UPCAT REVIEWER 2017: General Science
GENERAL SCIENCE
Science – systematized body of knowledge based on facts and experiments
Scientific method:
a. Define the problem
b. Gather preliminary data
c. Formulate a hypothesis
d. Test the hypothesis
e. Analyze and interpret the data
f.
Draw a generalization or conclusion
g. Verify the generalization
Fields of Sciences
Natural Sciences – deal with phenomena observable in nature
Physical Science
Physics – the scientific study of matter, energy force, motion, and the way they relate to each other.
Chemistry – branch of science dealing with the structure composition, properties
and reactive characteristics of substances, especially at the atomic and molecular
levels.
Meteorology – study of the atmospheric phenomena
Volcanology – the scientific study of volcanoes, including their formation,
signs of an eruption, and other aspects of volcanic activity.
Mineralogy – the scientific study of minerals and how to classify,
distinguish, and locate them
Astronomy – the scientific study of the universe, especially of the
motions, positions, sizes, composition, and behavior of celestial objects.
Geology – the study of the structure of the earth or another planet, in
particular its rocks, soil, and minerals, and its history and origins.
Limnology – the scientific study of lakes, and other bodies of fresh water,
including their physical and biological features.
Biological Sciences – principal branch of science concerned with plants, animals and other living organisms and
including biology, botany, and zoology.
Botany – study of plants
Zoology – study of animals
Microbiology – study of microorganisms
Bacteriology – study of bacteria
Virology – study of viruses
Protozoology – study of single-celled life forms
Mycology – study of fungi
Morphology – study of structure and forms
Anatomy – study of parts and structures
Physiology – study of functions of parts of organisms
Cytology – study of cells development
Ecology - study of interactions between organisms
Taxonomy – naming
Genetics – study of heredity
Evolution – origin of living things
Palaeontology – study of fossils
Biochemistry – study of the chemistry of living things
Biogeography – study of geographical distribution of plants and animals
Systematics – study of systems and classifications
Entomology – study of insects
Phycology – study of algae
Helminthology – study of worms
Ichthyology – study of fishes
Ornithology – study of birds
Mammalogy – study of mammals
Concology – study of shells
Anthropology – study of man
Parasitology – study of parasites
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS |UP CAGAYANOS
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UPCAT REVIEWER 2017: General Science
Aristotle
Isaac Newton
Alexander Fleming
Louis Pasteur
Gregor Mendel
Charles Darwin
Nicolaus Copernicus
Albert Einstein
Alfred Wegener
Edward Jenner
Carolus Linnaeus
Johannes Keppler
Alexander Grahambell
Thomas Edison
Wilhelm Roentgen
James Watson and
Crick
Jonas Salk
People of Science
Father of Science
Law of Motion
Penicillin
Pasteurization
Father of Heredity
Father of Evolution
Heliocentric Theory
Theory of Relativity
Continental Drift Theory
Smallpox Vaccine
System of naming organisms
Movements of Heavenly Bodies
Telephone
Light Bulb
X – rays
Francis
Structure of DNA
Polio Vaccine
Mathematical Tools of Science
Measurement I.S.
Physical property
Name of unit
Mass
grams
Length
meters
Volume
liters
Time
seconds
Temperature
Kelvin
Scientific Notation
300 = 3 * 103
.0003 = 3 * 10-4
-300 = - 3 * 102
1. count the number of decimal places from the decimal point
2. the number should be greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10
3. this number is the power of 10
4. for decimal places to the left, the power is positive
5. for decimal places to the right, the power is negative
6. a negative sign for the number is carried over
F = 9/5 C + 32
C = 5/9 (F – 32)
K = C + 273
R = F – 459.69
Key: F = Fahrenheit, C = Centigrade, K = Kelvin, R = Rankine
Measurement
Frequency
Force
Pressure
Energy
Power
Electric Potential
Electric Resistance
Electric Charge (Q)
Capacitance
Current
Pressure
Pressure
Volume
Derived Units Special Names
Unit
Symbol
Hertz
Hz
Newton
N
Pascal
pa
Joule
J
Watt
W
Volt
V

Ohm
Coulomb
C
Farad
F
Ampere
A
Bar
bar
Atmosphere
atm
Liter
l
Derivation
s-1
kg-m/s2
N/m2
N-m
J/s
W/A
V/A
A-s
C/V
DQ/dt or C/s
105
101325 atm = 1 Pa
Atmosphere
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UPCAT REVIEWER 2017: General Science
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Ionosphere
Exosphere
Weather and Climate
Describes the condition of the atmosphere in a particular
place at a particular time. The weather may be cool and
dry, warm and humid, windy, cloudy, rainy or stormy.
The average weather in a region over a number of years,
usually decades. The climate of the Philippines is
generally described as tropical.
Weather
Climate
Elements of Weather
degree of heat
the force of air pushing on a unit surface
amount of moisture in the air
air in motion
water that goes into the atmosphere is returned to the
surface of the earth as rain, sleet, hail, snow, dew or
frost.
Temperature
Air Pressure
Humidity
Wind
Precipitation
Types of Rocks
formed through intense heat such as from
volcanic magma
deposited debris and consolidated by pressure
Igneous
(ex. granite)
Sedimentary
(ex.
limestone)
Metamorphic
(ex. marble)
from long term heat and pressure
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Compacting
Metamorphism
Melting
Cooling
solidifying
the lowest and most dense layer
within the stratosphere is the ozone layer which
filters harmful radiations from the sun
temperature decreases rapidly, coldest part
temperature increases with height, solar radiation
a region of electrically charged particles, or ions
outermost region (outer space)
&
Rock Cycle
The breaking down of rocks brought about by either
physical or chemical means, giving rise to sediments
or other rock fragments.
The process by which rock fragments and sediments
are carried along by such agents as wind and
running water.
The process by which rock fragments and sediments
carried by agents of erosion are dropped or
deposited in other places.
The process by which rock fragments and other
materials that accumulated, usually at the bottom of
a thick column of water, get cemented together and
harden into rock.
A change in constitution of a rock brought about by
pressure, heat and chemical reaction, resulting in a
more compact and highly crystalline condition of the
rock.
To go from a solid state to a liquid state.
Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of
molten materials.
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