SUBJECT:
Introduction To
Dental Drugs and
Dental Surgery
1.Define sterilization.Write down the principal,advantage and disadvantage autoclave?
Definition: Sterilization is the process by which all viable microorganism including their spore are killed or
eliminated.
Principal of autoclave: Steaming at a higher than 100°c, here temperature of boiling upon the surrounding
atmospheric pressure. A higher temperature of steaming is obtained by employing a higher pressure. When
the autoclave is closed and made air tight then water starts boiling .The inside pressure increase and now
the water boils above 100°c. At 15 Ib/sq. inch pressure 1210c temperature is obtained and it is kept for 15-30
minutes for sterilization.
Advantage:
1.Efficient method to destroy micro organisms.
2.Cheap cost, so econimal to use.
3.Microbicidal, sporicidal, nontoxic
4.Prevant growth of undesirable bacteria.
5.Easy and safe to use.
Disadvantage:
1.This method damages many plastics, electronics,fibre optics and biological materials. So, check for the
instructions on the material regarding the sterilization.
2.Careful monitoring is required for measurement of water level, temperature and pressure.
3.Skilled personnel required to handle the autoclave.
4.High chances of accidents.
5.Chances of skin burning.
2.Define NSAID and classify it?Name five drugs used in pain management?
Definition: Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs is a class of analgesic medication that reduces pain,fever
and inflammation.
Classification:
A.) Non Selective COX Inhibitors
1.) Salicylates e.g.- Aspirin
2.) Propionic acid derivative e.g.- Ibuprofen, naproxen
3.) Anthranilic acid derivative e.g.- Mephenamic acid
4.) Aryl acetic acid derivative e.g.- Diclofenac
5.) Oxicam derivative e.g.- Piroxicam
6.) Pyrrole-pyrrole derivative e.g.- Ketorolac
7.) Indole derivative e.g.- Indomethacin
B.) Preferential COX-2 Inhibitor e.g.- Nimesulide
C.) Selective COX-2 Inhibitor e.g.- Celecoxib
D.) Analgesic-Antipyretics with poor anti-inflammatory action e.g.- Paracetamol,Metamizol
3.Define shock? CF of haemorrhagic shock?
Definition:Shock is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition in which the body's vital organs and
tissues do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients due to a disruption in blood flow.
CF: 1.Hypotension
2.Tachycardia
3.Cold,Clammy skin
4.Rapid,shallow respiration
5.Confusion,irritability,drowsiness
6.Oliguria
7.Reduced central nervous pressure
8.Multi-organ failure
9.Decreased urine output
10.Sweating
11.Thirst
4.What are the diseases spread during dental treatment?
1.Hepatitis-B
2.Hepatitis-C
3.Hepatitis-D
4.AIDS
5.Syphilis
6.Malaria
7.Leukemia
8.Mononucleosis
9.Kalazar
10.Candidiasis
11.Christmas disease
5.Write down the difference between antiseptic and disinfectant?
Criteria
Safety
Antiseptics
Used on living tissues (skin, mucous
membranes)
Applied topically or used for wound cleaning
Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
Lower concentration than disinfectants
Generally safe for use on skin and mucous
membranes
Time of Action
Examples
Relatively shorter contact time required
Iodine, Hydrogen peroxide
Purpose
Application
Microbial Action
Concentration
Disinfectants
Used on inanimate objects, surfaces, or
equipment
Applied via sprays, wipes, or immersion
Kill or reduce the number of microorganisms
Higher concentration than antiseptics
Can be toxic if ingested or used improperly
May require longer contact time for
effectiveness
Quaternary ammonium compounds, bleach
6.Define X-Ray.classify X ray?Write down the hazard of x-ray?
Definition: Dental X-ray is an imaging technique using X-ray radiation to capture detailed images of the teeth
and surrounding oral structures. It assists dentists in diagnosing dental conditions such as cavities, root
problems, and bone health, aiding in treatment planning and dental care.
Hazard:
1. Radiation exposure risks.
2. Concerns for pregnant women.
3. Allergic reactions are possible.
4. Misinterpretation or misdiagnosis risks.
5. Overexposure and unnecessary use.
6. Thyroid gland vulnerability.
7. Oral tissue sensitivity.
8. DNA and genetic damage.
9. Long-term cumulative effects.
10. Environmental waste impact.
7.Define pericoronitis?Write the cause and management of it?
Definition: Pericoronitis is the inflammation and infection of the gum tissue around an incompletely erupted
tooth, usually a wisdom tooth, leading to pain, swelling, and discomfort in the affected area.
Cause:
1. Partial tooth eruption
2. Poor oral hygiene
3. Impacted tooth
4. Trauma or injury
5. Food impaction
6. Gum disease
7. Bacterial infection
8. Crowded teeth
9. Genetic factors
10.Weak immune system
Management:
1.Food debris should be removed from under the gum flap by irrigation.
