"What type of response is the adaptive immune response? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is an&nbsp;<b>antigen specfic response</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the roles of adaptive immunity? 2 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>Attack a <b>specific pathogen</b> (virus, bacteria) until it is completely eliminated; </div> </li> <li> <div>- &nbsp;Make you immune to a subsequent <b>re-infection</b> (which is linked to the <b>memory</b> capacity of adaptive immunity); -→<b>VACCINES too</b></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can adaptive immunity be used in cancer immunotherapy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""T cells are modified in such a way that they become able to attack and kill effectively cancer cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we use monoclonal antibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are used in therapy but are also used in quantitative methods to identify a specific substance <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are two main characteristics of adaptive immune response? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Specificity</li><li>Memory</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"define specificity in adaptive immune response <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""every pathogen has an&nbsp;<b>antigen or epitope&nbsp;</b>that is recognzed by theh immune system, against which it generates the immune response&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"define memory in adaptive immune response <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""we are able&nbsp; to generate a stronger and faster response to a pathogen we have already encountered.<br><img src=""paste-5789a035bd6b03344cba3d1734ffd25f547550ea.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the two main cell types involved in adaptive immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>T cells, further divided into helper T lymphocytes and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes</li><li>B cells&nbsp;</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Functions of Helper T lymphocytes and Cytotoxic T lymphocytes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Helper: help B bells become ""better"" B cells, macrophages become ""better"" macrophages<br>Cytotoxic: Kill infected cells&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Main function of B cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""produce antibodies&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are two other cells that are involved in the immune response in mammals? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) which act as breaks in the immune response</li><li>NK cells which actually belong to the innate immunity</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the two types of adaptive immunities? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Humoral immunity&nbsp;</li><li>Cell mediated immunity&nbsp;</li></ol><img src=""paste-030cbe506aafe800b119756563818744384c7ff2.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"define humoral immunity <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Subtype of adaptive immunity that is activates B cells present in <b>blood that produce antibodies&nbsp;</b><br><img src=""paste-030cbe506aafe800b119756563818744384c7ff2.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Define cell-mediated immunity <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Subtype of adaptive immunity where T cells are activated to kill microbes or infected cells&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-030cbe506aafe800b119756563818744384c7ff2.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"When is adaptive immmunity activated after the infection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""About 7 days&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we respond to a pathogen in a specific manner if we do not know which pathogens we will encounter? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The cells of the adaptive immune system have a variable antigen binding domain (called T cell/B cell antigen receptor), meaning that the protein sequence that binds the antigen carried by the pathogen is always different,&nbsp;<b>mutating randomly to increase match probability&nbsp;</b>&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the mechanism through which we obtain diversification of antigen binding called? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>recombination&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How do we get an immune response that is robust enough to fight the pathogen? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<u><b>Amplification</b>.&nbsp;</u>Even though one T cell will activate only one B cell, this will start deviding and we obtain a huge number of cells with specificity for the pathogen.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the mechanism through which we have amplification of adaptive response called? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>Clonal selection and proliferation&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is passive immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Type of immunity where we use someone else's immunity to deal with a pathogen. (we take serum from people that survived a disease and transfer them to currently diseased people). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is active immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Type of immunity that is acquired through pathogen enouncter or vaccine induced immunity. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the difference between active and passive immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Active immunity leads to specificity and memory while passive immunity leads to specificity only<br><img src=""paste-ddf2f7d4e8793326db504302c946af07732a48eb.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Why do we have a bigger response if we encounter a pathogen a second time? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We will have more cells able to attack the pathogen, meaning the ""starting level"" of defense is higher.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Link between adaptive and innate immunity&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>innate immunity will help adaptive immunity work better and get fully activated (as complement works better if there are antibodies). Then, once adaptive immunity activates, it will make innate immunity better, giving it the memory aspect.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are dendritic cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Dendritic cells (DCs) are <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">haematopoietic cells that act as Antigen presenting cells (APCs)&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the role of dendritic cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they regulate the immune response since they are the only cells able to induce a primary immune response in <b>naïve T lymphocytes.</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can dendritic cells present antigens? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>by capturing them, processing them, and exposing them on their membrane with appropriate co-stimulatory molecules.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is needed for activation of T cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They need an <b>accessory cell</b>&nbsp; that activates then through antigen presentation via MHC class 2 molecules.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how are different microbiall antigens presented? (intracellular, intravesicular and extracellular) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Intracellular antigens are presented via <b>MHC I to CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells</b></li><li>Intervescicular or extracellular pathogens are presented through <b>MHC II to CD4+ T cells</b></li></ul><img src=""paste-8bdc4b39d26719bc9eeb1f9ca8a3fa72c55e764b.jpg""><b><br></b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do APCs present antigens to? and where? 2 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div><b>Naïve T cells</b> (to start the immune response): this happens in the lymph nodes </div> </li> <li> <div><b>Effector T cells</b> (to activate them): this happens in peripheral tissues&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are other professional antigen presenting cells other than dendritic cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">macrophages </span>(especially the M1 phenotype, proinflammatory) and</li><li>&nbsp; <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">B lymphocytes </span>are APCs.&nbsp;</li></ul>However, dendritic cells are the most efficient of all.&nbsp;<br> <ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Macrophages as APCs <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> Macrophages are specialized to present antigens from <b>extracellular replicating organisms such as bacteria.</b></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"B cells as APCs <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> B cells bind <b><u>soluble protein antigens</u> </b>from the extracellular environment via surface Ig. <b><i>Receptor mediated endocytosis</i> </b>(similar to that of macrophages) causes selective uptake of the protein antigen that is processed into peptides that bind <b>MHC class II molecules</b>&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"two types of dendritic cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <ul> <li> <div style=""text-align: center; ""><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Myeloid DC</span>: similar to monocytes </div> </li> <li> <div style=""text-align: center; ""><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Plasmacytoid DC</span>: derives from the lymphoid lineage, looks like plasma cells, but has characteristics of myeloid cells. For example, they do not produce antibodies, but they produce huge amounts of <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">interferon</span>, crucial in responses against viruses.&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"two subtypes of myeloid dendritic cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Langerhans DC are present in the skin while interstitial DC are present in the derma.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where are dendritic cells located in the body? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Lymph nodes (important for adaptive immunity)</li><li>Thymus (tolerance)</li><li><img src=""paste-beaedfbf27b2d2629dbab3c144c6073947f8041f.jpg""><br></li><li><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Maturation of dendritic cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""When they originate from HSCs they are still immature, and they will only mature once they sense PAMPs or noxious stimuli. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What do DCs do once they mature? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They will migrate to lymphoid organs and become specialized in antigen presentation<br><img src=""paste-395de9f347b1eb4edec82b875e7beceb3be5ac6d.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"3 keypoints of dendritic cells functions <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>They are the most effective professional APCs</li><li>They exist in two functionally different states (mature and immature(</li><li>They link the innate and adaptive immune response</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are immature vs mature DCs good at? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> when they are immature, they are good at antigen <span style=""font-style: italic;"">uptake</span>, when they are mature they are good at antigen <span style=""font-style: italic;"">presentation</span>.&nbsp;<br><ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do DCs link innate and adaptive immune response? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> As immature cells, they act as sensors of the environment.<br><div style=""display: inline !important;"">Upon stimulation, dendritic cells undergo <b>maturation</b> and <b>migration</b> to secondary lymphoid&nbsp;</div>organs where they <b>stimulate naïve T cells</b> that then go on to activate <b>T cells, B cells, and macrophages.&nbsp;</b><ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Steps of DCs maturation after sensing of a pathogen <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>DCs sense pathogens of inflammatory signals (such as LPS or IL-1, TNF)</li><li>Immature dendritic cells capture the microbe that has been sensed</li><li>DCs mgrate towards T cell areas of the proximal LNs</li><li>MHCII expression increases together with co-stimulatory molecules</li><li>Release of cytokines and chemokines that polarize T cell response&nbsp;</li></ol><img src=""paste-e328cbe704cfdf2d4531c410d8b31c241730e7a3.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what chemokine receptor induces DC migration? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""CCR7, whose ligand is highly expressed by lymphoid organs, which allows DCs to migrate to lymphatic vessel and lymph nodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some characteristics of mature DCs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>Increased antigen <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">presentation </span>and T cell stimulation (better than macrophages) </div> </li> <li> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Redistribution of MHC II from intracellular compartments to cell surface&nbsp;</span></div> </li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 ways pathogens are carried through secondary lymphoid organs <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Lymph&nbsp;</li><li>DCs</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Chemokine receptor switch during DC maturation <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Immature are involved with high AG capture and express inflammatory chemokine receptors<br>Mature upregulate CCR7 and downregulate inflammatory ones <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"DCs and tolerance <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""DCs regulate&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">tolerance </span>to self-cells that shouldn’t trigger an immune response. <br><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">(Tolerance is crucial to avoid autoimmune responses, allergies, or possible chronic inflammations during infection.)</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"wher are plasmacytoid dendritic cells present? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are present in blood and migrate to lymph nodes through HEV of lymph nodes. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what to plasmacytoid DCs do? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They produce large amounts of IFN-alpha and they are found in great numbers in tumors&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is cross presentation in DCs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">when an antigen escapes the phagosome after being phagocytosed and accesses the cytosol, it is presented on MHC class I rather than class II.&nbsp;</span><br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Dendritic Cell</span><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">–</span><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Based Cancer Vaccines</span><br><ol> </ol></div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> Through leukapheresis DCs can be isolated, then loaded with an antigen, mature, and get injected directly in the patient.<br><img src=""paste-866fb1ae395c41a7460d86e418bb0b2ba7c556fa.jpg""><br>&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 general mechanisms of defense <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Innate immunity&nbsp;<br></li><li>Adaptive immunity</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What receptors are used in innate vs adaptive immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Innate: we use germline-encoded receptors, expressed from birth<br>Adaptive: receptors are not constitutively expressed from birth&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the first mechanical barrier for pathogen invasion? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Epithelial tissue (skin)&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are other antimicrobial functions of the epithelial tissue? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div><b>antibacterial molecules</b> </div> </li> <li> <div><b>mucus</b>: mucus production is also observed </div> <div>in some hypersensitivity reactions </div> </li> <li> <div><b>pro-inflammatory mediators</b>: cytokines and chemokines, that are responsible for recruitment and activation of innate </div> <div>immune cells&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what growth factor controls neutrophil maturation? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""G-CSF (Granulocyte colony stimulating factor) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What can we use G-CSF for? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We can use it to treat neutropenia due to genetic diorder or to secondary immunodeficiency&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What 2 chemokine receptors control release of neutrophils into circulation? (mature vs immature)&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>CXCR4</b> is highly expressed in <b>immature neutrophils</b>, while <b>CXCR2</b> is highly epxressed in <b>mature neutrophils.</b>&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What binds CXCR4 to retain neutrophils in bone marrow? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""CXCL12 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is WHIM Syndrome caused by? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it's caused by the&nbsp;<u><b>absence of CXCR4 regulation</b></u>, which will still be expressed in mature neutrophils and so they are retained in the bone marrow. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 pathways through which neutrophils eliminate bacteria <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Intracellular through phagocytosis</li><li>Extracellularl through NETs</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why are macrophages important as a link to innate and adaptive immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Macrophages are important to present antigen to T cells, they are APCs.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"difference between M1 and M2 marophages <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>M1 are classically activated macrophages</b>, they are important for elimination of bacteria, they phagocyte and induce type 1 inflammation. They are induced by <b>interferon gamma IFNγ. </b></div><div><br></div> <div><b>M2 are important for fibrosis</b>, they are anti inflammatory as they suppress immune response. They are found <b>within tumors.&nbsp;</b></div><div><img src=""paste-8ee0264acb4815242426a8778885b78295bcf3c4.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the main role of dendritic cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>They present antigens to naïve T cells in lymph nodes.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do dendritic cells use to migrate and what is this shared by? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>dendritic cells migrate thanks to expression of <b>CCR7 receptor,</b> also used by tumor cells to <b>migrate into lymph nodes during metastasis&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the main functions of NK cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>NK cells recognize abnormal cells, and they are important for <b>antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what cells do NK cells attack? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>NK cells exploit ADCC to eliminate <b>cancer cells </b>or more generally <b>virus infected or opsonized cells.&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"which receptor do NK cells express on the surface to <u><b>recognize opsonized cells</b></u>? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>CD16</b>, the<b> Fc receptor for IgG.</b> When the Ab binds to the N cell it leads to activation and release of the cytotoxic granules&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 types of receptors expressed by NK cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><b>Activating receptor</b> which recognizes specific ligands on cells</li><li><b>Inhibitory recptors</b>, that is able to bind and recognize HLA/MHC1</li><li><img src=""paste-568138fcbd9e89c260eb01a212d99a3b8dd1420b.jpg""><br></li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain the HLA/Activating ligands balance that allows NK cells to kill tumor or virus infected cells and not healthy cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>normal cells express high levels of HLA and low levels of activating molecules, whereas tumor/virus infected cells present decreased expression of HLA.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div><img src=""paste-568138fcbd9e89c260eb01a212d99a3b8dd1420b.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is an <b>advantage of NK</b> cells being able to sense the<b> density of HLA</b> in cancer? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""CD8+ T cells are activated by MHC class 1 (HLA), and tumor cells tend to mask themselves by decreasing its expression. However, <b>NK cells are activated by lower HLA expression</b> and thus are able to recognize and kill the cancerous cells. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what type of receptors do innate immune cells use? What are some examples? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>PRRs</b>, pattern recognition receptors.<br>Some examples are Toll Like recpetors, each of them recognizes a specific substance. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the three main classification of T lymphocytes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Helper T cells: CD4+ cells</li><li>Cytotoxic T cells: CD8+ cells</li><li>Regulatory T cells&nbsp;</li></ol><img src=""paste-fd4dc8c8ed759c1f1d483a9d315d7100289194da.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what subtypes of Helper T cells are important? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""T_H1, T_H2, T_H17.<br>Th1 produce IFN-gamma and are involved in macrophage M1 activation<br>Th2 are involved with parasite and allergies response&nbsp;<br>Th17 produce IL-17 that is important for recruitment of neutrophils<br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are hypersensitivity reactions? