]6 / 4 # 2# #/"#= XOH0 OL℄ & ]6 #6 4 G (=D 2 # 2# &# # ]6 #4#!# I # J # GLLK XOK℄ # !# 4 !# # !#" "#=6 ## #!# !# # ]6 ; 0 !6" # ]6 G (=D 2 ! I # J #4#!# XOK℄
V ! &# ! !! 2 ; 5 0
# #6 6" &( # !# 2 2# #6 H ,(= & "#! !! I / J
#4 !#" !! 5 ; 5N #. ; 4 # !! ; 2# # # # "
V A C½ &# #!! + - E ! !
#. ; 4 !# ! 4 I "" J
V + & 4 #4 4 !#4 /
# #. ; !! 2 # !# 4 %&$
$! 4 2# 2 ! %&$ I # J #
! ?#/?#0 # # ! #! I #4#!# # J # ! / M0 ! !!
/0 ! ]6 #6 " # ! # # ! # ! !! ?#/?# !# 2 / !4 2 ! #6 # 2# #/"#= A]6 #6 !
N (=D 2 B XOL℄ # ! # ! ! 2#4# !0 ! ]6 #6
" ## 100 × 106 D 2 # /
½ ( /
3
0 1 2 (
V .'
V
& 4!! #4 M 2 #2## <; 100 × 106 D 2 I # J 500 × 106
D 2 I #4#!# # J
& ## %&$ # ! ! 2# I # J AQ # 0 #!! I ! J0 ! !!B #! # ! # 3 & 4!! !
2# #4#!# # 4 E 4 # !
2 XK0 KG℄
& I "" J . ; 2 5 # A,G ,5B0
; G0G5 GO0G5 # A 2 " 55B 6 !# # # A,GG ,G5 !# # G ,5G ,55 !# # 5B
# !# 2 GK "# AG 2, 55×0, 68 2 5 2, 04×0, 68 2
,GB ! "#0 ) 2# !# ! I J 0 !# 2# 0 ! I J ) & I J
!# y A4 #!B !# !# # ! !# 4# ! A)09B0 ! I J ) !# x A=#!B # ! !# /4# A 09B &# "# E ! !
I J ! I J ) M0 # !# !# !# 4# ! 6 # M !# ! ! # A 2 `53G5B
&# "# I J ) !# " 55G0 # !# ,GG # /!# 55H 4 ! #
• GKO5 I J # ! !# 4# #4
V 33 I J H50N !#"0
V GN I J 5G05N !#"0
V HK I J G05N !#" W
• ON5 I J ) # ! !# /4# #4
V 3H I J H50N !#"0
V HHK I J 5G05N !#"
& #! 5G 4 ! &# !# "# 5 # # M # + " # # . XL℄
" #$ * 1 &2
&! I / J AI ! JB XK5℄0 ; 6 I J0 # #" !! !# # "#! !# #2# "#! ##!" "#! !" !#" 5/5N "#!
#" # h ! <; !! I "" J ! #!
& # #! # !# # !/#
!! ." ?. # A% !B XK3℄ # #! !#
! !! I # J¾ ?. # % ! A%
#! !B ! 5 ! ! V !0 # AG :B0 ! ! #4#!# W
V 6. !0 # AK :B0 !# 2# I #/
J
¾
2
2 /
( 0 #1 " ! 1 '<'? = . BG) BG8 + - " 0/ .)
'<' = . + - F # $ + - K # $
BG)) ' c ! "#6 ! # ! # M 0 !#
2 # # ! ! # &! ! #
!# # ! !! "#! #4#!# # "## ! #4##" V .0
V
counts
I # J0 # ! . 2# ! &# 4#! ! 6 # 2#
; G : ; K :0 # "# j! j !#!! !# 4#!
! !! ; !# #!# # "# j! 6j0 #0 !# 4#! ! E ! ; # # "#! 4 # !# M !" h ! ! I "" J ! #! $! E "!
# # O0N # ?. #4#!
&#!# # !# ! !! I # J
# ! ?. # % ! !# " 555
10
75
2
HV=9400 V
ADULT (10,80) mV
10
50
1
25
HV=9000 V
counts
ADULT (10,80) mV
0
75
HV=9000 V
HV=9400 V
Single thr. 80 mV
Single thr. 80 mV
50
25
0
50
55
60
65
50
T (ns)
55
60
65
T (ns)
'<'' =
. + " @ G # $ # $
( #$ * ! # 5530 !! I "" J "# 4#6
V ! #! 4# U ! 4# &! 2 ! ; H ,(= & # F #
" ##!!.!0 ! ! # M # ? #!" 5N W
V "#! ! !! #! ! 2# 2 # ! # I "/
" J ! #! " # E #- ! ; !# :, W
V "! #! ! # ! 2# # I "" J "#! 4
N "#6 I "" J 4# & # ?. ! %&$
A B & #! !! I "" J0 ? !
# # ! h !0 N #1 " ! 1 .3
'<') = . + - @'2 9
&# #- !! !! I "" J . ; 0 /
!# <; !# I "" J "! #!0 !# " 55H
Time of
Flight
RPC
FEE
Cables
LocTrig
60 ns
10 ns
50 ns
100 ns
250 ns
0
60 ns 70 ns
RegTrig
25 ns
470 ns
25 ns
520 ns
120 ns
Cables
100 ns
220 ns
GlobTrig
25 ns
620 ns
650 ns
'<'0 = O + - 7 + - # ; ! 2 ! ; H ,(= !! /
I "" J0 ! ; ! /! I /
J # 2# !!0 4 #. # # 4 5N 0 !" M0 ! # !
# A0 B # E !! # # E 4/
AE !"B & # ! ! !0 4# !!
# "0 ## # ; 4 A! ] 0 # 6!0 ! #6 # # # "!"# !B E #0 # ! !# A 2 # HB !
! # ! #"# ! I "" J N / ON # ; !# 2# !4 !! 0 !# 2 N # ! # 4! # ! # <# I "" J
..
V V
'<)<3< - $ A 66 C &! I "" J ! #! XKH℄ 53H # # 2# :,0
# # G #- # # # #" = !# A 0)B !! ! M 2# A60?B # &# !" !! I "" J ! #! M # 6 #!"
&/ A!# 4#B &/) A!# /4#B0 4 ! ; !# pT 0 M # ? & AI &F/ /# ! JB &/
# !#" & # M # 7 # # . XLG℄
&# !" &/ #4#!! # ! !# 4# #!" # V !# 0 4# !# ) A I J B0 !#
# !# = " # !# # 0
V !# 4# ! 6 # A I JB !# # # # ; # # !" 4 ! # W
&# !" &/) #4#!! # ! !# /4# 0 V !# 0 4# !# A I J )B0 !#
# !# = " # !# # 0
V #!" # ! ! # !"
4 ! 46 < Q # ! 2
\ # 2# !" &/ &/)0 5 # !# & # pT
V # I "" J W
V G I "" J ! # ! #" "#4 W
V G I "" J ! # ! #" 4 W
V GG I "" J #4 4# !!0 I J0 ! 6
#
'<)<3<' - $ A 66 C 6
&! I "" J ! #! 2 234 × 4 2#/
# # !! I "" J "#! 4# #" # G # ! # # #! ! "#6 I "" J
! # I "" J ! #! !# # E #- :, %0
#- :, G # ! I "" J "#! <; G
# ! I "" J ! #!
# # ! I "" J "#! # ! 2# #
# &# . # # ##!!.! K ! # # ! 5 # ! #!0 2 × 8 × 4 = 64 % # ! H 0 ! !# 4#0 H ! # ! !# . #
%0 # H #0 I "" J "#! 0 H # pT 0 4? # I "" J "! #!
4# "#!0 ! 2# ! ! 4#
V G # ! A#4 " 4#B W
V 5 # A !B E " W
V 5 # A !B " '<)<3<) - $ A 66 C 6 7
&! I "" J "! #! . # !! /
I "" J "#! 4# " ! G #
#1 " ! 1 .*
I "" J "#! 2 N "#6 I "" J "#6
4? # "#6 ! 4#
V "#! E " # pT W
V "#! E " # pT W
V "#! " # pT W
V "#! " # pT W
V "#! ! # # pT '<)<3<0 - $ &# ! 2# F # ! # I "" J
! #!0 "#! "! #! M # # #! % A 2 " 553B &
#!" I "" J ! #!0 "#! "! #! # #4"#
& #2 4 % # "#! 4# 4# &G
& #2 % 4 ! ?. # %&$ # "#! 4# &5 U 4# #
" &
$ % 0('
* 0 ( ,
&$
&& , & . 34 , & . & . ,
71 3& 3& ) 0 12
& %"&& & % 8 " & 34 &
,
,
,$
#-
/
AI 4 !# # JB 210 × 72 20 ; #
!# # !6 %&$0 # 2# # #i
53 # # !# = 8$ AI 8## $## # !? JB
I # J0 ! #6 < 2 # #
V 4#! 2 W
V 4 #!! I ! J ! /
!! &# #!! I ! J ! ? I J
A # # "#! ! B #<# ! " ! # ! 4! "#= !# W
V 4#! ! " 4!! # !Q # > # !. ; !##!? !" !# Q # I # J ! #6 /
" # !# "# I J #!! M # 4! # !# $! ; # "#! I #4#!# #/
J XK℄ ! 2 # ! # !!
/0 !!! ! 2 # ! #
L
*?
0()
V
! " #
V
"7 &"!#
$ $
& # 2 6#! !# " 3G 2 6/
#!0 # !# = 8$ AI 8## $## # !? JB 0 2# # !4 # ! AI ? JB½ 2# #
! 2# !# #4 ]6 ? !
GO (=D 2 2# !# 4 G × G 2 # !# # /
#! 2# #0 ]6 # <; 3N/H (=D 2 &# = 8$ #
## 4 137 Cs0 AEγ e F:B
& ]6 4 2 !#
K (=D 2 # M 0 ! < # ! ! # 4#! !] !Q # 0 2# # #4 # ## # !# 0 4 I 8$ + J I 8$ + J0 #! ! ! !# I 8$ + J # # $! ; ! 4# 2 . ; ! # ! 2 # &( M0 !# ]6 #6#! N0 H 3 (=D 20
40 /0 %/% / !# . # "" XOL0 OH℄ #. . ! #!
2 "#! 3 # ; ! ZG0 Z5 Z3
AI 2 Z # JB XKN℄ !! !# !# !# 0 ! ! 20 6 4#
= 10 × 10 20 # #4#! !# 0 ! 2 ! #! ! Q # !# #
6 !!# !# #?# Q # 4 GR
&# !# =#! 4 #! # E !. #/
!#? # ! 2# #
$ * /0
&# 2# # ; !! !# # !6/
%&$ # !# " 2# # &!## # # "" . ; !6 %&$ !# " 35 A; "# B
&# ! ! # #! ## V 210 × 72 2 6 !# #F! 2# ! 4
Aρ = 1 − 3× G9 Ω B0 ! 6 !# #F! # 5 # # 4! "#= 5 # W
V # # AI JB G 0 5 H !#" ! # "#! ! 0
V 2 !# I # J I #4#!# # J W
&4 *5 5* " # 66** ** ' '+7' *3 8 π → µ + νµ ' 6* " #9
5* " #9 1 ' 1 , 3 ":; <+ ; ' ":; 100 ± 20 " #
½
!, !
*
Mur de Béton
Filtre
en plomb
DWC3
γ
S3+S4
Hodoscopes
Faisceau
de muons
DWC2
S1+S2
Hodoscopes
Source
Cesium
DWC1
RPC
Mouvement
horizontal + vertical
1m
)< = . " P
8??3 90E
3 A #Q $ 8 GAZ
OUT
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000 STRIP X
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
GAZ
OUT
STRIP Y
111
000
Strip 1 cm
000
111
1111
0000
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
0000
1111
111
000
Strip 2 cm
GAZ
IN
GAZ
IN
Strip 4 cm
)<' = / 0/ + - # $ " F K 0/ + - # $
V !#" "#=6 ! ! I # J AN0NR #" A%B0 HG03R 2# A2 (2 4 B0 O05R # A4 (10 B GR 6 B #4 3 D0 4!! G05 4!D
&# "# I J !# " 35
A; B ! 6 !# ! )
*'
V ! $ * " # V
$ *
&# 3 ? I J AG 0 5 H B ## M # ! ! # "#! ! <#6
# ! I / J A7 I 7# J % I %## JB XK5℄ & # 7 # ! "#! ! ! 2 "#! !# ! 6 ; G : K : ! I # J XK30 KH℄ &# " 33 ! # # #
#4 0 ; # 60 ! # ### Z A%B Z A7B
! # # ## N Ω ; # 6E0 #!
! # ## AZc < 50 ΩB ! !#/
" XKO℄0 ! 4 # ! # !# 3G !# ## !# ### M0 ! "#! # ] ; #
60 #4 Q ]6 ρU # !6
4# XK0 KO℄
ρU =
Z − Zc
Z + Zc
A3GB
T Z !# ###0 Zc !# ## !# !" #
It
Ir ;=>
Ii
Ir ;=%
Zc
7
Ii
Z ;=>
)+*
Ω
,
Z ;=%
)+*
Ω
. #+ -$ ' #Ii$ , 7 D96 7 D9@
)<) =
#. !# ! +0 !#! "#! ! Ui A35B
Ui = Zc × Ii
+ ! # Ii ! ! ? I J .
! ! ; !# " ! " # ! ##" # ! #"
# ! 4! "#= !# I J
Zc AΩB
kρk
Ui A:B
UtFEB A:B
UtFEA A:B
G 5 H HKK
3LO
5KH
G
GG
5O
LO
OLH
NK
LKK
KKK
O5G
LLL
LOK
LG
+ - 5
D96 ' Ii Ii R 8 @
)< =
! !" # # ## Aρ = 0B0 ! "#! #
; !# # 7 # "#! # "#! AUi B # 0 ! # M
!, !
*)
4# ! ? I J A4 # !# 3G0 ! HB &Q # !# # #! ". 4# !# !#" I J 2# !#
2 "#! A∆ i ≃ H :B
# ! # T ρ = 00 ! "#! # ; !# # ! 7 "#! 0 "#! ] # ##" ! 6
"#6 #!! 6 # 6E 4 4#!
!M ! "#! # ; !# # 7 #4# ### # #6 6 I J
V 6 +6 ! "#6 Ui ] Ur # 4#" !# # % #" # ##" ! <; !# # 7 & "#! Ui′
#4# !# # 7 Ui′ = Ui + Ur = (1 + ρu ) Ui
A33B
"#! ]6 # 4#" !# # 7 & "#!
# ; !# # 7 "#! # 4#" % UtFEA = Ui′ + ρu Ui′ = (1 + ρu )2 Ui
A3HB
V 6 +6 8 & "#6 ] ## # M0 ! "#! /
] #4 #4 # i ; !# #"# "#! !# !"
!# !" # A#!! B !# !" # /
!#4 !" A &eN 0 ∆t = 2L/c = 3.5 B0 ! #! "#6 ] U # !# # 7 #< ! %0
! "#! # E Q# # ! ! ! !#
# 7 #! !# !#" ; /# "#! I # J ! H/N # !?. T ! "!" #! ! "#! ] 0
! "#! # ; !# # 7 "#! # 4#" !# #
7 UtFEB = Ui + ρu Ui = (1 + ρu ) Ui
A3NB
+ # M ! "#6 # ; !# # 7 4#
!# !! #! !# !" #0 #! #6
UtFEA = (1 + ρu ) UtFEB
A3B
! "#! 6 6E0 ! "#! # ; !# #
7 # ; UtFEB # # 2 ; UtFEA
& 4#! "#6 # ; !# # 7 ! 6 # 6E / # ! # !# 3G #4# ### # I J #- "#! # A∆ t ≃ 28 :B0 # !
2# ! # ! # T ! I J # ## A∆ t ≃ 40 :B "#! !# T ! "#! ! I J !#
!#" I J + # ; 4 " #
!Q # !# *0
0(0
V ! " # V
#, "7 # $ ! &
& 4! "#= !# ! #6 # A/
# B0 # # ! "! #! !# Q # M0 !# "#= !# !# # A #
"#= #2# ρ ∝ P/T B !# "#= #"0 !M #
!# # 6!0 ! ! # ? ! # ! "#= 0
# #" ! "# # !Q # !# # 6 #. ; !0 #
M 4 AVeff B !# # #! AVa B # AT 0 P B0 XKK0 KL℄
HV = Veff = Va .
P0 T
.
P T0
A3OB
T P0 T0 ! # 2 #4
P0 eLO # T0 e5L3 S
! ##!? 4 2. ; # M 4
3 - #!$ $ $ #4 $ /0
)<)<'< K # 0 !Q # # 2 ! 0 Nhodo 0 c # ! 6 0 ! /
#?# Q # 4 GR = !# 0 # !# Q # 2 !# # 0 M # !
# 0 NRP C 0 # !# Nhodo M
# 2 &Q # - #4 !# # 0 # # ]6 ! "0 # !## T !Q # GR & " !# # # ; Q # LR0 2 # #
#< !# Q # ; !# 2 #?# ! 4#
f (HV ) = α1 · [tanh(α2 · HV − α3 ) + α4 ]
A3KB
T α1 0 α2 0 α3 α4 ! # ##. ! 2 #<
+ "#! !# # 2 !# # H : # " 6 Q # !# " 3H0
# # ; 6 M 2# # !# #/
0 ! !# 0 Q # 0 ! 6 !# ! A )B
!# 2 H3 !# " 3H0 # # "
! OHN : 2 ! OKN :0 !# # # !# ! !# 5G0 #
# " ! O : 2 !
K : ! !# ! !# )0 # #!#" #
# # !# ! G :
+ # # " # # !# 2# # !# # # !# ! A )B
1
*3
Efficacite
Efficacite
# !, 1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
Position 403 : Strip X
0.4
Position 201 : Strip X
0.4
Position 403 : Strip Y
Position 201 : Strip Y
0.2
0
7000
0.2
7400
7800
8200
8600
0
7000
7400
7800
8200
HV (V)
)<0 =
J " #F K$
< 0/ 8600
HV (V)
" 5
)<)<'<' (6 -K ! #!#? # ! 2# # 0 !# 4#! !# #
# ; Q # KR # # #< #4 !#
2 # !# 3K 4#! !# " 3N ! 6 !# ! *! ! !# ! 0 ! 2# #! #
? O : Q # KR % 4#!
?0 # A∆HV = HVmax − HVminB # ! N : ! !# # 0 ! !# )0 !
! NN :
# ! " #! / !# A20 < x < 190 B0
# #0 ! 5N : !
!# 3 : ! !# ) ! " !#
Ax < 20 x > 190 B0 !!/ Q # # # #6 "
#! /
## !# !# # M !#
Q # 6 ; LNR0 4 2 ?
! OKN : # ! N :0 ! ! !# ! !# " 3 & " < Q # # # ; !# " #! !# )<)<'<)
-"6
#!! ## 0 ! #!0 ! # "
Q # 4 # ! " #! / !# &
6 #! " ! 4#
V !# 2 # ! 4 # M ! #! /
# ! 6 !# 4 W
*.
V ! HV @ 80% vs x : plan Y
8400
8200
HV(@ 80%)=7650 ± 325 V
y=14 cm
y=26 cm
y=46 cm
y=61 cm
HV(V)
HV(V)
HV @ 80% vs x : plan X
8400
8200
HV(@ 80%)=7600 ± 275 V
8000
8000
7800
7800
7600
7600
7400
7400
7200
0
20
40
60
" # V
7200
0
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
20
40
60
y=14 cm
y=26 cm
y=46 cm
y=61 cm
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x(cm)
x(cm)
)<3 = > J A" &?S , " # 8)?
$
< # %8
$ / + - F + - K HV @ 95% vs x : plan Y
8600
HV(V)
HV(V)
HV @ 95% vs x : plan X
8400
HV(@ 95%)=7850 ± 250 V
y=14 cm
y=26 cm
y=46 cm
y=61 cm
8600
8400
HV(@ 95%)=7850 ± 275 V
8200
8200
8000
8000
7800
7800
7600
7600
7400
0
20
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x(cm)
)<. = > 7400
0
20
40
60
y=14 cm
y=26 cm
y=46 cm
y=61 cm
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x(cm)
J A" ; S , " # 8)?
$
< # %8
$ / + - F + - K # !, **
V !# "# !# ! !# !#4 40 !
I J !#" M # ! E # ## # #! M "#! # 4# # 7 . I J !# T ! "#! ! I J A 2 ` 353B
# 4 " 0 # 6!0 /
!# ! ! # 7
# Q # ; KR !# 4# E 4#! #/
" # A 6 B !# # 0
# ; Q # KR0 2 !# !# )<)<'<0 -K 2?M N O
# Q # ; KR !# # !# " 3O !
!# !# " 3K ! !# ) &# "# # E "
=
2 3 4
# !# " #! ANN d 6 d GNN B0 #
! 5 : # "0 ! 2# # ! I J
0 E !#" A5 B &# "# # !# #
" & " 4 # = # #! ; !# 2 # ! %6 6 !# 0
! " # !# "# M
AG H B # 0 # # 2# 2#/
! 6!# ! ! # " # 2# !# # !! ]. !# "! #! !Q # !# y(cm)
Segmentation en X :
Strip 1cm
Strip 2cm
Strip 4cm
7900
70
60
7637
7458
7417
7512
7511
7484
7670
7434
7528
7481
7460
7617
7796
50
7968
7800
7700
40
7600
30
7792
7451
7888
7483
7816
7500
20
7660
10
0
0
7445
20
40
60
7345
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
x(cm)
7400
7300
)<* = J &?S F ' D96 0/ ' + - & + - =
2 5 4
# # !# 0 ! " 4 # !# " #! #!0 #0 ; !# 2 # ! 0 # #0 ; !# "# !# ) M0 # "0 ! *2
V y(cm)
Segmentation en Y :
! " # V
Strip 4cm
Strip 2cm
7900
70
60
7641
7634
7570
7587
7597
7534
7650
7588
7614
7551
7536
7632
7833
50
7881
7800
7700
40
7600
30
7702
7456
7729
7498
7687
7500
20
7552
10
0
0
7440
20
40
60
7335
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
x(cm)
7400
7300
J &?S K ' D96 0/ ' + - & + - )<2 =
#!#? # ! 2# # !# !" I J A#6 6 # B #. ! # !# 3G0 # ; 4 "#!