2. Give advice about good oral hygiene and the cleaning of the affected area.
3. Recommend warm saline water rinses to reduce inflammation.
4. Prescribe appropriate pain medication for relief.
5. Administer antibiotics if the infection is present or spreading.
6. Consider tooth extraction in severe or recurring cases after radiography.
7. Schedule follow-up visits to monitor progress.
8.Write down the cause and management of dry socket?
Definition: Dry socket is a painful condition that occurs after a tooth extraction when the blood clot in the
socket dislodges or dissolves, leaving the underlying bone and nerves exposed.
Cause:
1. Trauma or injury
2. Inadequate blood clot formation
3. Smoking or tobacco use
4. Poor oral hygiene
5. Tooth infection
Mangement:
6. Excessive use of adrenaline containing LA solution
7. Oral contraceptive
8. Hormonal factors
9. Pre-existing gum disease
10. Traumatic extraction
1.Hot saline irrigation
2. Iodoform gauze placed inside the socket.
3. Doughy mixture of zinc-oxide powder & eugenol with cotton placed over the socket and
to be kept under pressure.
4. This process will be repeated for 2-3 times
5. Antibiotic
6. Analgesic
7. Anti-ulcerate
9.Define and classify antibiotics?
Definition: It is the chemical substances that resist the growth or kill the pathogenic microorganism is called
antibiotics.
Classification:
A. According to the mechanism of action:
a. Antibiotic of cell-wall synthesis-Penicillin's
b. Inhibitors of cytoplasmic membrane function-Amphotericin-B,Mystatin
c. Inhibitor of nucliac synthesis-Rifampicin
B. According to mode of action
a. Bactericidal-penicillin
b. Bacteriostatic-Tetracycline's
C. According to spectrum activity
a. Broad spectrum-Amoxicillin
b. Narrow spectrum-Cloxacillin
10.Define vitamin.Classification of vitamin?Source and function of vitamin C?
Definition: Vitamins are essential organic compounds that are required in small amounts for the proper
functioning and maintenance of the body. They play a vital role in various physiological processes and are
obtained through diet or supplementation.
Classification:
1. Fat-soluble vitamins:
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
2. Water-soluble vitamins:
- Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- B-complex vitamins:
- Thiamine (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic acid (B5)
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- Biotin (B7)
- Folic acid (B9)
- Cobalamin (B12)
Source and function of Vitamin C:SN
11.Define drugs?Write down the common drugs used in dental surgery?
Definition: Drugs are substances that are used for medical purposes to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases,
alleviate symptoms, or alter physiological functions in the body.
Common drugs:
1.Local anesthetics: Lidocaine, Articaine, Bupivacaine
2. Analgesics: Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen,Diclofenc
3. Antibiotics: Amoxicillin, Clindamycin
4. Anti-inflammatory drugs: Dexamethasone, Prednisone
5. Sedatives: Midazolam, Diazepam
6. Antiseptic mouthwash: Chlorhexidine, Povidone-iodine
12.Mention the difference between general anesthesia and local anesthesia?
Traits
Site of action
Analgesia
L.A.
Local nerve fiber
Local
G.A.
CNS
Generalized
Consciousness
Present
Absent
Reflexes
Locally lost
Generalized lost
Muscle relaxation
Locally lost
Generalized lost
Memory
Present
Lost
Pre-anaesthetic
No need
Need
Safety
Use
Safety
Minor operation
Dangerous due toinvolvement of VNS
Major operation
13.What are the emergencies arise in dental practice?
1. Fainting
2. Acute hypoglycemia
3. Anaphylactic shock
4. Myocardial infarcation
5. Angina
6. Asthma
7. Epilepsy
8. Hemorrhage (bleeding)
14.Define OPG?Give the advantages and disadvantages of OPG?
Definition: OPG( Orthopantomogram) is a specialized dental X-ray that produces a panoramic image of the
upper and lower jaws, providing a broad view of the teeth, jawbone, and surrounding structures for
diagnostic purposes in dentistry.
Advantage:
1. Comprehensive view of the entire oral and maxillofacial region.
2. Assists in diagnosing various dental conditions.
3. Aids in treatment planning for dental procedures.
4. Time-saving for both patients and dental professionals.
5. Low radiation exposure and patient comfort.
Disadvantage:
1. Limited detail compared to other dental imaging techniques.
2. Inability to focus on specific teeth or localized areas.
3. Potential for image distortion due to patient movement.
4. Limited ability to diagnose certain dental conditions.
5. Higher cost compared to other dental X-rays.
15.Short note ANUG?
Definition:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivities is rapidly destructive, non-communicable,microbial
disease of the gingiva.
C/F:
1.S evere painful
2.Halitosis
3.Increase salivation
4.Increase temperature.
5.Insomia
6.Malaise
7.Lymph Adenopathy
8.punched out clear
9.constipation
Management:
1.Remove calculas by scaling.