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Hypersensitivity reactions are&nbsp;<b>exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can trigger hypersensitivity reactions? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>exogenous environmental antigens</b> (microbial and nonmicrobial, e.g. dust, pollens, foods, drugs) = <b>ALLERGY</b>, or <b>endogenous self-antigens</b> (autoimmune diseases).&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""4 types<br><img src=""paste-ff2f61f776abc9061f4ad6f6bb29425f2eeda487.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is type I hypersensitivity also known as? what mediates it? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is also called <b>immediate hypersensitivity and it corresponds to allergy</b>. it is mediated by the production of IgE.<br><img src=""paste-ff2f61f776abc9061f4ad6f6bb29425f2eeda487.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how does type I hypersensitivity reaction come about? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We have <b>activation and degranulation of mast cells due to IgE production</b>. This leads to release of histamine that has several effects&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-ff2f61f776abc9061f4ad6f6bb29425f2eeda487.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the two phases of type I hypersensivity reaction? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Immediate phase: rapid immunologic reaction</li><li>Late phase reaction</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe the immediate phase of type I hypersensitivity <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>right after contact with antigen, lasts less than one hour. It produces <b>pro- inflammatory mediators which induce the late phase reaction.&nbsp;</b></div> </li><li><div><b><img src=""paste-2c2a94e3d0a2da6f81d052f0cfd053db10cc7bb6.jpg""><br></b></div></li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe the steps of type 1 hypersensitivity RXN (long) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>The antigen penetrates the tissue and it is phagocytosed by dentric cells leading to their <b>maturation and migration</b>;</li><li>Mature DCs present the antigen to naive T cells which become TH2 cells that produce <b>IL-4,</b> IL-5 and IL-13</li><li>Il-4 acts on B cells to induce <b>class switching</b>: they start producing <b>IgEs</b></li><li><b>IgEs</b> will bind to its receptors&nbsp; <b>Fc ε RI,</b> highly expressed by mastocytes.</li><li>Mast cells are <b>opsonized by IgE</b>, and they will be able to recognize the same allergen/antigen on their own</li><li>When the antigen binds to mast cells they will activate and degranulate, <b>releasing histamine</b>&nbsp;</li><li><b>Histamine</b> induces the immediate reaction as it causes <i>intense smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and increased mucus secretion by nasal, bronchial, and gastric glands.&nbsp;</i><br></li></ul><img src=""paste-af76a082458211f6aa8c7030d7f30d8eaeec9738.jpg""><i><br></i><ul><ol> </ol> </ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do the cytokines produced by activated T cells in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions lead to?&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Il-4 acts on B cells to induce&nbsp;<b>class switching</b>: they start producing IgEs</li><li>IgEs will bind to its receptors&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Fc ε RI,</b>&nbsp;highly expressed by mastocytes.</li><li>Mast cells are&nbsp;<b>opsonized by IgE</b>, and they will be able to recognize the same allergen/antigen on their own</li></ul><img src=""paste-af76a082458211f6aa8c7030d7f30d8eaeec9738.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what happens in type 1 hypersensitivity reaction once the allergen binds to IgEs on mast cels? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div><br></div><ul><li>When the antigen binds to mast cells they will activate and degranulate,&nbsp;<b>releasing histamine</b>&nbsp;</li><li><b>Histamine</b>&nbsp;induces the immediate reaction as it causes&nbsp;<i>intense smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and increased mucus secretion by nasal, bronchial, and gastric glands.&nbsp;</i><br></li></ul><img src=""paste-af76a082458211f6aa8c7030d7f30d8eaeec9738.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how are eosinophils recruited during type 1 hypersensitivity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Eosinophils are recruited by a chemokine called <b>eotaxin (CCL11),</b> produced by <b>mast cells but also by TH2 cells</b>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are eosinophils responsible for during type 1 hypersensitivty? When is this good? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Eosinophils are responsible for late phase reaction: inside them there are granules containing <b>cytotoxic molecules: MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN (MBP) and EOSINOPHIL CATIONIC PROTEIN (ECP)</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><div> <div> <div> <div>This response is normal in case of <b>parasite infection</b>, as our innate immune cells cannot phagocyte the parasites.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can allergy be associated to genetically speaking? ( question !!) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>Allergy can be associated to polymorphisms in several genes located in the chromosome <b>5q31 region !!</b></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is increased predisposition for allergy called? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>atopy&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"treatments for type 1 hypersensitivity RXNS <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>In case of non-severe allergy, patients can be treated with <b>anti-histaminic drugs</b> which block histamine effects by <u>blocking its receptors. </u></div><u> </u><div>Some drugs can be used to suppress inflammation: leukotriene receptor antagonists, costricosteroid medications.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>Which class of antibodies plays an important role in type I hypersensitivity&nbsp;</div> </li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""IgEs <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Which T cells are importnat in Type 1 HSR <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Th2 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Which cytokine causes B cells to produce IgEs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""IL-4 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is cross-linking <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> One allergen binding to two separate antibodies&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
" <div> <div> Which cells are primarily involved in the late or secondary response?&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Eosinophils <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is type 2 hypersensitivity reaction? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Type II hypersensitivity reaction is an <b>antibody-dependent mechanism&nbsp;</b>causing tissue injury&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What induces Type 2 HSR? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is induced by production of<b> IgG and IgM</b> which lead to activation of <b>phagocytes</b> and <b>NK cells</b>, which phagocytose cells or lyse them through <b>ADCC</b> (antibody dependent cell toxicity) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What do IgGs and IgMs generated in T2 HSRs bind to? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They bind to antigens present on cel surfaces or in the EXM and destroy these cells triggering inflammation. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the two types of antibodies that can lead to T2 HSRs? *NOT CLASSES* <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<table> <tbody><tr> <td> <div> <div> <div>Antibodies can be:</div><div><ol><li>&nbsp;<b>autoantibodies</b> (<span style=""font-style: italic;"">directed against self-antigens</span>) or</li><li>&nbsp;<b>antibodies directed against exogenous antigens</b> (chemical or microbial protein) either bound on the cell surface or present in tissue matrix</li></ol></div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div> <div> <div><div><br></div> </div> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the two mechanisms that can induce cell destruction and produce infammation in T2 HSRs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><div> <div> <div> <div>Induction of inflammation through <b>deposition of IgG on the cell surface</b></div><b> </b></div><b> </b></div></div></li><li><div><b>Deposition of IgG</b> on tissue surface can induce direct cell damage or lysis via activation of <b>ADCC mechanism&nbsp; or ADCP</b></div></li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what happens when IgGs deposit on the cell surface? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it activates the compement cascade that induces formation of <b>C5a</b> and <b>C3a</b> anaphylotoxins which direct the migration of <b>polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. </b>It can also lead to the formation of a&nbsp;<b>membrane attack complex,&nbsp;</b>that keads to osmotic lysis of the cell<br><img src=""paste-0e5cfca51f43ffa49c6ba69ca7e5250d1c2902f9.jpg""><br><img src=""paste-eb1e029ca81cbb3e47349b0110c8baa483ef3607.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what happens when there is deposition of IgG on tissue surface? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it can induce cell damage or lysis via <b>ADCC</b> mechanism: binding of the <b>Fc</b> part of one antibody to the receptor on a <b>phagocyte induces phagocyte activation</b>; NK cells and macrophages, if able to kill the target cell, will eliminate it.<br><img src=""paste-d05b5b2a8bb6cca129ddbcf9654d16f8c90353fc.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where is Type 2 HSR common? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""In autoimmune diseases due to the presence of autoantibodies (mainly IgGs). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"which are some conditions characterized by Type 2 HSR? (QUESTIONS) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</span>:&nbsp;</li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura</span>:&nbsp;</li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Vasculitis caused by ANCA </span>(<span style=""font-style: italic;"">anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Goodpasture syndrome</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Rheumatic fever</span></li><li><img src=""paste-44ea0e68624de6f526827c55a3e180ce0d7c86bf.jpg""></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do we find in autoimmune hemolytic anemia? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div><b>antibodies</b> (especially IgGs) recognize self-antigens like the <b>Rhesus</b> <b>protein</b> on RBCs; if one is Rh+, RBCs get destroyed.&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-ff241679f30ad892878c03ea95194023b20d013a.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do we find in autoimmune&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">thrombocytopenic purpura?</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>autoantibodies against <b>platelet membrane</b> proteins causing their opsonization and phagocytosis.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do we find in<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Vasculitis caused by ANCA?&nbsp;</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>(<span style=""font-style: italic;"">anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies</span>): development of autoantibodies against neutrophil granule proteins.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do we find in Goodpasture syndrome?&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>autoantibodies against proteins in the <i>basement membrane of kidney glomeruli and lung alveoli </i>causing nephritis and lung hemorrhage.<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reactions 4 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Transfusion reactions</li><li>Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)</li><li>ANCA-associated vasculitis</li><li>Acute rheumatic fever</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe type 2 HSR in transfusion reactions (general)&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>If a Rh- person receives blood from a Rh+ donor, this induces production of antibodies against the Rhesus <b>protein resulting in the elimination of RBCs&nbsp;</b></div><div><img src=""paste-ff241679f30ad892878c03ea95194023b20d013a.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the mechanism of the transfusion reaction?&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>in the transfusion of cells (for instance from group B) in a patient that is group A that has anti-B antibody that can opsonize red blood cells, activate the complement and <b>lyse red blood cells,</b> or are recognized by phagocytes. The end result is <b><i>hemolysis</i></b>.→<u><b>Cells from an incompatible donor react are opsonized by preformed antibody in the&nbsp;</b></u><u><b>host;</b></u></div></div></div><div><div><div><img src=""paste-b01559f1edf91292fb6b9a265cacff89a9ac4631.jpg""><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe hemolytic disease of the newborn *erythroblastosis fetalis* <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Observed when there is an antigenic difference between the <b>mother (Rh-) and</b> the <b>father (Rh+), </b>so that the fetus may be Rh+.</div><div>It happens when <b>fetal RBCs</b> penetrate the body of the mother, leading to anti-Rh IgG antibodies, and may cause problems in a <b>subsequent pregnancy.</b></div><div><img src=""paste-c655c4b18ac0514ab0c403ba168e2b58e83f47fc.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the main symptom of erythrobastosis fetalis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Jaundice, due to destruction of RBCs by the mother antibodies. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do we prevent erythroblastosis fetalis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>the mother can be <b>injected antibodies against the Rh protein</b> at the end of pregnancy or before in case of risk of hemorrhage, which eliminates the Rh antigens before immune response in the mother.&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-9e6fa8d24d056325a6632f681b4ef9a9ede57d8a.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the test performed to determine if there is risk of erythroblastosis fetalis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>Coombs test:</b> it can be direct if it tests the <i>anti-Rh antibodies</i> in the mother, and <i>indirect</i> if it tests whether RBCs in the baby are opsonzied by autoantibodies.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-fcff6155125c00c0179202ce4e99a95a273e298a.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is ANCA-associated vasculitis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There are antibodies against neutrophilic proteins, and when these proteins are released during inflammation, antibodies bind a deposit in the vessels, leading to <b>activation of complement</b>. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe acute rheumatic fever <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Acute rheumatic fever is an autoimmune response but without a real production of autoantibodies; it is especially observed in children, usually 2-3 weeks after a throat infection by Streptococcus pyogenes&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why do we get rheumatic fever? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Streptococcus expresses the <i>M protein</i> against which we produce antibodies; however, there is great similarity <b>between this M protein and some self-proteins</b>. Therefore, the same antibody against the M protein produced to eliminate the pathogen can also bind our cells, <b>deposit IgGs on them .</b></div><div><img src=""paste-12e48d76194436e76217806254e7eb53da29acd3.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are two diseases connected to type 2 HSRs <u>WITH ANTIBODIES AGAINST RECEPTORS</u>? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ol><li><b>Myasthenia gravis</b>: autoantibodies against <b>Ach receptors</b> are produced that block their activity; this doesn’t produce tissue destruction but rather blockage of the receptor signaling. </li><li><b>Graves disease</b>: autoantibodies against <b>TSH</b> (<span style=""font-style: italic;"">thyroid stimulating hormone</span>) receptors are produced that stimulate them producing <b>hyperthyroidism-like symptoms.&nbsp;</b></li></ol></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what causes&nbsp; type 3 HSR? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are caused by deposition of antigen-antibody complexes which leads complement activation that induces the formation of C3a and C5a that recuit neutrophils. Neutrophils degranulate causing tissue damage by release of <b>metalloproteinases and inflamatory cytokines</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a diagnostic point used in <b>type 3 HSRs</b>? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the immune complexes are soluble and are found in blood, and not attached to other cells. This means that we can assess the presence in the circulation to diagnose it. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one disorder characterized by type 3 HSRs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Lupus erythematosus <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"3 phases of immune complex diseases&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><b>Formation of immune complexes</b> (about a week after antigen is encountered since we need adapative resopnse)</li><li><b>Deposition of immune complexes</b> at the basement membrane of blood vessels&nbsp;</li><li><b>Inflammation and tissue injury</b>: fever, joint pains, lymph node enlargment.&nbsp;</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the principal morphological manifestation of immune complex injury? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>Acute vasculitis,&nbsp;</b>with necrosis of vessel wall and neutrophilic infiltration. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what necrosis is present in T3 HSRs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""fibrinoid necorsis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"difference between type 2 and type 3 HSRs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>&nbsp;type II there is direct <b>deposition of antibodies on cell surfaces</b> or in tissues, while in type III there is <b>deposition of immune complexes</b>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are two examples of type 3 HSR other than lupus? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Serum sickness</li><li>Experimental reaction</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is serum sickness? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>&nbsp;It occurs after the injection of animal proteins contained in some antiserum drugs;&nbsp; it causes diffused redness all over the body together with fiver and join pain<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What causes serum sickness? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The immunologic interactions observed in serum sickness occur when <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">antigens capable of remaining in the circulation for long periods incite antibody formation.&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"when does experimental T3 HSR happen? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""whe we inject an antigen in a previously immunized animal. The antibodies will bind the antigen locally and large immune complexes are formed&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-652647130b2239f0a228cf6286082954d2786bf5.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the mechanism of type 4 HSR? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is mediated by <b>either CD4+ T </b>helper cells (Th1 and Th17) or <b>CD8+ cytotoxic</b> T cells.&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-7acdaf4fd58ba599dac0ebda63a55b059711cd4f.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what causes damage in Type 4 HSR? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>We have a <b>normal response that is hyperactivated</b> because the regulatory mechanisms are not present.<br></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what 2 types of <u>T cells</u> are activated during CD4+&nbsp; T4-HSR <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>naïve T cells are activated by antigen presenting cells and then differentiate into Th1 and Th17;&nbsp;</div><div><ul><li><b>Th1</b> cells produce IFN- γ that activates <b>macrophages</b> (<b>granuloma</b> formation)&nbsp;</li><li><b>Th17</b> cells instead produce <b>IL-17, </b>an important cytokine for the <b>recruitment of neutrophils</b> and so to sustain inflammation.</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"CD8+ T4-HSR <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There is hyperactivation of CD8+ which directly cause cell killing and tissue injury <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Examples of type 4 HSR <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Tubercolosis</li><li>Contact dermatitis</li><li>CD8+ T cell mediated inflammation</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Tubercolosis as type 4 HSR <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Tuberculosis is characterized by chronic inflammation and formation of granulomas in the lungs due to failure in eliminating the pathogen; this results in <b>chronic activation of macrophages by IFN- γ.&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Contact dermatitis as Type 4 HSR <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Presents with severe rush and redness due to contact with environmental chemicals called <b><span style=""font-style: italic;"">haptens </span></b>that binds and structurally modify some self-proteins;&nbsp; The most serious rash is due to <u><i><b>contact with poison ivy</b></i></u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"CD8+ T cell mediated inflammation as type 4 HSRs <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The principal mechanism of T cell-mediated killing of targets involves <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">perforins </span>and <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">granzymes</span>, preformed mediators contained in the lysosome-like granules of CTLs. In the cytoplasm of the target cell, perforin facilitates the entry of granzymes that are proteases that cleave and activate caspases, which in turn induce apoptosis of the target cells.