4# !# T ! "#! ! I J I J H 0 !#
4# E ! ! !! #4 I J 5 #0
# 4#! ! " ; !# "# # !
M ; !# 2 # ! = !# A # ! 2# #B Q # 6 ; KR0 ! " # !# 2 # ! ! 6 !# ! ) M #
!# M # 6 !#0 ! " ; !# 2 # ! # # # ! = #!#? # ! 2# #0 # !# # ; 5 # M # ! !# ! )
= 2 5 2 3 4
&# # ; 5 # !# M # ! 6
!# ! ) Q # KR !# " 3L
##!?# #0 ! #! ! # # # = !
" #! # !# "# !# # !# " #! ANN d 6 d GNN B0 ! "
; !# "# ! !# ) M0 0 !
? # # ] !# "# I J # = + ! " ! #! ; !# "# ) ##!?# !
" !# ) 2 !# 2# # !# ? I J 0 # !# # !
6 I J ) 5 ! L :0 #! ! I J
) H 0 ! ! GH : !0 !# # ;
#! ! # # 4#" 7 4#! #
0 4# ! "#! # 4#" !# # 7 # 4#" !# # ### %0 # #!#2 #4 ! 4#! # !
# !# 3G ! # ! !" I J )0 6 6E I J0 # ; # # !# !# # 7 "#!
# !, Segmentation en X :
Strip 1 cm
y(cm)
Segmentation en Y :
*/
Strip 2 cm
Strip 4 cm
Strip 2 cm
Strip 4 cm
200
70
12
60
167
132
84
92
57
30
150
100
50
−24
139
103
71
70
17
−78
50
40
0
30
−108
6
−191
13
−132
20
−100
−128
10
0
−50
0
1
20
40
60
−8
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
x(cm)
−150
−200
)</ = < F K
J A" &?S ' F K 4 6#!
%6 6 !# 0 # ! # ! !# # % # 2# # ! # Q ! ;
# " # Q # # "#! 4 Q # 6
; KNR ; LR
/$ &# #!! I ! J ! ? I J #<# ! " ! # ! 4! "#= &# #!! I ! J ! ; !# ! ##! &# " 3G !# #!! I ! J I J 5 # 6 ; 3 : #/ "0 !# 4#! ? !# #!! I ! J # G03 # #
&# #!! I ! J #" #4 !# # M0 !# " ! /
# ! ##" # ! 4! "#= ! "#
# !# # #" 4 #" 2# !
# # 0 !# #!! I ! J - #4 !# # #/
! !# ! ##! & " 3GG0 3G5 3G3 4 !4! !# #!! I ! J 2 !# # I J G 0 5 H !# A !# # /
! !# )B & 4#! ? !# #!! I ! J " # 2 0 H : # " A2 :B
+ # !## / " !! !# !#" I J
% 4# "0 # !# 4#! ? !# #!! I ! J
! G ! ! ? I J # 0 # "0
!# #!! I ! J #" !# #4 !# # #! #"# ! ! I J G ! I J 5 H ! I J G 0 ! #" # # ; #! 6 I J #<# #! ! I J 5 H 0 !# # !
#" 6 I J ! 2# !
V 2?
" # V
! Nb de coups
Cluster size
Strip 2 cm
10
4
Entries
Mean
RMS
10
10
9884
1.281
0.4876
3
2
10
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nb de strip touché
)<? =
G + -
+ - 8
3?? > 5 & 4#! ? !# #!! I ! J # " # 2 /
# ! # !# 35 ! M ? I J
+ 6
I J
#!! I ! J
G GGN
5 GG
H GN
! , I J
#!! I ! J
G G
5 G3
H GG
> + - # $ # $
+ - )
8
4
)<' =
" /$ &# ! !! # ? # ! AI "#! 4 JB0 ! # G + I "# J ! #
? !# #< "# # 4#" + I , J ! # ? !# !#"
5N ; !# 2E I "" J A2 !"B
&# " 3GH !4! !# ! !!0 I ,
J I "# J0 2 !# # 0 # 4#" "0
I J 5 % 2 0 !# !! "#! 2E 5N ! GH I J G H 0 4
!! E "#
# !, 2
strip 1 cm
Clustersize
2.2
2
mean = 1.59
RMS = 0.57
Mode streamer
1.8
GIF OFF
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
−1200
−1000
−800
−600
−400
−200
0
200
400
600
HV (V)
)< =
> + - # ? >$
+ - )
F
strip 2 cm
Clustersize
2
1.8
Mode streamer
1.6
GIF OFF
1.4
1.2
mean = 1.33
RMS = 0.48
1
0.8
−800
−600
−400
−200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
HV (V)
)<' =
> + - # ? >$
+ - 8
F
strips 4 cm
Clustersize
2.2
2
Mode streamer
1.8
GIF OFF
1.6
mean = 1.10
RMS = 0.41
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
−1000
−750
−500
−250
0
250
500
750
HV (V)
)<) =
> + - # ? >$
+ - 4
F
2'
V ! " # V
strip 2 cm
Mode streamer
1.5
RMS TDC (ns)
sigma TDC (ns)
GIF OFF
1.4
1.3
1.2
5
4.5
4
3.5
1.1
3
1
2.5
0.9
2
0.8
1.5
0.7
1
0.6
0.5
0.5
0
−500
0
500
1000
HV (V)
−500
0
500
1000
HV (V)
+ 0B. G - # $ + G - # $ # ? >$ + - 8 '
+ 0B. G - + G - A "
)<0 =
0(1
#
& #6 " !##!? 2# I # J
; ? # #!! # !6 %&$
! 4#
V # !Q # !# 0 # ?
2 ! OKN :0 0 # 4#!
?0 4 ± 3N : ! ! !# + # "#!
! " Q # # # ; !# "
#! !# V ! ! !# 0 # # !Q # ! O : # ! ##!? M #4 ! #! !
# !# 3G0 4 #Q !# !Q # ; !# "# !# ! # ! #
2 ; 5 : & " ! #! # ! 4 E
# 6!# !! !# !Q # V % 2 0 !# #!! I ! J G00 G03 G0G ! I J G 5 H 40 !# ! !! ! G0H !! !# !#" I J #2#
! 6" %&$ # #!! I ! J !
"# !# ! 4 I "" J0 ! !! 2 ;
5 & " Q # 4 #6 6 !# 0 #6 "#=0 # E #6 M < "#= 0 #0
4 " # # !# 0 # #0 4
#- #"# ! #! !# 4 !# #F! A # ]6B & 4#0 ! #! # "#= ;
NR %4 "#= 0 ! " # # ; 3 : ! !
!# XKG℄
'
( $
! %
1('
6 # 7 6 7 /
/
/
)& #
+ ' & #*
68 & $
9 9 % "+ $
0 8 9 ,
82
# #0 #!! ! 2# ?. ! /
AI "" JB . ; %&$ Q # #6 I "" J &# ## #6 I "" J #4. # 4 !# # # ? #4 ! & 2# I "" J #4# <; 4#! GLLL # + " XL℄ ! !#
!#!" "" $! #< # 4#! 2# ! # 4#
V & 6 ! #4 I "" J #
4# & AI &F # ! JB #. ; " 4# !# !# !# . # I "" J # 4# ! 6 # I "" J #4#! # M #
7 # # . XLG℄ W
V & !" ! ##!? !# %&$0 %! X30 GG℄0 # !# /
!" ! XG5℄0 # ! GLLL $! ." ##
#. ! #! !# !# M %&$ W
V & 4! 4#6 .! # * #4
A* # I 6 &#" + J0 * 0 ,B # #6 !# 4# !! # Q # K3
20
V$
! %
&%
%
V
! #4 # ! # A>Dψ0
ΥB ! #F ! A # #B XL50 L30 LH℄ W
V & M # ($ # ! !! #0 # ! !# !! F#
# # ! 2# ?. ! ! !! / ; √sN N = 5, 5 : %/% ; √sN N = 6, 3 :0 Q # I "" J #6 I "" J XGGN℄
& #6 I "" J . ; 4 E ! ; 4
G F(= #. ; ! 0 # # 4# !# # #< "# #6 I "" J G F(= # # ! #4
!# # ## (& AI (" &4! "" JB %&$
! 0 ! 2#
√ 2# #
! !! / ; s = 14 : # )# XK0 GGN℄
1() # 8+ #
# ! 2# ?. ! 0 ! 2## # ! #! #6 " &( # # " 4# ! #4 # ; # "# ,/#! ! XLO℄ XLK0 G℄ & # ! # #" # !
. ; %&$ <#6 # I "" J # !#
!" ! XLL℄0 2# #4 %! !" !0 T !# " #!!
"0 # ! # # ! #4 !# #/
. AM ! 0 #? 2#"0 "0
# " #B &# "# # ! # ! #/
# ! !" ! XLK℄0 ! ; ; #!0 !#!"
I "" J0 # %!0 2# ! 2# # 4#! ! 2# ?. ! $! 2# ! !#
M #4 ! # 0 #! !# !!# # %&$
! Q !! ! #! ! 4 ## 2# !# I "" J ON A 2 `53NB0 ! ! I "" J
! #6 # ! # ! # #
! "# 1(0 # ## *
& !% 4
" '$ & 2 # ! ##! "# # Aφ0 >Dψ
ΥB 4 !! !# "#
V F# A 2 #B W
V # A #B W
V # 7 A #6B
&# " HG !# !#4 # 0 " ! ? #
!# # . ; ! !! #! / 2 ! !! #4 ApTB 23
0< = E
pT pT #pmin
T $ ;C℄
+ # # ! # # ! #40 ! /
4 #<# 2 # # <; ! #4 ! G 8:D &# " pT #0
#!!# G 8:D <; 50N 8:D 0 # ! "# # # % 50N 8:D 0 !# #! 4 # #6
"
) % $
% ! #! ! !#0 !/
#4 /# A #B ! !# "# M "# ,/#! XLO℄ A !! ?#/?#B XG℄ A !! /B
0<)<'< 7 :p @ η; ! :π; > :P;
T
% , S "" XL℄ 0 ; # "# ,/#! 0 ! /# F# #" !
!! #! / A##. # b < 5 2B %/% Ab < 3 2B !# ! M !# ! ! I #@" J ! I <
" J # 4# #
&# 2 !# η ! ! F# #" !# 4#
(η − η1 )2
(η − η2 )2
dN
= a1 exp −
+ a2 exp −
dη
2σ12
2σ22
AHGB
& ##. #< a1 0 a2 0 η1 0 η2 0 σ1 σ2 ! !! #!
/ %/% # ! # !# HG
& /# F# #" !!
#! / !# " H5 &# !! # #"
; η e 0 dNch /dη |η=0 0 #! ; NK ! !! /
#!0 ;
KO ! !! %/% #! 4# ! .! ! X3℄0 !# !! # #" ; η e # ! !! #! / 4# 5
2.
V$ ! %
Fenetre angulaire eta > 1.7
4
π
10
10
&%
±
3
K±
2
10
10
10
−2
10
−3
10
−4
10
−5
10
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
%
V
8
10
−6
π±
K±
−7
−8
−9
0
2
4
6
η
1
−1
10
1
P b − P b
dN/dp2T
dN/dη
10
8
10
12
14
pT " #9
(
0<' = 5 #$ ( #$ /5/ dN ch /d η
Acceptance spectromètre
dimuons
10000
7500
5000
2500
0
−5
0
5
η
0<) = 5 5
/5/ < ' T 5
8 U η U 4 2*
!!
a1
π±
S±
HLG3
HLO0
η1
055
0OL
/
#! Ab < 5f mB
σ1
G0HO
G0NH
a2
GKGL
5GN0
η2
30
H0L
σ2
G0NG
G0H
!! %/% #! Ab < 3f mB
a1
π±
S±
0< = /
NK0N
O0H
η1
0GG
0OK
σ1
G03N
G0ON
a2
H3L0L
HG0NL
η2
305H
H0GH
σ2
G0OO
G0NG
5 ( /5/ @5@
; K0 !!! !# " H3 ! /# /
; # M .! A 0 0 0 B &#
4! !# /# #4
# #! ; dNch /dη |η=0 = 8000 & #6 I "" J /
4#! !# 4 ## AdNch /dη |η=0 = 5800B K AdNch/dη |η=0 = 8000B &# E #" # # %/% $! 2#
# ! #= 4#4 # ! !! √
√
($ A sN N = 200 8:B 6#! ; !" &( A sN N = 5, 5 : / B !! # ! #" ; η e dNch /dη |η=0 =
1100 ÷ 2600 X3℄
% ! #! ! !#0 ! F# "
# 2E #"!# θ ∈ Xf0 5f℄0 !# " H5 2E
#"!# ! !#" !# # . ; X5f0 Lf℄ #. ;
! # !# # . # F# 6 # # &"# !# /#
2E 4#! !# !! F# #" # 4#!! #"!# !! #! / 0 # LH #" Aπ ± B G3N #" Aπ ± , π 0 B0 G5N F# #" AS± B
5N F# #" AS± 0 S0L 0 S0S B 4 GG F# Aπ ± , π 0 0 S± 0 S0L 0 S0S B # Xf0 5f℄ !# E #.0 35N F# # Xf0 5f℄ ! !! #! %/% !! ## # ! # !# H5 W ! !! #4 K "#!
&# ! #4 XL℄ ! !# 4#
⎧
⎪
2
⎪
⎨ exp − m2π + pT /T0 pT < 0, 5 GeV /c,
dNπ
n
∝
1
⎪
dp2T
⎪
pT > 0, 5 GeV /c.
⎩
1 + pT /p0T
AH5B
!# p − p I # J ;
#. ; ! !6 XG3℄ A !! /p̄ ; G0K :B # !# " # ! #4 & ##. 6 ; p0T eG03 8:D 0 eK05K T0 eG ,: & 6 ! # 2# ! ! I J ! ; # A! # !
#4 ! ! #4 B 6 4#2
√
sN N e N0N : & ##. 22
V$
! %
!!
/
π
##
K
±
LH
G5HO
!! %/%
π±
##
K
GKH
5N3
&%
%
V
#! Ab < 5f mB
S±
Aπ0 SBtot
G5N
.??
GO3
''???
#! Ab < 3f mB
S±
Aπ0 SBtot
5N
)'3?
3H
002?
0<' = B
#π ± $ ( #:± $ ( #π :$tot T ?V 8?V℄ /5/ @5@
&# ! #4 F# !! !# 2 !! # 7 8#!!# XGH℄
dNK
= 0, 3
dp2T
m2π + p2T + 2
m2K + p2T + 2
12,3
dNπ
dp2T
AH3B
& ! #4 F# !!
#! / !# " H5
+ ! !# "# F#0 !# F# #4 ! # # ! ## ; " # " 2 !# ! # I "" J AI 2 # F" JB & #6 I "" J 4#! 4
#4 # # I 2 # F" J
0<)<'<' 7 :p @ η; " " 7
T
& !# "# # # A 0 0 D00 ±0 ±s 0 Λ±c B # #6 A700 B0 0 7±0 70s 0 B0s Λ0b0 Λ0bB !# #<# # pT #4# ! I "" J
& ! #4 # # # #6 "# ,/#! # # % # XGN℄ !# # !4 #F 0 !# #F ! # ! # #2 !# * A* B & ##.
; 6 # #< #. ; ! !# "#
, XG℄ "#0 # * 0 #! ! ! ?
4 ! !# # # c̄ b̄ ! !# 2 "! !#!# #F/##F ! ; ! G αs AI &#" + JB0
! "! !" ! ; ! 5 αs AI 6 &#" + JB0
# XGGH℄ & !6#!# #6 !! ?#/?#0 ! .
I #@" J 4# !# ### SLK XGO℄ %. !#
# #F !0 # ! #
2 ." & ! #4 # #
# #6 4 #
2/
⎧
n
dσ
1
⎪
⎪
⎨
∝
,
dp2T
1 + (pT /p0 )2
dσ
⎪
⎪
∝ (1 − α0 y 2 − α1 y 4 )3
⎩
dy
AHHB
& ##. #< # ! # !# H3
p0 A8:D B
505N
0N3
30GO
30NL
# #
# #6
0<) =
α0
α1
50H3×10−3 503G×10−4
G05O×10−2 50H3 ×10−4
/ 7 " ! " " 7 9
#9#
!# !# Q # !# /½ !# Q # # *Q̄ XGN℄0 ! #6 # *Q̄
# !! / # !# !# 2! 4#
QQ̄
Npp
=
QQ̄
σpp
inel
σpp
AHNB
& .! 8!# XGK℄ 6#! #6 #6 !/
! ?#/?# # !! ?#/?# !# n !! / #0 T n !# #! !# !!/
shad
A 2 #6 %B & 6#!#0 2# CAA
#
! M I #@" J # ! #! ! !# Q # ?#/?# & 4#! 2# !! #! / %/%
# ! # !# HH
#. ! .! 8!# 0 ! #6 # *Q̄ # !!/
#! ?#/?# #
QQ̄
NAA
QQ̄
σAA
shad
QQ̄
= inel = CAA
× RG × σpp
σAA
AHB
T RG 2# " .! 8!# /
!# #! !# !! !! #! / Ab < 5 2B0 2# "#! ; 530 −1 0 #! !! #! %/% Ab < 3 2B0
! 4# 503G −1 & #6 # *Q̄ # !! #! /
%/% XGN℄ # ! # !# HH
+ # 4 5H A5N0NB # # K A0LHB # #6 # ! !! #! / A%/%B &# ## !!/
# # # # !4#!# #6 I "" J
½σ
inel ) ?* ( 6* (
, @ A # ++ A # B*C℄
/?
V$ ! %
!! ;
√
&%
shad
CPb−Pb
0H
05G
0N
0KH
!! ;
√
V
QQ̄
NPb−Pb
G5
H0
sN N e03 :
QQ̄
σpp
A B
shad
CAr−Ar
QQ̄
NAr−Ar
O05N
053
0O
0KL
G50O3
0HO
#
#
%
sN N eN0N :
QQ̄
σpp
A B
#
#
0<0 =
G " + W ( √
" /5/ #@5@$
sN N R G> #C3 G>$ '
√
J 5 sN N R G> #C3 G>$ 0<)<'<) 7 :p @ η; :φ@ FGψ@ Υ;
T
& ! #4 ! ## A>Dψ ψ ′ B !
# AΥ0 Υ′ Υ′′ B0 !6 XGG0 GGG℄ A !!
p̄ ; G0K :B0 6#! #6 " &( # 8"?# XGG5℄ A !!
/ ; N0N :B & M I #@" J ! !6#!#
#6 !! ?#/?#
& ! #4 # 6#!#/
!# 2 4#
n
1
dσ
∝ pT ·
dpT
1 + (pT /p0 )2
AHOB
& ##. #< 6 ; ne30K5 p0 eH0O3 8:D Ane30H5 p0 eO0ON3 8:D B ! >Dψ AΥB
& # ! ## ! # .! 4## ! 2 # :" XL3℄
&# ! #4 Φ 6#! # # ;
!! # !# 7 8#!!# A 2 # H3B &# /# E !# E !! F#
& ! #4 # ! #F# A>Dψ 0
ΥB !# " HH
! #9#
& Q # / ## # 2/
# :" XL3℄ ! !!# # I ? 2# J
%&$ XH℄ !# 2 #F !0 :" # ! ! .!
4## ! AI ! 4## ,! JB .! !#
Q # # A B ; 2# !# /
Q # # 4 A # 4B & Q #!0 # !"0 6 # ! 6#! XL3℄ & Q # / ## #0 " # ! #/
!# HN ## !# Q # / ! 2# I #@" J
:;ψ
1
10
/
dσ/dpT
dσ/dpT
!, A 66 C
Υ
1
−1
10
10
−1
−2
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
−2
(
20
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.1
30
35
40
pT " #9
:;ψ
dσ/dy
dσ/dy
pT " #9
0.08
Υ
0.12
0.1
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
4
6
8
0
−8
−6
−4
y
−2
0
2
4
6
8
y
0<0 = # $ # $ H*ψ # $ Υ # $ /5/ G> # D
" G>$ ' # #6 # 0 ! #6 ## # # ! !! #! ?#/?# !# !# H # ! # !# HN + # ! #6 >Dψ # !
!! #! / A%/%B ! 0, 45 A0, 056B0 #! ! Υ
4 9, 32 × 10−3 A1, 11 × 10−3 B
1(1
"7 9 %% :
! ( & ## # # &( ! !! / ?#/
?# # ! # !# H0 ! ?0 Q # !# !! !# # X3℄ & .!