2. Irrigation with H202 solution.
3. Pescribe metronidazole 200 mg 3times daily for 3 days.
4. Give advice about oral hygiene and proper way of tooth brushing
5. Mouthwash should use or warm saline water regularly.
6. Afters 2 week when acute face subsite scaling is done and remove some gingival calculus.
7. If required curratage is done.
16.Define local anesthesia ?Indication and contraindication of LA?
Definition: Local anaesthesia is a transient and reversible condition of loss of sensation in circumscribed
area of the body without impairing loss of consciousness.
Indication of local anaesthesia:
1.Extraction of teeth
2.Surgical removal of teeth
3.Episectomy
4.In case of conservative treatment (e.g. filling)
5.Minor oral surgery (e.g. small type of cyst)
6.Small type of tumour surgery
7.Periodontal surgery (e.g. Gingivectomy, operculectomy)
8.Pre-prosthetic surgery (e.g. Alveolectomy))
9.Incision & drainage of abscess
10.Pulpotomy & Pulpectomy
11.To reduce haemorrhage
Contraindication of local anaesthesia:
1.The patient with cardiovascular disease
2.The patient with hepatitis
3.The patient with hypersensitivity
4.Trismus or lock jaw
5.Partial or complete temporomandibular joint ankylosis
6.The patient with hyper thyroidism
7.In case of cervical cellulitis.
17.Write the causes of intraoral pain?
1. Dental caries (cavities)
2. Gum disease (gingivitis, periodontitis)
3. Tooth abscess
4. Dental trauma
5. Oral infections
6. Tooth sensitivity
7. Bruxism (teeth grinding)
8. Oral ulcers (canker sores)
9. Impacted wisdom teeth
10. Orthodontic treatment
11. Dry mouth (xerostomia)
12. Oral thrush (candidiasis)
13. Tooth eruption (in children)
14. Oral lesions (e.g., leukoplakia, erythroplakia)
15. Tooth fracture or cracked tooth
18.Define caries?How you will prevent of dental caries?
Definition:Dental caries is progressive bacterial damage to tooth exposed to the saliva and initiated by acid
production from bacterial plaque.
Prevention:
1. Brush twice daily with fluoride toothpaste.
2. Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth.
3. Limit sugary and acidic foods and drinks.
4. Visit the dentist regularly for check-ups.
5. Consider dental sealants for added protection.
6. Use fluoride toothpaste to strengthen enamel.
7. Maintain a balanced diet and minimize snacking.
19.Define extraction?Name the instruments use for surgical and normal extraction?
Definition:It may be defined as surgical procedence by which can remove a tooth or group of tooth from it
socket Painlessly by using appropriate local anesthesia.
Instruments: For patient examination
1. Mirror
2. Probe
3. Twizer
4. Excavetor
For extraction
1. Elevator
a) Straight elevator
b) Right angular elevator
c) Left angular elevator
d).Spon head elevator
e)Crior
f)Periosteal elevator
2.Forceps
a)Upper and lower anterior forceps
b)Upper & lower right & left premolar forceps
c)Upper and lower right and left molar forceps
d)Universal forceps
3.Syringe
4.Local anesthesia
For surgical extraction:
1.BP blade
2.BP blade handle
3.Retractor
4.Hemostats
5.Curettes
6.Needle holder
7.Scissors
8.Tissue forcesps
9.TC burs
10.Bone file
11.Root forceps
12.Root elevator
13.Needle with suture
20.Define shock?Write down the cause and management of shock?
Definition: Shock can be defined as the perfusion deficient ,which means inadequate blood supply to the
tissue to meet their metabolic requirement.
Cause:
1. Trauma
2. Hemorrhage
3. Diarrhoea
4. septicemia
5. Arrhythmia
6. Pulmonary embolism
7. Severe burns
8. Drug overdose
9. Myocardial infection
10.Rupture of heart
11.Spinal cord injury
12.Vomiting
Management: 1.Airway- i)Oxygen inhalation
ii)Tracheostomy
2.Breating-Mouthbreathing
3.Circulation-Cerebral circulation
4.Replacement by-i)Normal saline
ii)Blood transfusion
21.Define and classify sterilization?
Classifiaction:
(A) Physical
1) Heat
a) Dry heat
-Red heat
- Flamming
-Hot airs oven
b) Moist heat
- Boiling at 180°C
- steaming at love
-Autoclaving -Above
-pasteurization below 100°C
2) Radiation
- X-Ray
- ultra violet ray
(B) Chemical agent
-Detergent
- Ethyl Alcohol
- Phenol
-Halogen
(C)Filtration
-Barke Feld chamberland
-HEPA filter
22.Name 10 oral microorganisms with diseases?