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"in what disease is&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">CD8+ T cell-mediated inflammation involved</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>type 1 diabetes</li><li>graft rejection</li><li>elimination of virus-infected cells</li><li>elimination of tumor cells</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"TYPE 1 HSR SUMMARY + example <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><b>allergy</b> is the most common example;<br><ul><li>in the <u><b>early phase</b></u>, upon IL-4 stimulation, <b>B cells</b> produce <b>IgEs</b> that bind and activate Mast cells;&nbsp;</li><li>these release <b>histamine</b> producing vasodilation, edema and muscle constriction/spasm.</li><li>&nbsp;In the <b><u>late phase, </u>eosinophils</b> are recruited by eotxain produced by Mast cells;&nbsp;</li><li><b>eosinophiles</b> contain granules with toxic molecules such as such as eosinophil cationic protein, major basic protein among others.</li><li>Mucus production is increased by the <b>cytokine IL-13 </b>produced by T cells.&nbsp;</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"TYPE 2 HSR SUMMARY + example <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>mediated by <b>IgGs</b> (mostly) and <b>IgMs</b> that deposit on cell surfaces;</li><li>&nbsp;then, the complement is activated producing <b>C3a and C5a </b>anaphylatoxins that recruit <b>neutrophils</b>;&nbsp;</li><li>thse in turn recruit other neutrophils via <b>chemokines</b> and produce <b>cytokines</b> resulting in an amplifying loop of <b>inflammation</b>.</li><li>&nbsp;Examples of this are erythroblastosis fetalis ad ANCA- associated vasculitis (AAV).&nbsp;</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"TYPE 3 HSR SUMMARY + example <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>due to the formation of <b>immune complexes</b> (antibody+soluble antigen) in the circulation that deposit -usually in vessels- and activate the <b>complement</b>;</li><li>&nbsp;<b>C3a and C5a</b> are therefore produced that recruit <b>neutrophils</b>.&nbsp;</li><li>The latter secrete cytokines and chemokines so that again a loop <b>of</b> <b>inflammation</b> begins.&nbsp;</li><li>Examples of this are: <b>Lupus</b> (that is caused by the presence of antibodies against nuclear complexes) and <b>serum sickness</b> (due to the injection of animal proteins).&nbsp;</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are autoimmune diseases? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Autoimmune diseases are immune reactions against self-antigens&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens to self-antigens in normal conditions? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are usually tolerated and do not induce an immune response&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens to self-antigens in autoimmune diseases? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We have the generation of autoantibodies that recognize the self-antigens&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Does the presence of autoantigens imply an ongoing autoimmune diseases? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Not necessarily, you may observe the presence of autoantibodies in a patient at the end of inflammation. The point is that they persist&nbsp;<b>for a limited amount of time.&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the three requirements to classify a disorder as autoimmune? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>The presence of an immune response specific for some <b>self-antigens or self-tissues </b></div><b> </b></li><b> </b><li><b> </b><div>Evidence that such reaction is not secondary to tissue damage, so it is <u>not due to inflammation</u>, but is of primary pathogenic significance</div> </li> <li> <div>The ab<i>sence of another well-defined cause of the diseas</i>e.&nbsp;<br></div> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are two main types of autoimmune diseases (by tissues affected)? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they may be <b>organ-specific diseases</b> (such as T1D) or <b>systemic/generalized diseases (such as SLE)&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How do we not react to self antigens usually? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>there is education of adaptive immune cells not to recognize self-antigens -→&nbsp;<b>tolerance&nbsp;</b>&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where do T cells get ""educated""? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""in the thymus, where there is presentation of self-proteins to T cells. If T cells recognize the self-protein with very high affinity, <b>they are eliminated.</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where do B cells get educated? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""in the bone marrow. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are some polymorphisms associated with the greatest contribution in autoimmune disorders? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>some polymorphisms in <b>HLA</b> genes are associated with a failure in tolerance&nbsp; &nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are other genes that may associate to autoimmune diseases? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Inflammation related genes such as IL-2R, essential for survival and proliferation of T cells.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one thing that can trigger an autoimmune disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Autoimmune diseases can also be triggered by <u>infection</u>, since HLA gene may induce a failure in tolerance and the pr<b>oduction of self-reactive T cells.&nbsp;</b></div><div><img src=""paste-8b85bbe0fe4bba02f1cd6c25f2fd754219ff7c80.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What else is needed to generate self-reactive T cells in autoimmune diseases? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We need co-stimulatory signals by APCs, which can be induced by stimulation of APCs by bacteria&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-8b85bbe0fe4bba02f1cd6c25f2fd754219ff7c80.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is molecular mimicry? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Antigens on bacteria are similar to self-antigens and the generation of T cells that get activated also recognize endogenous antigens&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-6d6854be39fa6cbe0d82be57c2b39806ff9e8af6.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is one example of molecular mimicry? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">acute rheumatic fever, </span>where the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes is similar to self- antigens found in heart cells.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are all the things that may increase the incidence of autoimmune diseases? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">polymorphisms in HLA genes</span>,&nbsp;</li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">failure of tolerance</span>&nbsp;inducing the presence of self-reactive B and T cells,&nbsp;</li><li>polymorphisms involved in genes involved in inflammation,&nbsp;</li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">stimuli produced by inflammation and tissue injury</span>.&nbsp;</li><li><img src=""paste-3c27a69190d64373b46d71b38eb397ee01c27dc9.jpg""><br></li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is systemic lupus erythematosus? (SLE) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is an autoimmune disease related to the deposition of immune complexes (type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction).&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is an hallmark of SLE? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>the presence of <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">antinuclear antibodies </span>(ANAs)&nbsp; against DNA, histones and other nuclear proteins&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What could be a ""model"" for etiogenesis of SLE? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>UV damage causes apoptosis of cells</li><li>inadequate clearance of the nuclear material of those cells is left circulating</li><li>lymphocytes recognize nuclear self antigens and produce antibodies</li><li><img src=""paste-c420300f92501a7acafb818b3d99a53243385eeb.jpg""><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is Sjögren syndrome? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is an autoimmune disease affected the mouth adnd the eyes, leading to dry eyes and mouth.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Systemic sclerosis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Systemic sclerosis is characterized by high levels of ECM deposition + chronic inflammation and damage to<b><u> SMALL blood vessels </u></b>AND&nbsp;<u><b>interstitial and perivascular fibrosis of skin and organs</b></u>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is stimulated in scleroderma? (systemic sclerosis) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> Fibroblasts are responsible for the production of ECM and collagen, and this requires the expression of particular cytokines (<b>TGF-b and IL-13),</b> produced by <b>CD4+ T cells</b>&nbsp;, which are hyperactivated!!<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Is celiac disease an autoimmune disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">not </span>a clear autoimmune disorder, instead, it is a kind of auto-<br> inflammation, characterized by <u>gluten sensitivity (not</u> allergy!)<br><ol> </ol></div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Mechanism of celiac disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Gluten is degraded into <b>gliadin</b> (a smaller peptide), then gliadin induces:<br><ul><li>&nbsp;production of <b>IL-15 </b>by epitheliail cells and&nbsp;</li><li>the expression of <b>MIC-A protein</b> that induces the attack of epithelial cells by T cells.</li><li><img src=""paste-7637f37c656f42a80b667653375ce0ef68b85d09.jpg""><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why is gluten not an actual autoimmune disorder? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>there is not a specific self-antigen, but the antigen is <b>gliadin</b>&nbsp;which is obtained from gluten degradation</div><div><img src=""paste-7637f37c656f42a80b667653375ce0ef68b85d09.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is <u>Goodpasture's syndrome</u>? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Goodpasture’s syndrome is a type II hypersensitivity reaction that affects the lungs and the kidneys.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the autoantigen in goodpasture's syndrome? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The autoantigen is related to<b>&nbsp;collagen presemt in the basement membrane</b>, the most abundant protein in the body, which is important for the maintenance of epithelial cells.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What chain of collagen is targeted by Goodpasture's ? EXAM QUESTION !!!! <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b><i><u>alpha-3 chain</u></i></b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Mechanism of type 2 hyperesnsitivity (goodpasture) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>deposition of Ig -→recruitment of complement proteins -→ activation of complement (C3a and C5a) -→ recruitment of neutrophil-→&nbsp; degranulation of neutrophils -→ production of cytokines and chemokines sustaining the recruitment of other inflammatory cells -→&nbsp; inflammation and tissue damage.</div><div><img src=""paste-c061bbdb0fefa7ec269f98fd6543282271678f8e.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Is the alpha-3 chain usually accessible to autoantibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Normally, the α-3 chain is not accessible to autoantibodies, but <b>infections or smoking</b> may induce damage in the collagen, so that the <b>α-3 chain becomes accessible&nbsp;</b></div><div><img src=""paste-655d9c8b9d420a74450c0fc312316ef24eaa4ced.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is IgA neprhopathy (or IgA nephritis or Berger's disease)? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>most common cause of <b>glomerulonephritis</b> worldwide, and it is a <b>type III hypersensitivity reaction</b>, meaning that there is the presence of soluble autoantigens, causing the deposition of immune complexes&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the cause of IgA nephropathy or Berger's disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>there is a <b>defect in the glycosylation of IgA, but&nbsp;</b>T cells in the thymus are not educated to not recognize this not-glycosylated form&nbsp; and thus see it as a <b>non-self protein</b><br> </div><div><img src=""paste-231369abb5060194f7ed9879787aa0ab1bc77091.jpg""><b><br></b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>you will observe the production of <b>IgG directed</b> against the modified IgA, which forms an <b>immune complex</b>, that circulates in the <b>bloodstream</b>, and eventually <b>deposits</b>&nbsp;(it mainly deposits in the kidneys).&nbsp;</div><div>After this deposition, we will have the usual complement activation -→ neutrophils -→ tissue damage -→ hematuria (hallmark).&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGM) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>1-2 weeks after <u><i>group A Streptococcal infection (strep pyogenes)&nbsp;</i></u>, we observe high levels of antibodies directed against pathogens but there is the formation of<br> immune complexes, formed by soluble antigens from the pathogen and by antibodies. They accumulate in the kidney and cause the pathology.&nbsp;<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a tissue transplant? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>A transplant or a graft is used to implant cells, tissues, or organ into a body, to replace a damaged part or compensate for a defect.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a major barrier to tissue transplantation? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">rejection</span>, in which the recipient’s immune system recognizes the graft as being foreign and attacks it&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What mediates transplant rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>mediated in particular by T cells and antibodies: the differences in <b>HLA alleles lead to the immune reaction&nbsp;</b>&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is an autograft transplant? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div><b>Autograft</b>: a graft form one site of the body to another site, but still <b>from the same person</b>;&nbsp;</div> </li><li><div><img src=""paste-b3c7efa5fad9f3c74d49342062e7db1d6d98192b.jpg""><br></div></li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is an isograft transplant? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>between genetically identical individuals, as twins&nbsp;</div> </li><li><div><img src=""paste-b3c7efa5fad9f3c74d49342062e7db1d6d98192b.jpg""><br></div></li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is an allograft transplant? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Between different members of the same species (<b>donor to recipient</b>)<br><img src=""paste-b3c7efa5fad9f3c74d49342062e7db1d6d98192b.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a xenograft transplant:? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Between members of different species (like pig to a Human)<br><img src=""paste-b3c7efa5fad9f3c74d49342062e7db1d6d98192b.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we know that rejection is due to an immunologic reaction? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> if you <b>deplete or inactivate T cells</b> with drugs or antibodies you <b>can reduce the graft rejection</b>, meaning that rejection requires the presence of T cells.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the two pathways of tissue rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><b>Direct pathway</b></li><li><b>Indirect pathway&nbsp;</b></li></ol><img src=""paste-11aff66cf0053d2f8996f504946610fa9d7c8aba.jpg""><img src=""paste-09941ffbab4bb1498f4c4142f4fa236b7e78d23a.jpg""><b><br></b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Direct pathway for tissue rejection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">T cells of the recipient recognise the donor MHC molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells;&nbsp;</span></div><div><img src=""paste-cdfa3092499f967bbb27d96c7cba30a48387aea8.jpg""><span style=""font-weight: 700;""><br></span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does the activation of CD4+ T cells lead to after they differentiate into Th1 cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""activation of macrophages that start <b>inflammation</b> and <b>tissue damage&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Why do T cells recognize MHC expressed by the donor's APCs present in the tissue? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Two hypotheses baSED ON <b>ALLORECOGNITION</b>:<br><ol><li>they recognize allogenic MHC molecules whose structure resembles a self MHC-foreign peptide complex</li><li>allogenic MHC-peptide molecules mimic the self MHC-peptides</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Indirect pathway for tissue rejection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>it consists into a classical presentation of a peptide from the APC of the recipient to the CD4 T cells of the recipient&nbsp; where the <b>donor's MHC </b>is simply recognized as a <b>foreign antigen&nbsp;</b></div><div><img src=""paste-2b792346581ff3218bb89cf996d4c727a3a596c9.jpg""><br><br></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is activated in the indirect pathway for tissue rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><ul><li><b>CD4</b> are activated and translated into <b>TH1 cells</b>,that express interferon gamma, which induces macrophages activation and inflammation and tissue damage&nbsp;</li><li><b>B cells</b> are activated producing antibodies which deposit on vessel walls and lead to a type<b> II OR III hypersensitivity reaction</b></li></ul></div> </div> </div></div><img src=""paste-2b792346581ff3218bb89cf996d4c727a3a596c9.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the three types of tissue rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Hyperacute rejection</li><li>Acute rejection</li><li>Chronic rejection</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is hyperacute rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Type of rejection that occurs in minutes or hours and it is <b>antibody mediated</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"When does hyperacute rejection happen? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it happens when ther are anti-donor antibodies <u><b>already present in</b></u> the circulation of the recipient (e.g. if the recipient had previously rejected a transpland or blood transfusion). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do we avoid hyperacute rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""through <b>cross-matching</b>, which is the practice of<b> testing</b> <b>recipient’s serum for antibodies against donor's cells&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does cross-match determine and how do we see it? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> The cross match is used to determine the compatibility between a donor and a recipient. This method depends on the <b>presence</b> or <b>absence of agglutination (</b>clumping of red blood cells), which can usually be visualized directly.</div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is acute rejection in tissue transplant? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""modality of rejection that happens in days or weeks&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are two types of acute rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><b>Cellular rejection</b></li><li><b>Antibody mediated rejection</b></li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"explain cellular rejection (acute rejection) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> mediated by <b>CD8 T cells</b>, that <u>directly kill</u> the <u>graft cells</u>;&nbsp;</div><div>this induces also inflammation, with recruitment of inflammatory cells, that induce activation of <b>CD4 T cells</b>, in particular <b>TH1</b>. This induces interstitial inflammation, tissue damage and local infection.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"explain antibody mediated rejection (acute rejection) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <b>Antidonor antibodies</b> produced after transplantation (injury by several mechanisms, including complement dependent cytotoxicity, inflammation, and ADCC). The initial target of these antibodies in rejection seems to be the graft <b>vasculature</b>.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain chronic rejection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>slow response, that lasts months or years&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what causes chronic rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>It is mediated by <b>T cells and lymphocytes</b> reacting against <b>antigens present in vessel walls.&nbsp;</b>They secrete cytokines that induce local inflammation and recruitment of macrophages.</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are some ways to decrease rejection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>First of all, compatibility test between the HLA of the donor and of the recipient</li><li><b>Immunosuppressive therapy&nbsp;</b></li><li><b>Injection of IgGs in patients&nbsp;</b></li><li><b>Plasmapheresis&nbsp;</b></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Immunosuppressive therapy for transplant rejection&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We can use corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, or we can use antibodies to deplete T celld and B cells limiting the immune reaction <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is plasmapheresis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Removal of all antibodies from blood, to prevent attack of the donor's tissue <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the graft vs. host disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is a reaction from the graft against the donor, which occurs when <b>immunological competent cells, are transplanted into an immunosuppressed recipient.&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens during graft vs host disease at the level of graft cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>the transferred cells recognize alloantigens in the host and attack host tissues.