" 8!# XGK℄ #! ! !# Q # !# ?#/
?# ; # !# Q # !# / A 2 #6 %B
## !# ! ? !# Q # !#0 !
!! !# # ; !# !# 2! 4#
Ncoll = L × σ inel
A 66 C ! 1 - AHKB
/'
V$ ! %
!! ;
√
&%
%
sN N = 5, 5 :
φ
>Dψ
ψ′
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
res
σpp
Aµ B
35000
30, 5
4, 68
0, 50
0, 24
0, 10
shad
CPb−Pb
0, 60
0, 62
0, 62
0, 79
0, 78
0, 81
res
NPb−Pb
A×10−3 B
5 × 106
446
√
68, 5
9, 32
4, 42
1, 91
!! ;
V
sN N = 6, 3 :
φ
>Dψ
ψ′
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
res
σpp
Aµ B
63000
33, 1
5, 1
0, 56
0, 28
0, 11
shad
CAr−Ar
0, 70
0, 73
0, 73
0, 86
0, 86
0, 85
res
NAr−Ar
A×10−3 B
101865
55, 8
8, 6
1, 11
0, 56
0, 21
0<3 = G
" + W - # $
φ #H*
ψ ψ ′ $ #Υ Υ′ Υ′′$ √
/5/ #@5@$ sN N R G> #C3 G>$ ' J 5 √
sN N R G> #C3 G>$ ;3℄
/
%/%
/
sN N A:B
14
6, 3
5, 5
L A −2 −1 B
3 × 1030
5 × 1028
5 × 1026
Ncoll A(=B
2 × 105
1, 5 × 105
4 × 103
√
σinel A B
0, 07
2, 7
7, 7
'1 5 @5@ /5/
X L σinel J Ecoll
0<. =
& I "" J . ; %&$ #! # ! #
5 &# 4## ! # ! # ! I "" J . ; !! #4 & I "" J M ##!!.! 6 ! #4
V !# # pT 0 & I !@ pT J W
V !# # pT 0 ( I " pT J
# # ! !# pT 0 % I #!! pT J 6 # !# "# #6#! 4# # !! I "" J ! #! &# # pT !# ? >Dψ 0
# !# # pT !# ? Υ
\ # !!0 !#!" I "" J 2 ! 2# 4#
! 6 ! ! #4
V ! ¾ Aµ+ 0 µ− 0 µ0 B W
¾ ' / 0 ! ( 2( / 0 / 0
!, A 66 C
/)
V " M Aµ+µ−0 µ0µ−0 µ0µ+0 µ0µ0B W
V E " Aµ+µ+0 µ−µ−0 µ0µ−0 µ0µ+0 µ0µ0 B
& µ0 ; !# 4# ! 6 #
I "" J !! W ! # # ! #4 #?#
# 4#0 " # ! !# 0 !#!" I "" J . #" ; !# 2
4 "#4
#!0 #! ! I "" J0 ! . ! Q # "#! Aφ0 >Dψ0 ΥB ! Q # < 2 &# # #! ; !# !# #6 I "" J
; 4 G F(= AI "" J &B0 !! !Q # < 2
"" 24 $ &Q # I "" J E 6 #. M
V K , ! #" # ! #4 I "" J0 # ! # 3 !# H W
V K 6$ ! #" # ! #4 I "" J0 # ! #
!# # " . ; A50N d η d HB
&Q # 2 # ǫcut 0 #! !Q # " # Ecut # !# 0 ! Q # I "" J Q # 2 0 #2
#
0<0<< K A 66 C ! ! !# Q # I "" J 4# !# pT #!0 ! A3B " 4# !# ! #4 # !0 ! #4 2
; G 8:D 0 # !# # . ; #"0 #
!# %!0 <#6 # I "" J
4#! !Q # I "" J AQ # 2 B 2 !/
! #4 #! 0 ! 2# ! 4#
V dNcut/dpT # 6 I "" J
2 !! #4 W
V dN3/4/dpT # 3 !# H I "" J 2 !! #4 M # ! # dNcut /dpT dN3/4 /dpT0 # !Q # 2 I "" J 2 !! #4 !!! !# " HN
&Q # !# # pT !# # "# !# " HN
+ # !Q # # NR pT ∼ G 8:D 0 2 " ;
pT ∼ G0 8:D # ! # 4#" LLR ; # pT ∼ 3 8:D !# # pT0 # !# " HN0 # # !## 2# !# # pT &Q # #
; NR pT ∼ 5 8:D 0 2 " # ∼ 3 8:D 0 # !## ; 4 LKR
! 6 !Q # A2 "B0 !# pT
I "" J # ## # 2 !# 2
/0
V$ ! %
&%
1
0.8
V
%
" pT
68 &
68 &
+
pT
1
0.8
0.6
0.6
(
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
7
2
3
4
0<3 = 9J + 6
7
pT < =;
pT < =;
pT #$
5
pT #$ AHLB
Fcut (pT ) = α arctan [β(pT + γ)]6 + δ
& 4#! ##. Aα0 β 0 γ δ B 4# !# pT
#! ! 6 " # ! # !# HO
Q # 2 Fcut e ǫcut
α
β A8:D B−1
γ A8:D B
δ
ǫnom
ǫLpt (pT )
0GO
0OGO
03K
LLR
ǫHpt (pT )
05L
03GL
G05GN
05OG × G−1
/05H3 × G−2
LKR
Enom
Q # " Fcut e Ecut
ELpt (pT )
EHpt (pT )
α
β A8:D B−1
γ A8:D B
δ
05
0L3
03LN
0GN
0333
G0L
/0OKL × G−3
/03LG × G−2
LOR
LR
0<* = / + - pT
" A J + # $ 'J #ǫnom $ pT R )? =>* #
$ #. ! 0 !Q # I "" J E #"# 2 /
!! #4 !# /# #! #
!, A 66 C
/3
Q # I "" J !# " H !! 4#/
! !" !Q # 2 !# # ! !# ApT , η B "0 ; # pT 0 # # ; !# /# 4 ! 2# !# pT " !!
; !# l" ! !# #4 !# 2#! \ E
"0 ! ; #"! Aη = 4 ⇔ θ = 178fB 2# /
! #4 ! 2# ! AδpT ≃ δE sin(θ)B 6 ; "# #"!
Aη = 2, 5 ⇔ θ = 171fB $! ! ! ; "# #"! 4#
! "# # ! ! 2# ! # !# pT !# # pT 0 # !# ". # # ;
!#"! 0 !# # pT 0 #
" ! #" !#" I J AG 0 5 H B
M0 ! I J ; η e 30N ; !# # ! I J G ! I J 5 0 # ! ##" I J 5 ; I J H # 4#" η e 50O
0<0<<' K A 66 C ! :πGP;→ µ@ " 7
& #! ! !Q # < !# "# 0
F#0 # # # #6 M !# E #. ! ! A ##B # 0 π DS A# # # #6B " 5fA# Hπ B 4# ApT 0
η B A 2 `H35B + 4#! ! #" "# #
I "" J # ! # 3 !#
H + # ! Q # 0 # ! !#
; !0 #! ! Q # < # !
# !# HK
, ##
G/ǫApt ARB
G/ǫLpt ARB
G/ǫHpt ARB
G/ǫApt ARB
G/ǫLpt ARB
G/ǫHpt ARB
π DS
# #
# #6
NN
35
GG
KO
O3
3
L
L5
H
, 4! π DS
# #
3G
O
L5
# #6
G
5K
H
0<2 = 9J 7 π *: " pT ' J ? S ' J 7 " 6. # ! Q # < "# # # # #6 dN D(B) /dpT0 ! ! #4 !# "# # #
#6 &# 4! # ! I "" J
dNcut /dpT dN3/4 /dpT A #! ! #4 ! " 4# /.
V$ ! %
&%
> pT
%
V
1
η
4
0.9
3.8
0.8
3.6
0.7
3.4
0.6
3.2
0.5
3
0.4
2.8
2.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
pT < =;
+ pT
1
η
4
0.9
3.8
0.8
3.6
0.7
3.4
0.6
0.5
3.2
0.4
3
0.3
2.8
0.2
2.6
0.5
0.1
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
pT < =;
" pT
1
η
4
3.8
0.8
3.6
0.6
3.4
3.2
0.4
3
0.2
2.8
2.6
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
pT < =;
J 5 pT #+ pT - $ pT # $ pT # $
0<. =
!, A 66 C
/*
!# ! #40 2 `HHGGB # !Q # < 4 # # #6 4! ! F#
# ! 46 "# F# !# # # # # # # # 4! F#
# !# 2! 4#
D(B)
ǫcut
dN D(B) dNcut
×
dpT
dpT
dpT
=1− dN D(B) dN3/4
×
dpT
dpT
dpT
AHGB
! 0 ! 2# # ! /
! #4 !# "# # # # #6 0 !# " HO0 #< # 2 #?# ! 4#
dN D(B)
αpT + βp2T
=
3
dpT
(1 + γpT + δp2T )
AHGGB
& 4#! ##. #< Aα0 β 0 γ δ B ! # # #6 " # ! # !# HL
dN D /dpT
dN B /dpT
α A8:D B−2
β A8:D B−3
γ A8:D B−1
δ A8:D B−2
4, 16 × 10−1
−6, 59 × 10−3
7, 06 × 10−1
50N
1, 09 × 10−1
−6, 89 × 10−3
4, 10 × 10−2
2, 21 × 10−1
0</ = /
7 "
dN D /dpT
10
dN B /dpT
→µ
−2
10
10
10
−2
→µ
−3
−3
10
10
10
−4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
pµT
0<* = .
3
−4
−5
0
< =;
#$ " #$
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
pµT
8
9
10
< =;
&# 4! dN D/B /dpT # ! dNcut /dpT dN3/4 /dpT
! 4#
/2
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
D/B
V dNcut
/dpT # # #6 # I "" J 2 !! #4 W
D/B
V dN3/4
/dpT # # #6 # 3 !# H I "" J 2 !!
#4 "# 6 !! #4 0 2##
! # 6 "#!0 #! !Q # # # # #6 & Q # < ! # # #6 ; # # ! # !# HK + # ! M . 6 #
!# ##
#. ! # !# HK0 # 2 4 < F# ! 2# ! ! #4 M0 KOR F#0 # 6 # <; 3 !# H0 < # !# # pT 0 LR # !# # pT E0 ! #
2 < # ! I "" J0 #4 O3R < !#
# pT L5R !# # pT ! #
#60 ! 4 < #2## # !# !! # #6 2# ! # !# " # pT # ; !! 0 F# # #
2#0 ! 4# # #6 # 2# ! ! #6 I "" J !0 ! ## ! 2# # # # # #6 # # ! "" M0 # # !# ? . ; # # ; !#
? #4 ! 40 ; # pT 0<0<<) K A 66 C ! 6 :φ@ FGψ Υ;
& !Q # 2 !Q # " A 2 `HHGGB
4 E #6 # " # !Q # 0 # Aφ0 >Dψ ΥB "/
4# ApT 0 η B A 2 `H35B # !# # "# # # ! ! #! !
!# # ! 4#
V !# "# # 2 # W
V ! 4 ! "# 6 !! ! 6 # !# # " . ; & 2# # # " A #" # !# # "B # # 3DH A #" # 3 !# H I "" JB ! M #F# #
! # !# HG & Q # # Aφ0 >Dψ 0 ψ ′ 0 Υ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B0 #4
!# I Q # 2 J 0 # ! # !# HGG + #
OGR AKKRB >Dψ AΥB 2# !# # pT A # pT B
I "" J & M 4 ! # E 2#!! ; !# # "# A# # B
& Q # I "" J ! "#! 0 !# " HK0 2 !! #4 !# # # Q # #! !
# !# I Q # 2 J &Q # Υ !#/
4 2 2 !! #4 !# # % #0
!Q # >Dψ !! #4 !# # !#
!, A 66 C
//
φ
>Dψ
ψ′
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
αgeo ARB
0
N0K
N0
H0L
H0
N0
trig
αgeo
ARB
503
H0K
H0L
H0
H03
H0O
0<? = D
( trig
#αgeo $ 3*4 #αgeo
$
ǫcut Q # 2 φ
>Dψ
ψ′
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
ǫApt ARB
3*@?
L0
L30H
LO0N
LO0K
LO0
ǫLpt ARB
G30H
*?@/
2@0
LO03
LO0O
LO0N
ǫHpt ARB
G0K
5G0
5K0G
22@'
/?@?
/@?
0< = 9J pT + - ' J ? S
# # ; !# # "# >Dψ M0 ! pT !# # !0 ! !"#!
!# "# M #. ? # # ; !#6 2# # 2# I "" J0 !# !# 2# "#! # ! ". ## !# # # 2# ! ! #40 # 4!" #-# # !Q # *# !! #4 !# # #"0 M
; 4 "!"# !
$ " A 66 C #9#
\ # Q # "#!0 ! /
# Aφ0 >Dψ ΥB ! # ! M I "" J #
2 ! 6 !# #. 4#
cut
res
trig
fAA
= LAA × σAA
× αgeo
× BRres→µµ × ǫcut
AHG5B
%4
V LAA !# ! ? # ! !! ?#/?# W
res
V σAA
!# Q # # # !! ?#/
?# W
trig
V αgeo
! 2# # # 3DH # ; !# # W
V BRres→µµ ! # # !# # XGL℄ W
V ǫcut !Q # !# # + ! Q # Aǫcut B # %/% !
E / #. ! .! 8!# XGK℄0 !# Q # ?#/?#
I # J # A 2 %6 %B
res
σAA
2
=A
0
bmax
TAA (b)
shad
CAA
(b)
res
d b × σpp
2
AHG3B
??
V$ ! %
68 & :;ψ
&%
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
(
0.4
pT
0.2
0
0
V
%
(
pT
0.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
J/ψ
pT
68 &
8
9
0
10
2.6
2.8
68 &
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
2
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
y J/ψ
Υ
0.4
3
" #9
1
pT
Υ
2
0.4
0.2
0
68 & :;ψ
1
0.4
pT
0.2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
pΥ
T
8
9
0
10
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
yΥ
" #9
0<2 = 9J H*ψ # $ Υ # $ # $ # $ T TAA (b) !# 2 4 !# ?#6 !! %/%
res
##. # b σpp
!# Q # # # !! /
& ##. # #6#! Abmax B ?#6 !! ##/
. 6 ; bmax = 15 2 ! !! /
; bmax = 9 2 !
!! %/% & M I #@" J # !#
shad
2# CAA
(b)0 !# #! !# !! # ; !#
#! M !#0 4 # ! #4#6 !?#4 #! XGG3℄0 # ## !# #. 4#
shad
CAA
(b)
=
0
CAA
+ (1 −
0
CAA
)
×
b
bmax
4
AHGHB
0
T CAA
! 2# I #@" J ! !! ; ##. # !
0
&# Q # / ! 2# I #@" J CAA
# #6
M # # ! # ! # !# HN \ # !# 2 cut
! 0 #! ! ! # 0 NAA
0 ! !
?. I "" J # # cut
cut
NAA
= fAA
× ∆t,
AHGNB
#4 δt = 106 & 2 #F#0 ! M
I "" J0 # ! # !# HG5 + # / A%/%B # &(0 !4#! G6 0 #
; 4 4 8, 5×105 A4×106 B >Dψ ## !# # pT I "" J0
GG AHNB Υ 2# # !# # pT !, A 66 C
?
!!
Apt
fPb−Pb
A×10−3 (=B
A
Apt
NPb−Pb
×103
Lpt
fPb−Pb
×10−3
Lpt
NPb−Pb
×103
Hpt
fPb−Pb
×10−3
Hpt
NPb−Pb
×103
A
B
(=B
A
A
B
(=B
A
B
/
fcoll eH (=
φ
>Dψ
ψ′
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
*3?
GL
GL
G50
30
G0L
HG
23?
*
G50
G0N
G03
N
5
N0O
?@/
'@.
@*
!! %/% fcoll eGN×G5 (=
φ
>Dψ
ψ′
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
Apt
fAr−Ar
A×10−3 (=B
)*??
NL
LG
HL
G50H
O0H
Lpt
fAr−Ar
A×10−3 (=B
35
)/2?
*2
HL
G50H
O0H
Hpt
fAr−Ar
A×10−3 (=B
H5
G5G
5O
03
@0
*@?
Apt
NAr−Ar
A×103 B
Lpt
NAr−Ar
A×103 B
Hpt
NAr−Ar
A×103 B
0<' =
D #f $ ( #N $ + ′
′
′′
< #φ H*ψ ψ Υ Υ Υ $ pT + - ' /5/ @5@
#+ -$ " /5/
@5@ ' "" 5 0<0<'< 5
& #6 I "" J !# 2 ! I "" J
4# !# pT # 4# I "" J & #6 I "" J
F #! ! ; # !# # ! I "" J P !# 2 !!
fcoll 6 !# 4#
F = fcoll × P
AHGB
0<0<'<' 77 A 66 C
&# # ! I "" J ! #" !! !4
"#! I "" J 4# !# ! #4 #! # 4#
I "" J
& ?. ! . ; 2#U /
#0 4 ! ! 0 ! ! ! /
&# # ! ! ?. 4# ! #! A!
?'
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
# ! ; 6 #B 0 4 2# ! !! A ? ! # ! pT I "" J # 4B0
4 ! %4 ?.0 # ; !# # !
I "" J ! !0 ! " M ! E " #! ! ; # ! 4! /#.
⇒ !77 A 66 C ! ! &# # ! !! ?#/?# !4 # "#! I "" J ! Aµ+ 0 µ− µ0 B #
AHGOB
Pµ = 1 − e−mµ
T mµ = mµ+ + mµ− + mµ0 ! ? ! Aµ+ 0 µ− µ0 B 2# pT I "" J # !! ?#/?#
⇒ !77 A 66 C ! 6 D
+ 2 # # M " M ; # ! µ+0 µ− µ0 0 ; #4 µ+µ− 0 µ+ µ0 0 µ− µ0 µ0 µ0 6## !
! I "" J # ! !0 #
# "#! " M0 # ! # ! # # ! # !# HG30 T m−
µ = mµ− +mµ0
+
0
+
m
m+
=
m
4
!
?
!
µ
µ
µ
#" "#4 4 # pT I "" J
I "" J ! !
# ! # µ+
µ−
µ0
e−mµ
G
≥G
mµ0 · e−mµ
≥G
+
(1 − e−mµ− ) · e−mµ
−
(1 − e−mµ+ ) · e−mµ
0<) = 0 + - < ' ' A "
# # !0 # ! !# #!/
!# # ! !! ?#/?# !4 # "#!
I "" J " M0 # ! +
−
SD
Pµµ
= 1 − e−mµ + e−mµ − (1 − mµ0 ) · e−mµ
AHGKB
SD
Pµµ
≃ 1 − e−mµ+ × 1 − e−mµ−
AHGLB
"!" ! ? 4# !! Amµ0 ∼ 0B0 #! !6/
# ! ! ! #" "#4 "#! #
#" 4 Amµ+ = mµ− = mµ /2B0 #! !6 !#
!, A 66 C
?)
# ! I "" J ! 2
SD
Pµµ
≃ 1 − e−mµ /2
AH5B
#! !# !! ! Amµ B 0 #!
2# !#6# 4#
SD
Pµµ
⇒
m2µ
≃
4
AH5GB
!77 A 66 C ! Q 6
+ 2 # M E " ; # ! µ+ 0 µ− µ0 0 ; #4 µ+ µ+0 µ− µ− 0 µ+ µ0 0 µ−µ0 µ0 µ0 6## ! ! I "" J # ! !0 # "#! E "0 , ! # ! # # ! # !# HGH
I "" J ! !
# ! , # µ+
µ−
µ0
e−mµ
G
G
mµ0 · e−mµ
G
G
G
mµ− · e−mµ
mµ+ · e−mµ
mµ+ mµ− · e−mµ
0<0 = 0
+ - T ' '
A "
# # !0 # ! !#0 #/
! !# # ! !! ?#/?# !4 # "#!
I "" J E " # ! MS
Pµµ
= 1 − (1 + mµ + mµ+ mµ− ) · e−mµ
AH55B
MS
Pµµ
≃ 1 − (1 + mµ+ )(1 + mµ− ) · e−mµ
AH53B
"!" ! ? 4# !! Amµ0 ∼ 0B0 #! !#/
! !# 2 4#
! #" "#4 "#! #
#" 4 Amµ+ = mµ− = mµ /2B0 #! !6 !#
# ! I "" J ! MS
Pµµ
≃1− 1+
mµ
2
2
· e−mµ
AH5HB
#!0 !# !! ! Amµ B 0
#! 2# !#6# 4#
?0
V$ ! %
MS
Pµµ
≃
&%
%
m2µ
SD
= Pµµ
4
V
AH5NB
&?. # 4# !# # ! !/
I "" J # 4 ## !# #
!#!" I "" J #4 !! # HGO0 HGK H55 /
4 ! !0 ! " M ! E
" ?. 40 !# ! ## ? ! ! Amµ+ , mµ− mµ0 B # #! # !# # ! I "" J ! #6 I "" J
0<0<'<)
" -7 A 66 7 C
&# !! 0 F#0 # # # #6 2/
!# #! !# !! #! # #! ! #6 I "" # J A# . #!B $! 2## # 0 # !# #!0 ! #6 ? # # # ! ? !! !# # &#!" I "" J 2# ! /
2# # A4 ! ! B !# # ! I "" J $! # #! ! #/
! #6 I "" J # !# #!0 !# # # #! ! #6 I "" # J #6 I "" J 4#! 4 #4 # !# M
#
V # ! M # !##!? !# !#!" I "" J
M # # # W
V #4 ! M # !##!? !# !#!" I "" J
M 4 # 4
\ # 0 # !# M #/
4#!# ! #! #6 I "" J ! !# !! # # # !! ?#/?#0 ! ! M #
#4. #
0<0<'<0
7 # $ ! , #. !# #6 I "" J A# HGB0 ! 2# #- !
? !! !# ?#/?# # !# #! 0 # 4 #! ! ! #6 I "" J E
!# + ! ? !! !# ?#/?# # !# #! Ab1 < b < b2 B !# #. 4#
f¯ coll (b1 < b < b2 ) =< L > × σAB (b1 < b < b2 ) ≃< L > × π(b22 − b21 )
AH5B
T < L > !# ! ? # # &( !! /
%/%0 σAB !# Q # !# ?#/?# 4#! ; # .! 8!# 0 4#! ; !# Q # " ?#/?#
A 2 #6 %B
!, A 66 C
?3
0<0<'<3 ! D , #. !# #6 I "" J A# HGB0 ! 2# "#!
#- !# # ! I "" J !# #! /
4 #! ! ! #6 I "" J E !# +0 # ! I "" J !# !! ! !!/
?#/?# !# !# #! $! 2# # ! #6 # 2 !# #! !# !!
!# #! 0 ! #6 # A0 F#0 # # # #6B E ! #
? # !! ?#/?#¿ #6 0 ? !# !# #! 0 6 !# #. 4# A 2 #6 %B
AH5OB
hard
shad
hard
(b1 < b < b2 ) = RG × CAB
(bmoy ) × σpp
N̄AB
#4
RG =
1
π·
(b22
−
b21 )
×
b2
AH5KB
AB · TAB (b) d2 b
b1
T RG 2# " .! 8!# 0 !# " HL0
# #! ?#6 < ! !# !!
& ##. bmoy ###- # 6 ! ##. # ?
!# # #! & ##. #! ! #
!#6 %
RG (−1
RG (−1
3
30
4+(4+
25
20
2
15
1.5
10
1
5
0.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
7(7
2.5
16
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
( 0</ = D = #RG $
/5/ @5@ 8
9
10
( & M I #@" J # !# 2# shad
CAB
(b)0 !# #! !# !! A 2 § GHG3B &# Q # pp
B ! # !# # 6 A 2 # !# HHB !
/ Aσhard
F#0 !!/ E /E 2# ; # !#
#! ! #6 ! F# #
shad
! !! / %/% #! A 2 § G35GB # I #@" J ACAB
= 1B0
π/K
!# Q # / ! ! F# # 6 ; σpp ≃
30O ¿
2 pT ( E
/ 0
?.
V$ 0<0<'<.
& ! %
&%
%
V
>
& F# " # 2E #"!# Xf0 5f℄ 4#
ApT 0 η B A 2 §G3B & #6 I "" J 4#! /
4 #4 !# #!# ## AdNch /dη |η=0 = 5800B K
AdNch /dη |η=0 = 8000B ! !! / # !# 0 ## #
< !0 #2 # ! # F# # !
. ; %&$0 6 # 4#"0 #4 # /
" # & # ; ! ! F# # # # % #0 ! 6. #
2# # ! ! # # ! A! " # # #"B # # !# !# " # AI 2 # F" JB0 # ! #0 !