1. Streptococcus mutans - Dental caries
2. Porphyromonas gingivalis - Periodontal disease
3. Candida albicans - Oral thrush
4. Streptococcus mitis-Endocarditis
5. Treponema denticola - Gum diseases
6. Fusobacterium nucleatum - Periodontal bacteria
7. Prevotella intermedia - Gum inflammation
8. Lacto Bacilli- Caries
9. Herpes simplex virus - Oral herpes
10. Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Oral cancers
23.Name 10 antibiotics used in dentistry?
1.Amoxicillin
2.Ciprofloxacillin
3.Metronidazole
4.Cephradin
5.Fluchoxacillin
5 Azithromycin
6.Clindamycin
7.Doxycycline
8.Erythromycin
9.Tetracycline
10.Vancomycin
24.Write down the indication and contraindication of IOPA?
Indication:
1.Size and shape of the teeth
2.External root resorption
3.Internal root resorption
4.Position of permanent tooth germ
5.If boon resorption present
6.If any lesion in periodontal structures
7.Pulp calcification
Contraindication: 1. Pregnancy
2. Children and infants
3. Hypersensitivity to X-ray materials
4. Uncooperative or physically compromised patients
5. Recent high radiation exposure
25.Short note: Gum bleeding (cause)
Definition: Gum bleeding means blood escape from gum or gingiva.
Cause:
A. Local causes are-
1. Acute ulcerative gingivitis
2.Chronic gingivitis
3.Periodontitis
4.Gingival laceration
5.Sharp pieces of hard food
6.Poor oral hygiene
7.Organism-Lactobacillus
-Fusobacterium
B. Systemic causes are1. Nutritional deficiency -vit-c
2. Endocrine disorder - uncontrolled diabetes mallitus
3. Haematological factor - leukaemia
4. Drug - Heparin
5. Immuno deficiency - AIDS
6. Vit-K deficiency in liver disease
7. Multiple myeloma
Treatment: . 1.Treatment of specific of local causes
-Oral hygiene instruction
-Scaling
-Polishing
-Maintenance
2. If a systemic cause is diagnosed consult a physician.
26.Write down the cause of facial pain?
1. Sinusitis
2. Acute parotitis
3. TMJ disorder
4. Trigeminal neuralgia
5. Facial trauma
6. Dental Problem
7. Migraines
8. Sinus congestion
9. Neuralgias
10. Fibromyalgia
11. Neuropathy
12. Abscess
13. Toothache
14. Jaw pain
15. Nerve damage
27.Write down the advice to the patient after tooth extraction?
1.The patient are told to keep the gauze between the jaws for half an hour after extraction.
2.A cold diet is recommended for 24 hours.
3.No mouthwash is to be used for 24 hours.
4.After 24 hours liquid diet followed by semi solid food.
5.Post operatively analgesic and anti inflammatory agents are recommended.
6.After 24 hours warm saline water used for mouth rinsing.
7.If required follow up after 7 days.
28.Write down the position of operation and patient during upper and lower teeth extraction?
Position of light: Propers and adequate light is essential for ext.
Incase of upper ext:
Patient position: patient mouth opening about 3 inch below the shoulder level of the operator
Operators:Operator should stand in front with straight back on the hand side of the patient.
Incase of lower ext:
Patient position: The patient mouth opening is 6 inch below the elbow level of the operators.
Operator: Operator stand infront and right hand side of the patient in case of left side tooth
ext operator stand just behind the patient & in case of right side for the ext.
29.What are the precaution you will take during hepatitis and AIDS patient?
Liver disease patient:-1. Haemorragic tendency
2.Impaired drug metabolism
3.Trasmition hepatitis. So care should be taken by the following way-All patient should be treated as infection
-Globes should worn
-Avoid needle injury
-Disposable instrument use
-Clinical stuff should be immunized
Management of AIDS:- 1.Recognition assessment of the patient
2.Treatment should be symptomatic
3.If any surgical procedure needed
a. Globes should worn
b. Avoid needle injury
c. Disposable instrument use
4. Treat should be so time and medication used according to symptom
30.Mention the management of needle breakage?
1. Stop procedure, inform patient, assess breakage.
2. Maintain sterile field, use radiographs for location.
3. Retrieve needle with instruments or refer to oral surgeon.
4. Document incident, communicate with patient.
5. Provide post-procedure care and follow-up.
6. Review incident for prevention.
7. Ensure patient comfort and trust through open communication.
31.Write down the indication of OPG in surgery?-SN
32.Define vitamin?Mention the oral effects of vitamin?
1. Vitamin A: Promotes oral tissue healing.
2. Vitamin B complex: Maintains healthy oral tissues.
3. Vitamin C: Supports gum health and prevents gum disease.
4. Vitamin D: Aids tooth mineralization and prevents tooth decay.
5. Vitamin E: Supports oral tissue health and reduces inflammation.
6. Vitamin K: Assists in oral wound healing.
7. Vitamin B12: Prevents oral ulcers and tongue inflammation.
33.Write down the complication after tooth extractioin?