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"when is graft vs host disease typical? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>It is a typical reaction to hematopoietic stem cells transplant, because you transfer <b>all the immune system into the donor</b>.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"3 phases of graft vs host disease <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><u>Conditioning</u> by irradiation of chemotherapy, we eliminate all cells in the bone marrow inducing inflammation due to release of DAMPs and PAMPs;</li><li><u>Activation of APCs</u> which activate and polarize&nbsp;<b>DONOR T CELLS, into cytotoxic T cells</b></li><li><b>Activated T cells attack the recpient's cells inflitrating into target organs&nbsp;</b></li></ol><img src=""paste-f661775a84010132e6fc8b991f42f4a3c67be8cd.jpg""><b><br></b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Chronic graft vs. host disease <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is mediated by T cells and B cells, with <b>production of antibodies</b> and <b>cytokines</b> that activate macrophages and monocytes that produce TGF-beta <b>leading to fibrosis of target organs&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the final effect of chronic graft vs host disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Fibrosis of target organs due to TGF beta production by macrophages and fibroblast proliferatoin&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Symptoms of Graft vs host disease <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Cutaneous injury due to skin fibrosis, + fibrosis of lungs/liver/intestine/stomach and thymic injury&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are immunodeficiency syndromes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Syndromes characterized by&nbsp; a <b>defect or impairment</b> in the immune function <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 types of immunodeficiency <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">primary immunodeficiency</span>, or congenital, which is genetically determined,&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div></li><li><div>&nbsp;<span style=""font-weight: 700;"">secondary immunodeficiency</span>, or acquired, which may arise as complications of cancers, infections, malnutrition, or side effects of immunosuppression or chemotherapy&nbsp;</div></li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe primary immunodeficiency (general) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>It is genetically determined and it can affect either innate or adaptive immunity&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe primary immunodeficiency (in innate immunity ) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>it affects phagocytes, affecting the elimination of pathogens in the phagosomes, NK cells and complement.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe primary immunodeficiency (in adaptive immunity ) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>it affects adaptive immunity, so B &amp; T lymphocytes production, maturation and activation.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"when is primary immunodeficiency discovered? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>at infancy, between 6 months and 2 years of life.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"WHat are some innate immunity defects leading to primary immunodeficiency? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Type 1 and Type 2 Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD1 and LAD2)</li><li>Phagolysosome function deficiency</li><li>Defects in microbididal actvity (CGD)</li><li>Defects in TLR signaling&nbsp;</li><li>Complement system deficiencies</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain type 1 LAD&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>We have defective leukocytes adhesion because of mutations in&nbsp;<i><u><b>beta chain of CD11/CD18 integrins&nbsp;</b></u></i><br></div><div>Recruitment of neutrophils in tissue is strongly impaired</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain Type 2 LAD <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Defective leukocyte adhesion because of mutations in <b>fucosyl transferase</b> required for synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharide (<b><u>receptor of selectins</u></b>)&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe Chediak-Hugashi Syndrome (Phagolyososome function deficiency) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is due to a mutatoin in the <b>LYST gene</b> that leads to&nbsp; <b>defective fusion of phagosome with lysosome</b> and impaired elmination of pathogens&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe Chronic granulomatous disease <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It results from inherited defects in the genes encoding components of the <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">NADPH phagocyte oxidase</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Descirbe defects in TLR signaling&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>some patients have defects in TLR3, with high susceptibility to viral infection&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the most common complement system deficiency? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>C2 deficiency</b> is the most common complement protein deficiency. The result is high susceptibility to infections, due to this defect in the classical <b>pathway of complement.&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What do defective expression in C5 to C9 lead to? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Defective formation of the membrane attack compex leading to increased susceptibility to <b>neisserial infections</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does deficiency of CD59 lead to? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Impaired formation of the MAC, leading to <b>paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Lymphocyte maturation defect <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Also known as <b>SCID</b>, severe combined immunodeficiency.&nbsp; Patients are highly susceptible to recurrent and severe infections.Without transplant of HSC death occurs in the first years of life.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the 2 types of SCID? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>X Linked SCID</li><li>Autosomal recessive SCID</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What causes X linked SCID <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Mutation in the X chromosome on gamma chain of cytokine receptor gene that is present in receptors for&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>IL-7, IL-15</b>... which are very important for survival and proliferation of T cells (IL-7) and NK cells (IL-15). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What causes autosomal recessive SCID? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>&nbsp;It could be due to a deficiency in <b>adenosine deaminase enzyme</b> (<b>ADA</b>), which leads to accumulation of deoxyadenosine and its derivatives (deoxy-ATP), toxic for immature lymphocytes since it leads to <u><b>inhibition of DNA synthesis.&nbsp;</b></u></div><div><img src=""paste-8a88ce940d4d621897a8389ac607515199dfc762.jpg""><u><b><br></b></u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Immunodeficiency in DiGeorge's <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>it is due to failure of development the thymus during pregnancy, leading to lack of T cell maturation&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"X-linked agammaglobulinemia <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>failure of <b>maturation of B cells precursors</b>, due to a mutation of a kinase gene, <b>the <u>Bruton tyrosine kinase</u>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</b>It causes recurrent bacterial infectionof the respiratory tract.</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are some Lymhocyte activation and function disorders? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Hyper IgM syndrome</li><li>Common variable immunodeficiency</li><li>Isolated IgA deficiency</li><li>X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is hyper IgM syndrome? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>patients make <b>IgM antibodies</b> but are deficient in their ability to produce <b>IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies</b>.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What causes Hyper IgM syndrome? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There are several mutations that lead to defective helper T cells that fail to activate B cells and macrophages. (we may also have problems with Class switching). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is isolated IgA deficiency? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>impaired differentiation of naive B lymphocytes to IgA producing plasma cells. Patients have IgA deficiency, leading to susceptibility to <u>infections in the respiratory tract and to a variety of autoimmune diseases.&nbsp;</u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the cause of impairment in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>WASP</b> is an important <b>regulator of the actin cytoskeleton</b> that is required for many haematopoietic and immune cell functions (phagocytosis, migration etc).&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? (AIDS) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>AIDS </b>is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, caused by the retrovirus <b>human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and</b> characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunistic infections and secondary neoplasms.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How do cells get infected by HIV? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>HIV infects cells by <b>using the CD4 molecule as receptor</b> and various chemokine receptors as coreceptors.<br> </div><div>]<img src=""paste-edf3dc042c0a8817e2a96fa0ca1947bdfaadd934.jpg""></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Initial step in HIV infection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>the binding of the <b><u>gp120</u> envelope glycoprotein to <u>CD4</u></b> molecules, which leads to a conformational change that results in the formation of a new recognition site on gp120 for the coreceptors <u><b>CCR5</b></u> (T cells, monocyte/macrophage lineage, dendritic cells) or <u><b>CXCR4</b></u> (T cells).&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-edf3dc042c0a8817e2a96fa0ca1947bdfaadd934.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does HIV cause to infected cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Direct killing of T cells</li><li>Loss of immature precursors of CD4 T cells</li><li>Fusion of infected and uninfected cells, which then die within a few hours;</li><li>Induction of inflammmation and pyroptosis&nbsp;</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"AIDS infection pathway&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Acute early infection: infection of memory CD4 T cells</li><li>Dissemination of the virus due to immune response</li><li>Clinical latency asymptomatic or minor opportunistic infection</li><li>Decline of CD4 T cells</li><li>AIDS</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"clinical features of patient with AIDS <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> The typical adult patient with AIDS presents with fever, weight loss, diarrhea, generalized abnormal lymph nodes, opportunistic infections and, in many cases, secondary neoplasms.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are typical tumors of AIDS patients? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> they are caused by oncogenic DNA viruses, specifically <b>Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus</b> (Kaposi sarcoma), <b>EBV</b> (B cell lymphoma), and <b>human papillomavirus</b> (cervical and anal carcinoma).&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a cold tumor? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div><b>Cold tumor</b>&nbsp;= <u>low number of immune cells inside the tumor</u>, <i>immunosuppressive</i> <i>cells</i> are observed in particular.&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a hot tumor? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>Hot tumor -→ a<b> lot of inflammatory cells</b>, a high number of <b>activated T cells.</b>&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Good vs bad prognosis factor for T cells in cancer <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>If there is a high number of activated CD8 T cells, good prognosis</li><li>If there is a high number of regulatory T&nbsp; cellls or immunosuppressive cells, bad prognosis&nbsp;</li><li><img src=""paste-94a752c34834de52ce513bf148300042fd4c9525.jpg""><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are two important aspects connecting tumors and immune system? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Tumor Immunosurveillance</li><li>Tumor Immunoediting</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is tumor immunosurveillance? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is the ability of <i>the immune</i> system to trigger an immune response to <b>tumor-specific antigens</b> (found only on tumor cells) or <b>tumor-associated antigens </b>(overexpressed on tumor cells) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What confirms that there is tumor immunosurveillance by the immune system? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Immunodeficient patents and mice have a higher incidence of cancer.<br>The use of immunosuppressive drugs can also increase cancer incidence!&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the concept of immunogenic cell death? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>when we treat the patient with chemotherapy or radiations we induce killing of cancer cells, but also induce a high number of <i>apoptotic and necrotic tumors cells</i>, the latter will <u><b>activate the immune system due to DAMPs.</b></u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens once the immune system is activated in immunogenic cell death? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""APCs get activated and they recognize apoptotic cells antigens, whch could possibly be tumor-associated antigens that can reactivate&nbsp;<b>tumor immunosurveilllance!&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens if there is a chronic presentation of the same antigens to T cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There is a sort of tolerance that could be estabilshed, which is at the base of the phenomenon called <b><u>tumor immunoediting.</u></b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is tumor immunoediting? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The immune system creates a sort of pressure on the cancer cell and it can control tumor growth (both promote it and constrain it)</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What should happen in immune competent subjects thanks to immunosurveillance? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Technically, the immune system should be able to eliminate cancer cells. However, cancer is still observed in these subjects&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the three phases of carcinogenesis according to immunoediting? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><b>Elimination</b> of cancer cells</li><li><b>Equilibrium</b> of cancer cell killing<br></li><li><b>Escape</b> of immunosurveillance&nbsp;</li><li><img src=""paste-4f77db9dd45c7e5ad3ce2b3b1894fc860f49776f.jpg""><br></li><li><img src=""paste-33179d5014d783b581486a934cf3840828e199f9.jpg""><br></li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain the elimination phase of carcinogenesis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> Cancer cells are recognized by the immune system and T cells and NK cells eliminate cancer cells. It’s the concept of <b>immunosurveillance</b></div><div><img src=""paste-a4b7e59ec97e3c397513daf803440e1c59123077.jpg""><br></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens as immunoediting during the equilibrium phase of carciongenesis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> The equilibrium creates <b>selective pressure </b>on cancer cells, meaning that that the <i><u>poorly immunogenic cancer cells are selected. In</u></i> cancer we observe a deficiency in expression of HLA class 1 leading to a <b>deficiency in the recognition</b> of these cancer cells by T cells.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain the escape phase of carcinogenesis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> the cancer is <b>clinically detectable</b> and characterized by uncontrolled proliferation. Cells of the immune system are no longer able to detect it and attack it&nbsp;&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol> </div><div><img src=""paste-4f29c3f623e8a95ee47a162e88ad963eec083739.jpg""><br></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how was the immunoediting theory proven true? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""a carcinogen was injected in an immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice, and the cancer cells in the <i>immunodeficient</i> mice are <b>more immunogenic</b> since there is less selective pressure by the T cells. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the three main players in anti-tumor immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Cytotoxic T cells</li><li>NK Cells</li><li>Other immune cells&nbsp;</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Cytototix T cells as anti-tumor immunity&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><b>Cytotoxic T cells </b>express CD8, which is important for interaction with HLA class 1, inside which the peptide is present. Upon activation of cytotoxic T cells, <b>cytotoxic mediators are released</b> (perforin, granzyme).</div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do cytotoxic T cells need to be activated in Anti-tumor immunity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>APCs should present <b>tumor antigen to naïve T cells</b> because T cells must be activated against a peptide expressed by tumor cells in order to recognize it.<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What antigens does our immune system recognize? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Our system is able to recognize cancer cells because <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">tumor associated antigens (TAA)&nbsp;</span>are expressed.</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What can tumor associated antigens be? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>Mutations that gives rise to a <b>new antigen</b> from <b>modified self-proteins</b>,</div></li><li><div>Self-protein abnormally expressed by cancer cells, e.g. overexpression of a GF receptor.&nbsp;</div></li><li><div>Viral oncogene&nbsp;</div></li><li><div><img src=""paste-bf5abb5ed011aaf9b114a782ad89e95debf0467d.jpg""><br></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can cancer cells evade CD8+ T cells activity? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>in cancer cells there is <u>downregulation of MHC class 1,</u> due to immunoediting. It is an advantage for the tumor because decreasing HLA1 expression decreases recognition by CD8 T cells.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does the decrease of HLA1 expressoin favor in term of immune response? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""NK cells activation, since they have receptors that sense the density of HLA1&nbsp; (<b>inhibitory receptors</b>, if the density is normal), together with <b>activating receptors</b> that recognize molecules expressed on cancer cells. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are two reasons why antitumor immune response is poor during the late phase? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div><ol><li><b>Brakes on the immune system</b>&nbsp; since APCs are not able to activate T cells (no costimulatory molecules)</li><li><b>Tumor escape</b></li></ol></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are some moleculest hat can be used to block the activatoin of T cells? !!!! exam q !!!! <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><u><b>PD1&nbsp; and CTLA4</b></u> are <b>costimulatory molecuels that&nbsp;</b>block the activation of T cells. Drugs against any of them can reactivate T cells&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Loss of antigenicity by tumors <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div><b>Decreased expression of class 1 HLA</b>, so absence of antigen presentation.</div> </li><li><div>Decreaed expression of&nbsp;<b>tumor associated antigens</b>&nbsp;</div></li> </ol></div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"immunosuppressive environment in tumor escape&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There is an increase in <i><u><b>immunosuppressive molecules</b></u></i> that inhibit activation of T cells such as <b>PDL1, PD1 and CTLA4</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What generate the&nbsp;<b>immunoSUPPRESSIVE tumor microenvironment? 2</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>through expression of cytokines that sustain&nbsp; <i><u><b>immunosuppressive inflammation (IL-10, TGF-Beta)&nbsp;</b></u></i></div> </li><li><div>modifying the microenviornment :<i><u><b> LOW GLUCOSE, ACID pH, HYPOXIA, LOW ARGININE!!</b></u></i></div></li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are tumor associated macrophages? (<b>TAMs</b>) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are M2 macrophages, that sustain angiogenesis through VEGF, favor matrix remodeling and tumor cell growth, while inhibiting T cells<br><img src=""paste-8f82c84f14e70771866ed8b4545352fcf7380f78.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Summary of tumor immune evasion <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>- <b>Decreased recognition</b> by the immune system</li><li> - <b>Decreased expression</b> of tumor associated antigen or decreased expression of class <b>1 HLA&nbsp;</b></li><li>-<b>Increased expression</b> of inhibitory molecules such as <b>PDL1</b></li><li> -&nbsp;Cancer can sustain <b>immunosuppression</b> by differentiation of macrophages and dendritic cells into immunosuppressive cells</li><li> - sustain formation of new vessels.