! #6 I "" J
4 G # G F# "0 !4#! G ANB !! / A%/%B #!0 # # 4 GG
A35NB F# # # !! #!
/
A%/%B
A 2 # !# H5B F# " # # G #0 4 # ; G F# "0 ! M # ; 2# "!"# !0 ! #6 I "" J # 6 + # " n 4 G F# 2 4
#! I 4#! J / %/% # #0 ! M #
A#4 # ! #" " #B #! ### # 4#
#6 I "" J & M # !# I "" J0 # 40 # E 4#! # #!! # !# ( " " 7
& # # #6 " # 4π 0 4# ApT 0 η B A 2 § G3B % ##! "# # # #
#6 # 4!" 4 5 # # "0 /
4 G AKB 4 / A%/%B #60 # # 4
5H A5N0NB # # # ! !! #! 4 5
# #6 " 4 5N A5B 4
/ A%/%B #60 # # 4 K A0LHB # #6 #
! !! #!
,
! - #
2 ! # ! " A F#0 # # # #6B
# # %!0 ! ! 2# 4# !! /
# !# !#!" I "" J # ! #6 I "" J
V !# A60?B AI " J # %!B ! # # I "" J W
V ! 4! !# # ! # <; !# !
# I "" J
$! 2# ! ! # ! 4! 2 ;
ON # # !#!" I "" J A 2 `53NB
!, A 66 C
?*
0<0<'<* A 66 7 C D 7
# !# 0 #! I ! J ! # I "" J # !! ?#/?# # #!
7 # " ! +
# # G F# "0 !##!? !# # !#!" I "" J ! # # I "" J 4#! ! ! ! # # /
! 4 "0 4 # ! 4
#6 I 4#! J # 4 " + #! !
? ! # ! ! pT I "" J # !/
! #! / %/% &# E #! # #
# # # " ! !# " # ! #/
!# HGN *!! !# pT 0 # !# #<# 4 F# A≃ ORB0 4 !# #
A≃ 5NRB #! !# !# # A≃ NRB + # "#! ! " # 2 # !# I J ! ! 5NR
& M # # # ! # # !# /
# ! #4 ! ! # # . 2# ! A! G
π DS # #B
+ ## !# # ; !# #! ? ! ! M0 ! ! M # "!"0
!# !! ! ! !# #! E
2# ! # ; !# #! 6 #!0 /
# A F#0 # # # #6B0 !# #.
4#
Nµb1 <b<b2 =
b1 <b<b2
Nhard
× NµCC
CC
Nhard
AH5LB
T NµCC ! ! ! # !! #! /
CC
%/%0 Nhard
! #6 # # !! #!
b1 <b<b2
/
%/% Nhard
! #6 # !! ! ##. # b1 b2 77 66
& ! # A F#0 # # # #6B0 ! ? ! !/
#! # #! Nµtot (b) = Nµπ/K (b) + Nµc (b) + Nµb (b)
!# !# # ; !# #! Nµtot 0 ! ## ! # !# #! # !# # ! I "" J ! !0 ! " M ! E " #?#
4 ! # HGO0 H5 H53
A 66 7 C
?2
V$ ! %
!!
&%
/
d N 2
π DS → µ π DS → #!! #
H0O35
G0GHG
0LN
mLpt
µ
0L5
G03GN
0HNN
0ON
mHpt
µ
05NL
03K
0G3
0H
!! %/%
V
d 3 2
π DS → µ π DS → #!! #
# 7
0O3L
0LNN
0GH5
0GG
mLpt
µ
0GLH
05N
0NO
0L
mHpt
µ
0N5
0OH
0GO
0N
mApt
µ
%
# 7
30NL
mApt
µ
0<3 =
E <
pT
+ - #+
-$
/5/ @5
@ '
π *: → µ ( X π *: → 2 !# # ! I "" J 0 ! #6 I "/
" J 2 !# #! !# !! # HG H5
&# # ! # #! #
! #6 I "" # J !! / %/% & 4#!
# # ! # !# HG & "!" ! M /
#0 ! #6 I "" J I # J / A%/%B !#
" M !.4 ; 4 5 (= ANH (=B !# # pT ; 3O (= AN (=B !# # pT M # ! M #0 "#/
! !# # ! ! I "" J A ! B $! #" # M # 4 ! !#!" I "" J
0<0<'<2 A 66 7 C + D 7
7 # ! " ! +
%4 !# 0 ! ? ! # !!
#! / %/% # # "!"# ! M # ! #"
## M
+ !# 4 4#! ; !! #!
/ %/%
!# # F#0 #!# # ! G # G F# "0 n # 2#U ; 4
!# ; !! #! &# 4#! n # !# 4#! ? 0 # 6!0 G ! !!
#!
/ 0 # # ; G F# AG # G !, A 66 C
?/
I "" J !
inel
fcoll
A(=B
!!
/
!! %/%
FµApt A(=B
FµLpt A(=B
FµHpt A(=B
H
GO
G
H5
1, 5 × 105
5K
G
35
I "" J " M
inel
fcoll
A(=B
!!
/
!! %/%
Apt
Fµµ
A(=B
Lpt
Fµµ
A(=B
Hpt
Fµµ
A(=B
H
LG
5
3O
1, 5 × 105
HN
NH
N
I "" J E "
inel
fcoll
A(=B
!!
/
!! %/%
Apt
Fµµ
A(=B
Lpt
Fµµ
A(=B
Hpt
Fµµ
A(=B
H
G
5L
H
1, 5 × 105
N
NO
NG
0<. = G
" + - /5/ @5@ + < T <
< pT + - '
F#B 2 4 0 !##!? ! # I "" J # !#!" I "" J !
I J ! F# # ! ! pT I "" J !! #! # 4 3 2 # # Q#0 #! ! ? F# A#4 # " #B #
! M pT I "" J # !! #! # ! # !# HGO
!# E #.0 #!# # ! 5 # #
A #6B0 m ApB # # A #6B 2#U ; 4 !#
; !! #! / &# 4#! m ApB # !# 4#! ? 5H AKB 2 4 /
0 !#!" I "" J ! ! #
# A #6B # ! pT I "" J # 4 &
4#! " # ! # !# HGO
$! #" ## 2 ! A F# # " #0 # # #6B 2#U ; 4/
4#! ; !! / + # # ! ? ! # ! ! pT I "" J # !!
#! / %/% & 4#! # " # ! # !# HGO
! ! # ! # !# HGK ! " M
+ # 4 50G A03NB 0H A0LB # 4 !
# # pT I "" J # 4 #! / A%/%B
!# 0 4 G05N A03OB 0GN A0HB " M 2# 4 !# # # pT I "" J # 4 #! / A%/%B
?
V$ ! %
!! #!
mApt
µ
mLpt
µ
mHpt
µ
&%
/
H0K3K
G0HLN
0H5H
G055L
0HO5
0G35
!! #! %/%
mApt
µ
mLpt
µ
mHpt
µ
π DS → µ π DS → #!! #
0ON5
05H
0N
0LH
05L
0L
%
V
d N 2
π DS → µ π DS → #!! #
30OHH
G0G
03L
0GH
0NL
0GO
# 7
0GNK
0G
0HK
#!
.@'0.
'@?/?
?@.)2
d 3 2
# 7
0GK
0G3
0
#!
@'3
?@)0*
?@?/0
0<* = E
#µ+ , µ− , µ0 $ ( " <
pT + /5/ @5@ / ( " I #π :→ µ$ #π :→ $ '
I ( # $ "
" M
!! #!
/
!! #! %/%
Apt
SD
Lpt
SD
Hpt
SD
G03HG
G05N3
0GN
033O
03O
0H
E "
!! #!
/
!! #! %/%
Apt
MS
Lpt
MS
Hpt
MS
G0HGL
G05K
0GNO
03O3
0H5
0H
0<2 = E
< #.$ T #B.$ <
pT + /5/ @5@ ' I ( " '
#µ0 $ $! #" ## !# # #! # I "" J A !0 " M E
"B !#0 4 #!# # !# /
#! n F#0 m # # p # #6 & 4#! n0 m
p # ! #6 ? # A 2 # %5B 2 !4 0
!#!" I "" J # ! !0 /
" M E " 2# pT I "" J % # Q#0 # !# #! 4 3 2 ! !! /
GN 2 ! !! %/% + ## ! ?
!, A 66 C
!0 " M E " # ! pT I "" J # 4 2 !# !# #! !! # ! # !! / !# " HG
77 A 66 C
&##!? !# I "" J # 4 # !# # ! I "" J 4#!# ! 4 ! A ! B # ! 4 " # !#
#! + # ! !# # ! I "" J 2 !# #! !# !!0 !!! !# " HGG ! # !! / # !0 # !#!" I "" J0
# ; !! # HGO A !B0 HGK A " MB H55 A E "B 2#U ; 4 ! !#!" I "" J ## 2 !# #/
! !! !# " HGG !! / #. "0 # !# !#!" I "" J 0 !! !# #! !# !! & !# !#!"
I "" J # "#! 4 ! !! %/%
A 66 7 C
&# 2 ! I "" J # #! "#! # !# # ! I "" J # ! !! !#/
# & !! # # !# H5
&# # ! I "" J # # ##!? !# I "" J # # ; !# #! !! !# " HGG !
!! / $! #! ! !# # ; !# #! #6 I "" J0 !!! ! " HG5 HG3 4 !! / %/% \ # " HG5 HG30 ! !0 # 6!0
6# ! #6 I "" J ! !! #!
/ A d N 2B %/% A d 3 2B 6/ # # ! # !# HGL &# # #6 I "" J ! # #! # ! #6
I "" # J # ! # !# H5
/ 0 ! #6 I "" J " M I # J
!.4 ; 33 (= !# # pT ; N (= !# # pT # 0 !# " M0 ! # # pT ! 4 K05R G0R !! !# /
E0 %/%0 # ! 1, 5 × 105 !! !# # #
%&$0 3 !! # !4 "#! " M #
pT 0 O3 !# # pT # 0 !# " M0 ! # # pT ! 4 0HR
0NR !! !# %/%
*# # ! # !#6 HG H50 # ! M #
! !# ! ! # !# 0 # ! #6 I "" J / I # J #"
5GR H3R 4 ! # # pT 0 ; # M # M ! ! # #0 #0 ; "# ! 0 # #0 ; ! ; 2# #
+ # ! #6 I "" J E " <
!". ! #6 I "" J " M M0
'
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
2:2:
N̄µ 9(
N̄µ 9(
N̄µ 9(
−1
×10
9
8
! 7
2.5
8
! " ! # 7
6
2
6
5
5
1.5
4
4
3
1
3
2
2
0.5
1
0
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
( SD
N̄µµ
9(
12
14
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
( SD
9(
N̄µµ
12
14
16
( SD
N̄µµ
9(
−1
×10
2.4
18
2.2
16
! ! " 2
14
2
1.6
12
1.4
10
1.5
1.2
8
1
1
0.8
6
0.6
4
0.5
0.4
2
0
0
! # 2.5
1.8
0.2
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
( MS
N̄µµ
9(
12
14
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
( MS
N̄µµ
9(
12
14
16
( MS
N̄µµ
9(
−1
2.4
18
3
×10
2.2
16
! ! " 2
14
1.8
12
1.6
2
1.4
10
1.2
8
1
6
0.8
1.5
1
0.6
4
0.4
2
0
0
! # 2.5
0.5
0.2
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
( 0<? = E
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
( 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
( # $ < # " $ T # $ 5
/5/ <
+ - I pT #
@ $ pT # " $
pT # $ !, A 66 C
)
3& 4 4+(4+ ?
dPµ /db
dPµ /db
dPµ /db
1
0.6
1
! # ! " 0.8
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.4
! 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
( 16
SD
dPµµ
/db
0
0
0.1
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
( 16
SD
dPµµ
/db
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
( 16
SD
dPµµ
/db
1
! 0.6
0.8
0.16
! " ! # 0.14
0.5
0.12
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.08
0.4
0.06
0.2
0.04
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
0
0.02
2
4
6
8
10
( 12
14
16
MS
dPµµ
/db
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
MS
dPµµ
/db
0.7
1
12
( MS
dPµµ
/db
! 0
0
( 0.18
! " 0.6
! # 0.16
0.8
0.14
0.5
0.12
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.08
0.3
0.4
0.06
0.2
0.04
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
( 0< =
16
0
0
0.02
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
( 16
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
( / + # $ < # " $ T # $
/5/ < pT + - I
pT #
@ $ pT
# " $ pT # $ ' + - A + - # $ # $ # 4)% 4)& 488$
0
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
2:2:
Fµ (bmax )
Fµ (bmax )
B&3℄
1200
FMB $ %&& #'
1800
Fµ (bmax )
B&3℄
FMB $
B&3℄
500
&& #'
FMB $ & #'
1000
1600
400
1400
800
1200
300
1000
600
800
200
400
600
400
! 200
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
200
14
16
2
4
6
8
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
10
12
bmax
FMB $ (& #'
1000
0
0
100
! " 14
16
2
4
6
8
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
10
12
bmax
FMB $ & #'
350
0
0
! # 60
250
50
200
40
150
30
100
20
16
B&3℄
FMB $ ) #'
70
300
14
800
600
400
200
0
0
! 2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
14
! " 50
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
FMB $ &&& #'
14
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
10
12
bmax
FMB $ %& #'
400
1000
12
bmax
B&3℄
10
! # 10
14
16
B&3℄
FMB $ )* #'
70
350
60
300
800
50
250
600
40
200
30
150
400
20
100
! 200
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
14
! " 50
16
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
14
16
0<' = G " + - #b < bmax $
! # 10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
14
16
# $ < # " $ T # $
/5/ < pT + 5
- I pT #
@ $ pT # " $ pT # $ ' " + - #bmax R)C $ !, A 66 C
3
))
Fµ (bmax )
Fµ (bmax )
B&3℄
Fµ (bmax )
B&3℄
2
3
×10
30 ×10
×10
FMB $ )&&& #'
FMB $ &&&& #'
25
20
B&3℄
2
FMB $ &&& #'
100
30
80
25
20
15
60
10
40
15
10
! 5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
bmax
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
9 10
! " 20
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
bmax
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
7
9 10
! # 5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
7
8
bmax
9 10
B&3℄
2
×10
50
700
FMB $ && #'
FMB $ )& #'
FMB $ % #'
80
600
70
500
60
40
30
50
400
40
300
20
30
200
10
! 0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
bmax
MS
Fµµ
(bmax )
20
! " 100
9 10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
bmax
MS
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
7
9 10
! # 10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MS
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
7
8
bmax
9 10
B&3℄
2
×10
FMB $ )&& #'
60
FMB $ *& #'
900
800
50
80
700
70
600
40
30
20
60
500
50
400
40
300
30
200
! 10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
bmax
9 10
! " 100
0
0
FMB $ *) #'
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
bmax
9 10
20
! # 10
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
bmax
9 10
0<) = G " + - #b < bmax $
# $ < # " $ T # $
@5@ < pT + 5
- I pT #
@ $ pT # " $ pT # $ ' " + - #bmax R)? $ .
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
A 66 C ! I "" J !
!!
/
!! %/%
inel
fCC
A(=B
FµApt A(=B
FµLpt A(=B
FµHpt A(=B
400
450
425
210
1, 5 × 104
10500
4500
1450
inel
fCC
A(=B
Apt
FSD
A(=B
Lpt
FSD
A(=B
Hpt
FSD
A(=B
400
400
200
45
1, 5 × 104
2900
420
50
inel
fCC
A(=B
Apt
FMS
A(=B
Lpt
FMS
A(=B
Hpt
FMS
A(=B
400
425
225
47
1, 5 × 104
3500
530
55
I "" J " M
!!
/
!! %/%
I "" J E "
!!
/
!! %/%
0</ =
G " + /5/ #b
@5@ #b < 3 $ + - #
< T $ < pT inel
' fCC
< 5 $ + -
# !# !! ! !#4 # A !! #!B0
!# # ! I "" J ! "# ! E " ! " M # 6!0 ! !! #! / 0 !#
!! ! # !# # pT ! 5 A 2
# !# HGOB0 2#0 # ! # H5H H50 # ! I "" J 0H 0H0 40 ! E " !
" M % !40 # !# !! 4 A !! B0 #! ! # ! I "" J ! E
" " M 4 !# E 4#! Am2µ /4B A 2 ` HH55B
*! ! ?. ! .0 / %/%0 # !
#6 I "" J 2 ; G F(=0 #2# ! 6" %&$ A 2 ` HGB $! 4# "#! E ! " /
# 4 ! !# # pT &# #" # #! # ; % # !# !#4 # # #6 I "" J 0 4#! /
# 4 # # ! # ! # !# H5G & #6 I "" J "! #6 A ! # /
2B "#! ; ## + #
!# # #! 4 F# &# # #6 I "" J ! M # # "#! #6 #6 I "" J "! #6 ; # !# # ! I "" J # 2 /
!! !# !# !! # ! I "" J A 2
!, A 66 C
*
`HH55B
0<0<'</ $
! "
# !# #6 I "" J0 ! # # A#
#6B 2#U #!# 4# ApT0 ηB & !#
! #F E # cc̄ Abb̄B # "!" + !# ! #6 I "" J !# #6 # # #F/##F !
0 ! I "! !" J # *Q̄ # # AyQ − yQ̄ ≃ 0B XGGH℄ + ## ; #"# # 2# # ! M I "" J # # #F # !# # "0 !# ! "#! !# XGGH℄ "# 0 ! ##. #<
#. ; ! !# "# ,/#! , XGN0 G℄
A # #! ! * #4 # I 6 &#" + JB ! !# ! #F ! #4# ! #6 I "" J # M0 # # ! #
# # # ! G5R0 ! # 5 !0 #6#4 # # Hπ ! !! #! / M #4. "!"# ! !
!# ! #F ! 2 ###- # # #"#
#6 I "" J # ! 6 !#
!! "
& #6 I "" J 4#! "h ; !# # /
# !?. K # ; dNch/dη |η=0 = 8000 # ! ## AdNch/dη |η=0 = 5800B A 2 `G35GB & M #
! # !# H53 # 0 # #"# #6 I "/
" J ! 5/3NR ! ! ?. + #
0 E # # # 4#4 # !0 ! #6 I "" # J !# " M 2
; G F(=0 ! # # pT0 / %/%
!!! "
"# !. 4 / # ! "# M ! !# #! 4# X03℄0 X30℄0 X0L℄0 XL0G5℄
XG50G℄ 2 !# 4 # ?. 2# /
V # #! ! 0 ! #6 F# # # E ! # !! # W
V ! ApT0 ηB F# !# !
! # #! ! !# #!# # M W
V ! #0 # ! F#0 # # #
# 0 ! #6 I "" J 2 !# #!
!# !!0 # "#! !# # !# #0 2
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
A 66 7 C
I "" J !
!!
/
!! %/%
inel
fcoll
A(=B
FµApt A(=B
H
GO
1, 5 × 105
5
inel
fcoll
A(=B
Apt
FSD
A(=B
FµLpt A(=B
??
????
FµHpt A(=B
03?
)???
I "" J " M
!!
/
!! %/%
H
/)?
1, 5 × 105
HN
inel
fcoll
A(=B
Apt
FMS
A(=B
H
G
1, 5 × 105
N
Lpt
FSD
A(=B
))?
.)?
Hpt
FSD
A(=B
.3
*)
I "" J E "
!!
/
!! %/%
Lpt
FMS
A(=B
)*?
2)?
Hpt
FMS
A(=B
.2
2.
0<'? = G
" + - /5/ @5@ + - + - #
< T $ < pT + - ' !!
π DS
/
inel
fcoll
e H (=
#
# 7
#!
Apt
FSD
A(=B
ON
GN
K
L3
Lpt
FSD
A(=B
5
35
H
33
Hpt
FSD
A(=B
35
N
G
N
inel
!! %/% fcoll
= 1, 5 × 105 (=
π DS
Apt
FSD
Lpt
FSD
Hpt
FSD
#
# 7
#!
A(=B
33
G3
GN
HN
A(=B
3L
5K
K
3
A(=B
HK
K
G
O3
0<' =
G " + - <
# ( "$ < pT
+ - ' " + - /5/ @5@
+ -
!, A 66 C
/
##
!!
inel
fcoll
A(=B
FµApt A(=B
FµLpt A(=B
FµHpt A(=B
H
GO
1, 5 × 105
5
??
????
03?
)???
/
!! %/%
K
inel
fcoll
A(=B
!!
dNch /dη |η=0 = 8000
FµApt A(=B
FµLpt A(=B
FµHpt A(=B
H
GL
G5
1, 5 × 105
35
)???
3*?
0???
/
!! %/%
dNch /dη |η=0 = 5800
0<'' = G
" + - /5/ @5@ + &???
##
!!
inel
fcoll
A(=B
Apt
FSD
A(=B
H
L3
1, 5 × 105
HN
/
!! %/%
K
inel
fcoll
A(=B
!!
/
!! %/%
Lpt
FSD
A(=B
))?
.)?
dNch /dη |η=0 = 8000
Apt
FSD
A(=B
H
GG
1, 5 × 105
L
0<') = G
dNch /dη |η=0 = 5800
Lpt
FSD
A(=B
00?
???
" + - /5/ @5@ + < &???
5
Hpt
FSD
A(=B
.3
*)
Hpt
FSD
A(=B
??
'?
!# " HGH + # M ! #6 I "" J
!0 !! !# # " ! #6 I "/
" J E " " M0 M ! # ; 0 4 E # 0 # #0 ; ] # # M0 !# # ! I "" J ! /
!# !! ! ! Amµ B A 2 ` HH55B0
. ! 6 A### 4 /
!B # 0 ! #6 I "" J 4#
"#! ! M 4 #! ; !#
2# ! # "
"" 5 # !) # #0 ! #6 # # I "" J 4#!
#. !# "#!# # ! %! #4 !# !#
4! ON # # ! I J A #
'?
