New Initiatives - Drinking Water Sector
Water and Energy Audit: Tools for Assessment
of Water Supply Schemes
Vijay Kulkarni
P.N. Gokhale
Pradip Kalbar
Nandlal Singh
(All authors are associated with M/S. Synergy Engineering &
Environmental Solutions Ltd. Thane, Maharashtra)
{Corresponding Author : vijay_kulkarni@synergyeesolutions.com}
ABSTRACT
Water and Energy Audit are important components
of reform works undertaken by Government of
Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan (MSNA) in the
year 2009-10. So far, Water and Energy audit has
been conducted in almost all Municipal councils
and Corporations in the state. Data for Water
Audit and Energy Audit of 40 – 45 towns in urban
sector of Maharashtra is collected and analysed.
The analysis shows that more than 50% of water
is wasted as system losses during conveyance from
source to consumer end. The complete break-up of
components for water losses have been reported.
Energy audit results also show that there is high
potential for energy saving which will ultimately
reduce the operational expenses. It is of high
importance to urban local bodies to put efforts
in the direction of bringing water losses to the
extent less than 15%. Corrective measures have
also been proposed with rough costing to address
the issue of water loss.
It is concluded that reform works need to be
carried out as the first step to lead to 24 X 7
water supply. If we can bring down system losses
to 15%, a lot of water and energy can be saved
to achieve improvement in service level and also
achieve ultimate goal of 24X7 water supply without
increasing the quantity of water to be lifted from
source and water lifting costs.
1. Introduction
As compared to global level, the availability of
water is scarce in India. With 4% of global potable
water resource, India has to provide water to 16%
of world’s population and 15% of livestock and
the burden is increasing every year. India gets
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
precipitation of 4000 billion cubic meters, which
is unevenly distributed with variation ranging
from average of 10900 mm in Meghalaya against
100 mm in Rajasthan.
Further, most of this rainfall is only during 4
months of monsoon. Even during monsoon, 50%
of precipitation takes place in 15 to 20 days
and in less than 100 hours. Thus, unless water
is stored and utilized properly with minimal
wastages, shortage of drinking water is inevitable.
Conservation of water to save every drop of water
is the need of the day.
Water audit and energy audit
Water audit is an effective management tool for
minimizing losses, optimizing various uses and
thus enabling considerable conservation of water
in various sectors such as irrigation, domestic,
power and industrial sectors. However, this article
will focus on water use in domestic sector only.
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and
analysis of energy flows for energy conservation
in a building, process or a system to reduce the
amount of energy input into the system without
negatively affecting the output(s). An energy audit
in water supply sector identifies where energy
is being consumed and assesses energy saving
opportunities to save money as well as power.
M a h aras h tra S u j a l Nirma l
Abhiyan (MSNA): A Government of
Maharashtra initiative
Government of Maharashtra (GoM) has taken a
step ahead to save water and energy considering
rapid urbanization and has launched “Maharashtra
Sujal Nirmal Abhiyaan (MSNA)” project in 2009-
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2010. Various urban local bodies in the state are
urged to participate in MSNA for upgradation of
water system of small & medium towns. Water
audit and energy audit are important components
of MSNA. Under this abhiyaan, data for most of
the towns in Maharashtra is collected through
detailed field study.
Phasing of MSNA:
The MSNA was framed in a phase-wise manner
(Table 1) which allows the urban local bodies
to graduate up the ladder of reforms in phased
manner through identified milestones.
Table 1. Phases of implementation of MSNA
Phase I (Year 2009 – 2012)
Phase II (Year 2012 – 2015) Phase III (Year 2015 – 2020)
• Consumer survey, detection of • 24 X 7 pilot project
• Achieving 100 % of all Benchmark
illegal connections
• Sustainable water source • City wide 24 X 7 water supply
• Bulk Flow Meters
development
system
• Water audit
• 80% Household Metering
• 100 % consumer metering
• Energy audit
• 80% recovery of O&M cost
• 100 % O & M cost recovery
• Hydraulic modeling
• 80% collection efficiency
• 100 % Billing & collection efficiency
• Geographic Information System • MIS at various level
(G.I.S.) mapping
• Establish water tariff frame
• Computerization of Billing
• Upgrading SLB to 80 %
• Measuring Existing Service
Level Benchmark (SLB)
2.Process flow of MSNA
Baseline data is collected regarding the existing
water supply scheme(s). Digitized satellite image is
used to prepare the base maps and water networks.