1. Excessive bleeding: Prolonged or heavy bleeding after extraction.
2. Infection: Inflammation and infection at the extraction site.
3. Dry socket: Premature blood clot dislodgement.
4. Alveolar osteitis: Exposed bone and inflammation.
5. Nerve damage: Numbness or altered sensation.
6. Sinus complications: Communication between mouth and sinus.
7. Shock
8. Hematoma (collection of blood under the skin).
9. Delayed healing.
10. Swelling and bruising.
11. Jaw stiffness or limited mouth opening.
12. Allergic reaction to anesthesia or medications.
13. Osteo myelities
14. pain or discomfort.
15.Cyst formation
34.Define impaction and cause of it.Classify 3rd molar with diagram?-SN
35.Write down the disadvantage of autoclave?(17)Q1
36.Define LA? Write down the complication of LA?
A) Immediate complication
B) Late complication
A) Immediate complication
a. Systemic reactioni) Central nervous system
-Excitement
-Headache
-Nausea
-Metallic taste in the mouth
ii. Syncope
-Reduced cardiac output
-Perspiration
iii. Hypersensitivity
-Excitement
-Sweating
b. Technical faulti. Pain
ii. Broken needle
iii. Haematoma
B) Late complicationBlanching
-Trismus
-Infection
-Intravenous infection.
-Temporary blindness
- Ulcer
37.What is analgesic?Classify it and name some analgesic?
Definition: An analgesic is a medication that helps relieve pain by reducing or blocking the perception of
pain signals in the body. It is commonly used to manage different levels of pain.
Classification :
1. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):- Examples: Aspirin, Ibuprofen,Naproxen
2. Acetaminophen:- Example: Tylenol
3. Opioids:- Examples: Morphine, Codeine, Oxycodone
4. Adjuvant Analgesics: - Examples: Antidepressants, Anticonvulsants
38.Discuss briefly about ludwigs angina?
Ludwig's angina is a rare but potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that affects the floor of the mouth
and the soft tissues of the neck. It is named after the German physician Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, who
first described the condition in the 19th century.
C/F:
1. Rapid and severe swelling of the neck and floor of the mouth.
2. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking.
3. Pain and tenderness in the affected area.
4. Elevated body temperature (fever).
5. Increased heart rate (tachycardia).
6. Elevated respiratory rate (tachypnea).
7. Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
Treatment:
1. Hospitalization for close monitoring.
2. Administration of intravenous antibiotics to control the infection.
3. Surgical drainage of any abscesses or collections of pus.
4. Airway management, such as intubation or tracheostomy, if necessary.
5. Pain management with analgesics.
6. Adequate hydration and nutritional support.
7. Close follow-up and monitoring for potential complications.
Prevention: Maintaining good oral hygiene through regular brushing and flossing.
39. Define cellulitis and CF of it?
Definition: Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that inflames the skin, leading to redness, swelling, and
tenderness.
C/F:
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Warmth
4. Pain
5. Skin tightness
6. Fever
7. Lymph node enlargement
8. Tenderness
9. Blisters (in severe cases)
10. Skin dimpling
40.Write down the management of anaphylactic shock?
1.Recognize the signs of anaphylactic shock.
2. Ensure immediate removal from the trigger or allergen exposure.
3. Administer epinephrine (adrenaline) via autoinjector, if available.
4. Position the person flat on their back and elevate their legs, unless they have breathing difficulties.
5. Provide supplemental oxygen, if available.
6. Initiate CPR if the person becomes unresponsive or stops breathing.
7. Transfer the person to a hospital for further evaluation, monitoring, and treatment.
41.Write down the difference between upper molar and lower molar forcep?
Traits
Tooth Location
Beak Size
Upper Molar Forceps
Maxillary (upper) molars
Larger, broader, and curved
Lower Molar Forceps
Mandibular (lower) molars
Shorter, narrower, and straighter
Beak Shape
Slightly angled or curved
Straight or with a sharper, pointed tip
Handle Length
Purpose
May have a longer handle
Extracting upper molars
Handle may be shorter
Extracting lower molars
42.Mention the reason for root breakage during tooth extraction?
1. Curved/hooked roots are prone to breakage.
2. Tooth decay/damage weakens the structure.
3. Root resorption weakens the root.
4. Previous dental treatments weaken the roots.
5. Ankylosed teeth fused,difficult to extract.
6. Dense bone/calcification increases fracture risk.
7. Excessive force/improper techniques used.
8. Inadequate tooth anatomy assessment.
9. Inadequate lubrication/instrument use.
10. Inherent extraction risks.
43.Define oral hygiene?How can you maintain good oral hygiene?
Definition: Oral hygiene involves maintaining a clean and healthy mouth through regular practices like
brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups to prevent oral diseases and promote overall oral well-being.
Maintenance:
1.By proper tooth brushing at bed time and after breakfast.
