LOCAL EMPLOYEES WORKING CULTURE EFFECT IN PRODUCTIVITY OF
HAWASSA INDUSTRY PARK COMPANIES.
WORK PLACE CULTURE EFFECT IN PRODUCTIVITY OF
HAWASSA INDUSTRY PARK COMPANIES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Every organization develops a company culture, whether they realize it or not.
Even if an organization does nothing, culture forms and evolves on its own—but an
unguided, unstructured culture may do more harm than good. A serious disconnect
could emerge between your organization’s mission, vision, and values and what its
employees and leaders actually do, damaging your employees’ trust in their
employer.
Working culture is defined as Belief, thought processes, attitudes from employee
side and Ideologies and principles of the organization.It is the work culture which
decides the way employees interact with each other and how an organization
functions.An organization is said to have a strong work culture when the employees
follow the organization’s rules and regulations and adhere to the existing guidelines.
However there are certain organizations where employees are reluctant to follow the
instructions and are made to work only by strict procedures.
The park accommodate textile and garment which is one of manufacturing sector
and it provide daily base use product to users.the sector known by using intensive
manpower and not easily to fully automate the filed as other industry, its materials
property is difficulty to handle by machines. Textile and garment industry speeding up
its production in industry aviation's in the Western country and gradually it is moving
out from westerns to middle east and far east Asian now at time shift to Africa.
Movement direction from more developed country to less developed countries due to
its running cost or have intensive manpower high wage.
Work culture can have a profound impact on several significant aspects of the employee
experience, like individual and team morale, workplace engagement and job
satisfaction. For example, 94 percent of people managers say “a positive workplace
culture creates a resilient team of employees,” according to a Society for Human
Resource Management survey.
Practices that negatively impact workplace culture and promote a toxic team dynamic
can steer an organization in the opposite direction, making it difficult to hire and retain
good employees. Work culture not only guides employees in the workplace, but it also
guides customers on whether they want to do business with you.having a strong work
culture boosts productivity, decreases turnover and improves employee engagement.
https://builtin.com/authors/rose-velazquez oct1 2022
Indeede editorial team 17 November 2022
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The reason this study focus working culture, working culture inbalnce between
employee and organization side. most of organization in the park perform below
standard of industry average efficiency same time employees not satisfied on their
job.
Local employee ; the study focus on local employee because as country not
impressive working culture hence less business or private organization specially
manufacturing organization , however garment factory it need much more from each
worker full focus on their individuals task in every moments of hours. In the full focus
of moments, not believing on the direct impacts of losing moment and not take
responsibility for the outcome .
Bad Working culture ; is trend lose working habit like, easily pending activities,
less commitment on times ,no scruffy for goals , not seeing big picture.
Less Productivity ; is the directly related with growth of company and employee.
The sustainability of organization on the country based on the productivity and it's
directly related with employee opportunity and other benefits in all side. In the park in
six year interval three organization close off their factory as main reson
unproductivity.for this working culture is one but not only factor.
International textile and garment ; as the history and requirement of sector and
resources of Ethiopian it would have a huge feature on the country development.
Eventually it needs different working culture what it normalizes.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1 general objective
To improve productive of Hawassa industry park companies through improving
working culture of employee
1.3.2 specific objective
 Train local employee working culture against best trend on others.
 To provide additional allowances for employees
 Train about importance of exporting product
 Revise formulated Rules and principles of organizations against community
mentality.
 Bring locals high management level
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
#1 what about lateness ratio
A poor B moderate C high
#2 what about absenteeism ratio
A poor
B moderate C high
#3 employees comfortable on company annually lives
A yes B no
#4 have training specifically on working culture A yes B no
#5 are employees interested to advancement work systems ?
A yes
B No
#6 What allowances provided
A home B food C transport D medical
#7 for whom allowances provide
A bottom/operator B middle/ Supervisor C high/mangers
#8 have any systems announcing to employees annually earn foreign exchange for
country?
A yes B no
Q9 have specially bonus for employee when organization earn profit annually?