</li></ul></div><div><br></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are two main types of immunotherapies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Induce/boost immune effectors</li><li>Decrease immunosuppression and tolerance</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Immunotherapies to boost immune effectors <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>passive immunotherapy -→ <b>monoclonal antibodies</b> </div> </li> <li> <div>adoptive immunotherapy -→ <b>CAR T cells</b> </div> </li> <li> <div>active immunotherapy -→ <b>vaccines</b>&nbsp;</div> </li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Immunotherapies to decrease immunosuppression and tolerance <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div><b>immune checkpoint inhibitors </b></div><b> </b></li><b> </b><li><b> </b><div><b>inhibition of Treg and TAMs </b></div><b> </b></li><b> </b><li><b> </b><div><b>stimulatory molecules</b>&nbsp;</div> </li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is used in passive immunotherapy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>Monoclonal antibodies</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Different types of monoclonal antibodies used in passive immunotherapy (3) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ol><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Cytolytic monoclonal antibodies</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies</span></li><li><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Bispecific monoclonal antibodies&nbsp;</span></li></ol></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are cytolytic monoclonal antibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are antibodies able to activate the pathway of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody depedent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) by&nbsp;<b>opsonization of cancer cells</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How do cytolytic monoclonal antibodies eliminate the target cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>complement activation, phagocyte activation (Antibody-dependent Cell Mediated phagocytosis, ADCP), or NK cell activation (Antibody-dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity, ADCC)</div><div><img src=""paste-4eee3263844c5eaae36909cc61bc3a3c63baa0ea.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are conjugated (armed) monoclonal antibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are mAb coupled to a drug that would be too toxic to use on its own, or to a radioisotope. This way the drug or radiation onoly affects specific target cells.<br><img src=""paste-f2d0ae8aae0bb3f1307f8df090ebe8f9d88be2c5.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are antibodies used to neutralize a molecule involved in tumor growth.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some examples of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>antibodies against VEGF, which thus prevents angiogenesis.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What molecules can neutralizing monoclonal antibodies target? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Soluble molecules (such as VEGF)</li><li>Growth factor receptors that are frequently over expressed in cancer (such as EGFR in breast and ovarian cancer)</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are bispecific monoclonal antibodies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Bispecific monoclonal antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that can bind to <b>two different targets</b>&nbsp;: they are used to bring into contact tumor cells with T cells.</div><div>&nbsp; <img src=""paste-b7d5b27e1bd685daa9f84319b2e7250b0c9a6302.jpg""></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-1-Q.svg""></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-1-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-2-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-2-A.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-3-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-3-A.svg""></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-4-Q.svg"" /></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <div id=""io-footer""></div> <script> // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "" <div id=""io-header""></div> <div id=""io-wrapper""> <div id=""io-overlay""><img src=""8e523071e83c4b61a014c493412a6242-ao-4-A.svg""></div> <div id=""io-original""><img src=""tmpz12dnqzb.jpg"" /></div> </div> <button id=""io-revl-btn"" onclick=""toggle();"">Toggle Masks</button> <div id=""io-extra-wrapper""> <div id=""io-extra""> </div> </div> <script> // Toggle answer mask on clicking the image var toggle = function() { var amask = document.getElementById('io-overlay'); if (amask.style.display === 'block' || amask.style.display === '') amask.style.display = 'none'; else amask.style.display = 'block' } // Prevent original image from loading before mask aFade = 50, qFade = 0; var mask = document.querySelector('#io-overlay>img'); function loaded() { var original = document.querySelector('#io-original'); original.style.visibility = ""visible""; } if (mask === null || mask.complete) { loaded(); } else { mask.addEventListener('load', loaded); } </script> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What&nbsp; technology does adoptive immunotherapy use? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It uses <i>non-modified T</i> cells or <i>genetically modified T-cells</i> to attack cancer cells. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<i>Adoptive immunotherapy</i> with non-modified T cells steps <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>T-cells <b>isolated</b> from the blood of the patient, which are then <b>expanded</b> and <b>activated in-vitro</b>, so they proliferate, and they’re then <b>transferred back </b>to the patient to sustain tumor regression.&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-019a0b3155a55fd24fc874618bb9d16ab976a773.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Adoptive immunotherapy with CAR T-cells - steps <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><ol><li>T-cells are again <b>isolated from the blood</b> of the patient and expanded in-vitro.&nbsp;</li><li>They are then modified with viral vectors, which encode for a protein made by a <b>single chain fragment of the variable domain (scFv) of an antibody</b>&nbsp;+ an intracellular activating domain</li><li>Cells are put back into the patient, and they will bind tumor cells and get activated</li></ol></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"For which tumors is CAR-T most effective? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<u><i>Liquid tumors</i></u>, since for solid tumors we would have to make sure that the modified T cells reach the organ and target the tumor.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some side effects of T-CAR ? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>there is high activation of T-cells, which can lead to a syndrome called <b>cytokine-release syndrome</b>, which is due to very high levels of some cytokines, in particular IL-12 and IFN-gamma that lead to a <u><b>Th1 response</b></u></div><div><img src=""paste-ba5d998190ec5b1db394d5ad0a3a5f8a22ba3934.jpg""><u><b><br></b></u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is used in active immunotherapy with vaccines and oncolytic viruses? (3) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We use vaccines with tumors antigens, activated APCs for tumor antigens or oncolytic viruses. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How are classical vaccines used in active immunotherapy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There an injection of the <b>RNA/DNA/peptide into the patient</b>, which will then lead to an immune response&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we use modified APCs in active immunotherapy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>we purify APCs, activate them in-vitro against tumor-associated antigens and inject them into the patient.&nbsp; They will activate a specific immune response against the tumor&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how are oncolytic viruses used for active immunotherapy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""These viruses <b>selectively infect and kill tumor </b>cells which express receptors for virus entry.&nbsp;<br>Moreover, the death of cancer cells will lead to the release of alarmin and of tumor-derived antigens, which can activate the immune system by <b>immunogenic cell death.&nbsp;<br></b><img src=""paste-9abe2bb36b3c9c62421bee6a2b2dc99e5254977a.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are used to&nbsp;<b>decrease immunosuppression and tolerance.&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the two signals needed for activation of T-cell when in contact with an APC? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We need the TCR- MHC+peptide binding, together with the interaction of co-stimulatory molecules that can be inhibitory or activating. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are some problems with immune checkpont inhibitors? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Not all patients respond to the therapy</li><li>Side effects&nbsp;</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>high<u><i> amount of inflammation</i></u>, because the immune system is greatly boosted&nbsp;</li><li><u><i>autoimmune reactions</i></u> can be observed in patients&nbsp;</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"In what type of tumors are immune checkpoint inhibitors more useful?&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""In <b>hot tumors</b>, where there is a high level of infilitrating leukocytes and of T cells.&nbsp; (in cold tumors efficiency is very much reduced) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is an assessment that is done before adminstering immune checkpoint inhibitors? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""we check whether a tumor is highly mutated and thus expresses molecules that can be recognized by T cells as non-self <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do we prevent the pro-tumor action of TAMS (tumor associated macrophages)? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>monoclonal antibody directed against <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">M-CSF receptor </span>in order to try to block the activity of <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">M-CSF</span>, a growth factor which is important for survival of macrophages&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can we do to stimulate M-1 macrophages (anti-tumoral)? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We can use <b>IFN-Gamma</b> to polarize macrophages into M1 macrophages <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we prevent monocyte recruitment to tumor sites? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>Monoclonal antibodies against CCL-2,</b> an important molecule for recruitment of monocytes.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does mucosal immunology study? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>Mucosal immunology explains how the immune system responds at the sites where pathogen and allergens can enter.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is one important component of the mucosal immune system? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""MALT - Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, made of secondary lymphoid organs associated to mucosal tissue <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we subdivide MALT? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>NALT (Nasal associated lymphoid tissue)</li><li>BALT (Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue)</li><li>GALT (Gut associated lymphoid tissue)</li><li><img src=""paste-fca3a36a956551e6ceafe3b788c663dbcd03b783.jpg""><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is NALT and what are its components? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">NALT </span>(<span style=""font-style: italic;"">nasal associated lymphoid tissue</span>) consists of the lymphoid tissue of <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Waldeyer’s pharyngeal ring </span>(including the adenoids and the paired palatine tonsils) and the <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">scattered isolated lymphoid follicles </span>(ILFs) in the nasal mucosa.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is BALT? Does everyone have it? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">BALT </span>(<span style=""font-style: italic;"">bronchus associated lymphoid tissue</span>) present generally only in children or in people with ongoing inflammatory response like smokers, it is an inducible tissue.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is GALT? WHat makes it up? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">GALT </span>(<span style=""font-style: italic;"">gut associated lymphoid tissue</span>) characterized by the <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Peyer’s patches </span>(primarily in the small intestine) and <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">isolated lymphoid follicles </span>(in the large intestine)&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are Peyer's patches? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div>group of well-organized lymphoid follicles located in the&nbsp;lamina propria&nbsp;and submucosa of the distal portion of the small intestine</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the difference between Peyer's Patches and mesenteric lymph nodes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Peyer's patches are directly exposed to antigens, while in the&nbsp; lymph node the antigen arrives through afferent lymphatics. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Activation of cells in lymph node pathway&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>the antigen coming from the <b>afferent lymphatic</b> binds follicular dendritic cells in the follicle,</li><li>DCs activate the<b>&nbsp;T cells that interact</b> with the B cells</li><li>Once the cells are activated, they <b>exit from the efferent lymphatic</b> and from the thoracic duct reach the circulation.&nbsp;</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Activation of Peyer's Patches Pathway&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>the cells from the external world enter from the follicle associated epithelium into the <b>subepithelial dome and then encounter B and T cells.</b> Once the B cells are activated, they exit from the efferent lymphatic&nbsp;&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-37790a5d0d864ec15d3bf513aa93b232e99b3403.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Also called SILT, it is lymphoid tissue present in the large intestine. They enlarge when in presence of a pathogen&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is Waldeyer's ring? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""A ring made by adenoids, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils that can capture and eliminate pathogens. It makes up NALT<br><img src=""paste-2acff1719377251084d5321f9c0115af3bf9f7eb.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we subdivide GALT? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>programmed tissues (always present): <b>Mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's pathers (SI), colonic pathes (LI)</b></li><li>Inducible tissues: only present in case of need: <b>isolated lymphoid follicles</b></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do Peyer's patches develop? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they develop from lymphoid tisues inducer cells (LTIs)&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a difference between PP and NALT? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""NALT is inducible while PP are programmed. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is one of the most important function of the mucosal immune system? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is to produce IgAs, specifically at the lefel of Peyer's patches and the mesenteric lymph node. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does the production of IgAs depend on? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It depends on the presence of T cells and B cells. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is needed in order to have the production of immunoglobulins A in the DNA? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""We need rearrangements of the IgH locus, and we need the VDJ region to be coupled with the C alpha region (constant reion of IgA). This leads to production of IgA only and no IgMs (usually coupled to VDJ).&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-a3ebf9235f4e461fea9683ff334308788a71b3b7.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are two types of IgAs we can find? (in terms of genes transcribed) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They can be secreted (alpha s in the chain) or membrane bound (alpha m in the chain).&nbsp;<br><img src=""paste-016ecf6c620926da7c2748ef39a0430156cbc678.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Which cells need IgAs on their surface? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Memory cellls, since they need to be activated by the antigen so that they can proliferate and differntiate into plasma cells&nbsp; to produce immunoglobulins. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the T cell dependent IgA class switching pathway? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""A pathway through which T cells produce <b>TGF-Beta</b>&nbsp; and bind the TGF-Beta responsive element on B cellls that causes the C-alpha region to be transcribed.&nbsp;<br>(this only happens if we <u><i>also have CD40L from T cell binding to the B cell)</i></u><br><img src=""paste-7f6fa49d68867a0fed6e2231d46073562276fff6.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the T cell <b>IN</b>dependent IgA class switching pathway? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The first effector is still the activation of the responsive element for TGF-ß, which comes from an&nbsp;<b>APC instead of a T cell.&nbsp;</b></div><div>The second signal comes from <b>BAFF (B cell activating factor)</b>, a protein produced by intestinal endothelial cells that induces the trascription of enzymes required from class switching.&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-08d3a168f7dcf61f8b76df04334a6fcc8aa5cd0a.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Why is activating IgA production in peyer's patches ""easy""? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Because we already have the antigen, the T cell, the dendritic cells and B cells all present, which means we can activate both pathways.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a phenomenon that happens in Payer's Patches especially when there is T cell dependent activation? What happens in T cell indep? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<u><b>Somatic hypermutation</b></u>, where there are a series of mutation efents of the complementary region generating <b>very high affinity IgAs for the antigen.<br>In T cell indep, lower affinity.</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What can be one problem related to intestinal contents for IgAs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is rich of proteases which could degrade it. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the two mechanisms used by IgAs to&nbsp; overcome degradation in the intestine? (long) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><b>Creation of secretory IgAs that are dimeric</b>, made of two monomeric IgAs coupled together by the J chain. They are then bound by the poly Ig receptor (pIgR), which translocates them from the basal to the luminal membrane together with part of the pIgR that can protect it from degradation.</li><li><b>Isotype forms.</b> We have two isotypes IgA1 and IgA2, which have difference in the Hinge region. IgA2 lacks a sequence of AA that is the cleavage site for IgA1 and is thus more resistant. We will thus have more IgA1s in the plasma and IgA2s in the mucosa.</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do we generate dimeric IgAs that can resist intestinal degradation? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<b>They are&nbsp;</b>made of two monomeric IgAs coupled together by the J chain. They are then bound by the <b>poly Ig receptor (pIgR),</b> which translocates them from the basal to the luminal membrane together with part of the pIgR that can protect it from degradation.<br><img src=""paste-92f948def1b484c4b8a8af09a755dc982386f0f5.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Explain the difference between the two isotypes of IgAs and why one is more resistant in the intestine <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>We have two isotypes IgA1 and IgA2, which have difference in the <b>Hinge region</b>. IgA2 lacks a sequence of AA that is the <b>cleavage site for</b> IgA1 and is thus more resistant. <u><b>We will thus have more IgA1s in the plasma and IgA2s in the mucosa.</b></u><br></div><div><img src=""paste-733e0559cb1a01fefb7a56239858565ce6435909.jpg""><u><b><br></b></u></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are B1 cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>B1 cells </b>come from the fetal liver and the omentum and go in the peritoneal and pleural cavity, they are involved in !!!<b><u><i>innate immunity!!!</i></u></b> by producing <u><b>Natural IgM antibodies and undergo T cell independent IgA class switching</b></u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are B2 cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>B2 cells </b>come directly from the bone marrow and go to lymphoid organs, and are involved in <u><b>acquired immunity</b></u> by producing high affinity antibodies&nbsp;<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the functions of IgAs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Most of their function is about <i><u><b>neutralization of microbes so they cannot enter tissues.</b></u></i> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is one typical characteristic of IgAs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is the fact that they bind several microorganism, since they affinity for molecules than are shared by more than one (such as LPS for all gram - bacteria) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a function of IgAs important for the microbiota? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are involved in binding microbes to the mucous, and this allows microbiota to not be constantly eliminated. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How do IgAs favor B cell response? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>After <i>neutralization of the microbe</i>, they allow <span style=""font-weight: 700;""><u>controlled</u> internalization</span>. Internalization induces binding to APCs to have antigen presentation and initiation of B cell response. This is a way of inducing high affinity antibodies without the risk of the bacteria of being dangerous.