Electronics I ELEC 2507 (Summer 2023) Mohamed Abou-seif Ph.D., P.Eng. Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 1 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. Course III. I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. General discussion (Basics Revision), the difference between: I. Analogue and digital signals. II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. IV. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 2 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. III. Course I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analogue and digital signals. II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 3 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. Course I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. III. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analogue and digital signals. II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 4 Course Materials and grading I. Presentations. II. Lectures notes. III. Course website. https://brightspace.carleton.ca/ Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 5 Course Outline I. Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp). II. Introduction to semiconductors. III. PN junction (Diode). IV. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT). V. Field Effect transistor (FET) - Metal oxide junction field transistor (MOSFET). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 6 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. Course I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. III. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analog and digital signals II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 7 Analog and digital signals 1. 2. Defination: Analog signal : Continuous in time and amplitude digital signals: discrete in time and amplitude; change with clock 1. 2. Effect of noise (unwanted signal) on : Analog signal : noise has a harmful effect on the analog signal digital signals: digital signal is robust against noise to some extent 8 9 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. Course I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. III. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analog and digital signals II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 10 Linear and Nonlinear systems • Comparison items: • • • Relation between input and output (transfer function): equation and plot Superposition principle. Signal distortion (example of sine wave input). 11 Lecture Outline I. Instructor and TAs contact information. II. Course I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. III. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analog and digital signals II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors.. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 12 Power sources: Independent and dependent sources: 13 Power sources: AC and DC sources: 14 Power sources: Equivalent circuit of Capacitors and inductors connected to DC sources The capacitor connected to the DC voltage source is equivalent to an open circuit (no current can flow). The inductor connected to DC current source is equivalent to a short circuit (no voltage drop). 15 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. Course I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. III. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analog and digital signals II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors.. IV. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. IV. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 16 Modelling Resistors, Capacitors and inductors vs Diodes, transistors: • Ordinary electrical elements: resistors, capacitors and inductors have only one mode of operation. So, they are modelled by a specific voltage V – current I relation. Such as Ohms law for resistors and equations explained in the previous slides for capacitors and inductors. • While electronic elements like diodes and transistors have more than one mode of operation. So, they have different modelling V-I relations. • Two important relations to model electrical system: • • V-I relation. Transfer function 17 Lecture Outline I. TAs contact information. II. Course III. I. Materials and Grading. II. Outlines. General discussion (Basics Revision), difference between: I. Analog and digital signals II. Linear and nonlinear systems: Superposition principle and harmonics. III. Power Sources: IV. I. Dependent and independent sources. II. DC and AC power sources: equivalent circuits for Capacitors and inductors.h. Electrical elements (R, C, and L) and Electronics elements (diodes and transistors) from analysis point of view. IV. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 18 IV. operational amplifier (Op-Amp). I. Symbol and transfer function. II. Inverting configuration. III. I. Infinite open-loop gain II. Finite open-loop gain III. Input and output impedance. Non-inverting configuration. IV. Superposition principle in OP-Amp (linear element) V. Difference amplifier (analysis and input impedance). VI. Voltage follower (buffer). VII. Super-circuit : the instrumentation amplifier. VIII. Integrators and Differentiators. Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 19 Op-Amp: Op-Amp terminals Equivalent Circuit of Ideal OpAmp OR Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 20 Op-Amp: 1. No current flows inside the Op-Amp 2. The output voltage is always A(V+ - V-) regardless resistor the connected to the output terminal. 3. Output responds to the input difference Only, so if V1=V2=1 volt, then the output is zero, this is called Common-mode rejection. Even if V1 & V2 -> infinity, also output is zero if they are both equal. 4. A usually is very high. 5. A is usually frequency independent. (Not practically true). Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 21 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration 1. Assuming infinite open-loop gain find closed loop gain, input impedance, and output impedance. 2. Repeat for finite loop gain. 3.Consider the input is larger than the bias case – describe the limitation of large signal DC and AC (distortion) Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 22 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration For the shown circuit; Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 23 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 24 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 25 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Why this circuit is important ! Show its importance using example. Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 26 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Example: For the shown circuit, find the output voltage as a function of the input voltages using superposition principle. Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 27 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 28 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Q: what is the input impedance? A: It is R1 Drawbacks of this circuit: 1. R1 should be small for large gain then consequently, the input impedance is small as well (not required). 2. Not easy to vary the gain. As two resistors (from the above ratio) have to be varied simultaneously (perfect matched) – difficult task. !! Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 29 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration Drawbacks of this circuit: 1. R1 should be small for large gain then consequently, the input impedance is small as well (not required). 2. Not easy to vary the gain. As two resistors (from the above ratio) must change accurately together!! To have a High input-impedance amplifier-> using Voltage Follower To have high gain amplifier -> make voltage follower provides some gain These two points lead to Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 30 Op-Amp: Inverting & Non-inverting Configuration What is the transfer function for the shown circuit? High input-impedance and high gain amplifier However, its Drawbacks still are: 1. The two amplifiers at the input stage have to be perfectly matched!. 1. Still two resistors have to be varied simultaneously (perfect matching condition) – difficult task!! Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 31 Op-Amp: Previous drawbacks would be solved by simple wiring; as shown in figure. Just remove the ground between the two R1 resistors!! How, what is the transfer function now Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 32 Op-Amp: Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 33 Op-Amp: No Matching conditions between the two input amplifiers are required Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 34 Op-Amp: Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 35 Op-Amp: Example: For the shown circuit, find the transfer function, show it acts as a lowpath filter and find its 3db-bandwidth. Then design it to have a) gain = 40 db, b) 3db-BW = 1 KHz, and input impedance = 1 K-Ohm. Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 36 Op-Amp: Magnitude Phase Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 37 Op-Amp: Magnitude Phase Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 38 Op-Amp: However, the integrator is no longer ideal due to RF Then RF causes the integrator pole move from its ideal location at omega = 0 to Lecture 1 - Course Outline and Introduction 39