A yes B no
Q10 in what ratio locals have in mangment levels
A <10% B between 10% & 40% C >40%
Q11 How it is employee turnover
A worst B bad C Good
12 have any social union among employeers
A yes
B No
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This Manufacturing sector bring more package to country development in
multi-aspects , employee opportunities ,foreign exchange and technology transfer.
most of developed country using textile and garment sector as bridge to come their
next level of economy . As developing country it need to pay attention on the sectors
which leading as to development. For instance working culture is directly related
productivity. This study it will identifies the gap between employee and organization
interest. And add for both owners/top mangers and employees better understanding on
the importance of working culture . The owners see the options of diverse principles
and ideology for the positive understanding by their employee.employee should be
believe positive working culture is benefiting for them self,for their organization and
for their country.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDAY
The main focus of resrarch in Ethiopian, hawssa industrial park of selcted
international organization and resarch problem is working culture of employee becaus
one and the main resaon which it is related to country development. the park
accomodate textile and garment factory which is new for country and according the
history of it will long run plan to the further, for the reson need a resarch the main
issues like working culture of employee , but it may direct to take lesson of
community working culture against international experienced organization.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFNTION KEY TERMS
Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some
Local employee is apeople who have ethiopian nationality and livening etiopia and
working in the park uner organization
Elizabeth, ( 2018). operational definiton of psychology
Wikipedia
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
Under Hawassa industry park mor than fifty shades and owned by more than twenty
investor's who have different orgin of organization. Under park near to thirty
thousand employee with highst prcent of girls and young people
CHAPTER 2
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this part of resarch briefe about the the main terminlogy of resarch, and how it
was articulated in different resarcher articles. As well details of the varibles of the
main topic clerily define and theorized , however by whom ,when,Where and details it
should be mention.
2.2 CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
2.2.1 working place culture
The term culture has been discuss in different disciplines such as business, sociology,
history and antroplogy.
But under this topic to discuss picking only related filed of article to the resarch title
and how to variables are define and articulated. as articulation of Norlin M Ali,
Rohani Jangga, Mazlina Ismali, Siti Nuur-Ila Mat Kamal, Mohammad Nazri Ali
(2015), mainly emphasised types of leader ship is how it influence quality working
culture and leaders are driving their subordinates toward organizstion setting goals
working culture is important elment for gain or lose of organozation, either it is
transactional or transfomational leaders are key to build desire working culture .
Wade (2010) as was written culture is away of life, being in the world and set if
practices .in Wade concept social movement is inventing culture identity when we
come to the problem of this research, textile and garment sector move to the new
culture (to the society) from fareast country to africans or Ethiopia in sense is same to
wada but the movement parties different. So that this culture movement is linking
point for both organization and community growth .structuring dis-alignments by
building common and productivity culture.
Work place culture
Despite it being a common term, many people wonder 'what is workplace culture?'
Workplace culture combines the principles and ideologies of an organisation. It's the
environment you create for your employees and the sum of your organisations'
traditions, interactions, attitudes, values and behaviours. A healthy workplace culture
aligns the company policies and employee behaviours with the company's goals while
focusing on the well-being of individuals.
Importance of workplace culture
1 Employees' wellbeing
Only when employees feel happy and satisfied can they perform at their very best.
Healthy workplace cultures help employees feel valued and proud of their jobs.
Organisations must create a balance between personal and career life to ensure
employees get adequate time with their families and friends.
2 Productivity
these research emphasies how work culture affect productivity then indeed editorial
team (2022) updated as organisations with healthy cultures tend to be more successful
in terms of performance and productivity.
3 Employee retention
Retaining your employees for a long time allows you to have an experienced pool of
individuals to perform a specific task. It saves on cost and time since you don't have
to keep recruiting and training new personnel. Happy and satisfied employees can
stay at their jobs for long without moving, reducing employee turnover.
4 Boosted morale
Creating a positive workplace culture can help your employee feel valued and heard.
It boosts team morale since everyone feels valuable to the group. Thus, each person
has a part to play in attaining objectives. With high morale, teams can achieve goals
quickly and efficiently, hence company growth. For example, if the organisation
recognises excellent employees, everyone gets the enthusiasm to do better to be
recognised.
5 Reputation
Organisations that support employees' well-being and have solid ethical practices tend
to attract more business and talent. A healthy workplace creates a good reputation for
the company, which positively impacts the business. Therefore, by creating an
atmosphere that empowers employees.
create a positive workplace cultur
1. Cultivate employee relationships
Strong workplace relationships lead to effective communication and collaboration
2 Have transparent policies
It's crucial that everyone in the organisation knows what's expected of them.
3. Create a comfortable workplace
Most employees spend a lot of hours at work. It's crucial that they feel comfortable to
motivate them to work and feel valued.
4. Reward employees
Whenever employees achieve their set goals, it's best that you reward them as a sign
of appreciation and recognition. When employees get rewarded, they feel valued and
also get motivated to perform better.