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we exaplain the <b>presence of IgAs in breast milk?</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is a way to <b>protect newborns form microbes</b>, since he is suddenly exposed to a lot of them right after birth. It also helps in microbiota control (formula-fed babies have less controlled microbiota). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What happens if we have selective IgA deficiency? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>IgA deficiencies are mainly asymptomatic because IgAs are replaced by higher concentrations of other immunoglobulins.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is IgA nephropathy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>IgA nephropathy is characterized by the deposit of IgAs in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What causes IgA nephropathy? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is caused by the presence of IgAs deposit in the kidney's glomeruli due to abnormally glycosylated IgA1 in the serum leading to generation of autoantibodies. The immune complexes are deposited in the glomeruli and lead to complent activation through <i><u><b>ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY</b></u></i>&nbsp;and inflammation (Type III hypersensitivity reaction).&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can we initiate an adaptive response to an invading pathogen? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Since T cells are not able to sense the pathogen themselves, we need <b>antigen presenting cells</b> to display these antigens to them.<br>B cells, however, can sense the antigen themselves.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What do ACPs do when they need to activate T cells? What do different T cells do after? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""APCs will engulf the antigen and present it to T cells, which can be CD8+ that willl kill the infected cells or CD4+ that will ""meet up"" with B cells activated by the same antigen. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Where do T cells and B cells ""meet""? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They meet at the level of the lymph nodes, in secondary lymphoid organs. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the functions of Antigen-presenting cells? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Dendritic cell will pick up the antigen somewhere and bring it to the lymph node, looking for a T<b> cell with the correct antigen specificity</b>.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What determines whether CD4 or CD8 cells will respond to a pathogen? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It depends on if the pathogen is extracellular or intracellular.<br>Extra = MHC2 and CD4,&nbsp;<br>Intra: MHC1 and CD8 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What defence strategy is used against viruses and why? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Viruses are intracellular pathogens, so inside the cell they will encounter MHC I molecules which activate CD8 T cells. The cytotoxic T cells will kill the infected cells <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What defence strategy is used against extracellular pathogen and why? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Extracellular pathogens will be presented by MHC class II cells which will activate CD4 T cells. The pathogen will be opsonized by antibodies and attacked by macrophages. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Why do we interpret tissues from other people as pathogenic? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>MHC are highly POLYMORPHIC,&nbsp;</b>meaning they change from one person to another.</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Genetics behind MHC&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There are six genes from MHC Class I (3 from each parent) and from six to eight for MHC Class II since we can have double copies. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"When do we say a donor is compatible in terms of MHC genes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""When at least 6 of the 12-14 genes are compatible.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is MHC restriction? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Our T cells needs our own MHC to work, if not present they will not have activity&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the experiment that proved MHC restriction? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>The experiment consisted in infecting a mouse with a virus, so that its T cells get activated against the virus.&nbsp;</div><div><ul><li>If you take cells Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and you try to get them to kill the infected cell of the same individual, they will kill it.&nbsp;</li><li>If there is no virus, there will obviously be no killing as there is no matching with the T cell receptor.&nbsp;</li><li>If the infected cell comes from a different individual, the <b>MHCs do not match, and you do not get any killing activity</b>, which means that the <u>T cells are restricted in their function with MHCs they recognize.</u></li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What cells express MHC I? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>The <b>antigen presenting cells</b> that need to activate the T cells.</li><li>Also <b>ALL nucleated cells</b>, any cell could potentially be infected so all cells need to readily express the MHC to be destroyed in case of potential damage</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What cells express MHC II? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><ul><li>The antigen presenting cells that need to activate the T cells.</li><li>The <b>B cells and Macrophages</b> that need ""help"" from the Helper T cells.</li></ul> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"In which part of the MHC I and MHC II molecules do we have polymorphisms? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""In the top parts of the molecules, alpha1/2 and alpha1/beta1 chains respectively.<br><img src=""paste-c141d2c8eee087a84ee58ce5560ff8d7a8443f49.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How does T cell bind MHC? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It binds it through a lock and key model that has very high specificity.<br><img src=""paste-5754105c847b1383341fd88674897adec237c115.jpg""> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How many peptides can each MHC present? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Only 1, bound through non-covalent bond. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How can one cell present more than one antigen at a time? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <ul><li><div>You have many copies of MHC molecules per cell, that will present anything that they will find inside the cell.&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are immunodominant peptide epitopes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are parts of a protein (epitope) that is more immunogenic than the rest, causing a bigger immune response. -→&nbsp;<b>Immunodominance<br></b><img src=""paste-e1c609f416e6464175df9b4f816649af382ef287.jpg""><b>&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"When is it relevant to figure out the immunodominant epitope? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""When we are making vaccines, so antibodies can be produced for that epitope.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are superantigens? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are peculiar antigens that bind to MHCII and TCR without processing and presentation and stimulate a large number of T cells.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are some important superantigens? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Bacterial toxins mainly produced by Gram + organisms such as S. aureus and S. pyogenes that lead to toxic shock syndrome.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Do superantigens bind MHC and T cells at normal binding sites? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""No, they bind outside the normal binding site. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"MHC I peptide processing and presentation&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Intracellular pathogen's proteins get degraded by the proteasome into smaller peptides</li><li>These smaller peptides get into the ER from the cytosol</li><li>At the level of the ER we have the assembly of the MHC1-peptide complelx</li><li>MHC-1 is exocytosed out of the membrane where it can interact with the <b>CD8 T cells.</b></li><li><b><img src=""paste-830d46fbfc8dd05269258eab2e11ee3b8cdcc083.jpg""><br></b></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"MHC II antigen processing <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>An extracellular antigen will be phagocytosed and processed at the level of the endosome/lysosome complex</li><li>Smaller peptides obtained from lysosomal degradation will fuse with MHC II molecules that get transported to the endosome</li><li>The MHC II - peptide complex is formed in the vesicles</li><li>The complex is expressed on the cell surface to activate CD4 T cells</li><li><img src=""paste-acae988863dfb05715d8c2d4217414007ce71a4c.jpg""><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How do we prevent MHCII to bind proteins that it shouldnt at the level of the ER where it is synthesized? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""There is the presence of an invariant chan that keeps the class 2 molecule binding site occupied until it reaches the right compartment (endosome). At that point, it is <u>unloaded and allowed to bind the correct peptide from the outside.</u> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are parasites? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Parasites </span>are creatures that can <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">exploit other creatures without bringing any benefits </span>to them.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are two types of parasites? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Endoparasites and Ectoparasites&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe endoparasites <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they live inside the body, and they include protozoa, worms and lead to sleeping sickness and malaria&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe ectoparasites <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They are external and are attached to us and vive on the skin or hair.<br>They are <b>arthropods</b> and include insects and spiders&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are the characteristics of insects? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div><b>Insects</b>: <i><u>6 legs</u></i>, body is divided in <b>3 segments</b>, compound eye. Examples of insects are <b>mosquitoes, flies, fleas, lice</b>.&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the most important deadly tropical disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Malaria. It needs to be diagnosed rapidly since it can kill the patient in a short time.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the 4 types of malaria parasites that infect humans? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Plasmodium falciparum</li><li>P. vivax</li><li>P. ovale</li><li>P. malariae</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe plasmodium falciparum <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""most important and dangerous parasite that causes malaria <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe P. vivax and P. ovale&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they cause malaria but infect only&nbsp;<b>reticulocytes</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"desciribe P. malariae <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""causes 1% of all malarias, it can attack old RBCs only. It can lead to glomeruloneprhitis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the host for the malaria parasite? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Female mosquitoes (anopheles) are the host&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do you get infected by malaria parasites? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""female mosquitos <b>inject anticoagulant under the skin</b> before they take blood, and if infected they also inject malarian sporozoites into the bloodstream of the victim. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do malaria sporozoites do after they enter the circulation? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they reapidly reach the liver (about half an hour) and infect hepatocytes and start proliferating.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what happens after the sporozoite stage at the level of the liver? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>From 1 sporozoite you can develop almost 1.0000 new cells, reaching <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">liver merozoite stages (this takes about a week)&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what comes after the liver merozoite stage in malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the parasites spreads to RBCs where the parasite starts multiplying exponentially&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do RBCs form in capillaries after they are infected? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>RBCs start accumulating inside capillaries, attach to each other and to endothelial cells, causing the formation of <span style=""font-weight: 700;""><u>rosettes</u>&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a ""rosette"" made by RBCs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>&nbsp;Rosettes are characterized by one infected cell in the middle and non-infected cells surrounding the infected one.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do merozoites present in RBCs develop? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""gametocytes: both the female and male germs of the parasite are present so that they end up in another mosquito that bites us. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"In what organ of the mosquito does fertilization and oocyte development happen? Where does further development continue? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>fertilization and oocyte development inside the gut of the mosquito, while durther development to sporozoites is in the salivary glands of the mosquito.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are all the ways to get infected with malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""mosquito buites, blood transfusions or injection of someone else's contaminated blood. there is also mother-fetus transmisssion through the placenta. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why is malaria particularly bad for pregnant women? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the parasite can infect the placenta and destroy it. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can be reservoires for the disease? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""people that carry parasites in their blood without symptoms, since they can transmite the parasite to mosquitoes which then infect other people.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is another virus that mosquitoes carry? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Zika virus (yellow fever) and dengue. They need to be distinguished clinically for treatment&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Zika virus (yellow fever) and dengue. They need to be distinguished clinically for treatment&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""what is another virus that mosquitoes carry? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what fever is typical of malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Recurrent fever every two days for plasmodium falciparum, vivax and ovale. We get fever every 3 days for p. malarie&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a parasitic form present in P. vivax and ovale? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Hypnozoite, a sleeping form present in the liver that may reactivate weeks or months later. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"How is the diagnosis of malaria made? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Diagnosis of malaria is made through a blood smear and microscopy analysis, by taking blood from the fingertip.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does the malaria parasite look under the microscope? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>In the case of <span style=""font-weight: 700; font-style: italic;"">P. falciparum</span>, they <span style=""font-weight: 700;"">look like compact rings which do NOT increase the size of RBCs.&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the shape at gametocye stage of the malaria parasite? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are halpoid and with a sickle-lke shape.&nbsp;&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Size of P. vivax&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""bigger than P. falciparum, increases the size of RBCs <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some complications of malaria <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>&nbsp;if more than 5% of RBCs are infected, you are at risk of severe disease and may die as a consequence.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what may happen in the liver and spleen after malaria infection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>phagocytes try to remove these infected cells, but this may lead to <b>hepatosplenomegaly</b> and the formation of <b>rosettes</b>.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is the incubation time of malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""The incubation time is usually about 2 weeks in P. vivax and falciparum, 3-4 weeks in P. ovale and malariae. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are symptoms of malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The symptoms include fever attacks (up to 41 °C), accompanied by chills and shivering.</div><div>&nbsp;If we have RBC hemolysis, we may have a cytokine storm with fever and weakness.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Blood exams results during malaria&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>reduction in the number of intact RBCs, increase in lactate dehydrogenase and free hemoglobin released from RBCs. You also have leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased CRP due to inflammatory response.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why is it important to distinguish malaria species in the lab? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is important since they feature different drug resistance&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"4 lab procedures used to diagnose malaria <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Thin blood smear</li><li>Thick blood smear</li><li>Detection of antigens in blood</li><li>Detection of antibodies&nbsp;</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Thin blood smear for malaria diagnosis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> one drop of blood from the fingertip is put between two glass slides, <i><u>dried, fixed, and stained with malaria stains</u></i>. This is the basic method that allows for detection of <b>high levels</b> of parasites.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Thick blood smear for malaria diagnosis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div>you do not spread the drops but let it dry and lyse RBCs.</div><div> it is used if the number of parasites are low and you can only make the diagnosis if you concentrate the sample.&nbsp;</div><div><ol> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"detection of malaria antigens inblood <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""rapid tests for antigens can be used but they are less sensitive&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"detection of antibodies for malaria diagnosis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> it is not useful for acute diagnosis since formation of Abs takes time, howver it can be used to diagnose it after a fever attack.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"treatment for malaria <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""quinine is effective in 95% of cases to treat malaria but may lead to hypertension of hypoglycemia. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"prophylaxis for malaria <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""a combination of drugs is taken to avoid contracting the diseases/ Moreover, you need to use bed nets with insecticides to avoid getting bit by anopheles mosquitos&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"do we develop immunity malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""we get antibody-mediated immunity that attack the parasite, that then activate complement or phagocytes.<br>however, they have resistance mechanism and it doesnt always work.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"which age range is more at risk for developing malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Children of age 1-5 are at highest risk.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"which stages of the parasites' life cycle are we trying to target with vaccines? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""All three:<br><ol><li>Sporozoite</li><li>Merozoite</li><li>Gametocyte&nbsp;</li></ol><img src=""paste-764baa69f59be83b75506dca479912454cf74605.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Vaccine against malaria sporozoite <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""IT WOULD be a good target since we only have a small number of them swimming freely in blood.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Vaccine against malaria merozoites <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is the second stage and the parasites are inside RBCs, so it is harder&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Vaccine against malaria gametocytes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""This is a good target since they are not high in number, but they are hard to target <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Whatis the name of the avaialble malaria vaccination? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Mosquirix, used for children between 5-17 months old and offerts 50% protection against malaria.