V$ ! %
&%
%
V
2:2:
Fµ (bmax )
Fµ (bmax )
B&3℄
B&3℄
Fµ (bmax )
3
3
×10
1.2
2
×10
FMB $ (&& #'
FMB $
1.8
450
&& #'
B&3℄
FMB $ & #'
400
1
1.6
350
0.8
1.4
300
1.2
250
0.6
1
200
0.8
0.4
150
0.6
! 0.4
! " 0.2
! # 50
0.2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
14
0
0
2
4
6
8
B&3℄
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
3
FMB $ (*& #'
10
12
bmax
×10
1
100
250
14
0
0
2
4
6
8
SD
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
10
12
bmax
14
B&3℄
20
FMB $ & #'
18
16
0.8
200
0.6
150
14
12
10
0.4
8
100
FMB $ * #'
6
0.2
! 0
0
2
4
MS
Fµµ
(bmax )
6
8
10
12
bmax
14
B&3℄
1.2
FMB $
2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
MS
Fµµ
(bmax )
3
×10
! # 4
! " 50
14
0
0
2
4
6
8
MS
Fµµ
(bmax )
B&3℄
10
12
bmax
14
B&3℄
300
&& #'
30
1
250
0.8
200
25
20
0.6
150
0.4
100
! 0.2
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
14
15
FMB $ %& #'
! " 50
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
FMB $ ( #'
10
! # 5
14
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
bmax
14
0<0 = G " + - #b < bmax $
# $ < # " $ T # $
/5/ < pT + 5
- I pT #
@ $ pT # " $ pT # $ ' "
+ - #bmax R)C $ ' " + - "
'
! B # #6 I J ! # !# I "" J
& ##! ! # !# I "" J
! !! #! / %/% !# " HGN
*! ! ?. 0 / %/%0 # /
# 4#" !#" 2# # A ∼ B # "0 4 G 4 # = ∆r ≃ 10 ! !!/
#! / 0 5 ! !! #! %/% & ##! ! !# I "" J !! #! /
"#! !# " HGN *! ! ?. 0 #6#! # !# " !#" 2# #0 T !#
! # ! AI JB G !#" !# "# 5 !#" !# "# ) ! # G !" 3H 0
# ? 0OK A0GB # !! #! / A%/%B0 #6 # ! O0KR AG0RB # # 4 H
A1, 5 × 104B !! #! / A%/%B # AGR !! I /
# JB0 ! # ! G 2 # #6#!
4 3G05 (= A5HN (=B0 ! 35 AH B & #6 #
#6 ! 2 #6#! # 0 ! I J
G 5 0 # ! # !# H5H ! !! #! / %/%
# ! # !! / A%/%B I # J0 ! I J G 5 !# = !#" 2# #0 ! 2 #6#! /
# ! K (= ANH (=B 5K (= A5GN (=B0 4 # ! # !# H5N % 4#! ! # !# # ! ! A 4! a ON B
1(3
#
& #6 " !# #4 M !
4#
V ! >Dψ0 Q # # ! I "" J OGR
!# # pT ! Υ0 !Q # I "" J
!.4 ; LOR KKR ! ! # # pT I "" J0 4
Q # #! ! #4 !# ! 6 "#/
# 3 H !# I "" J + ; 4
8, 5 × 105 0 ! >Dψ 2# # !# # pT I "" J
!4#! 2 &( / 0 ! #! # ! E 0 OK Υ ## !# # pT I "" J 4#! !! ; !# !/
! #!# !4!
!! !# ! &(
V & #6 I "" J " # pT I # J
!.4 ; 33 (= ; 3 (= 4 ! !! / %/%
!# # pT0 ! !.4 ; N (= O3 (= 4 ! !! / %/% # 0 ! #6 I "" J #2 ! 6" %&$
V & !# I "" J # 4 /
2 # # !# ! ## ? # ! I "" J #! # !# /
# ! I "" J # !# # HGO0 HGK H55
V$
''
! %
G( 9 &%
%
V
(-(
. 9 −2
×10
10
−2
0.24
0.22
0.2
8
0.18
0.16
6
0.14
0.12
0.1
4
0.08
0.06
2
0.04
0.02
0
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
F 220
240
0
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
F 220
240
%-%
. 9 −2
G( 9 0.5
2
×10
−3
1.8
0.4
1.6
1.4
0.3
1.2
1
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.2
0
60
80
100
120
140
0<3 = E
160
180
+ - 200
220
240
F 0
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
F # $ # $ /5/ # $ @5@ # $
CC
!! #! / Ab < 5 f mB Ncoll
= 400 (=
I J G × 3H I J ) 5 × K τmax ARB
O0K
3G05
fmax A(=B
3G05
G5H0K
CC
!! #! %/% Ab < 3 f mB Ncoll
= 1, 5 × 104 (=
I J G × 3H I J ) 5 × K τmax ARB
G0
0H
fmax A(=B
5HH0K
LOL05
0<'0 = G " "
#τmax $ " #fmax $
+ - )
8
# ∼ C?
$ /5/ @5@ ' CC
#Ncoll
$ ')
!! I # J
I J
MB
fmax
A(=B
/
G × 3H K
MB
Ncoll
= 4000 (=
I J ) 5 × K 5K
MB
!! I # J %/% Ncoll
= 1, 5 × 105 (=
I J
MB
fmax
A(=B
G × 3H NH
I J ) 5 × K 5GN
0<'3 = D
" #fmax $
+ - )
8
# ∼ C?
$ + - /5/ @5@ ' + - MB
#Ncoll
$ V
! !! %/% A / B I # J0 # ; 2 #6#! #0 ! I J !# " !#" 2# #0 ! ! F(= A! # (=B
&# #! ! #6 I "" J # ! # #4#! . # !# ## !# !! F# !
! 2# #6 ?#/?# &( # !! 4# !# # # !# ?/
AI "" J " M0 I "" J E "0 I "" J !B # # ! I "" J M %&$ A #!0 I "" J ! B
)
* * ! + %
%
%
%
%%
6 # *
*
*
*
> 3&
> *
*
69 9 & @ 69 & 9 " (
&&A + & && . / *
+( & & ( ; *
*
*
&
%
!
!
,
,
$
< 4& *
Υ′ /Υ B & !
&
# #0 < 4# 6# #6 # ! #6 0 # # !! / 0 6# ; # # 4## " !# #! ! !! # . #! AI # JB # ! M 0 ! #! ! " 0 #! ! # " #!0 !# 6# #6 # ! # # !! / 3('
82
# ! !! / 0 !# 2# # ! AΥ0 Υ0 ΥmB0 # !
# #0 ! ; !# # !## #F "! A*8 B
M0 ! ##" !0 . # ! # !# !#
?# # A* B0 #- !# bb̄
G5N
'.
V '
'
(
V
# ! ! ! ! ! A*8 B !# #
! ; !# # # !# ! &# # # #F# !# # ; # !#!!
! 4 ! 2 #F#
3()
!! " ( # ! # # ,µ µ a 5 8:D 2 0 ! # A>Dψ0 ψB0 ! # /
! AΥ0 Υ0 ΥmB0 ! # 40 !# # 4 ! F# ! #! #6 " &( &# "# # !
# !# H3 & 4# !# "# F# " 4# ### ; 5 ApT0 ηB0 #4 ! "# ,/#! # M # F# # ! # & # ! !# # ! "
4# ! "# ,/#! 0 ! ##. #< #.
; ! ! .! ! ! !# * #4 # I 6 &#" + J XGN0 G0 GG℄ & ! #4 #F/
#0 !6 XGG0 GGG℄ A !! p̄ ; G0K :B0 6#! #6 " &( # 8"?# XGG5℄ A !! / ; N0N :B
& # ! #F# .! 4##
! 2 # :" XL3℄
+ −
( /$ $ &# # # ? !# I # J &
M ! # 0 Q # 0 !0 # # 0 " I #/
" J0 4#! # !4 ##!? %! ; # ### ; !# 2 !# #" ## #/
ApT0 θ0 φB !! "#! !# #! !# !!
# ! !# !! #!0 ! !# !! ! ?. #< "#
! # ! ?. Q # ! !# /
! ### ; # !#
!. # # ! . ; ! # !# I #/
J
V !Q # # #4 ! #< "# ; AǫTkB /
! #" # 0 # ! # # G !# 5 # . # #< /
"# 3 !# H ! ! # H N W
Hpt
V !Q # ?. ! AǫTr B ! #" # !# # pT I "" J0 # ! # 3 !# H W
V ! 2# # # " Aαacc B ! #" G !# 5 ! # G/3 #< "#0 3 !# H
! # H/N #< "# 3 !# H I "" J # !
" # Hπ
M ! # " # w #!
# " & ! '*
ANGB
w(b : q, pT , θ, φ) = αacc × ǫTk × ǫHpt
Tr
T b !# #! !! q !# #" !# # & ! # # ! # !! / #!0 ! 2# ? # # "/
Aᾱacc B0 Q # #< "# AǭTk B Q # I "" J AǭTrHpt B
# ! #! ? Aw̄B # ! # !# NG0 ! 4# #F# # ! #F ! A # #B
cc̄
0O
ǭTk
0HL
ǭTrHpt
0G3
w̄ A×10−3 B 03
ᾱacc
bb̄
0GK
0NK
0KH
0KK
>Dψ
0HH
0OK
05
L0G5
ψ
0HN
0K5
03N
G303
Υ
0HN
0KL
0L5
30K
Υ
0HN
0KL
0L3
3O05
Υj
0HN
0KL
0L3
3O05
3< = D #ᾱacc $ J 7 5
#ǭTk$ J + - #ǭTrHpt $ #w̄$ ( ( /5/ @ ( $ !# " # #0 ! ! 4 ! # !# # ApT ≃ 5 8:D B ! #4 I "" J /
. ; !0 #!! !!
#40 pT > G 8:D 0 # #! # 0 #. !# I #" J ! #. ; ! 2 # AπDSB !# #! # # ! #4
( " $
2 ! A B ! #! !
"0 ! # 4## " /
!# #! / ! !! / # .
#! AI # JB & !# #! ! ! ! 4# b ∈ [0, 3], [3, 6], [6, 9], [9, 12], [12, 16] 2 & # " # ! # # 4# ! #F#0 ! / !
! !
# ! ! 0 # M ! !# A# /
!#0 " #F0B # ! I #@" J
V '
'2
'
(
V
3<'<0< $>
# ! #F#0 !# # 4## # #. # # " #
4## #! # # ! # # 0
# # ; !# #! #!
; !! / 2 !# !# #! N PbPb (b)
Wα (b) = α gener
AN5B
N
α
! #F# ? α Aα = Υ0 Υ′0 Υ′′0 >Dψ0 ψB "
T
# Hπ & NαPbPb(b) ! #F# #4 !
. ; !! / Nαgener
AN3B
α
NαPbPb (b) = fcoll (b) · T PbPb (b) · σpp→α · Csh
(b) · BRα→µ+ µ− · ∆τ
T fcoll ! ? !! / !# #! &6#!# #6 !! / M #4 ! T PbPb !# 2 4 !# ! !! / # ! .! 8!# A 2 #6 %B & Q # / ; √sN N eNN :0 σpp→α 0 #! ! #4 ! .! 4## ! ! #F# XL3℄0 #4 #! ! * #4 # I 6 &#" + J ! # 4 !# # 4 XGN℄0 ! 4#! # ! # !# N5 & α
Csh
! 2# ##" !# I SLK J XGO℄0 #! I #@" J0 !# # ; !# #! !# 2 4# XGG3℄
α
Csh
(b)
=
α
Csh
(0)
+ (1 −
α
Csh
(0))
×
b
16
4
ANHB
T Cshα (0) ! 2# ##" !# ; ##. # ! Ab e B
&# 4#! ##.0 ! #F# ! #F !0 # !
# !# N5 & BRµ µ ! # # " ∆τ ! # / 6 ; G6 + −
α
σpp→α Aµ
B
α
Csh
(0)
cc̄
bb̄
H
0N
5G
0KH
>Dψ
3G
0
ψ
H0K
0
Υ
0NG
0O
Υ
05H
0O
Υj
0G
0O
3<' =
. J 5 #σpp→α $ √
9:.;&
/5/
sN N R G>
( / Y ;3 )? ℄
α
#Csh
(0)$
3<'<0<' 2 !# # cc̄ # # D0 . "
# ! " c + c̄ −→ D + D
ANNB
& ! #4
'/
D −→ µ+ + X
D −→ µ− + X′
T D 0 40 ! # # A +0 0 0 +s 0 Λ+cB !
# #/ # A −0 D00 −s 0 Λ−c B
2 !# # ! 0 #! ! # # # # !# # D BRµ µ = BRD→µ +X × BRD→µ +X
ANB
E0 !# #0 #. !## !# # #F b̄ 0 #
0
−
# 7B0 T 7 B 4 ! # #6 A7 0 B 0 Bs 0 Λ0bB
! #/# #6 A7+0 70 0 70s 0 Λ0bB # " # ! " 4# ! # ##6 "#
4#
V 8 ! 6 " 4 !# "#
# # E # # A7 → D + µ− + νµ #4 → µ++ B & #! ! !# 2 4#
BRBD
ANOB
µ µ = BRB→D+µ +ν × BRD→µ +X
V 8 ! 6 " 4 !# "#
# # E #/# # AB → D + µ+ + νµ #4 D → µ− + XB &
#! ! !# 2 4#
BRBD
ANKB
µ µ = BRB→D+µ +ν × BRD→µ +X
V 88 ! 6 4 !# "# 6 #
#6 # AB → µ− + νµ + X B → µ+ + νµ + X ′B & #! ! 4#
BRµBBµ = BRB→µ +ν +X × BRB→µ +ν +X
ANLB
V ! 6 4 !# "# # #
6 # # !# "# 6 # #6
# & #! ! BRµDDµ = [BRB→D+X × BRD→µ +X ] × BRB→D+X × BRD→µ +X
ANGB
2 # M ! # 4# !# # # !0 ! # ! "
4# # ! Aα = cc̄B !# # ! Aα = bb̄B ! !# #! 0 #! "! #!
N PbPb (b)
Wα (b) = α gener
ANGGB
Nα
T Nαgener ! # cc̄ Aα = cc̄B bb̄ Aα = bb̄B " # Hπ & 0
NαPbPb (b)0 ! # cc̄ Aα = cc̄B bb̄ Aα = bb̄B #4
! . ; # !! / + −
+
+ −
−
+ −
+
−
+ −
+ −
−
+
µ
′
′
+
µ
−
µ
+
′
′
µ
′
−
′
ANG5B
& #
#! ! * #4 # I 6 &#" + J ! # 4
!# # 4 XGN℄ & 4#! # ! # !# N5 & #
!# NG5 6! # !# # N5HG
α
NαPbPb (b) = fcoll (b) · T PbPb (b) · σpp→α · Csh
(b) · ∆τ
√
Q # / ; sN N eNN :0 σpp→α0 )?
V ' '
(
V
3<'<0<) 9 2 ! M " ! #!/
0 # # 2#U ; ! #
4## / ! ! ! "# #F#
# 2# ! < # #4 6 # 0 # ! /
"!"# !0 # # H : 0 ! M #
!
V 7 (( ! 5 4 !# "# F# W
V 7 ! 5 4 !# "# 6 #/
# 6 # cc̄ M W
V 7 88 ! 5 4 !# "# 6 #/
#6 6 # bb̄ M W
V 7 ( G 4 !# "# F# !# !# "# # # W
V 7 (8 G 4 !# "# F# !# !# "# # # W
V 7 8 G 4 !# "# # #
!# !# "# # # $! 6
# #F M
# # !0 ! # / !
0 #! 2 !# !# #! Wαβ (b) = fcoll (b) · ∆τ ×
PbPb
PbPb
Nα→µ
+ (b) · Nβ→µ− (b)
Nµgener
+ µ−
ANG3B
T α β #6 M # / ! Aπ DS0
# #B & Nµgener
+ µ− ! #! "
" & fcoll (b) · ∆τ ! !!
/
PbPb
PbPb
# & Nα→µ+ (b) Nβ→µ− (b) 4 !
? 2 "#2 ! !! / #! 4 !# "# F# Aα, β = π DSB0 # # Aα, β = #B #
#6 Aα, β = #B !# #. 4#
α,β
NγPbPb (b) = T PbPb (b) · σpp→α,β · Csh
(b) · BRγ
ANGHB
T ! γ ; !# "# 2 Aγ = α → µ+ B0
; !# "# "#2 Aγ = β → µ− B # ! # F#0 ! BRγ # # # # W
# "#! ; !# 2# !# "# F# #4#
!# ! !# 2# 4 !# F#
# !# 2 ! #! # 6
# !0 ! #! ! #!
# / ! " 3(0 & & " %. #!# # #0 ! A !0
/ ! #F#B #. ; ! #!
! )
# A ! [ / !B0 # !# #! &"# !# " NG0 # ! # !!
#! / &# # " # ! # !! #0 !
] # # " I J ; I J M #
#" #!# # !# 4#! #! " & / ! E # !# ! 6 4#
V !# E " AI !F/" JB ! ! E " # !# / ! # " M0 ! / ! E !# #. 4#
non−cor
N+−
= 2R N++ × N−−
ANGNB
T N++ AN−−B ! # " [[ A−−B & ##/
. R ! #? # !# # !
#" XGGO0 GGK℄
V !# !#" 4 AI 4 6" JB 6 "
#!# # 6 !! M0 ## # !#
/ !# # !# # 4## 0
# !# # 20 # !
# 4## / ! XGGK℄
0 # #2# / ! # ?.0 ! # # # I J ! # !6 4#
σcor =
Nbin
ANGB
tot
T Nbin tot ! # # I J #! # A ! [ / !B
# 0 ! ! #6 # ! AΥ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B
6# ; # #< "! #! # !
# ! # # # AMµ+ µ− a H 8:D 2 B # 0
! #6 ! # # ! A # !0 # !0 # 0 # !B 6# 4#
#< "! #! # ! ! # # AMµ+ µ− a 5 8:D 2 B
( 25 5 $ 6
%. # / !0 ! #6 # /
! AΥ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B 6# ; # #< "! #! # ! #< "! #! ; # χ2 2 2 &# 2 2 6# ! #6
# ! # !# " # # AMµ+ µ− > 4 8:D 2 B
!# 2 6!! 4# ! ! A # [
#B 7/Z" # # # /
! 7/Z" # 2 ; 2 !# !# 4!
"# # &## XH℄0 # . #< ! # 4# # ! # 4#" # ! &# 7/Z" 4# ! !# ; #
# ! 4 !# " N5 # ! # ! ;
)'
dN/dMµ+µ-
V ' '
(
V
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
104
103
102
10
2
- ) - 4
6
8
10
12
2
Mµ+µ- [GeV/c ]
. 5 # $
5 # $ " /5/
3< =
# # #6 ] # !# " # # ! # ! #4 !# 2#! &# 7/Z" ## !# #. 4# # # ! i
dGi
Γ2i
dF i
=
· 2
dMµµ
dMµµ Γi + (Mµµ − Mi )2
ANGOB
T !# 2 dGi /dMµµ 2 !?#! ; " ! 1 + α1i (Mµµ − Mi )
dGi
= α0i ·
ANGKB
αi
dMµµ
[Γ2i + (Mµµ − Mi )2 ]
2
T α0i 0 α1i 0 α2i 0 Mi Γi ! ##. ! !# 2 2 AdF i /dMµµ B
& ##. α0i ; !# #!# 2 #< #4
7/Z" !# " N5 ! Υ !# " N3
! # ! ! & ##. 2 Aα1i , α2i , Mi , Γi B #<
# ! # !# N30 ! # ! Ai = Υ, Υ′ , Υ′′ B
&6!! ! ! ! dF corr
= β0 × exp(−β1 Mµµ )
dMµµ
ANGLB
T β0 β1 ! 6 ##. ! 2 2 & ##. β1
!# 2 ! !/ 6 # #< # ! # ! # # 4 < Mµ+ µ− < 8 11 < Mµ+ µ− <
12 8:D 2 T ! ! # !# # ! #<0 " NH0 β1 = 5, 99 × 10−1 [GeV/c2 ]−1 ! ))
i
α1i
α2i
Mi
Γi
Υ
−1, 21
1, 38
9, 51
0, 246
Υ′
−1, 09
1, 30
10, 08
0, 247
Υ′′
−9, 45 × 10−1
1, 28
10, 41
0, 254
3<) =
102
dN/dMµ+µ−
dN/dMµ+µ−
> 7 Y ' " =>* 2 Υ
Landau−Gauss
Breit−Wigner
10
200
Landau−Gauss
Breit−Wigner
Υ
150
1
100
10−1
50
10−2
0
−3
10
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
8.6 8.8
9
9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8
Mµ+µ− [GeV/c2]
10 10.2 10.4
Mµ+µ− [GeV/c2]
3<' = @7
dN/dMµ+µ-
Y 65Q
A #
$ ' = # $ # $ # $ ' Y A "
200
150
100
50
0
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
Mµ+µ- [GeV/c2]
3<) =
@7 Y ' Y A "
&# 2 2 # #! # ##. ! Aαcorr 0 αΥ 0 αΥ 0 αΥ B
# ; !# #!# # # ′
′′
V ' dN/dMµ+µ-
)0
'
(
V
103
102
10
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
Mµ+µ- [GeV/c ]
3<0 = @7 "
# Z $ 4 < Mµ+ µ− < 8 11 < Mµ+ µ− < 12 =>* 2 ! A !0 Υ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B ′
′′
dFglob
dF corr
dF Υ
dF Υ
dF Υ
′
′′
= αcorr ×
+ αΥ ×
+ αΥ ×
+ αΥ ×
dMµµ
dMµµ
dMµµ
dMµµ
dMµµ
AN5B
2 ! # ##. ! 6 # !# #<0 ! #6
# # #! ! # "#
2 2 # # i 0 αi × dF i/dMµµ #
! # # # AMµ+ µ− > 4 8:D 2 B &# " NN !#<
"! #! # ! 6# ! #6 # ! !! #!
/ &# E
# ! 6# ! #6 # ! ! # !# #! ! !! / # . #!
AI # JB0 ! !# " N
!#< "! #! ] # # I J
; I J #! A ! [ / !B0 !# # ! !#< # # !# 4 G #< M0 # /
# ; ] # # I J ; I J M ! #!
A ! [ / !B &# #6 6#0
! G #< M # # ! !# " NO # #< #4 2 "#0 T
!# 4#! ? ! # ? 4 ! #6 ? ! # # #0 . "#! #6
# # ! # ! #< A 2 " NNB0 # # !# ! & #6 ? # ! # !# NH # !# #! 0 # # ! Υ ## ! M #
! %. !! / #4 5 × 1026 −2 −1 # # .
#! AI # JB0 # ; 4 ON Υ 0 5 Υ
G Υm # ! # # Mµ+ µ− > 4 8:D 2 \ ##0 !
#6 " !# # # !
# !# NH0 ! !! / ! ! #! + # # ! )3
dN/dMµ+µ-
! !# # ! #6 # .0 # 4 !!