5. Hire the right employees
When recruiting employees, it's important that you consider your work culture. As
much as competency and skills are important, it would be best to factor in their
behaviours, values and traditions. That way, you can have a pool of people who share
the same values and beliefs, making it easier to achieve set goals.
6. Promote equity
Organisations that treat their employees equally tend to have a higher level of success.
Setting policies and regulations that guide you and other leaders on specific practices,
such as promotions and rewards, can ensure that everyone gets the same treatment.
That way, employees feel nurtured and supported.
7. Develop accountability
As a leader, it's essential that you lead by example. Learn to take responsibility for
your mistakes and that of your team. That way, your juniors can learn to be
accountable for their work.
2.2.2 Work productivity is mattered by using human effort to either reach or not
desired goal. As (prayogo, 2018) stated factors determined human effort or labour
productivity by work attitude, skill, relation ship between work force leadership,
productive mangment, work force efficiency and entrepreneurship.
Work productivity is mental belive that do better today than yesterday and tomrrow
(sasuwe et.al., 2018).
2.3 theortical literature
Work culture has an impact on productivity starting from organizational input which
inculude innovation risk development, attention details, result orientation, people
orientation, team orientation, aggerssivness, and stabilities which is precived as an
organization culture will become high or low strength. Which has an impact on the
level of productivity and employee satsfaction (Ismail, 2013).
Increasing work productivity can be achuved through approch to improve work
culture, so that it hoped incerase work productivity will be built because if not the
company will gradually wekean lose competation eventually collapse (close).
Productivity can be built through an approch improving organization culture.
Components of Work Culture
Here are the four typical components that are included in work culture (although not
limited to) and need to be focused on:
1. Work timings and flexibility
This is the first thing an employee will notice when they join your company. How
many days and how long do you work? How many breaks do you take? These details
can vary from company to company and from country to country.
For instance, American work culture typically mandates a 9-to-5 workday, with a 30
min – 1 hour lunch break in between. This gives you a maximum of 40 work hours
a week, beyond which any effort will fall into overtime. On the other hand, French
work culture could imply a 9-to-6 workday (depending on the region in France), with
a 2-hour-long lunch break in between and much larger guaranteed paid leave.
As per the typical French work culture, employees are encouraged to take frequent breaks in line
with the country’s 35 work hours per week mandate.
On the other hand many companies see benefit in not setting any break time and may be flexible
in and out time. With the rise in work from home culture during and post-covid, flexible work
timings is gaining ground as it is less practical to monitor remote employees so closely, and
instead choosing to focus on work delivery timelines.
A survey of 4,000+ U.S. employeesOpens a new window found that 59&percnt; found flexibility
to be a “right,” and not a benefit. Specifically, 72&percnt; of Gen Zers believe flexibility to be
more important than health benefits and employee discounts. So, the level of flexibility in your
workplace has a lot to do with its positive or negative perception among employees.
A flexible work culture would allow employees to choose their own schedules, without having to
furnish justifications other than timely and quality delivery of work. But this will depend entirely
on your unique definition of work culture – there are companies like Zapier who are
100&percnt; remote, as well as IBM, which typically frowns upon remote work.
2. Leadership style
This is probably the biggest determining factor for any workplace’s culture. A manager who gets
their hands dirty and takes part in daily tasks vs. a manager who gives employees the autonomy to
take charge while leading from a high level will lead to two very different types of work culture.
But no matter the leadership style, managers must keep each employee’s personality and needs in
mind when guiding a team.
3. Digital transformation
Today, access to digital tools can make a massive difference to how we work. In companies still
holding onto outmoded, manual ways of working, employees will feel that their time isn’t being
used optimally. As Gen Z enters the workforce (the first truly digitally native generation), digital
transformation could make or break your work culture.
Companies can embrace workflow automation to ease the burden on employees, freeing them up
to innovate, learn new skills, take a break from work, pursue a side hustle, or some other more
meaningful activity.
4. Growth
Growth/employee development is another key component of your work culture. In addition to a
company-wide learning and development (L&D)Opens a new window strategy, you need to
reinforce growth opportunities with in-the-moment learning, mentorships, fiscal rewards that aid
an employee’s personal growth, challenging projects/tasks, and more. Once again, it is these daily
“practices” that lie at the heart of the definition of work culture.
Note: Growth must go beyond managerial tracks. Positive work culture will also target talented
employees who are not interested in taking up leadership positions.