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What does mosquirix target? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>This vaccine is based on the CSP protein of sporozoite, which is a coating protein on the surface of the sporozoite. It is coupled to Hepatitis B surface antigens&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Why isnt the malaria vaccine effective? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>1. The vaccine is <u>not sufficiently immunogenic</u><br> 2. <b>Antigenic variation</b> on parasite surface (you would need to select a collection of proteins, rather than just one)<br> 3. <b>Pre-existing antibodies</b> may neutralize CSP<br> 4. Malaria sporozoites avoid damage by complement&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is another idea for a vaccine against malaria? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""IT is actually to find a vaccine against mosquitoes, which would neutralize the complement inhibitors used to prevent activation of our complement system inside of them which would cause their death. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one way we classify protozoa? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""by the way they move around&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"classification of protozoa based on movement <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Amoebas</li><li>Flagellates</li><li>Ciliates</li><li>Sporozoan (Apicomplexa)</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe amoebas <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the cells are very mobile and they look like macrophages or neutrophils. they easily move around and get into tisues&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe entamoeba histolytica <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>it is a pathogenic intestinal amoeba: it has a toxin, called <b>amoebapore</b>, that can destroy human epithelial cells in the intestine, and therefore it can invade into tissues&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the main locatoin where we find entamoeba histolytica? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the liver <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the main disease caused by entamoeba histolytica <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""colitis, often bloody&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe ecanthamoeba sp. and naegleria sp.&nbsp; (of amoebas) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are brain digesting amoebas that reach the brain and cause meningoencephalitis.&nbsp;<br>Acanthamoeba causes eye infections&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are ciliates? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are parasites that move thanks to cilia. not very relevant for humans disease <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are sporozoan/apicomplexa? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""parasites that are not very motile, but may have other formes that are more motile (such as sphorozoites of Malaria, taken around by host cells).&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some examples of sporozoan(apicomplexa)? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Plasmodium, toxoplasma, cryptosporidium.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <div>Entamoeba histolytica - how can you contract it?</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>can get by eating <b>contaminated food</b> like salads, fruits, even from ice-cream, raw meats, cold cuts, mayonnaise, sea food.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Two forms of entamoeba histolytica? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>in the acute stage it has a <u><b>trophozoite</b></u> form, which is the living and adult form of this parasite&nbsp;</li><li> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div>After some time in the intestines, the parasite assumes a <u><b>cyst form</b></u>, which is tolerant to environmental conditions&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div></li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"difference between entamoeba histolytica and dispar? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>Entamoeba dispar</b> cannot be distinguished from that of <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> morphologically but dispar <b>doesn't phagocytize cells</b>.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the first symptoms of entamoeba histolytica? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it starts as a <b>mild diarrhea</b>, which then develops into <b>bloody diarrhea and colitis.&nbsp;</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"other symptoms of entamoeba histolytica infection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""fatigue, headaches, abscess in the liver. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"diagnostic tools for entamoeba histolytica <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>2-3 stool samples that are put in 10% formalin, which will fix the cysts or polyvinyl alcohol that will fix trophozoites.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can you treat amoebiasis by entamoeba histolytica? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""you can get metronidazole which is effective against anaerobic protozoa <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the most relevant interstinal protozoa? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Entamoeba histolytica</li><li>Giardia lamblia</li><li>Dientamoeba fragilis</li><li>Cryptosporidium parvum</li><li>Cyclospora cayetanensis</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what part of the GI does entamoeba histolytica infect? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""large intestine and stomac&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are some structural characteristics of giardia? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>has flagella and also sucking plates on the bottom part of its body, with which it can coat the small intestine so that it is <b>not able anymore to absorb food, proteins, vitamins..&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one consequence of giardia infection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>malnutrition in young children since it blocks absorption of nutrients&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"in what form is giardia transmitted? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""in the cyst form, which forms when the parasite moves to the colon.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we get infected with giardia? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""through contaminated food and water <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"symptoms of giardia <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""pain in the upper abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"treatment for giardia <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""metronidazole. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"diagnosis for giardia <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Diagnosis is done based on the presence of parasites in stools or ELISA test for Gardia-antigen&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"symptoms of dientamoeba fragilis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The infection can be symptomless or present symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and even <b>eosinophilia</b><br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <div>Cryptosporidium parvum - description<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""sporozoan parasite that infects intestinal epithelial cells&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cyce of Cryptosporidium parvum <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""sporozoites infect cells and develop into merozoites and them gametocytes, whichh get fertilized and generate new sporozoites that spread to other cells&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>watery diarrhea and abdominal pain&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"diagnosis of C. parvum <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>antibodies that have fluorescent labels, or with Ziehl-Neelsen staining (tuberculosis staining)&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <div>Cyclospora cayetanensis<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>small protozoan, very similar to cryptosporidium. It causes <b>prolonged and repeated diarrhea (2-6 weeks)&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"general diagnostic tests for interstinal parasites <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>There's a basic test that is commonly used for diagnosis and detection of intestinal parasites, called <b>‘F-para</b>’&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe F-para test&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""samples of stools are taken three times on consecutive days and these are then looked at fixed in 10% formalin <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"which are protozoa that invade tissues? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li><b>Leishmania</b></li><li><b>Trypanosoma brucei&nbsp;</b>(sleeping sickness)</li><li><b>Trypanosoma cruzi</b></li><li><b>Toxoplasma gondii&nbsp;</b></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe leishmania + transmission <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Leishmania is a flagellated parasite that is transmitted by sand flies&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"3 types of leishmania <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>Cutaneous Leishmaniasis </div> </li> <li> <div>- &nbsp;Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis </div> </li> <li> <div>- &nbsp;Visceral leishmaniasis&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are sand flies? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> small flies that suck blood and simultaneously inject the <b>promastigotes</b> of these Leishmania parasites through the skin.<br><ol> </ol></div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do leishmania parasites do once they are inside the body? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> they revert into the <b>amastigote</b> form (when their flagella are taken in) and then they can settle down inside cells and can multiply.&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"carriers for leishmania <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""dogs and rodents, sand flies get parasites from them and transmit them to humans.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"cutaneous leishmaniasis - typical leson <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> round lesion that does not heal. It then causes necrosis in the central part, and the parasites move around from this central part to the outer edges of these lesions&nbsp;<img src=""paste-8fcb9b890cf5cc756fc3cd34b3f88274bfc3d162.jpg""><br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can happen at the level of the cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it can get a secondary infection by staphylococcus of group A streptococcus. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does the leishmaniasis lesion need to be distinguished from? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""fungal infections, atypical mycobacterium infection and skin cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one characetristic of visceral leishmaniasis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>kala-azar:&nbsp; black spots on the skins of the patients.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we get visceral leishmaniasis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""sand flies, but also organ transplant or dirty needles. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"mucocutaneous leishmaniasis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""infection of the skin often in face and in the nose.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we detect leishmaniasis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""through skin biopsies or PCR and antibody test.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can we find inside macrophages during microscopy due to&nbsp; leishmania infection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""amastigotes, very small round structure typical of leishmania.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"treatment for leishmaniasis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> amphotericin B, which is a fairly toxic&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we prevent leishmaniasis? 2 <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> you can use insecticides and bed nets that contain insecticides to avoid sand flies<br><ol> </ol></div><div>you can also use special collar for dogs since they are reservoirs for the infection</div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"vaccine for leishmaniasis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> Vaccination for humans doesn't exist&nbsp;<br><ol> </ol></div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe trypanosomes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""big parasites that live freely in blood. Two major forms are T. brucei and T. cruzi&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"which disease do trypanosomes cause? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ul> <li> <div>Trypanosoma brucei: can cause sleeping sickness in Africa. </div> </li> <li> <div>- &nbsp;Trypanosoma cruzi: can cause Chagas disease (cardiac or muscle disease) in Latin America.&nbsp;</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what transmits trypanosomiasis? what is the reservoir? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""tse-tse flies (T.brucei) and kissing bugs (T. Cruzi), humans&nbsp; are the reservoirs.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does T. brucei cause? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>meningoencephalitis, which is very difficult to treat and often deadly.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the life cycle of trypanosomes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>Trypanosomes take a few days to multiply in the <b>skin</b> and then they enter the <b>blood circulation</b> and go to the <b>lymph nodes</b>, where they generate an enlarged lymph node -usually just one in the local area-, then they reach the <b>spleen</b>, the <b>liver</b> and then finally, the central <b>nervous system,</b> where the main and most severe symptoms come from (symptoms are <i>sleepiness, fatigue and headache</i>).&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why is T. brucei pathogenic? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>t can escape the human immune system quite efficiently, it can change its surface coat by switching <u>1000 surface glycoproteins.&nbsp;&nbsp;</u></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can de diagnose T. brucei? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li><b>extracellular parasites</b> can be detected in <b>blood</b>, also in the <b>cerebrospinal fluid </b>in the bone marrow, or in the <b>lymph nodes</b> that have become enlarged.&nbsp;</li><li>we can detect antitrypanosoma antibodies</li><li>PCR&nbsp; to identifiy subspecies (T. brucei or T cruzi)</li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does T. cruzi cause? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""&nbsp;Chagas disease <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what spreads T. cruzi? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""kissing bugs, which at night suck blood and defecate in the area of the bite.&nbsp;<br>parasites are present in their stools and enter through scratching. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does T. cruzi target? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>striated muscle, heart muscle and smooth muscles: inside the muscles, then they develop into amastigotes forms.<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does T. cruzi eventually lead to? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>myocarditis and death due to chronic inflammation and activation of the immune sstem&nbsp;</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how is trichomonal vaginalis transmitted? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>sexually transmitted disease&nbsp;<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a structural characteristic of trichomonas vaginali? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The parasite has one flagellum at one end and four flagella at the front<br> part of the cell.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does trichomonas vaginalis cause? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ul><li>It causes <b>vaginitis</b> in women, while in men it is often symptomless, but men can transmit the disease</li></ul> </div><div><br><br></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis infection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>secretion of a smelly greenish-yellowish fluid. (can be used to distinguish from candida, that has whitish secretion).<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we detect trichomonas vaginalis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""analyze the secretions at the microscope looking for rotating parasites,&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what spreads toxoplasma gondii? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>cats, which secrete infective oocysts into their stools while having their primary infections.&nbsp;</li><li>uncooked meat.</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"acute infection symptoms of toxoplasmosis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> flu-like illness, fever and some lymphadenopathy&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed individuals <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it can lead to encephalitis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cycle of toxoplasma gondii (oocysts) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><b>infected oocysts</b> secreted by cat (main hosts) in their stools can end up by <b>hands</b> or from the ground into an host</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cycle of toxoplasma gondii (tissue cysts) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div>eating meat that is contaminated by Toxoplasma.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe toxoplasma tissue cysts <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>they live in the muscles of cattle, pigs or sheep and then if the meat is not properly cooked or cured you can get infected.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What are helminths? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are parasitic worms that infect humans.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the three categories of helminths? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Tapeworms (cestodes), which as flatworms</li><li>Flukes (trematoda)</li><li>Roundworms (nematoda)</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where do flukes live? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they live inside blood vessels. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are the symptoms for&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Diphyllobothrium latum</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>in small quantities it does not cause much problems, but if there are many of them or if there is a longstanding infection, they can lead to a vitamin <b>B12 deficiency and macrocytic anemia.&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"diagnosis for&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Diphyllobothrium latum</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>putting stool samples put in 10% formalin to look for EGGS.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the treatment for tapeworms? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Niclosamide&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"anatomy of&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Diphyllobothrium latum</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>worms are 3 to 10 m long and live in the small intestine</li><li>they are <b>hermaphrodite</b>&nbsp;</li><li>they have a <b>head</b> (scolex) and a <b>sucker</b> that attach to the intestine keeping it in place</li><li>it has a <b>neck</b> followed by the 10m long worm that is segmented.</li><li>each segment has male and female secual organs that releases eggs&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where do eggs from&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Diphyllobothrium latum end up?</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""after being released together with feces, they go back into <b>hypoosomotic watery environments</b> like lakes where larvae of the <b>parasites</b> start swimming with their cilia. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cycle of&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Diphyllobothrium latum</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li><b>Crustaceans</b> in lakes eat up the larvae;</li><li>Larvae mature into crustaceans and then small fish will eat the contaminated crustaceans;</li><li>larvae move to muscles of the small fish;</li><li>a <b>bigger fish </b>eats up the contaminated small fish getting infectde by the larvae, and then the human will eat the bigger fish and get contaminated.</li><li><img src=""paste-29bf839c8fdc15a84e6fabe6aedc2f83aa3508c1.jpg""><br></li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we diagnose D. latum? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>eggs are large, 50 micrometers in diameters, and have a lid that can be observed under the microscope and can be artificially opened in the lab<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">what is Cysticercosis&nbsp;</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>disease caused by pork and cow tapeworms&nbsp; characterized by the presence of larvae (cysticerci) in various organs such as the muscles, brain, and skin.</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"most common worm causing cysticercosis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Tenia solium (pork tapeworm). <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where is the final destination of T. solium? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the brain, where it will leave after it dies after going through intestine, liver and muscles.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Life cycle of T. solium <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Eggs are present in the grass, where pigs eat theml</li><li>Larvae migrate out of the eggs in the intestine, they reach muscles or other organs to form cysts;</li><li>Cysts may grow into adult worms and will then lay eggs;</li><li>Humans will get infected with the eggs, which hatch and larvae can migrate in the human body to liver, brain, muscles.