Consumer survey is carried on the basis of the
digitized satellite image for 100% properties of the
city and integrated with geographic information
system (GIS). The consumer survey gives the
realistic scenario of illegal consumers and actual
water demand and consumption. The billing data
in the hard form is converted into electronic format
thus simplifying the monitoring and analysis
of billing information and revenue recovery
and distributing the printed bills. Energy audit
identifies the lacunae in the energy consumption
of the pumping system with recommendations of
improvement in energy and cost savings. Flow
meters are installed in the transmission system
and the hydraulically distinguished zones to enable
monitoring of the water consumption, identification
of water leakages and non-revenue water (NRW)
reduction. GIS based digitized water network is
used for carrying out scientific based Hydraulic
modeling and Water Audit for identifying water
losses, quantifying NRW and redesigning the
system for equitable and pressurized water
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distribution for the next 30 years. Detailed project
report is prepared on the outcomes of all the
seven components which elaborate the financial
investment to augment the system and make it
sustainable even with the population expansion
considering next 30 years. The flow chart of the
processes involved is given in Figure 1 below.
Computerized
Billing
Satellite
Image
Consumer Survey
Digitization
of Image
GIS
Network Survey
and Attribute
Information
Hydraulic
Modeling
Water
Audit
Flow
Meter
Figure 1. Flow chart of the MSNA process
3.General methodology for water
audit
Water audit methodology adopted
can be described as below:
The audit strategy has to be applied to all the
components of the existing water supply system
progressively so that entire system from source
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
to consumers could be covered. It is advisable to
divide entire study into two parts viz. supply side
and demand side. The supply side essentially
consists of all the source works, raw water
transmission, treatment plants, treated water
transmission, sumps, master balancing reservoirs
(MBRs) and elevated service reservoirs (ESRs).
These components can be tackled efficiently,
effectively and speedily due to better access.
The demand side essentially consists of the
distribution network, connections, metering etc
which is a voluminous work as compared with that
of supply side. The methodology and various tasks
of this strategy to be covered are listed below:
3.1
Supply Side
±± Identify all the system components from source
to reservoirs on site and update the maps /
information available, if required.
±± Obtain the log book data of source work,
treated water pumping stations in order to
assess the average daily pumping need over
the period of one year.
±± Obtain the information pertaining to the pump
flow and head (i.e. Nameplate details)
±± Obtain the details pertaining to capacities
of sumps and storage reservoirs, condition
of existing measuring system such as flow
meter and/or level indicator, their inflow and
supply hours
±± Identify and select the location for installation
of bulk flow meters taking into account the
available facilities
±± Carry out flow measurements simultaneously
to the extent possible in order to assess the
quantum of water released in specified period,
preferably a day.
±± Assess the difference in the measurements to
estimate the losses.
±± Condition assessment of all components
structurally in case of each head works, water
treatment plan (WTP), pipelines, valves and
reservoirs in order to identify visible leaks.
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
3.2 Demand Side
When the town is small and water supply is only
from one reservoir, entire town can be considered
as one district metering area (DMA). For bigger
towns or when water supply is managed with
number of reservoirs, it is divided into number
of DMAs depending on number of reservoirs and
layout of pipeline network. After deciding DMAs,
following tasks are performed:
±± Updating map of the water supply network of
the distribution system by marking all existing
pipelines ≥100 mm diameter.
±± Obtaining the list of water supply connections
(domestic and non-domestic) in the distribution
system with the assistance of Council’s
representative
±± Selecting representative samples of connections
as per the norms prescribed by ‘Water
Audit Manual’ prepared by Government of
Maharashtra covering the entire distribution
system. Care to be taken to cover connections
of all types and connections in all areas such
as slums or areas located at low and high
level with respect to general ground profile
of the town.
±± Calibrate the representative connections
using volumetric method in order to arrive
at an average rate of individual type and if
possible for specific area. The same has to
be compared with the metered connections
wherever possible to find the meter accuracy
±± Measure the supply of water from the storage
reservoirs which is let into the distribution
system in order to assess the quantum of
water supplied in the town.
±± Estimate the quantum of water consumed
in the zone using the data pertaining to
connections and the observed average flow rate.
±± Comparing the quantum of water released
from the concerned reservoir with the quantity
of water consumed in entire area to find the
Unaccounted For Water (UFW).
±± Identifying visible leakage spots along the
pipelines within the entire network
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±± Estimating the quantum of leak and suggesting
the possible remedial measures along with
the cost.
±± Commenting on the strengthening of Council’s
staff strength to take up the water audit
of the system periodically along with the
requirement of equipment and manpower and
the cost involved.
±± Commenting on preventive measures to be
taken up by the Council for optimizing the use
of available water including conducting public
awareness programs, preventive maintenance
etc.
±± Fill up the audit sheet.