Learn More: 5 Ways to Strengthen Workplace Culture When Times Are ToughOpens a new
window
Work Culture Examples From the World’s 5 Best Places to Work
If you’re looking for inspiration to create a positive work culture, what better place to look than
Fortune’s 2020 List of the 100 Best Places to Work! Here’s how the top five companies on this
list approach work culture to reimagine employee experiences.
What is research design?
Have you been wondering “what is research design?” or “what are some research design
examples?” Don’t worry! In this article, we’ve got you covered!
A research design is the plan or framework used to conduct a research study. It involves outlining
the overall approach and methods that will be used to collect and analyze data in order to answer
research questions or test hypotheses. A well-designed research study should have a clear and
well-defined research question, a detailed plan for collecting data, and a method for analyzing and
interpreting the results. A well-thought-out research design addresses all these features.
Research design elements
Research design elements include the following:
Clear purpose: The research question or hypothesis must be clearly defined and focused.
Sampling: This includes decisions about sample size, sampling method, and criteria for inclusion
or exclusion. The approach varies for different research design types.
Data collection: This research design element involves the process of gathering data or
information from the study participants or sources. It includes decisions about what data to collect,
how to collect it, and the tools or instruments that will be used.
Data analysis: All research design types require analysis and interpretation of the data collected.
This research design element includes decisions about the statistical tests or methods that will be
used to analyze the data, as well as any potential confounding variables or biases that may need to
be addressed.
Type of research methodology: This includes decisions about the overall approach for the study.
Time frame: An important research design element is the time frame, which includes decisions
about the duration of the study, the timeline for data collection and analysis, and follow-up
periods.
Ethical considerations: The research design must include decisions about ethical considerations
such as informed consent, confidentiality, and participant protection.
Resources: A good research design takes into account decisions about the budget, staffing, and
other resources needed to carry out the study.
The elements of research design should be carefully planned and executed to ensure the validity
and reliability of the study findings. Let’s go deeper into the concepts of research design.
Becoming a good researcher: 10 must have characteristics for success
Characteristics of research design
Some basic characteristics of research design are common to different research design types.
These characteristics of research design are as follows:
Neutrality: Right from the study assumptions to setting up the study, a neutral stance must be
maintained, free of pre-conceived notions. The researcher’s expectations or beliefs should not
color the findings or interpretation of the findings. Accordingly, a good research design should
address potential sources of bias and confounding factors to be able to yield unbiased and neutral
results.
Reliability: Reliability is one of the characteristics of research design that refers to consistency in
measurement over repeated measures and fewer random errors. A reliable research design must
allow for results to be consistent, with few errors due to chance.
Validity: Validity refers to the minimization of nonrandom (systematic) errors. A good research
design must employ measurement tools that ensure validity of the results.
Generalizability: The outcome of the research design should be applicable to a larger population
and not just a small sample. A generalized method means the study can be conducted on any part
of a population with similar accuracy.
Flexibility: A research design should allow for changes to be made to the research plan as needed,
based on the data collected and the outcomes of the study
A well-planned research design is critical for conducting a scientifically rigorous study that will
generate neutral, reliable, valid, and generalizable results. At the same time, it should allow some
level of flexibility.
Different types of research design
A research design is essential to systematically investigate, understand, and interpret phenomena
of interest. Let’s look at different types of research design and research design examples.
Broadly, research design types can be divided into qualitative and quantitative research.
Qualitative research is subjective and exploratory. It determines relationships between collected
data and observations. It is usually carried out through interviews with open-ended questions,
observations that are described in words, etc.
Quantitative research is objective and employs statistical approaches. It establishes the
cause-and-effect relationship among variables using different statistical and computational
methods. This type of research is usually done using surveys and experiments.
Qualitative research vs. Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Quantitative research
Deals with subjective aspects, e.g., experiences, beliefs, perspectives, and concepts. Measures
different types of variables and describes frequencies, averages, correlations, etc.
Deals with non-numerical data, such as words, images, and observations. Tests hypotheses about
relationships between variables. Results are presented numerically and statistically.
In qualitative research design, data are collected via direct observations, interviews, focus groups,
and naturally occurring data. Methods for conducting qualitative research are grounded theory,
thematic analysis, and discourse analysis.
Quantitative research design is empirical. Data collection methods involved are experiments,
surveys, and observations expressed in numbers. The research design categories under this are
descriptive, experimental, correlational, diagnostic, and explanatory.
Data analysis involves interpretation and narrative analysis.
Data analysis involves statistical
analysis and hypothesis testing.