</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700; font-style: italic;"">what disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus ?</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It causes echinococcosis, due to cysts of the parasite being deposited in the liver. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"anatomy of&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Echinococcus granulosus</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is very small and only has 3 segments in the adult form. Larvae are small with hooks and we can only observe cysts under the microscope.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is another name for echinococcosis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Hydatidosis since the cyst is called hydatid cyst and the larva hydatid sand.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Which animals carry&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Echinococcus granulosus?</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""usually dogs carry the adult parasite <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cycle of&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Echinococcus granulosus</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""dogs carry the adult parasite, they defecate the <b>eggs</b> that are eaten by pigs , horses and <b>sheep</b> where cysts will form in their muscles. Humans may get infected either by eggs in the stool or by eating contaminated meet.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"characteristic of cysts by&nbsp;<span style=""font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"">Echinococcus granulosus</span> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they can grow quite large, about the size of a fist with a thick fribotic capsule. it needs to be removed without rupturing to avoid strong IgE response in peritoneum. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is another more dangerous form of echinococcosis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the one caused by&nbsp;<i><b>Echinococcus multilocularis.&nbsp;</b></i>&nbsp;it can generate multiple lesions inside the cysts and can grow in a metastatic way as well. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the most important infection caused by flukes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Schistosomiasis by schistosomes, it is the most important worm infection in humans. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 species of schistosomes causing schistosomiasis and where do they live <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div><ol><li><span style=""font-style: italic;""><b>S. mansoni</b> </span>lives in the portal vein and other large veins around the intestine to have access to food.&nbsp;</li><li><span style=""font-style: italic;""><b>S. hematobium</b> </span>lives in the veins around the urinary bladder.&nbsp;</li></ol></div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where is schistosomiasis contracted from? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>the disease is contracted from sweet, stagnant water&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where do adult schistosomes live and what do they produce? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Adult worms live in blood vessels and produce many eggs that migrate to the intestines or urinary bladder, where they are dropped into waters;</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what do eggs of schistosomes secreted into water do? what happens after? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>eggs open their lids and the&nbsp;<b>miracidium of the parasite</b>&nbsp;swims out and ends up in&nbsp;<b>SNAILS</b></li><li>then,&nbsp;<b>cercarias</b>&nbsp;develop which are able to attach to swimmers in the lake and enter through the skin into blood vessels;</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is Katayama fever <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""intermediate illness cause by schistosomes in the lungs with eosinophilia, increased IgEs and coughing. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"shape of schistosomes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are U-shaped and the female lives inside the male.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"dimensions of schistosomes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>They are 1-2 cm long, females live within males but they can separate when not mating.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is used to diagnose schistosomiasis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Katayama fever is a diagnostic sign, eggs in stool and urine&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what symptoms does Schistosomiasis lead to? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>destruction of tissues around the intestines, in the liver and spleen, causing <b>hepatosplenomegaly</b> and a <b>cirrhotic type</b> of irreversible <b>liver damage&nbsp;</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the most important nematode? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">pin worm </span>(<span style=""font-weight: 700; font-style: italic;"">Enterobius vermicularis</span>)<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"anatomy of enterobius vermicularis <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>&nbsp;2-3 cm long worm with females and males inside.&nbsp;<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where does enterobius vermicularis live <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>The worms live in the initial parts of the colon, in the appendix region;<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"when and how do enterobius vermicularis secrete eggs? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>at <b>nighttime</b>, females migrate to the <b>end</b> of the <b>intestine</b> to secrete eggs. These eggs have a glue-like substance around them to<br> <b>stick firmly on anal skin</b> and cause <b>irritation</b> there.&nbsp;<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a typical symptom of enterobius vermicularis? what does this cause? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>itching, and by scratching the <b>parasites migrate on fingertips and under the nails, and they are spread on linen and objects.</b></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cycle of enterobius vermicularis&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>Humans eat the eggs and larvae come out in the intestine.<br></div></li> <li> <div>Larvae <b>migrate all over the body</b>, ending up in the lungs, causing an inflammatory like the one in Schistosomiasis.</div> </li> <li> <div>The worms climb up to the mouth and then are swallowed back to the stomach and into the intestines where they grow in adult worms.</div> </li><li><div>&nbsp;Males and females mate and the eggs are released into the ground again.&nbsp;</div></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"where do hookworms live and what is one characteristic&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they live inside the intestines and bite the villi with their mouth leading to 1ml of blood loos a day.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"life cycle of hookworms&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>The infection occurs by <b>living larvae </b>that attach to our </div> <div>bare skin when walking barefooted on sand and grass:&nbsp;</div> </li><li><div>larvae hang on the tips of grass, <b>adhere to the skin</b> and <b>penetrate</b> it, reaching inside our body, and end up as adults in the intestine (males and females). </div></li> <li> <div>Eggs are laid on the ground or in the intestines. </div> </li> <li> <div>Eggs nurture larvae that exit on the ground, if the weather </div> <div>is warm.&nbsp;</div> </li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what causes filariasis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><span style=""font-style: italic;"">Wuchereria bancrofti ,&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-style: italic;"">Onchocerca volvulus -→ leads to onchocerciasis or river blindness</span></div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what transmits onchocerciasis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li><div><span style=""font-weight: 700;"">Simulium blackflies&nbsp;</span>bite the skin, take up blood, and inject the parasitic worms into the circulation.</div></li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do microfilaria cause blindness? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div><br></div>microfilaria cause inflammation in the eye, obstructing the corneal area and infecting the retina. -→&nbsp;<b>BLINDNESS.</b>&nbsp;<br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how do you get infected by dracunculus medinensis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div>You can get infected by walking barefoot on the ground. The larvae attach to the skin, move through it, and form nodules where worms grow bigger and bigger. The worm then creates a hole on the skin to go out.<br> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"What is a parasite? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""A parasite is an organism living <b>in or&nbsp;on&nbsp;</b>another organism. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a facultative parasite? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>able to alternate free living and parasite living </div> <div>◦ e.g. Strongyloides species.<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is an obligate parasite? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>permanent living into a host </div> <div>◦ e.g. Trichomonas species.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a spurious parasite? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>organism that parasitizes other hosts that pass through the human intestine and is detected in the stool after ingestion. It passes right through since it cannot stop</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a host in parasitology? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""the organism harboring the parasite <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a definitive host? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is a host that harbors the <b>adult</b> (final) stages or the <b>sexual stages </b>(♂♀) of parasite development. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is an intermediate host? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""harbors the larva or intermediatestages of development <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the reservoir host? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""it is a host that tolerates the infection and serves as a source of infection for another organism <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"3 main routes of transmission for parasites <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div><b>1.<span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Fecal-oral route </b>through contaminated food or water<b></b></div> <div><b>2.<span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Direct penetration</b> of mucosal membranes<b></b></div> <div><b>3.<span style=""font-weight: normal;"">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Vector mediated</b> transmission where living carriers transport a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host (such as the mosquito that transmits malaria).<b></b></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is the malaria vaccine made of? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""It is made of a fusion protein between a malaria antigen and the HBV Surface antigen, which auto assembles into capsid like protein <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"3 main groups of parasites <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Protozoa</li><li>Helminths</li><li>Arthropods</li></ol><img src=""paste-5dece7f822ce8167fd87b630e63b4e4181acc7bb.jpg""><br> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"structure of protozoa <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>Protozoa are <u>unicellular microorganism</u>, and they are of about 2<b>-200 micrometers in diameter</b>, they are facultatively anaerobic and many of them form <b>cyst</b> and they usually reproduce by <b>binary fission.</b></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"how can we calssify protozoa in medical purposes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""we can calssify them based on the organ or system they attack<br><div>·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Intestinal</b>: entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium</div> <div>·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Urogenital</b>: trichomonas vaginalis</div> <div>·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Blood and tissue:</b>&nbsp;plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, Leishmania.</div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"morphology of <u><b>trichomonas vaginalis</b></u> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Pear-shaped&nbsp;</div><div>7x10 μm<br> 1 nucleus<br> 4 flagella&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-1fa6bb13ae2819b306bdb2c8796bec41fc4a2050.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Classification of helminths&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; nematodes (roundworms) that can be intestinal of tissutal, </div> <div>·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; cestodes (tapeworms) such as taenia solium and saginata</div> <div>·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;trematodes (flukes).</div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"morphology of nematodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>All nematodes are <b>elongated, cylindrical, non-segmented organisms</b>, with a smooth cuticle and body cavity containing a digestive tract and reproductive organs.</div><div>They have bilateral symmetry.&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-c1ed1f181aceac19a8b7a66b0fcf20e6f6567ae2.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"dimensions of nematodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""from 1 cm to 1 m. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are 2 medically important classes of nematodes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ol><li>Intestinal nematodes (largets group of helminths)</li><li>Tissue nematodes</li></ol> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe cestodes&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""ribbon-shapes multi-segmented flatworms <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"2 forms of cestodes infection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li><b>mature tapeworms</b> in the gut</li><li><b>larval cysts </b>in the tissues</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"morphology of cestodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they can be from 3mm to 10 m long and they have a segmented body with 3 regions <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"regions of a cestode <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>1.Scolex (head) provided with suckers, sometime hooks. </div> <div>2.Short neck </div> <div>3.Strobila, a segmented tail made of proglottids.&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-76d0767ddb4094b7f300e86752b1f9aeae12b95f.jpg""><br></div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"sex of cestodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are hermaphroditic meaning sexes are not separated. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Most relevant cestodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""Taenia solium and taenia saginata. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"General morphology of trematodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>They have a <i>bilateral symmetry</i> and vary in length from a few millimeters to several centimeters and they posses two deep suckers from which they derive their name.&nbsp;</div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"sex of trematodes <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""They can be either hermaphroditic or exist in male and female forms, which however do not exist as independent organisms and are found paired as a <b>COPULA</b> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is a copula (trematodes) <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div><b>organization of trematodes where the body of the male completely encloses the body of the family and they live in symbiosis.&nbsp;</b></div><div><img src=""paste-9a00a4776df5aea4799d0d774f567f0b70432cd0.jpg""><b><br></b></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one characteristic of adult flukes? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Adults flukes live for decades within human tissues and vascular systems, where they resist immunologic attack&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"why are helmniths said to be masterful immunoregulators? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they are able to induce immunological tolerance of the host, which is also why carriers are often asymptomatic.&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is an epidemiologic effect of helmnith infection <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""they apparently protect against immunologic disorders&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what are distinctive features of parasitic infections? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div><ul><li>Acquired exogenously.</li><li><b>Low virurence</b> -→ severity of illness is related to the infecting dose and the number of organisms acquired over time.</li><li> Often <b>chronic</b>, lasting months to years.</li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what does the pathogenesis of parasites depend on? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<ul><li>Pathogenesis relies on:<br></li><ul><li>Toxic substances</li><li>Immunologic response</li><li>Physical obstruction and/or organ damage&nbsp;</li></ul></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"stages of pathogenesis of parasistic diseases <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <ol> <li> <div>Exposure and penetration of anatomic barriers </div> </li> <li> <div>Attachment </div> </li> <li> <div>Replication </div> </li> <li> <div>Cell and tissue damage </div> </li> <li> <div>Disruption, evasion, and inactivation of host defenses&nbsp;</div> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe exposure and penetration of parasite infection&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Oral ingestion or direct penetration through the skin or other surfaces are the most common routes, or through arthropod bites.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe attachment in parasitic infections <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>there is high tissue tropism and this depends on <b>specific adhesins</b> (surface glycoproteins), especially relevant for unicellular pathogens;</div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"Describe the replication state in parasitic infections&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Most protozoan parasites replicate <b>intracellularly</b> or <b>extracellularly</b> in the human host. </div> <div>Replication is generally <i><u>not observed</u></i> with the helminths capable of establishing human infection.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what may be an important factor in replication of parasites? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Temperature may play an important role: leishmania donovani replicates at 37 degrees and causes <i>visceral</i> leishmaniasis, while leishmania tropica replicates at 30 degrees and causes <i>cutaneous</i> leishmaniasis.&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe cell and tissue damage in parasitic infections&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""generally worms and protozoa <b>do not produce an extensive range of toxins or enzymes as do bacteria.</b> Some of them do produce hydrolytic enzymes, amebic ionophore, endotoxins and other catabolites. <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is one example of parasite that produces toxins? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>&nbsp; entamaeba histolytica produces proteinases that destroy epithelial tissues in the intestine .&nbsp;</div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"describe disruption and evasion of host defenses in parasitic infections&nbsp; <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""parasite can perform:<br><ul><li>antiggenic shift</li><li>mimicry</li><li>masking</li><li>intracellular hiding and resistance&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is antigenic shift? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div>a.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; rapid variation of expression of antigens each time the host exhibits a new humoral response.&nbsp;</div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is mimicry? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>expression of antigens that mimic host antigens<br> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what is masking? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""<div> <div> <div> <div> <div>acquisition of host molecules that conceal the antigenic sites&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what should make us suspect a parasitic infection? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""peripheral esoniophilia is typical of helminthic infection and should make us supect it immediately <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> "
"what can be tricky in making a parasitosis diagnosis? <div> <script type=""text/javascript""> function ct_click(tag) { pycmd(""ct_click_"" + tag) } function ct_dblclick(tag, deck) { pycmd(""ct_dblclick_"" + tag + ""|"" + deck) } (function(){ // numTagLevelsToShow is defined in AnKing note types if(typeof numTagLevelsToShow === 'undefined') return; var clickableTags = document.getElementsByClassName(""clickable-tag""); for (let tagElm of clickableTags){ var tag = tagElm.innerHTML; // numTagLevelsToShow == 0 means the whole tag should be shown if(numTagLevelsToShow != 0){ tag = tag.split('::').slice(-numTagLevelsToShow).join(""::""); } tagElm.innerHTML = tag; }; })(); </script> </div> ""we need to think about the <b>LIFE CYCLE</b>&nbsp;of the parasite to collect the <b>right specimen at the right time!</b><br>some specieis of filariae have