!# !# #! 103
χ2/ndf = 37/38
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
102
Nbc = 8784 ± 466
NΥ = 1346 ± 49
NΥ ’ = 344 ± 33
NΥ ’’ = 195 ± 28
10
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
Mµ+µ- [GeV/c ]
3<3 = . 5 /5/ #106$ 5 × 1026 −2−1 ' "
Y " 7 #! A2B
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
/3
G3G ± NG
3N5 ± 3H
GK5 ± 5K
5O35 ± K
O3 ± HK
3LH ± 3L
LL ± 3O
5N3 ± 5G
G3N ± GK
/ 3 A"B
3/
/L
L / G5
G5 / G
< 8
G353
5HG ± NO
G3H ± GO
*.?/ ± '
3NG
5O ± 3O
3G ± G
'?/ ± *'
GLH
3H3 ± 35
GL ± O
?2? ± .
3<0 = G " @'2 9 Y #Υ Υ Υ[$ + - # $ G " /5/ #106$ 5 × 1026 −2−1 \ " /5/ # $
(
25 $ 5 !
$$7 ) $ $$ *+ # #0 !# #< 4# E ; # 4#/
# ,µ+ µ− > 2 8:D 2 A ,µ+ µ− > 4 8:D 2 # !# # B
V ' '
χ 2/ndf = 51/38
Pb-Pb : 3 < b < 6 fm
103
dN/dMµ + µ -
dN/dMµ + µ -
).
102
χ 2/ndf = 71/38
Pb-Pb : 6 < b < 9 fm
103
102
N bc = 19739 ± 579
N Υ = 2852 ± 68
N Υ ’ = 749 ± 45
N Υ ’’ = 390 ± 38
10
4
5
6
7
Nbc = 15418 ± 397
NΥ = 2478 ± 60
NΥ ’ = 631 ± 38
NΥ ’’ = 320 ± 31
10
8
9
10
11
12
4
5
6
7
8
9
χ 2/ndf = 59/38
Pb-Pb : 9 < b < 12 fm
10
11
12
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2 ]
dN/dMµ + µ -
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2 ]
dN/dMµ + µ -
V
(
102
102
χ 2/ndf = 72/38
Pb-Pb : 12 < b < 16 fm
10
N bc = 5753 ± 155
N Υ = 934 ± 35
N Υ ’ = 283 ± 23
N Υ ’’ = 109 ± 17
10
4
5
6
7
Nbc = 903 ± 36
NΥ = 135 ± 13
NΥ ’ = 26 ± 7
NΥ ’’ = 7 ± 5
1
8
9
10
11
10-1
12
4
5
6
7
dN/dMµ + µ -
8
9
10
11
12
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2 ]
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2 ]
χ 2/ndf = 80/38
Pb-Pb : Min. Bias
103
N bc = 50707 ± 858
N Υ = 7699 ± 109
N Υ ’ = 2262 ± 75
N Υ ’’ = 1191± 61
102
10
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2 ]
3<. = . " 5
Y /5/
A #+ -$
#. ; 6# !# ! #6 # !0 !#
# ! #F# ? !# 2#!! 2#0 !# #/
# !# 2 # # ! #0 # # ! # ! %. # / !0 ! #6 !# #
!0 # !0 # # ! 6# ; #
#< "! #! # 4## ! "
#< "! #! ; # χ2 2 2 AFglobB0 . # !# 2 2 # # ! ! # ! # ! # # # AMµ+ µ− > 2 8:D 2 B 2 35
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
Υ
30
)*
56.97 / 74
27.28 ± 1.13
1301 ± 1.7
51.56 ± 1.40
dN Fit
/dNΥ ’
Υ’
dNFit
Υ /dNΥ
! Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
35
30
81.69 / 78
24.57 ± 1.05
352.3 ± 1.2
34.57 ± 1.00
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
Υ
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
′
5
3
0
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
×10
1.45
0
250
300
350
400
dNFit
/dNΥ ’’
Υ ’’
NΥ
40
35
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
Υ′′
450
NΥ ’
64.83 / 64
32.7 ± 1.3
182.5 ± 1.0
28.26 ± 0.75
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
100
150
200
250
300
NΥ ’’
3<* = " Y #Υ Υ Υ[$ "
)??? 7 < /5/ 7 5
] + - + - < 7 I 5
" Y dFJ/ψ
dFglob
dFcc̄
dFbb̄
dFψ′
dFΥ
dFΥ′
dFΥ′′
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
dMµµ
dMµµ dMµµ
dMµµ
dMµµ dMµµ dMµµ dMµµ
AN5GB
&# 2 # # # 6 # !# !#
,/#! ! #!# # ! ! ##/
. ! !# 2 #< "! #!0 # !# #
3<)<'<
,
# # " /
0 2 2 # #< # "
, ! " &# 2 2 ! ## ! 4# # ! 2 !?#! ; N ##. ! dFcc̄
1 + α1 · (Mµµ − α2 )
= α0 · 2
α
dMµµ
[α3 + (Mµµ − α2 )2 ] 4
AN55B
)2
V ' '
(
V
T αi ! ##. #< 2 2 !# 2
2 60 ! ! ##. #!#0 α0 0 ! ! !#
#< "! #! & ##. 2 α1 0 α2 0 α3 0 α4 # ! # !# NN
α1
α2
α3
α4
−7, 76 × 10−2
3, 125
2, 72
1, 64
3<3 = / Mµ+ µ− > 2 =>* 2 ' " =>* 2 &# " NK ! # " 4#
# !0 # !#< #4 !# 2 2 /0
# ! # # ,µ+ µ− > 2 8:D 2 , ! 7 &# 2 2 ! ## ! 4# !# # ! 2 !?#! ; K ##. ! 6
!# 4#
1 + α1 · (Mµµ − α2 )
dFbb̄
= α0 · 2
α + α5 · G(Mµµ , α6 , α7 )
dMµµ
[α3 + (Mµµ − α2 )2 ] 4
AN53B
T G(Mµµ , α6 , α7 ) 2 "# ? α6 # ? α7 0 #< ! # 7 BD # !#
# ! A 4# !# "# # # E #
#/# # #B 6 # ! ! #
# ! # # # A,µ+ µ− < 5 8:D 2 B M0 !
!# "# # # # # #/# #0 !# #
4## ! 4# "# 2 ; !#
# # # ! # ## ½ &# . 2 # !#/
N53 ; #< ! # 77 # & 4## ! αi ! ##. #< 2 2 !#
2 2 60 ! ! ##. #!# α0 ! ! !# #< "! #! & ##. 2 α1 0 α2 0 α3 0 α4 0 α5 0 α6 0 α7
# ! # !# N
&# " NK ! # ! " 4# !# # !0 # !#< #4 ! 2 2
/0 # ! # # ,µ+ µ− > 2 8:D 2 ½B
→ D + µ− + νµ D → µ+ + X ' 8 ! νµ
< 2 >'
<' 2 ( , 2 ( Mµ+ µ− = MB ) + " #9 2 . < ' 1 , 2 ( ! )/
α1
α2
α3
α4
α5
α6
α7
−8, 19 × 10−2
3, 90
2, 36
1, 20
9, 75 × 10−1
1, 70
3, 2 × 10−1
3<. = /
dN/dMµ+ µ-
dN/dMµ+ µ-
Mµ+ µ− > 2 =>* 2 '
" =>* 2 χ2/ndf = 43/195
102
χ2/ndf = 10/199
102
10
10
1
2
0
( 2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
Mµ +µ - [GeV/c2]
10
12
Mµ +µ- [GeV/c2]
3<2 =
. # $ # $ 7 A "
Mµ+ µ− > 2 =>* 2 , ! $> &# 2 2 ! ## ! "
4# !# "# M #F# A>Dψ 0 ψ ′ 0 Υ0 Υ′ 0 Υ′′ B
7/Z" #4 ##. ! 0 !6 # !# NGO 2 !# 2 2 60 ! ! ##. #!# α0 ! ! !# #< "! #! & ##.
2 Aα1i , α2i , Mi , Γi B #< # ! # !# NO AN3B ! # A !B
α1i
α2i
Mi
Γi
>Dψ
−3, 79
4.02
3, 12
0, 192
3.57
3, 71
0, 187
ψ′
−2, 71
3<* = >
7 H*ψ ' " =>* 2 &# " NL ! # " 4#
>Dψ ψ ′ 0 # ! #< #4 !# 2 2 /
+ # !# 7/Z" ! >Dψ # !# ; # # # !!/ ! # ! ## ! # ; !#0 ! #6 >Dψ 6# !#< "! #! ! # !# " T !#< 0 2, 75 <
Mµ+ µ− < 3, 4 8:D 2 dN/dMµ+µ−
V ' 10
4
'
dN/dMµ+µ−
0?
χ2/ndf = 173/25
J/ Ψ
103
(
V
×103
14
J/ Ψ
χ2/ndf = 173/25
12
10
102
8
10
6
1
4
10−1
2
2
2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
3
0
2.7
3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
2
dN/dMµ+µ−
dN/dMµ+µ−
χ2/ndf = 11/39
Ψ’
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Mµ+µ− [GeV/c 2]
Mµ+µ− [GeV/c ]
102
10
350
Ψ’
χ2/ndf = 11/39
300
250
200
1
150
10−1
100
10−2
50
10−3
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
3
4.5
3.2
3</ = . H*ψ # $ A "
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
Mµ+µ− [GeV/c 2]
Mµ+µ− [GeV/c 2]
ψ # $ 7 ′
3<)<'<' E 6 7 ! %. #4 6 ! 2 # # ! " 0 ! #!# # # /
# !# #< "! #! # !
" 0 # "# ! # # Mµ+ µ− > 2 8:D 2
A2, 75 < Mµ+ µ− < 3, 4 8:D 2 B0 ! #6 # !0 !# #
!0 ψ ′ # ! A>Dψ B 6# !!
/ 0 106 s #< "! #! # ! #6 6# !# " NG0 ! !# #! ! !! /
# . #! AI # JB
!# #< "! #! ] # #/
I J ; I J #! A ! [ / !B0
!# # ! !#< # # !# 4 G
#< M0 # # ; ] # # I J
; I J M ! #! A ! [ / !B &
#6 # ! !! #! / 0 6# ! G #< M0 !# " NGG !# # /
!0 ! # !0 ! # ! # ! #< #4 2 "#0 T !# 4#! ? ! # ?
4 ! #6 ? ! # #/
& #6 ? # ! # !# NK 106
N bb = 17676 ± 3607
N cc = 5205 ± 3726
N J/ Ψ = 51765 ± 446
N Ψ’ = 1375 ± 338
N Υ = 1368 ± 49
N Υ ’ = 319 ± 33
N Υ ’’ = 203 ± 28
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
5
10
104
103
0
dN/dMµ + µ -
dN/dMµ + µ -
! 106
N bb = 38240 ± 4464
N cc = 13933 ± 4606
N J/ Ψ = 109250 ± 579
N Ψ’ = 1865 ± 415
N Υ = 2734 ± 67
N Υ ’ = 761 ± 46
N Υ ’’ = 374 ± 38
Pb-Pb : 3 < b < 6 fm
105
104
103
102
102
10
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
106
N bb = 34796 ± 3023
N cc = 7534 ± 3119
N J/ Ψ = 95561 ± 451
N Ψ’ = 2339 ± 283
N Υ = 2442 ± 59
N Υ ’ = 602 ± 38
N Υ ’’ = 393 ± 32
Pb-Pb : 6 < b < 9 fm
105
104
103
10
12
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2]
dN/dMµ + µ -
dN/dMµ + µ -
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2]
106
Nbb = 13308 ± 1146
Ncc = 3190 ± 1179
NJ/ Ψ = 38789 ± 236
NΨ’ = 904 ± 108
NΥ = 969 ± 35
NΥ ’ = 211 ± 21
NΥ ’’ = 149 ± 18
Pb-Pb : 9 < b < 12 fm
105
104
103
102
102
10
10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
105
N bb = 1995 ± 233
N cc = 476 ± 237
N J/ Ψ = 6224 ± 84
N Ψ’ = 168 ± 23
N Υ = 113 ± 12
N Υ ’ = 20 ± 8
N Υ ’’ = 21 ± 7
Pb-Pb : 12 < b < 16 fm
104
103
102
105
104
103
1
102
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2]
3<? = . 12
N bb = 101118 ± 6601
N cc = 38740 ± 6810
N J/ Ψ = 303067 ± 897
N Ψ’ = 5679 ± 615
N Υ = 7646 ± 109
N Υ ’ = 1933 ± 72
N Υ ’’ = 1127 ± 60
Pb-Pb : Min. Bias
106
10
10-1
10
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2]
dN/dM µ +µ -
dN/dM µ +µ -
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
M µ + µ - [GeV/c2]
" <
#cc̄ bb̄ H*ψ ψ Υ
Υ Υ[$
#+ -$ " " 7 #Mµ µ > 2 =>* 2 $ <
/5/ #106s$ −2 −1
5 × 1026
+ −
0'
V '
'
(
V
!! / !! !# !# #! 0 # # ! Υ ! # # ## !
M # ! + "#! # # !# # ! ! # ! #4 4 LH # bb̄ HN
# cc̄ 6# ; # ! " 0 !
!! / I # J & # ! #6 /
# ! !# # !0 ! !! ! ! #!
A0 < b < 3 2B0 # !#4 #0 #4 #
!#4 ! HR ! # ! #4 cc̄ e KGH5 ! 55R
!# # ! #4 bb̄ e GOH
"#! ! #6 # ! #4 !
6 #< A 2 # !#6 NH NKB # ! #6 # .
3(1 # "" ! "#
# #0 < 4# .4 ! !# #
! 2 !# #! !# !! M # 8"?# XH℄0 #
E !# #6 # ! ! 2 !# #! !# !!0 # ? !! # ! ("
# ! !! ! !#/!#40 ! #6 #
! ! # #F "! !## #F "! 2 # ! !! / 0 ! . ##" !0 # ! # !# !# ?# # A* B0
#- #6 # !0 !# ! M0 # bb̄ # 2 # ! # !## #F "! A*8 B !# # *8 0
QGP0 ; !# # # !# ! 0 D & # ! #?# #? 7 M0 rB(Υ) < rB(Υ′) < rB(Υ′′)0 !! # ! # #4
AN5HB
!# #! !# !! M0 ! ## ?# #! A#0 0 "B !## 6 # !# #! !# !! & !# # ! 2 !# #! !# 4 ! 4!
# !# #. ! !## #F "! A*8 B
&# M # ! # ! !## # M0 ! #
′
Υ /Υ 2 !# #! ! 4# ! # !# 4 !## #F "! # 4# !0 E !
! *8 0 ! # Υ/bb̄ XH℄ #0 !# !# #
! ! # . " #F ! # ! !0
2 !# #! . # 4 #6 " ($
E # #6 " &( #. ; #! !#
# !
TD (Υ) > TD (Υ′ ) > TD (Υ′′ )
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
( 40
35
59.88 / 63
33.09 ± 1.39
1.76e+04 ± 121
3592 ± 99.9
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
30
dNFit
/dN cc
cc
dNFit
/dN bb
bb
!! 4! 15
59.4 / 77
27.59 ± 1.15
7447 ± 124.3
3691 ± 100.9
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
10
5
5
3
5
10
15
20
25
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
H9ψ
40
35
30
30
×10
0
Nbb
62.65 / 74
28.31 ± 1.16
5.212e+04 ± 15
445.4 ± 11.5
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
dNFit
/dN ψ’
ψ’
0
25
20
45
40
35
30
25
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Ncc
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
ψ′
×10
3
72.51 / 68
31.98 ± 1.38
1196 ± 10.6
314.8 ± 9.3
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
20
15
15
10
10
5
51
51.5
52
52.5
53
53.5
NJ/ ψ
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
Υ
40
×10
5
3
0
56.98 / 65
32.1 ± 1.3
1302 ± 1.6
47.86 ± 1.34
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
dNFit
/dN Υ’
Υ’
050.5
Fit
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
25
20
50
2
30
20
10
dN Fit
/dN J/ ψ
J/ ψ
35
25
15
dN Υ /dN Υ
0)
40
35
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
χ2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
Υ′
30
×10
3
Nψ’
69.04 / 68
35.81 ± 1.53
355.8 ± 1.0
31.21 ± 0.87
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
25
30
20
20
15
10
10
5
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
dNFit
/dN Υ’’
Υ ’’
0
1.4
1.45
Υ
40
35
′′
1.5
NΥ
×10
3
0
250
χ 2 / ndf
Constant
Mean
Sigma
300
350
400
450
500
NΥ ’
50.17 / 69
30.95 ± 1.28
183.9 ± 0.9
27.15 ± 0.73
Pb-Pb : 0 < b < 3 fm
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
NΥ’’
3< = " "
)??? 7 5
/5/ 7 ] 5
+ - + - < 7 I " / #H*ψ ψ$ Y #Υ Υ′$
00
V '
#! A2B
cc̄
bb̄
>Dψ
ψ
Υ
Υm
Υ
#! A2B
cc̄
bb̄
>Dψ
ψ
Υ
Υm
Υ
3<2 = G " '
(
/3
OHHO ± 3L
GO ± 3NL
N5G5 ± HHN
GGL ± 3GN
G35 ± HK
3N ± 3G
GKH ± 5O
3/
GN5G ± HLO
3O5H ± HN33
GL3 ± N3G
5HL ± HGG
5OHH ± O
OHK ± H3
3L ± 3O
/L
GGOK ± 3GNK
35 ± 5LN
LN3O ± HHH
55K ± 5K5
5H5N ± NK
33 ± 3O
3HN ± 3
L / G5
HOLK ± GGN3
G5O ± GG5N
3KNK ± 533
LGL ± GK
LOG ± 3N
5N3 ± 5G
G3 ± GO
G5 / G
HL ± 555
GK5O ± 5GO
GGO ± K3
GNN ± 53
G3H ± G
3G ± G
GK ± O
< 8
0?')? ± .*?3
/2'0? ± .3/
)?0?? ± 23
./2/ ± .?3
*.3) ± ?0
'?)2 ± .2
?? ± 32
V
@'2 9 #cc̄$ #bb̄$ / #H*ψ ψ$ Y #Υ Υ Υ[$ + # $ G " /5/ #106$ 5 × 1026 −2−1 !! 4! ("
0$ 03
& # Υ′ /Υ # 2 !# #!0 !# ! .! 8 :" XG5G℄ ! # # ! #
! !## #F "! .! I J0 /;/ 0
! ! # # ! 0 !#
GR ! .!0 ! !## ! ??#
#! 4! & # Υ′ /Υ # #
6 ? !## V !## #4 # 5O ,: XGGL℄0 # #! ! * I J W
V !## #4 # GL ,: XG5℄0 # #! ! * I J
6 6 ; 6 # 6E # /
& # # # ! # ! #/
!# NL0 ! 6 ? !## & 2# # ! "#!
Υ
Υ′
Υ′′
χb
χ′b
τF A2D B
0O
G0L
G0L
50
50
D Dc I J
H0
G0H
G0GH
G0
G0G
D Dc I J
50L
G0
G0
G0O
G0
3</ =
G #τF $ Y ' "
#GD $
" "
&# # ! #! ##. 4#
V ##. ! #6 # ! 6/E 2# AτF B0 /
# # AD B ! #4 ApT B W
V ##. ! # ? *8 # AQGP B0 #!! ArQGP B 4 AτQGP B
# ! # ! *8 0 ! 2# ; !# 2 2# # ! 2! *8 AtF B 2 # 4 *8
AτQGP B !# # 2# !# ! 2 #
#? *8 ArQGP B
# 0 # bb̄ # ! !# #4 # # / xν = (0, r, 0)0 !# !0 # M 0 2 #! # ′
# / xν = (tF , r+pT τF /M, 0) #4 # pν = ( M 2 + p2T , pT , 0)
&# #/!! # ! #!
⎧
⎪
p2
⎪
⎪
1 + T2 · τF < τQGP
⎨ tF < τQGP ⇐⇒
M
p
τF
T
⎪
⎪
< rQGP
r < rQGP ⇐⇒ r +
⎪
⎩ F
M
AN5NB
#- ! # ! # pT # ! !
# 2 # ! *8 E \ # .!0
0.
V ' '
(
V
# ! 40 S α (pT , b)0 #! ! 2 !! #4
# ! α ! # #! # !! % # !M !# 2# !## #F "! !
# Υ′ /Υ0 # "#! # # ! ! 2
# !## A2 B &# !# # "!"# ! ! # !0 # 0 2 ! # ! 20 ! 4 E
# !# # # M0 ! !# ($ Q # # !# #! ! >Dψ ! 2# ! !! ¾ (" Υ′ /Υ 8
$
\ # .! 8 :"0 !# ! #4 # ! Aα = Υ, Υ′ , Υ′′ B # ! *8 E #! ! α
α
dNQGP
(b)
dNvide
= S α (pT , b) ×
dpT
dpT
AN5B
T S α (pT , b) !# # ! 4 !# ! α # α
#! dNvide
/dpT !# ! #4 # !
4 !# ! A 2 `N5GB & #6 # !0
α
NQGP
0 # ! *8 #! ! ! !# #! α
α
NQGP
(b) =
NQGP (b)
α
× Nvide
(b)
α
Nvide
AN5OB
α
T Nvide
(b) ! #6 # ! # ! 4 !# #! #6 # ! # ! 4
6# ; # #< # 4##
! ! !# #! A 2 # !# NHB &
# Υ′ /Υ 4#! 2 !# #!0 ! 6 ? *8 AI J I JB0 # # ! 4 A # *8 B
# # ! # # # !! / # &( #4 ! 5 × 1026 −2 −1 &# " NG5 ! # Υ′ /Υ 2 ! # /
# ; !# !! / & ! # # ; !# !! !
4# ! !# #! !# !! A 2 #6 %B 2/
20 ! ! ! # # ; !# !! / #0 !
!# !! / #! !# *8 A B0 4 !
# Υ′ /Υ # 2 !# #! "#! # # Q # / !! # ! # # !# *8 2 ! 6 # /
# ! # T *8 2 # ! !! / 0 # #!
4# # # ; !# 2 A# *8 B 4#
# # ; !# 2 0 ! # ! # T !# # !# ! # A* I JB0 4# ! ## ! ! ! # 4#" A* I J I JB
4#0 !# # Υ′ /Υ 2 !#
#!0 #4 ! . ; %&$0 ! E 4# ! /
# !# 4 !## #F "! # ! !!
¾ σ J/ψ
= 4, 3
( σ J/ψ = 1 − 3
( F&:
0*
Υ′ /Υ
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Npart
3<' = 0 Υ′/Υ 5
/5/ C4℄ ( # $ ( " "T 5
A );? B> # $ 8%? B> # $ A /5/ '1 5 × 1026
−2 −1
/ # &( ! !# 4 *8 0 4# ! # 4#! # ## !## # 20 !# # 0 40 # #!!