2.Use of tooth paste by adding fluoride.
3.By using dental floss
4.Uses of mouth rinse or mouth wash
5.Removal of plaque and calculus by scaling
6.Maintain of diet habit.
44.How can you manage excess bleeding after tooth extraction and cause of it ?
Management of post extraction bleeding:
1.The oral cavity is washed properly with normal saline to remove debris and blood clot.
2.Determination of the source of bleeding, weather it is coming from gum or bony socket.
3.Application of pressure and packing a role of sterile cotton or gauze is placed in the socket and bite it
firmly about 30 minutes
4.Uses of haemostatic agents and drugs (used locally into the socket)-Surgical.Thrombin, bone wax etc
5.Haemostasis by suturing if bleeding occurs from gum.
6.Blood transfusion if multiple tooth extraction is done and profuse bleeding.
Cause:
1.Gross tissue damage
2.Severe bony injury
3.Bleeding disorder
4.Clotting defects
5.Infection
45.How will you sterilize dental instruments?
Methods of sterilization
i. Autoclave (134°c for 3 minutes)
ii. Dry heat- (160°c for 60-90 minutes)
Instruments
i. Dental hand instruments,RCT reamer, files, broaches,silver and
titanium point,cotton wool and others.
ii. Hand instruments, bars,paper point, cotton wool.
iii. Bead, salt or molten metal
sterilization{(218-246)°c for 5-10 second
iii.Dental hand instrument ,RCT instruments-reamers,files, broaches,
bars cotton wool etc.
iv. Gas sterilization (134 c for 3 minutes)
v. Cold sterilization 2-3 times before use
vi. Boiling water (100°c for 60 minutes)
iv. Hand instruments, bars,paper point, cotton wool.
v. Glass slab, gutta percha point, scissors etc.
vi. It is better not to use endodontic instrument.
46.Write down the cause of orofacial pain?
1.Pulpitis
2.Periapical periodontitis
3.Lateral (periodontal) abscess
4.Pericoronitis
5.Apthous ulcer
6.Fracture
7.Osteomyelitis
8.Infected cyst
9.Denture trauma
10.Teeth or root erupting under denture
11.Dry socket
12.Pain dysfunction syndrome
13Trigeminal neuralgia
14,Salivary calculi
15.Otitis media
16.Acute parotitis
17.Acute sinusitis
47.What are the complication of tooth extraction?
1.Excessively strong supporting tissue.
2.Root indifferent form- a)Hook shape root
b)Piner shape root
c)Locked root
d)Bulbus root
e)Hyper cementosis root
3.Cervical capies
4.Florasis tooth
5.Birth tooth
6.Previously RCT
7.Abnormal development
Short Note
1.Gingivitis
Definition:Inflammation of gingiva is known as gingivitis.
Classification:1.Acute gingivitis
a)Acute ulcerative gingivitis
b)Chronic ulcerative gingivitis
2.Chronic gingivitis
C/F: 1.Bleeding from gum
2.Colour red
3.Halitosis
4.Salivation increase
5.Gingiva become swaollen and spongy.
6.Surface lost its smoothness
7.Bleeding
Etiology:1.Due to plaque
2.Occur due to some diseases
a)Diabetis
b)Pregnancy
c)Malnutrition (Vit C deficiency)
3.Bacterial cause-Neisseria Gonorrhoea
4.Traumatic lesion
5.Allergic reaction
Treatment: Same as Gum bleeding
2.Vital sign
Definition: Vital signs are essential clinical measurements that indicate a person's basic body functions and
overall health status.
Types: There are four vital sign
1. Body temperature-98.4F
2. Heart rate or pulse-(70-90)
3. Respiratory rate-100C
4. Blood pressure-120/80
Impotance:
1. Early detection of health issues.
2. Assessment of overall health status.
3. Evaluation of treatment effectiveness.
4. Monitoring responses to interventions.
5. Identifying medical emergencies.
6. Ensuring stability during procedures.
7. Tracking progress and making informed decisions.
3.Hot air oven
A hot air oven is a heating device that uses circulated hot air to achieve uniform and controlled
temperatures, commonly used for baking, drying, and sterilizing purposes.
Types:
- Gravity Convection Ovens
- Mechanical Convection Ovens
- Vacuum Ovens
- Industrial/Commercial Ovens
- Laboratory Ovens
- Forced Air Ovens
Instruments sterilized:
1. Laboratory glassware: Test tubes, beakers,pipettes etc
2. Surgical instruments: Forceps, scissors, and metal retractors
3. Dental instruments: Probes, explorers, excavators, and mirrors
4. Glass syringes and vials: Glass syringes, vials, and other glass
5. Laboratory media and samples: Heat-resistant media, agar plates
Advantage: 1. Uniform heat distribution.
2. Cost-effective sterilization.
3. Versatile applications.
Disadvantage: 1. Longer sterilization time.