The reasoning used to synthesize data is inductive.
The reasoning used to synthesize data is deductive.
Typically used in fields such as sociology, linguistics, and anthropology. Typically used in fields
such as economics, ecology, statistics, and medicine.
Example: Focus group discussions with women farmers about climate change perception.
What is research design?
Have you been wondering “what is research design?” or “what are some research design
examples?” Don’t worry! In this article, we’ve got you covered!
A research design is the plan or framework used to conduct a research study. It involves outlining
the overall approach and methods that will be used to collect and analyze data in order to answer
research questions or test hypotheses. A well-designed research study should have a clear and
well-defined research question, a detailed plan for collecting data, and a method for analyzing and
interpreting the results. A well-thought-out research design addresses all these features.
Research design elements
Research design elements include the following:
Clear purpose: The research question or hypothesis must be clearly defined and focused.
Sampling: This includes decisions about sample size, sampling method, and criteria for inclusion
or exclusion. The approach varies for different research design types.
Data collection: This research design element involves the process of gathering data or
information from the study participants or sources. It includes decisions about what data to collect,
how to collect it, and the tools or instruments that will be used.
Data analysis: All research design types require analysis and interpretation of the data collected.
This research design element includes decisions about the statistical tests or methods that will be
used to analyze the data, as well as any potential confounding variables or biases that may need to
be addressed.
Type of research methodology: This includes decisions about the overall approach for the study.
Time frame: An important research design element is the time frame, which includes decisions
about the duration of the study, the timeline for data collection and analysis, and follow-up
periods.
Ethical considerations: The research design must include decisions about ethical considerations
such as informed consent, confidentiality, and participant protection.
Resources: A good research design takes into account decisions about the budget, staffing, and
other resources needed to carry out the study.
The elements of research design should be carefully planned and executed to ensure the validity
and reliability of the study findings. Let’s go deeper into the concepts of research design.
Becoming a good researcher: 10 must have characteristics for success
Characteristics of research design
Some basic characteristics of research design are common to different research design types.
These characteristics of research design are as follows:
Neutrality: Right from the study assumptions to setting up the study, a neutral stance must be
maintained, free of pre-conceived notions. The researcher’s expectations or beliefs should not
color the findings or interpretation of the findings. Accordingly, a good research design should
address potential sources of bias and confounding factors to be able to yield unbiased and neutral
results.
Reliability: Reliability is one of the characteristics of research design that refers to consistency in
measurement over repeated measures and fewer random errors. A reliable research design must
allow for results to be consistent, with few errors due to chance.
Validity: Validity refers to the minimization of nonrandom (systematic) errors. A good research
design must employ measurement tools that ensure validity of the results.
Generalizability: The outcome of the research design should be applicable to a larger population
and not just a small sample. A generalized method means the study can be conducted on any part
of a population with similar accuracy.
Flexibility: A research design should allow for changes to be made to the research plan as needed,
based on the data collected and the outcomes of the study
A well-planned research design is critical for conducting a scientifically rigorous study that will
generate neutral, reliable, valid, and generalizable results. At the same time, it should allow some
level of flexibility.
Different types of research design
A research design is essential to systematically investigate, understand, and interpret phenomena
of interest. Let’s look at different types of research design and research design examples.
Broadly, research design types can be divided into qualitative and quantitative research.
Qualitative research is subjective and exploratory. It determines relationships between collected
data and observations. It is usually carried out through interviews with open-ended questions,
observations that are described in words, etc.
Quantitative research is objective and employs statistical approaches. It establishes the
cause-and-effect relationship among variables using different statistical and computational
methods. This type of research is usually done using surveys and experiments.
Qualitative research vs. Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Quantitative research
Deals with subjective aspects, e.g., experiences, beliefs, perspectives, and concepts. Measures
different types of variables and describes frequencies, averages, correlations, etc.
Deals with non-numerical data, such as words, images, and observations. Tests hypotheses about
relationships between variables. Results are presented numerically and statistically.
In qualitative research design, data are collected via direct observations, interviews, focus groups,
and naturally occurring data. Methods for conducting qualitative research are grounded theory,
thematic analysis, and discourse analysis.
Quantitative research design is empirical. Data collection methods involved are experiments,
surveys, and observations expressed in numbers. The research design categories under this are
descriptive, experimental, correlational, diagnostic, and explanatory.
Data analysis involves interpretation and narrative analysis.
Data analysis involves statistical
analysis and hypothesis testing.