3(3
#
√
%. !! / ; sNN e N0N : # &( #4 !
5 × 1026 −2 −1 0 # ; 0 # !# #! !#
!!0 4 ON Υ0 5 Υ G Υm # ? . ; %&$ #6 6# # ? #< "! #! # " # ! 6!!
! ! # # #2# 2
/ ! ! # #! 0 # #
# ! Υ ## ! M # ! # !
# # Mµ+ µ− > 4 8:D 2 & E ? #< # ! #
# Mµ+ µ− > 2 8:D 2 0 6#0 !0 ! #6 # ! # # !# # ! 4!! # ## 2 #0 #
,/#! 2# A#4 !# ! M !#B
!# # # ! # !0 4/
!## #F "! ! ! 4# ! # Υ′ /Υ
2 !# #! M0 6 # M *8 0 #
; 2 !#!! ! ? ## # 2# *8 0 !# #
##" !0 4# .!0 4# ! #4 ! . ;
#. !! / # &( # 0 0
02
V ' '
(
V
!! # 4 # &(0 # "# 4 !# 4 !## #F "! 4 # E "#!
# ! # Υ′ /Υ 2 !! #4 #
! XG55℄ !0 !# ## 6 #4 ! M .!
# 2 2# # # ! ## /
!## #F "! ! 40 # #!! !#
# , #4#! .0 M # !# !!# # %&$0 ! 2# . ; 4 #
# . #0 0 #! #4 2# #6 # 0
! " # !Q # I # J ! ! !# 0 !Q # ! 3N : # !# # 2 AOKN :B # #
#Q !# !Q # ; !# "#
!# ! 0 # ! #! 0 # ! # 2 ; 5 : & " ! #! # ! # ! # 6!# !! !# !Q # & " Q # 4 #6 6 !# 0 #6 "#=0 # #6 M < "#= 0 #0 4
" # # !# 0 # #0 4 #-
#"# ! #! !# 4 !# #F! A # ]6B
& 4#0 ! #! # "#= ; NR %4
"#= 0 ! " # # ; 3 : ! ! !# # #0 #4 ! 2# ?. !/
. ; %&$ 0 # !#
,/#!0 # # !Q # !# 2 ! ?. 4/;/4 2 "#! ! 6 pT ?. &Q # ?. ! ! >Dψ ! OGR
!# # pT ! Υ0 !Q # !.4 ; LOR KKR0 4/
0 ! # # pT &Q # ?. ! # #! ! #4 !# ! 6 "# # /
3 H !# I "" J # ! !! / A%/%B0 !# 2 ! ?. # ; 4 33 (= A3 (=B !# # pT !# # pT0 !# 2 ! !.4
; 4 N (= O3 (=0 40 ! !! / %/% \ ##0 !# 2 !! / A%/%B # &( ! H (= A1, 5 × 105 (=B ! # 5 × 1026 −2−1 A5 × 1028
−2−1B &# #! !# 2 ! M # ! # #4#! . # !# ## !# !!/
F# ! ! 2# #6 ?#/?# &( # !! # !# # # !# ? AI "" J " M0 I "" J E "0 I "" J !B # # ! I "" J M %&$ A #!0 I "" J
! B
# !# . # # .0 !# ! #6 # !
2 !# #! !# !!
√
%. !! / ; sNN e N0N : # &( #4 ! GHL
3?
−2−1 0 # ; 0 # !# #! !# !!0
4 ON Υ0 5 Υ G Υm # ? . ; %&$
#6 6# # ? #< "! #! # " # ! 6!! !
! # # #2# 2 /
! ! # #! 0 # #
# ! Υ ## ! M # ! # !
# # Mµ µ > 4 8:D 2 & E ? #< # ! #
# Mµ µ > 2 8:D 20 6#0 !0 ! #6 # ! # # !# # ! 4!! # ## 2 #0 #
,/#! 2# A#4 !# ! M !#B
& ! !#0 2# 0 Q # #6 ""0 #F#0 4#! ! 6 2# # !# . ; %&$ ! . /
. ; %&$0 # # ! # ; 40 4
! ! !# 4 "#6 !# !# 2# !## #F "! #0 2#
4# # " # ! &( !! !0 4 # E 6 !
5 × 1026
+ −
+ −
"
* "
('
& .! " # XGK℄ # !
; !! /?# ?#/?#0 # !! ?#/
?# # n !! /0 T n !# #! !# !! & ! " ! .! ! ##.
# A# 6 # ! !# #4 ## ! 6
?#6B !# #! !# !! ! 4# !0 !! !#
Q # 0 ! #6 0 ! ! # # ! !! 6 2 ##. # !# !! #
.!0 "!"# ! M !# AI #@" J0 # !#
#!B .! 2# # ! !! /0
/ /
()
,
&# # ! # ?# ### $%%&
'%0 !# # ! ! ; # ?# 1 + ω(r/RA )2
ρA (r) = ρ0
1 + exp((r − RA )/a)
A%GB
& ##. RA # #? ?# 6 !# 4#
RA = 1, 19 · A1/3 − 1, 61 · A−1/3 A2B & ##. a0 RA ω ?#6 % " # ! # !# %G &# # ! ρA (r) #!
; G0 /;/ ρA (r, z) d2 r dz = 1
%
%
ρ0 A2−3 B
ω
RA A2B
a A2B
H
H05N ×10−3
/0GG
30O
0NK
05H
0NHL
5K
< =
O0L ×10−4
/ 40
# @$
GNG
" #208 /$ 3'
V
(0
% & V
## "+,
# !! /?#0 !# # ! #4 !! /
!# ; 6 q(b) = TA (b) ·
inel
σpp
avec
TA (b) =
ρA (z, b) dz
A%5B
inel
T σpp
!# Q # / !# ½ TA (b) #!! !# 2 ! !# # # ?# % ##. # 2 !# # ! ρA (r) < # ! !# #4 A!# ! ##. # B + #! !# # ! #4 n !!
/ !# # ! % !
n
n
A−n
pinel
A (n, b) = CA · q · (1 − q)
A%3B
K $ + ## 4 !6 !# Q # !# !6/
inel
d2 σpA
inel A
= 1 − pinel
A (0, b) = 1 − 1 − TA (b) σpp
2
db
A%HB
6 ! !# #. 4#
inel
σpA
inel
≃
1 − e−σpp ATA (b) d2 b
car
inel
TA (b)σpp
∼0
A%NB
7 $ + "#! ! ? !! !# /
! !! /?# ##. # 6 inel
NpA
(b)
=
A
n=1
inel
n · pinel (n, b) = A · TA (b) · σpp
A%B
! ! # !! /0 ! #6 A /
#F ! #F#0 # 6!B hard
Npp
=
hard
σpp
inel
σpp
A%OB
# !! /?#0 ! #6 ? "#! # ? !! / !# # !! /?# # ! #6 # !!
/ #6 hard
inel
hard
hard
NpA
(b) = NpA
(b) · Npp
= A · TA (b) · σpp
½σ
inel ) ?* ( 6* (
, @ A # ++ A # B*C℄
A%KB
#9#
3)
& ##" #6 / # #6 /
?# #!! ! I #!" J #0 /;/ !! /?# !#
inel
NpA
!! /
!! 5 \ # !# 0 ! # # /
!# RpA ! !! /?# !# #. 4#
R (p , y, b) =
dN /dp2T dy
inel
NpA
(b) × dN /dp2T dy
A%LB
# ! !! /?#0 # ! ! M #
!# #! ! ! I ! 8!# # J0 ! I #@" J0 !M (1
## ,+,
K $ # ##!" #4 ! !! /?#0 4 !6 !#
!# ?#/?# inel
σAB
inel
=
1 − e−σpp ·AB·TAB(b) d2 b
A%GB
T TAB (b) !# 2 4 !# ?#6 % 7 #
# ! ##. # # ! !# #4 2 4
!# 4! 2 ! !# ?#6 % 7
!! # d2 s A# 4 ?#6 % 7B0 !!! !#
" %G 6 ## !# 4#
TAB (b) =
A%GGB
TA (s)TB (|b − s|)d2 s
2 4 !# " %5 !!
/ %/% 2 ##. # 2 # #< # 2 # #!! "# ; H ##. !# 2 !#
4#
b2
b4
TAB (b) = α0 · exp − 2 + α2 · exp − 4
2α1
2α3
A%G5B
& ##. #< " # ! # !# %5
α0 A
PbPb (b)
ArAr (b)
<' =
−1
B
N0GG×10−4
G0O×10−3
α1 A2B
H0L3
50K3
α2 A
−1
B
G0KLL×10−4
055G×10−3
/ 7 /5/ @5@
α3 A2B
O0KNN
H0KG
30
V
% & V
7
TA s
s
b
TB |b − s|
< = . " " @ 6 # $ X s A " " @A A b s TPbPb
×10
(−1
TArAr
−3
×10
0.7
1.8
0.6
1.6
(−1
−3
1.4
0.5
1.2
0.4
1
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.1
0
0
0.2
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
b f m
9
b f m
+
<' = D 8
/5/ #$ @5@ #$
\ # !# %G0 !# Q # !# I /
# J A# # . #!B "# !# Q # !#
! #. ?# A##. # #6B !! / 0
! ##. # #6 bmax eGN 20 # !! %/%0
! ! L 2
$! 2# # ! # X0 bmax ℄0 !# Q # !# !
# # ## # ##. # inel
σAB
(b) ∝ b2
A%G3B
7 $ # !# E #.0 "#! ! ? !! !# / # !! ?#/?# ##.
# 6 ;
#9#
33
inel
inel
NAB
(b) = AB · TAB (b) · σpp
A%GHB
+ # ! ? !! !# /
? 2 ##. # !# ; ! !# 2 4 !# !# " %5
! !# #!# # ! # !! ?#/?# ? %/%0 ! !! /
!# ; 6 ! 2# # !# RAA
dNAA /dp2 dy
inel
NAA
(b) × dNpp /dp2 dy
A%GNB
dNAA /dp2 dy
inel × dN /dp2 dy
A2 · TAA (b) · σpp
pp
A%GB
RAA (p , y, b) =
! !# 2#U 4#
RAA (p , y, b) =
2# 4# G ! !! / # ! !/
! %/% # 0 2# M. ! #! ! !! /
2. !!
7 ! ! # !! ?#/?#0 ! ! # # ; # !! !/ ! !# # ! %[7 ! part
NAB
(b)
b − s|) · d2 s
TA (s) · 1 − pinel
(0,
|
B
b − s|) · d2 s
(0,
|
+ B TB (s) · 1 − pinel
A
= A
A%GOB
T pinel
A A 2 # %3B & ! #
; !# !! #!
spec
part
NAB
(b) = A + B − NAB
(b)
A%GKB
4# !0 # ! #4 I #!. ; = " J0 E !
4#! !# #! !# !! ?#/?#
! ! # !# %O0 ! ? A#F !
#F#0 # 6!B # ! !! ?#6/?#6 0 ##.
# 6
hard
hard
NAB
(b) = AB · TAB (b) · σpp
A%GLB
!# #! Ab1 < b < b2 B0 #6 E
? ! # #! 6
<
hard
NAB
>=
1
π · (b22 − b21 )
×
b2
b1
hard 2
hard
AB · TAB (b) · σpp
d b = RG × σpp
A%5B
3.
V
% & V
T ! 2# RG 2# " #
#! ?#6 < ! !# !!
K ! ! &# Q # ?#/?# l hard
d2 σAB
hard
= AB · TAB (b) σpp
d2 b
A%5GB
!! ?#/?# I # J A# # . #!B0
!# Q # ! 6 !# #. 4#
hard [MB]
σAB
hard
= AB · σpp
A%55B
$ ! #9# ! L 60 !# 2 !! ?#/
?# !# #! T
geo
σAB
geo
coll
< fAB
> = L × < σAB
>
A%53B
geo
< σAB
> ≃ π × (b22 − b21 )
A%5HB
!# Q # " ?#/?# . $ ! ! ! !# #! 0 ## # ! !6 !#
2 6#! !! #
hard
coll
hard
coll
hard
< fAB
> =< fAB
> × < NAB
> =< fAB
> ×RG × σpp
A%5NB
,
GG '4! !# # !#" * 0 αS (Q)0 2 ! !! "0 Q0 ; !#!! !# 4 ! ? XN℄ N
G5 '4! !# " 2 !# # !
6 # K
G3
" A; "# B # A; B ?.
2 !# # XO0 K℄ & " A !B /
!## 6 AB #4 #F !" &# 4 ; !## 6 #4 #F !" #4 ! ! L
#"# # AµB , T B !# #. !# #4 !
#! ! * # !## 6 #4 #F
!" Au, dB #4 #F ! AsB XGG℄ G
GN '4! #/!! !! ! !#/!#4
# ! # 7<F XG5℄ G5
G # # ! "! # ! # ! AA = 208B 2 x .! SLK & M
; Q2 #!!# 505N 8:2 ; G 8:2 &
" # ! #6 M # !#0 ; #4 ! 0 ! ($
! &(0 "#! GN
GO '4! !# "! # 2 x M ! Q2 0 # !6 (% A; "# B
# ; "# x A2# ! "B ; x A#
"B A; B G
GH
GK # # !#0 RdAu (p )0 # ; 2/
2 # # !6 7%(, # ! !! /% X5℄ GO
GL ,!! # ! #" 2 !" ! !! / %/% X3℄ & / A%/%B #< # 2 !"# # ! A#
!!B & %/% #< "#! # ! /
# .! ## X55℄ A !"B &#
#< !# %/% GL
GG ## # A#/B#D# # ($ #4 ! /
.! # X5H℄ 5G
GNO
%7& $8 32
GGG
GG5
GG3
GGH
GGN
GG
GGO
GGK
GGL
G5
G5G
G55
5G
R 6 " #
# !# 2 !!
#4 ! ! # #" # ! !!
√
/% %/% #! ; sN N = 200 8: # !6 ( $ X5K℄ R # # !# 2 !! #4 ! 0
! η ! # ! !! %/% #! ; √sN N = 200 8: # !6 ( $ X5L℄ &# ; .! #
!# " # 8&: A8?!#? &4# :4B X3℄ !# #=#! # # pT # !6 % X3G℄ # ! !! / A!" B0 #! /% AB0
I # J /% A#"!B #! %/% A!B # ! 4 # ! cc̄ A; "# B >Dψ A; B 2 !# " ! # #F# !# #/
! #"# ?# ; ! AαS2 B !# # #
QQ̄ !#!# q q̄ A#"# #B !# 2 "! A#"#
0 B #"# ?# ; ! AαS3 B !# # #
QQ̄ !# "! A#"# #B0 !6 # #4 A#/
"# B ! "! # !# #! A#"# B #"# >Dψ # ! .! ! !
A; "# B √
%< !# Q # / >Dψ 2 s #4 ! .! ! ! A; B #6 >Dψ #! # !!/)# # 2 !# !" L #. #4 ! !! /
?# ?#/?# !" XHN℄ A; "# B # #
!# >Dψ # ($ 2 !# # !
!! /% ; 5 8: XHK℄ A; B 6 " #6 >Dψ #! #6 #6
# 2 ! # #
& #6 # !# /
#! # ! !! /?# XNN℄ #
# !# ! >Dψ # ($ 2 ! # # ; !# !! ! !! /%0
/ %/% XN℄ # ! 4 >Dψ 2 !# " #
! .! /4?#" A; "# B # ! .! !! A; B X3K℄ # ! 4 >Dψ # # ($ 2 !# " A; "# B # ! 4 >Dψ0 ; #
ψ′ >Dψ 0 2 !# "
A; B XNO℄ # ! 4 >Dψ 6#! # &( 6 #
#"# # ## # A !B !! A "B !6 # !# & # 6/
A%&%0 ,0 &( %&$B !## &( "#! 5H
5H
5
5
5K
5K
3
3G
35
33
3H
3H
H
%7& $8 55 # %&$ 53 " # ! !! /0 6?"./
6?".0 #"/#" ! /! 2 !# #! " #! ! !# !# 2! 7<F
&# A2B # #6
!! #! AI # JB ?#/?# 5H # !$ 5N # !# %&$ 5 # # !!# + # !# #
#! %&$ 5O # 3/ ! (, $ 5K # (+ 5L #!#2 2# # / !#
# #! %&$ 5G $!## 9 # ! ; 4 5GG & #!# ; "# # , 0 , AG0 5 3B0 : 5G5 "# : & # :C 5G3 : "! #! . ; %&$ 4# ! # /# −4 < η < −2, 5 5GH # !# 2#! 5GN # # !#" 2# # ; #"! 5G ! # #"0 Bx ! # !# 2# #
AzB M # ! !# A 0)B 5GO # 5GK # I "" J 5GL : I "" J . ; 55 # ,G ,5 I "" J . ; # 6 !# 55G "# I J A; "# B I J ) A; B # !# ,GG & !# # ? 555 ! I # J 6 4#! # #4 ! ?. % ! A #B #4
?. # ; ! ! A #B 553 # "! #! !! I "" J . ; %&$ 55H #- !! !! I "" J . ;
!# <; !# I "" J "! #! 3G # 2 6#! ! ! 2# # #i 53 # 0 # 3 # ; ! A ZB 5 /
!!# !# # ; !! # 35 !# !# I "" J
. ; A; "# B0 "# 6 !# ! ) I J A; B 33 # # # # AI JB & "#!
! AIiB # ! ##" # ! #" # ! 4!
"#=0 #" <; !# # ! 7 <; !# #
### % 3/
HG
H5
HH
HH
H
H
HO
HO
HL
HL
NG
N5
N3
N3
NH
NN
NL
G
3
3
H
N
N
OG
OG
O5
.?
%7& $8 3H Q # # 6 !# A )B0 6
M 2# # !# 3N :#! !# # Q # 6 ; KR 2 !# =#! 6 A!" 5G B0 M 4 #! ? A# O5 B !# I J ; "# !#
I J ) ; 3 :#! !# # Q # 6 ; LNR 2 !# =#! 6 A!" 5G B0 M 4 #! ? A# O5 B !# I J ; "# !#
I J ) ; 3O # Q # ; KR 2 !# !# # ! !# & # !# #
7 !# & I J !# ; # #4
K I J # # 3K # Q # ; KR 2 !# !# # ! !# ) & # !# #
7 !# & I J !# ; # #4
K I J # # 3L M !# # ! !# !# # ! !# ) Q # 6 ; KR 2 !# &#
"# !# ! ) "#! 3G #!! I ! J I J 5 0 3 : #/ " 3GG :#! ? !# #!! I ! J 2 !# #
# 4#" " A2 :B I J G !# 3G5 :#! ? !# #!! I ! J 2 !# #
# 4#" " A2 :B I J 5 !# 3G3 :#! ? !# #!! I ! J 2 !# #
# 4#" " A2 :B I J H !# 3GH I , J A; B I "# J A; "# B 2 !#
# # 4#" " A2 :B I J
5 & 4## ! I , J I "# J # ! 6 HG ? # !# # . ;
! #4 pT ; ! pT /
Apmin
T B0 ! #! XL℄ H5 /# A#B ! #4 A B #" F# #" !! #! /
#4 H3 /# # ! #" !/
! #! / ; # M "# &#
2E /# 5N d η d H ; !# # . ; HH ! #4 A#0 B # A 0 B !
>Dψ A#0 B ! Υ A 0 B ! !! / ; N0N : A
6#! ; N0N :B &# #!# # # ON
O
O
OO
OK
OL
K
KG
KG
KG
K5
KN
K
K
LG
%7& $8 .
HN Q # 2 I "" J ! 2 !! #4 !# # pT A#B !# # pT A B LH
H # Q # ! 2 !! #/
4 !# /# # pT AI #!! pT J
#B0 !# # pT A# B !# # pT
A #B L
HO ! #4 !# "#
# # A#B # #6 A B LO
HK Q # >Dψ A #B Υ A #B 2 !! #4 A; "# B !# # A; B !#
# G
HL # " .! 8!# ARGB ! !!
/ %/% 2 !# #! !# !! GN
HG ? ! A. !"B0 "
M A6. !"B E " A. !"B
# 4 / 2# # ! M I "/
" J # ! pT A %0 . !B0 #4 !#
# pT A6. !B #4 !# # pT
A. !B 2 !# #! !# !! GG5
HGG # ! I "" J ! ! A. !"B0 !
" M A6. !"B ! E
" A. !"B !! / ! M
! pT I "" J # ! pT A %0 .
!B0 #4 !# # pT A6. !B #4 !# /
# pT A. !B &# # ! I "" J #
# ; # !# !#!" I "" J A B0 # /
A "B A 2 # HGO0 HGK H55B GG3
HG5 #6 I "" J " Ab < bmax B ! ! A.
!"B0 ! " M A6. !"B ! E " A. !"B !! / !
M ! pT I "" J # ! pT A %0
. !B0 #4 !# # pT A6. !B #4 !# # pT A. !B & #6 I ""
# J Abmax eG 2B "#! GGH
HG3 #6 I "" J " Ab < bmax B ! ! A.
!"B0 ! " M A6. !"B ! E " A. !"B !! %/% !
M ! pT I "" J # ! pT A %0
. !B0 #4 !# # pT A6. !B #4 !# # pT A. !B & #6 I ""
# J Abmax eG 2B "#! GGN
%7& $8 .'
HGH #6 I "" J " Ab < bmax B ! ! A.
!"B0 ! " M A6. !"B ! E " A. !"B !! / !
M ! pT I "" J # ! pT A %0
. !B0 #4 !# # pT A6. !B #4 !# # pT A. !B & #6 I ""
# J Abmax eG 2B "#! & ! ! #! ! #6 I "" J # !
6 G5
HGN A; "# B A; B !# .
# I "" J # !! #! / A #B %/%
A #B G55
NG # / ! " A!!
B #! # " "#
! # / ! ! A!" "B 6 #! ; !! #! / N5 %< !# 2 ! #4 7/Z" A!"
" B 4! &## #4 8#
A!" B !! !# A; B !"#
A; "# B & 2 2 ! ! ! # ! 6 N3 %< !# 2 # ! &# 2 2 !
# # ! # ! 6 NH %< !# 2 ! A # [ #B #4
2 6!! # ! # # 4## 4 <
Mµ µ < 8 11 < Mµ µ < 12 8:D 2 NN # ! " 0 #. # /
#2# / ! #! ; # !! #! / A106B0 #4 !/
5 × 1026 −2−1 & #6 ! # !