2. Limited compatibility.
3. Potential heat damage.
4.RCT filler and sealer
RCT filler: Root canal filler is a dental material, typically made of gutta-percha, used to fill and seal the
cleaned and shaped root canal space during root canal treatment, preventing reinfection and promoting
healing.
RCT sealer: Root canal sealer is a cement-like substance used to fill gaps and irregularities in the root canal
system, ensuring a tight seal against bacteria. Etc Sealapex
Uses of fillers and sealer:
1. Fills and seals root canal space.
2. Prevents bacterial contamination and reinfection.
3. Provides stability to the obturation material.
4. Promotes healing of periapical tissues.
5. Ensures effective root canal treatment.
6. Supports long-term tooth preservation.
7. Provides radiographic visibility and assessment.
5.Vitamin A
Vitamin A is an essential fat-soluble vitamin important for vision, growth, immune function, and cell
differentiation.
Source:
Animal Sources
Plant Sources
Liver (beef, chicken)
Sweet potatoes
Fish (salmon, tuna)
Carrots
Eggs
Spinach
Dairy products
Kale
Butter
Mangoes
Cheese
Papaya
Cod liver oil
Apricots
Deficiency diseases: 1. Night blindness.
2. Impaired Immunity.
3. Dry skin.
4. Growth retardation.
5. Corneal damage.
Function: 1. Vision maintenance and function.
2. Cell growth and differentiation.
3. Immune system support.
4. Skin health and integrity.
5. Bone and tooth development.
6.Dental record keeping with importance
Definition:Patient record is a legal document it contains information about patients complains,health
history,diagnosis report of all treatment and report of treatment.
Rules:
1.Written in black point pen
2.Correction should be written below
3.There should be no unusual blank space
4.If a question in appropriate then NA or not applicable.
5.Change of appointment
6.Person making entries should sign
7.Any important information about treatment should record.
8.All patient record should be written forever
9.If practice discontinued then record must be maintained.
Importance:
1.It keeps record date of the treatment
2.Note every date of patient visit
3.Note missed appointment
4.Note about type and amount of drug prescribe
5.Note any complication if present.
6.Mention the procedure of treatment and number of tooth
7.Impotance information should note example-bleeding time,clotting time etc.
7.Haemorrhage
Definition: It is the escape of blood from blood vessels due to damage or injury of blood vessels.
Types: According to time1.Primary- It occurs at the time of operation for injury.
2.Reactionary-It follow primary haemorrhage.
3.Secondary - It occurs after 7 to 14 days due to infection.
According to nature1.Artery: Blood is red
2 Capillary: Blood is brigthly red
3. Venous: Blood is purple
Management:
1.S top movement
2Stop bleeding used of haemostatic agent
3.Should keep patient lying
4.Affected part should keep uncovered
5.Assesment of blood loss
6.Replacement by blood loss by
-IV infusion of normal saline.
-Blood transfusion
7.By using vaso construction: Examples-LA
8.Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, characterized by weakness, gum bleeding, and joint
pain.
C/F:
1. Weakness/fatigue
2. Bleeding gums
3. Joint pain
4. Easy bruising
5. Swollen joints
6. Poor wound healing
7. Dry and splitting hair
8. Dry and rough skin
9. Anemia
10. Depression/irritability
Prevention:
1. Consume foods rich in vitamin C.
2. Eat fresh fruits and vegetables.
3. Include citrus fruits in your diet.
4. Maintain a balanced nutrition plan.
5. Consider vitamin C supplements if needed.
6. Store food properly for freshness.
9.OPG with indicationQS-14
Indication: 1) For the detection of trauma on pathology of the teeth and jaws
2) For the presence and position of the unerupted teeth
3)For examination of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus.
4) For analysis of facial form to the orthodontic treatment.
5) To surgery involving facial deformities
10.Oro antral fistula
Definition: Accidental opening of the maxillary sinus or antrum that is communication between oral cavity
and maxillary sinus is known as oro-antral fistula.
Cause of oro-antral fistula;
1.Active curettage of root socket following extraction.
2.Local periodontal disease.
3.Surgery in maxilla.
4.Malignant tumors
5.Osteomyelitis of maxilla
6.Periapical granuloma / cyst present
7.Bulbous root
8.Curve root
Clinical feature :
1.The root of tooth suddenly disappears during extraction.
2.Bleeding from the nose of the affected side
3.Facial pain from acute sinusitis.
4.The patient may notice that air comes into the mouth during breathing.
Treatment :
1.Ideally an oro-antral fistula should be repair immediate.
2.A course of antibiotic treatment such as oral penicillin (250 mg) four time by day for 5 days is given.
3.Fistula should be suture.
4.A flap can be over the opening.
5.The flap can be protected with an acrylic splint.
