1. What is Engineering?
Ans. The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental
inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the
modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop
useful tools and objects.
The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer,
which itself dates back to 1325, when an engine’er (literally, one who operates an engine)
originally referred to "a constructor of military engines."
2. Classification of engineering fields?
Ans.
3. Electronics engineering and evolution?
Ans. Electronics engineering as a profession emerged following the identification of the electron
in 1897 and the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small
electrical signals that inaugurated the field of electronics. Practical applications started with the
invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s,
which made the detection of small electrical voltages such as radio signals from a radio
antenna possible with a non-mechanical device. The growth of electronics was rapid. By the early
1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and communications were becoming widespread and
electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance telephony and
the music recording industry.
Electronics engineering has many subfields. This section describes some of the most popular.
Electronic signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be
either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information,
or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the
information.
For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals
for audio equipment and the modulation and demodulation of radio frequency signals
for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve compression, error
checking and error detection, and correction.
Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across a medium
such as a co-axial cable, an optical fiber, or free space. Transmissions across free space require
information to be encoded in a carrier wave in order to be transmitted, this is known
as modulation.
Popular
analog
modulation
techniques
include amplitude
modulation and frequency modulation.
Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers
design the transmitters and receivers needed for such systems. These two are sometimes
combined to form a two-way communication device known as a transceiver. A key consideration
in the design of transmitters is their power consumption as this is closely related to their signal
strength. If the signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signal's information will be
corrupted by noise.
4. Vacuum tubes?
Ans.
A vacuum tube, electron tube valve is a device that controls electric current flow in a
high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied
5. What Is A Conductor, Semiconductor And Insulator?
Ans. Levels of conductivity are the main difference between conductors, semiconductors and
insulators. Conductors display high conductivity, which means they allow energy, such as
electricity, heat or sound, to easily flow through them. Whereas semiconductors allow a
moderate flow and insulators exhibit low conductivity.
Whilst conductivity is the principal difference between conductors, semiconductors and
insulators, there are a number of other differences between the three. These differences may
also need to be considered when thinking about their industrial and commercial uses.
6. Semiconductors?
Ans. Semiconductors behave differently based on temperature, acting as insulators at lower
temperatures while acting as conductors at the higher temperatures. At higher temperature,
conduction occurs because the electrons around the semiconductor atom can break the covalent
bond and move freely around the lattice
7. Semiconductor devices?
Ans.
8. Semiconductors applications?
Ans .