The reasoning used to synthesize data is inductive.
The reasoning used to synthesize data is deductive.
Typically used in fields such as sociology, linguistics, and anthropology. Typically used in fields
such as economics, ecology, statistics, and medicine.
Example: Focus group discussions with women farmers about climate change perception.
Example: Testing the effectiveness of a new treatment for insomnia.
Qualitativ
Qualitative research design types and qualitative research design examples
The following will familiarize you with the research design categories in qualitative research:
Grounded theory: This design is used to investigate research questions that have not previously
been studied in depth. Also referred to as exploratory design, it creates sequential guidelines,
offers strategies for inquiry, and makes data collection and analysis more efficient in qualitative
research.
Example: A researcher wants to study how people adopt a certain app. The researcher collects data
through interviews and then analyzes the data to look for patterns. These patterns are used to
develop a theory about how people adopt that app.
Thematic analysis: This design is used to compare the data collected in past research to find
similar themes in qualitative research.
Example: A researcher examines an interview transcript to identify common themes, say, topics or
patterns emerging repeatedly.
Discourse analysis: This research design deals with language or social contexts used in data
gathering in qualitative research.
Example: Identifying ideological frameworks and viewpoints of writers of a series of policies.
Quantitative research design types and quantitative research design examples
Note the following research design categories in quantitative research:
Descriptive research design: This quantitative research design is applied where the aim is to
identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories. It may not often begin with a
hypothesis. The basis of this research type is a description of an identified variable. This research
design type describes the “what,” “when,” “where,” or “how” of phenomena (but not
the “why”).
Example: A study on the different income levels of people who use nutritional supplements
regularly.
Correlational research design: Correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship
among variables. The direction of a correlation can be positive or negative. Correlational research
design helps researchers establish a relationship between two variables without the researcher
controlling any of them.
Example: An example of correlational research design could be studying the correlation between
time spent watching crime shows and aggressive behavior in teenagers.
Diagnostic research design: In diagnostic design, the researcher aims to understand the
underlying cause of a specific topic or phenomenon (usually an area of improvement) and find the
most effective solution. In simpler terms, a researcher seeks an accurate “diagnosis” of a
problem and identifies a solution.
Example: A researcher analyzing customer feedback and reviews to identify areas where an app
can be improved.
Explanatory research design: In explanatory research design, a researcher uses their ideas and
thoughts on a topic to explore their theories in more depth. This design is used to explore a
phenomenon when limited information is available. It can help increase current understanding of
unexplored aspects of a subject. It is thus a kind of “starting point” for future research.
Example: Formulating hypotheses to guide future studies on delaying school start times for better
mental health in teenagers.
Causal research design: This can be considered a type of explanatory research. Causal research
design seeks to define a cause and effect in its data. The researcher does not use a randomly
chosen control group but naturally or pre-existing groupings. Importantly, the researcher does not
manipulate the independent variable.
Example: Comparing school dropout levels and possible bullying events.
Experimental research design: This research design is used to study causal relationships. One or
more independent variables are manipulated, and their effect on one or more dependent variables
is measured.
Example: Determining the efficacy of a new vaccine plan for influenza.
Benefits of research design
There are numerous benefits of research design. These are as follows:
Clear direction: Among the benefits of research design, the main one is providing direction to the
research and guiding the choice of clear objectives, which help the researcher to focus on the
specific research questions or hypotheses they want to investigate.
Control: Through a proper research design, researchers can control variables, identify potential
confounding factors, and use randomization to minimize bias and increase the reliability of their
findings.
Replication: Research designs provide the opportunity for replication. This helps to confirm the
findings of a study and ensures that the results are not due to chance or other factors. Thus, a
well-chosen research design also eliminates bias and errors.
Validity: A research design ensures the validity of the research, i.e., whether the results truly
reflect the phenomenon being investigated.
Reliability: Benefits of research design also include reducing inaccuracies and ensuring the
reliability of the research (i.e., consistency of the research results over time, across different
samples, and under different conditions).
Efficiency: A strong research design helps increase the efficiency of the research process.
Researchers can use a variety of designs to investigate their research questions, choose the most
appropriate research design for their study, and use statistical analysis to make the most of their
data. By effectively describing the data necessary for an adequate test of the hypotheses and
explaining how such data will be obtained, research design saves a researcher’s time.
Overall, an appropriately chosen and executed research design helps researchers to conduct
high-quality research, draw meaningful conclusions, and contribute to the advancement of
knowledge in their field.
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