11.Dry socket QS-8
12.CMCP
Camphorated Mono Parachlorophenol, also known as CMCP, is an active disinfectant for the treatment of
infected root-canals & periapical infections.
Composition: -Chlorophenol 35%
- Camphor 65%
Colour: Transparent light colour
Indication:1.Disinfection after pulpectomy
2.Treatment of post traumatic inflammation
3.Pulp dressing
Uses: 1.Used as a dressing of choice for infected teeth
2.Used as an anticeptic in RCT and periapical infection.
3.Fixation of tissue on histological laboratory
13.Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone health and calcium absorption.
Source:a. Natural source:-Exposure to sunlight
b. Vegetable source: - vegetable oil
-Yeast
- Ergot
c. Animal source:
- Cod liver oil
-Haliver liver oil
-Liver
Function:1.It helps in absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine.
2.It helps in calcification of new bone
3.It helps in development of normal teeth
4.It is necessary for proper growth of bone and skeletion
Deficiency disorder: 1. Rickets: Bone deformities.
2. Osteomalacia:Softened bones.
3. Increased fracture risk.
4. Muscle weakness.
5. Reduced immune function.
14.Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily
functions.
Vegetable source:-
Animal source:-
1. Fresh citrus fruitsa. Amloki
b. Orange
c. Lemon
d. Guava
2. Fresh citrus vegetables source:i. Cabbage
ii. Beans-Caulis flower
1. Milk
2. Meat
3. Fish
Diseases: 1. Scurvy.
2. Impaired immunity
3. Delayed healing
4. Anaemia
5. Weak blood vessels.
Function:
1.It maintains the cementing substance of the capillary endothelium.
2.It takes part in wound healing.
3.It has some metabolic action.
4.Large dosage protect against information.
5.It prevents scurvy.
15.Dental X ray
Dental X-ray is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses low levels of radiation to capture detailed images of
teeth, bones, and surrounding tissues to assess dental health and identify potential issues.
Indication:OPG’S indication
Classification:
A) Intra-oral radiographya. Peri-apical radiography
b. Inter-proximal radiography or bite wing
c. Occlusal radiography
B) Extra-oral radiographya. Lateral oblique view
b. Lateral cepholometry
c. Panoramic radiography
16.IOPA X-Ray
Definition: IOPA(Intra Oral Periapical) X-Ray is a dental imaging technique used to capture detailed images of
the teeth, surrounding structures, and jawbone to aid in diagnosing dental conditions.
Types:
1. Periapical X-ray: This type of IOPA X-ray focuses on capturing a single tooth from the crown to the root,
including the surrounding bone structure.
2. Bitewing X-ray: Bitewing X-rays show the upper and lower teeth in a specific area. These X-rays help in
detecting cavities between the teeth and assessing the fit of dental restorations.
3. Occlusal X-ray: Occlusal X-rays provide a broad view of the upper or lower jaw, showing the entire arch of
teeth and their position in relation to each other.
Indication:1.Size and shape of the teeth
2.External root resorption
3.Internal root resorption
4.Position of permanent tooth germ
5.If bone resorption present
6.If any lesion in periodontal/supporting structure.
7.Depth of the lesion
8.Furcation area
9.Pulp calcification
17.Impacted 3rd molar-Define impaction,cause,classify with diagram
Impaction: An impacted tooth is which fails to erupted into dental arch within the erupted time.This is
unerputed tooth is called impaction/impacted tooth.
Cause of impaction:
A) Local causes are1.In the teeth are large in size in relation to the arch
2.Irregularity in position on pressure from adjacent tooth
3.The density of over line on surrounding bone
4.Lack of space due to under development
5.Density of mucous membrane
B) Systemic causes are1Pre-natal
-Cleft lips
-Cleft plate
2.Post-natal
-Rickets
-Anaemia
- Tuberculosis
-Congenital
-Endocrine dysfunction
Classification of 3rd molar:
1.Vertical impaction
2.Horizontal impaction
3.Inverted impaction
4.Mesio angular impaction
5.Disto angular impaction
6.Lingo angular impaction
18.Operculectomy
The nearly erupted mandibular 3rd molar may have a dense fibrous, operculum covers two 3rd or less of its
occlusal surface.Frequently this tissue is the source of discomfort to the patient,because it may be inflamed
either as the result of masticatory trauma from the opposite maxillary 3rd molar or because of infection
resulting from the growth of bacteria in the ideal incubation that lies beneath its covering. This condition is
known as pericoronitis.
Operculectomy is indicated in this condition. The efficient method for removing the dense fibrous
mucoperiosteal tissue is to be used radio surgical loop. The loop placed beneath the operculum as for
posterior as the loop can be inserted around the distal surface of the tooth. When it is reached this position
the loop is turned on & it is moved superiorly. This cut off the bulb of the tissue distally. It is necessary plan
by placing the loop on the crest on the tissue approximately 5cm distal to the crown & cutting down wards,
towards the gingival line.