! ! 6# ; # #< "! #! N # ! " #6 # ! # ! # ; !! / ! !# #! # !! " NN ! !! # . #! AI # JB NO #6 # ! AΥ0 Υ0 ΥmB 6/
# G #< M ! !! #! /
# #< ; ] # # I J
; I J M ! #! #< #4 "# !# 4#! ? ! # ?
4 ! #6 ? ! #/
# ! # ! NK # " 4# #
! A; "# B !# # ! A; B0 #< #4 !
2 2 # ! 60 Mµ µ > 2 8:D 2 + −
+ −
+ −
G35
G33
G33
G3H
G3N
G3
G3O
G3L
%7& $8 NL # ! " 4# !#
"# >Dψ A #B ψ ′ A #B0 #< #4 !# 2 2 # ! 6 NG # ! " #6 # ! M # Acc̄0
bb̄0 >Dψ 0 ψ 0 Υ0 Υ ΥmB0 ! !# #! !
!! # . #! AI # JB #6 /
0 6# ; # #< "! #! AMµ+ µ− >
2 8:D 2 B #4 ! 2 2 M #0 /
; !! /
A106 sB #4 ! 26
−2 −1
5 × 10
NGG #6 6# G #<
M ! !! #!
/ # #< /
; ] # # I J ; I J M ! #! #< #4 "# !# 4#! ? ! # ? 4 !
#6 ? ! # # !# #
!0 ! # !0 ! # A>Dψ 0 ψ B ! # ! AΥ0
Υ′ B NG5 # Υ′ /Υ 2 ! # # ; !# !!/
/ XH℄0 # 2# !## #F "! A
B #4 2# !## #F "! 6
# 6E # 4 ; # /
GL ,: A !# B 5O ,: A#"! B
# ! # # #
!! / # &( #4 ! 5×1026
−2 −1 .)
GH
GHG
GH3
GHO
%G # # !# !! 6 ?#6 % 7 # # A##. # B0 T ! 4 s ! /
4 6 ?#6 % ! ! #0 ! 4 b s !# GNH
%5 4 !# 2 ##. # !# !! !! / A#B %/% A B GNH
*
√
GG '" # ! # A sNNB0 " #! ! τ = 1 2D AǫB0 2# !## Aτ0 B0 4 !## AτQGP B0 I 2= J Aτf B 4! I 2= J
AVf B !! #! # 0 # ($ # &( XG30 GH0 GN℄
G5 #F# # ! 4 AMi , ri , ∆Ei B0 # # #F# # ! ! ATd B X3K℄ i
# 6 ; !# 2##! AfJ/ψ,Υ
B XL3℄ Tc !# #
; 4 GO3 ,: # ! #! ! * # G3 6#! #F# X3L℄ GH ##. .! 4## ! 6 # ! 6/
#! XHG℄ #! ## # # &( ! 2# #6 /
! # ! # !! ?#/?#0 !# Q # !# #6#4 "#! ; !# Q # "
I # J A 2 %6 %B 55 ! ##! Ar − φ0 z B0 ! ! # 0 ! M # ! !$ A 0 B
53 "#6 I "" J ! 4#6 & &G 4# M
%&$ !! # ! ! !! / 5H I "" J ! !# I "" J !# I "" J . ; GG
5N
5
5L
5G
3G ## I J "#! # ; !# # ! /
7 &# 4#! Ii # # ; Ii e 5 % 35 :#! ? !# #!! I ! J # " A #B #
# 2 A #B I J G 0
5 H HG
##. /# F# #/
" !! #! / %/% H5 ,!! #" Aπ ± B0 F# #" AS± B F# #" Aπ 0 SBtot # !# 2E #"!#
Xf0 5f℄ ! !! #! / %/% H3 ##. #< # !
#4 ! # # ! # #6 #4 HH #6 2# I #@" J ! #F #
√
#6 # ! !! #! / A%/%B ; sN N eN0N :
√
A03 :B &# Q # / ; sN N eN0N : A03 :B
"#! GN
3K
HH
N
NO
O5
K
KO
KK
KL
L
..
&$ %7&%
HN #6 2# I #@" J A; ##. # !B ! φ0 ! ## A>Dψ0 ψ′B !
# AΥ0 Υ′0 Υ′′ B #
√
! !! #! / A%/%B
; sN N eN0N : A03 :B &#
Q # / ; √sN N eN0N : A03 :B "#!
XL3℄ H ## # # &( ! !! /0 %/% /
0 T L !# ! ?0 σinel !# Q # !# coll ! !! !# # HO ##. !# 2 !# I "" J 4#
!# pT ! 6 !Q # I "" J A2 "B &Q # #! Aǫnom B0
4#! ; pT e G 8:D A# !##B0 "#! HK Q # < ! "# πDS0 #/
# # #6 4# !# pT #!
& # ! Q # ! NR & Q # /
< #! ! ; # 6 0 !# ## !# # 4! HL ##. !# 2 #< ! #/
4 # # #6 trig
B
HG # # # " Aαgeo B # # 3DH Aαgeo
! #F# HGG Q # # 4# !# pT #!
# 4# I "" J & # ! Q # ! NR HG5 Af B #F# AN B I "" J !
M # Aφ0 >Dψ0 ψ′0 Υ0 Υ′ Υ′′ B 4# !# pT
#! # 4# I "" J & 2 !
!! / %/%0 # # . #! AI # JB ! #6 ! # /
/ %/% # # . #! &# 2 !! !# ; ## HG3 I "" J # "#! "
M & # ! # ; ? "#!/
& # # ! 6 HGH I "" J # "#! E
" & # ! # ; ? "#!
& # # ! 6 HGN ? # ! M pT I "" J AI ! JB !! #! /
%/% &# # 0 πDS → µ0 ; !# F# T ! " # !0 # !# # 0 πDS → #!!0 ! 4! " # HG #6 I "" J / %/% I # J ! !0 ! " M ! E "
# M #0 ! M !
pT I "" J & !! !# # ; ## L5
L5
LH
LN
LO
LL
LL
GG
G5
G3
GK
GL
&$ %7&%
.*
HGO ? ! Aµ+, µ−, µ0B 0 F#0
# # #6 # ! M pT I "" J !! #! / %/% !# F#0 6 # 4#" #4 Aπ0S→ µB #
Aπ0S→ #!!B " # &# !! #! #
#! ! #. 2 ! # F# A#
" #B0 # # # #6 GG
HGK ? " M A B E " A,B # ! M pT I "/
" J ! !! #! / %/% & 4#
2 F# # " #/
0 # # # #6 &# # " Aµ0B GG
HGL #6 I "" J ! !! #! / Ab < 5 2B %/
% Ab < 3 2B 2 !# I "" J A !0
" M E "B M
! pT I "" J & !! #! !#
inel
# 0 fCC
0 ; ## GG
H5 #6 I "" J / %/% I # J 2 !# I "" J A !0 " M
E "B M ! pT I "" J
& !! !# # ; ## GGK
H5G #6 I "" J " M # /
A F#0 # # # #6B !
M ! pT I "" J & #6 I "" J !! / %/% I # J GGK
H55 #6 I "" J / %/% I # J !# ! # 4 ! !#
## K GGL
H53 #6 I "" J / %/% I # J !# " M # 4 ! !# ## K GGL
H5H #6 # #6 Aτmax B 2 # #6#!
Afmax B I J G 5 # !# " !#" 2# # A ∼ B !! #! /
CC
%/% & !! #! # ANcoll
B "#! G55
H5N #6#! # Afmax B0 I J G 5 0 # !# " !#" 2# # A ∼ B !! I # J / %/% & MB
!! I # J # ANcoll
B "#! G53
NG # ? # # " AᾱaccHptB0 Q # #< /
"# AǭTkB Q # I "" J AǭTr B #! ?
Aw̄B ! 4# #F# # ! #F !0 # ! # !! #! / ; # !# # # !4
##!? %! G5O
.2
&$
%7&%
N5 Q # / Aσpp→α B 2# ##" !#
α
SLK ACsh
(0)B # ! !!
/ ; ##. # ! ;
√
sN N eNN :0 ! #F !0 ! # ! # /
! XL30 GN℄ N3 :#! ##. #< !# 2 2 !
# ! & 4#! ##. #! ! #
6 8:D 2 NH #6 # #4 ! . ; %&$
! # ! AΥ0 Υ0 ΥmB0 !# #! ! !! I # J A. !"B ! #6 ; !! / A106 B #4 ! 5 × 1026 −2−1 \ ##0 ! #6 " "#! # ! # !!
#! / A !"B NN
##. !# 2 2 ! ## ! /
4# # ! # ! # Mµ+ µ− >
2 8:D 2 & 4#! ##. #! ! #
6 8:D 2 N
##. !# 2 2 ! ## ! /
4# !# # ! # ! # Mµ+ µ− >
2 8:D 2 & 4#! ##. #! ! # 6/
8:D 2 NO :#! ##. #< !# 2 2 ! >Dψ & 4#! ##. #! ! # 6 8:D 2 NK #6 # #4 ! . ; %&$
! # ! Acc̄B0 !# # ! Abb̄B0 ! # A>Dψ 0
ψ B ! # ! AΥ0 Υ0 ΥmB0 !# #! ! !! I # J A. !B ! #6
; !! / A106 B #4
! 5 × 1026 −2 −1 NL 2# AτF B # # AD B
# ! & # # #6
6 .! # ! 6 %G
G5K
G33
G3N
G3K
G3L
G3L
GHH
GHN
##. !# !# ?#6 ! A208 B #" A40 %B GNG
%5 ##. #< !# 2 4 !# !! / %/% GN3
- XG℄ %(0 ! ? '' AGLGB NOL
) 0 ? 4 & ) AGLHB GK
$#0 4 & / AGLOB G5H
X5℄ * $ #0 ? 4 & ) AGLHB NLK
X3℄ + , - . /0 ? 4 /. AGLNHB GLG
XH℄ $ ) 10 A"0 GLLNB
XN℄ 2 0 ! ? ! )3 A5HB 3HN0 F I 5"*?4?%?8)
X℄ ) + %&% 0 ? 4 )? AGLOHB 3HOG
XO℄ ) 3 4 5 . 0 ! ? 82) A5B 3L
XK℄ 4 0 & ? 32) A55B 5L
XL℄ 0 $ &# * 0 AGLLKB0 F I 5*;&?%?8&
XG℄ 6 %&% 4 70 >( ?0?0 A5HB N
XGG℄ 4 5 . 0 A53B F I 5*?3? ?8
XG5℄ 2%0 ? 4 '* AGLK3B GH
XG3℄ 4 )& %' 0 ! ? *3* A5NB GKH0 F I 5"*?4)???3
XGH℄ 4 5% 0 AGLLLB0 F I 5 *;;))3 ?
XGN℄ 0 ! ? ./2 A55B 5KO
XG℄ ) 0 ? 4 / AGLOLB OH
XGO℄ 5 ! % 0 A53B0 F I 5 *?3?38?4
XGK℄ . / . 0 A53B0 F I 5 *?3))?8&
XGL℄ / . / . 0 ! ? *3? A5NB 30 F I 5
*?4? ?)3
X5℄ ! ) 0 ? 4 & /) A5HB 5H533
X5G℄ 4 78 0 ! ? *)? A5HB HHK
X55℄ 4 5% 0 ! ? 83*? A5B 3OL0 F I 5 *?)?4?)?
X53℄ ) )&% 2 /70 F I 5 *?4?88;)
X5H℄ ) )&% 2 /70 F I 5*? ))?%)
X5N℄ 2%0 ,$&%7/ 7/K5/NL/()
X5℄ / / 90 ? & 8'0) AGLLB H35
/ : , - 0 ! ? 80'? AGLLHB NK30 F I 5
*;3?C??3
X5O℄ 2 3 - . % 73 ) /3 ; 0
! ? 802) AGLLOB 5LG0 F I 5*;C?%33
X5K℄ )& 0 ? 4 & / A53B O533
GL
*?
7$7&$+8% ($
X5L℄ )& 0 F I 5"*?C?)?3%
X3℄ ! 8 / 0 ? 4 & 2/ A55B 5N53G0 F I 5
X3G℄ +% #% %0 ? 4 & 30 A53B O53H
X35℄ / . / . 0 ! ? *3? A5NB 30 F I 5
*?8?;)C)
X33℄
X3H℄
X3N℄
X3℄
X3O℄
X3K℄
X3L℄
XH℄
XHG℄
XH5℄
XH3℄
XHH℄
XHN℄
XH℄
XHO℄
XHK℄
XHL℄
XN℄
*?4? ?)3
)<.) +% #% %0 D&(D5H/L A5HB
+/ +% #% %0 ,/ +/5/ A5B
2 0 A5NB0 F I 5"*? )??C
) 0 F I 5"*?3))??40 F I 5"*? )??&3
7 < / 0 ? & 8*2 AGLKB HG
70 F I 5 *? )88)%
$/ - % 0 8 50 > ? &)) A5B G
7 0 ? & 8.* AGLOOB 5GO
% 0 ? )? AGLLLB GLO
+ + 0 ! ? 8*' AGLKB H5N
< 2%&(3 5 2 . 0 ? 4 3 AGLLNB GG5N
) / 0 ? 4 3 AGLLNB HON
2 ) &% 0 ? > )/ A5NB 33N0 F I 5"*?4)8?3C
/ 0 > ? &)? A5HB GGON0 F I 5"*?4? ? C
6 +% & 0 A5B F I 5"*?C?;?8%
% 0 F I 5*? ?%?8%
) + 5 %0 F I 5 *?C)?3)3
3 % % 70 ? > )' A5HB NHO0 F I
5 *?3)?3 4
XNG℄ . & 3 5 2%(0 ? 4 & /' A5HB
5G53G0 F I 5 *?3?C?%%
XN5℄ / 3 2 7% - * 0 ! ? ./2 A55B
NOL0 F I 5*?)?3?&3
XN3℄ ) + % 0 A53B F I 5 *?3? );C0 A53B F I 5
*?3?3?
XNH℄ : 6 3 6 , :0 ? & 8.?* A5NB GO0 F I 5
*?4))?;3
XNN℄ ) % 0 F I 5"*?C?;?3;
XN℄ +% 0 A5NB F I 5"*? )?? )
XNO℄ 4 3 4 78 70 ? & 8.)* A5NB ON0 F I
5 *? )883;
XNK℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 &( 6#! 0 %&$ $#! '??'9?)0 A55B
XNL℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 %&$ #! #!0 /&( /39*
AGLLNB
7$7&$+8% ($
*
X℄ )<.) +% #% %0 %&% #! #!0 /&( /090)
AGLLHB
XG℄ +/ +% #% %0 , #! #!0 /&( /09)2 AGLLHB
X5℄ . +# +% #% %0 &( #! #!0 /&( /29??0
AGLLKB
X3℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 %&$ ? 2# A:! GB0 >
? & )? A5HB GNGO
XH℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 %&$ ? 2# A:! 5B0 >
? & )' A5B G5LN
XN℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 $ #! " 0 /&( //9'
AGLLLB
X℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 #! " 0 /&( '???9
?? A5B
XO℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 #! " 0 /&( //9)
AGLLLB
XK℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 + #! " 0 /&( '???9
' A5B
).!+5 +% #% %0 + #! " A%B0 /
&( '??'9?. A55B
XL℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 (, $ #! " 0 /&( /29
/ AGLLKB
XO℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 (+ #! " 0 /&( //90
AGLLLB
XOG℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 9 #! " 0 /&( //93
AGLLLB
XO5℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 , #! " 0 /&( //9)'
AGLLLB
).!+5 +% #% %0 , #! " A%B0 /
&( '??)9?)2 A53B
XO3℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 @# A, 0 # :B #! /
" 0 /&( '??09?'3 A5HB
XOH℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 @# #! " /
0 /&( //9'' AGLLLB
).!+5 +% #% %0 @# #! " /
A#B /&( //9'' AGLLLB
XON℄ ).!+5 +% #% %0 ""0 #*0 (& # ! ? #!
" 0 /&( '??)9?.' A53B
XO℄ % % + & 0 4! 2 4 !# 0
! $ # , 2* AGLKGB 3OO/3K
XOO℄ % % 0 " 4 !# 0 ! $ # ,
'.) AGLKKB 5/5N
XOK℄ ) & 0 % !@ 4? 2 %&$ #0 !
$ , 03 A5B H5
XOL℄ 3 ) /% 5 0 %&$ $#! '??)9?0
XK℄ - 0 . 4 7!# # #! !/#0 A5NB
*'
7$7&$+8% ($
XKG℄ %%0 0 4n# "! 4n# "!
,#0 A5B
XK5℄ ) & 0 / ! 2 2 %&$ ""0 $ # ! 3' A5NB GGO
XK3℄ ) & 0 % #! ! 4 !
2 4 !# # # 0 ! $ , 03* A5GB
GGO
XKH℄ 2 &3 +% '0 ! #! "" ! 2
%&$ ""0 %&$ $#! '??)9?? A53B
XKN℄ &0 / & $:$$+ 0 &/ /29?') AGLLKB
XK℄ ) %'.# 3 % 0 & $#! 0 &# # ? !# !/#0 A5GB
XKO℄ ) %'.# 3 % . % 0 & $#! 0 &# #/
? !# !/#0 A5GB
XKK℄ + 0 ! $ # , 00 AGLLKB 3GO
XKL℄ / )## 0 ! $ # , )/2 AGLLOB GO3
XL℄ * %0 . 4 7!# # #! !/#0 GGO5 / 5NH AGLLLB
XLG℄ 2 % 0 . 4 7!# # #! !/#0 GHNO /
3LL A53B
XL5℄ / . / %0 #"# 2 pp̄ !!0 F I 5
*?4))?8?
XL3℄ / 2&& 0 (# #4? !! # &( (#4?
]#4 ? 0 F I 5 *?3))?4&
XLH℄ ) ) & 0 (# #4? !! # &( 20
#@" # % !!0 F I 5 *?3?&84&
XLN℄ / + 3 / / %3 , % &%0 * ##!? 2 ## # GL :0 >( ?* A5HB 33
XL℄ 4 5 = ) /% 0 + # &(0 %&$ $#!
/39?3 AGLLNB
) /% 0 "#! # 7# F" #!0 %&$ $#!
/.9) AGLLB
XLO℄ :, $ = / 0 80 ? 4 00 AGLLGB 3NG
XLK℄ < > &0 # 0 ? )/ AGLKB 3HO
XLL℄ 2 0 80 ## (#!" 4 D
209 AGLKNB
XG℄ < > &3 . .># & / 0 ? # ,#/
#!0 F I 5 *?3?&) 3
XGG℄ + ) /% 0 !# %&$0 F I *?3?C?;8
%&$ +M/! < 0 I**W * ^*
XG5℄ I** XG3℄ )# 0 ? 4 & . AGLKKB GKGL
XGH℄ / 2% / &0 % ! !" #! 2
# 0 ! ? 80 AGLOB 33H
*)
7$7&$+8% ($
XGN℄
XG℄
XGO℄
XGK℄
XGL℄
XGG℄
0 # # #? # &(0 %&$
$#! '??)9?/ A53B0 F I 5 *?3))88
/ / %3 , % &%0
! ? 8)*) AGLL5B 5LN
4 5% 3 4% +) &%0 ? > / AGLLLB G
# /
0
! ? 8' AGLOB G3N
% 0 (#4? $
? / AGLLLB 33L0 F I 5*;;?3? )
5& 0
# ! ## 8 4@ 2 # ! ? 0 ?
& 83/' A5HB G
+
+ 0
# # j7#? 53j A53B0 I**WWW5
, +
= ) A * *W* / 2
XGGG℄
XGG5℄
XGG3℄
XGGH℄
XGGN℄
XGG℄
*?3?;?45" 57 I**WWW5 A * 5
0 # # !# 0 A53B0
* *W ) %
%
5?
0 ? 4 & 22 A55B GGK5
0 4# # A5HB
%83 ) 4
A5B HHLH
5 ,%# < >
;3 -
'??.9???' A5B
%&%83 4 3 +%
3 %
0 ? 4 .
0 ? > * A5B G3O
' % 0 %&$ $#!
&
3 ) /%
0 %&$ $#!
5 '??39?2 A5NB
XGGO℄ + + 0 . 4 7!# # #! !/#0 GHG5 /
3O A53B
XGGK℄ +% 2 /70 ! $ , 020 A55B
NH0 F I 5"*?)?C??&
XGGL℄ $/ )# %0 F I 5 *? ?%?&4
XG5℄ +- $%0 ? 4 *' A5NB 3HL
XG5G℄ % % 0 ! ? 80/' AGLLOB 3G
XG55℄ 5 % 0 . 4 # A5HB
*0
7$7&$+8% ($
!!
%&$ ! &( ; ! !! ! !#/
!#4 & #! < 2 6 !# 4 !
4!! # !# #. !# # !# !# ?#/
# A* B ! !## *#F 8! A *8B "#/
! !# #6 #F# # ##"
! # ! !! !0 # !!! !# 2# !## # & . ; # ! #6 #F# A>Dψ0 ΥB # ! !! ! 4# ! ##! "# /
?. ! #0 # # . ; 0 #" ! ! 4 # # ;
!# #!" # & 2# ?. ! . ; 0 #! ; !# !# ,/#!0
# # # !# !Q # !# 2 ! ?. # ! # !! / %/% "#! !# # " #4
! . ; %&$ \ # 0 ! #6 # ! 6# !! / # &( 4
# #!
9 ?# #0 !## #F "!0 #F#0
#F !0 &(0 %&$0 . ; 0 0 ?. ! %&$ A% &#" $ !! 6B &( # ?
2 !#/!#4 #4? !! # "#! 2 %&$ ? 2 #
@ # 2 !# # ? *# ?# ?
A* B *#F/8! !## A*8 B + 2 ! "# # 2 #F# ?! ? ! " #4? !!0 @ 2#
2 *8 6 @!! # #F# ?!
A>Dψ0 ΥB #4? !! 4# #? % 2# ""0 # # 0 # ! 4 @ # !# ? "
# # F # #!" ? 2 "" 2# @!! @ # "" Q ? # # %/% # / !! Z @!!
#! 2 !F/" # @ %&$
6 ?! 2 ! # @!! 6# 2 #
!# # # 2 2 " 2 / !!
# 2 M !! #!
P#B # ?# 0 #F/"! !##0 #F#0 #4? #F0
&(0 %&$0 0 0 ""