3.3Flow measurement
The various methods of flow measurements are
1) Simultaneous flow measurements using two
flow meters, 2) Flow measurements using one
flow meter, and 3) Estimated flow
Flow measurement will essentially include
measurement of quantum of flow released from
the service reservoirs and measurement of flow
of water from the selected representative water
connections.
Following activities have to be planned for carrying
out flow measurements:
A. Measurements at service reservoirs
±± Identify the inlet, outlet and overflow pipe
of the reservoir and confirm the same with
operation and maintenance (O & M) staff.
±± Check whether any bulk flow meter is installed
on inlet / outlet and note the readings. Select
a suitable location on the horizontal part of
outlet and prepare the site for flow meter
installation.
±± Carefully note the information about supply
hours from O & M staff.
±± Install the flow meter at the start of supply
hours and keep in position to note the quantum
of water daily released from the reservoir
and also to note the night flow if any when
supply is stopped.
90
±± Quantify the quantum of water supplied to
zone daily.
B. Measurement at water connections
±± Carry out detailed survey of the distribution
system to identify all the water connections
of all sizes (domestic and non-domestic) and
mark them on the up dated distribution map.
±± Check the authentication of the same by
verifying the water bills paid by the owners.
±± Gather specific information about each
connection from the owner as per the format.
±± Based on the information gathered and
verification during actual survey segregate
all the identified connections depending upon
size, use (domestic / non domestic) & sub zones
(area having restricted supply / adequate
supply etc. considering supply hours)
±± Select number of representative samples as
per the sampling method given in water audit
manual
±± In order to quantify the rate of flow from
each connection, measure the flow from the
connections by collecting the discharged water
for specific duration of time and determine the
rate of flow of each representative connection.
3.4Obs e r v ati o n s
and
st u d y
regarding behavior of existing
distribution system
General:
Before carrying out water audit activity, house
to house survey is carried out for all connections
in the town for water audit purpose followed by
discussions with staff maintaining the system.
Details of all consumers are collected including
consumer number, size of connection, status of
meter, family size, length of connection etc. If there
is metered supply to town, faulty meters shall be
replaced. While selecting representative area for
water audit field study, it shall be seen that it
covers all types & sizes of connections. Volumetric
measurements in all representative area shall
also be taken by using bucket filling method.
In this, time required to fill 16 liters bucket
is noted down. This activity may be conducted
in each representative area for one day during
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
supply hours along with pressure measurement
and residual chlorine test. Different observations
may be noted e.g. flow rate in liters per second,
pressure, residual chlorine etc.
3.5Formation of DMAs
As it is not possible to supply water to entire
area at the same time, the area may be divided
into 2 or 3 zones and water may be supplied
to each zone for 2-3 hours daily spread over
from early morning to late in the evening with
adequate pressure and properly monitored for
the purpose of UFW, adequate supply and water
quality monitoring. It is observed that the tail
end pressures are generally low and there are
complaints of inadequate supply from tail end
consumers. DMA should be hydraulically isolated
so that it is possible to calculate the volume of
water lost within the DMA. DMAs may be marked
using a set of criteria that is tested in the field
and using a network model. These criteria include:
±± Size of DMA (e.g. number of connections,
generally between 300 and 2500)
±± Number of valves that must be closed to
isolate the DMA
±± Number of flow meters to measure inflows
and outflows (the fewer meters required, the
lower the establishment costs)
±± Ground-level variations and thus pressures
within the DMA (the flatter the area the
more stable the pressures and the easier to
establish pressure controls)
±± Easily visible topographic features that can
serve as boundaries for the DMA, such as
rivers, drainage channels, railroads, highways,
etc.
Data collected from field observations of 38 towns
in Maharashtra State
Following the methodology, surveys were
conducted over a period of five years, 2009 to
2013. Data collected from field observations of
38 towns in Maharashtra State are presented
in Table 2 and Figure 2. Figure 3 shows the
average percentage contribution of various losses
in 38 towns in Maharashtra.
Table 2: Water audit of 38 towns in Maharashtra: Break-up of revenue / non-revenue
water and real losses in water supply systems
Unbilled Unauthorised
Gross
Reservoir &
Sr.
Population Present Revenue NRW, authorised consumption/ Transmission WTP
Name of town supply,
distribution
No.
2011
LPCD Water, %
% consumption, metering
loss, %
loss, %
MLD
loss, %
%
inaccuracy, %
1
Akot
4.71
98368
48
51.59 48.41
0.00
0
5.52
0
42.89
2
Anjangaon
6.63
61425
108
60.78 39.22
0.00
0
0.15
0
39.06
3
Ballarpur
10.68
89472
119
48.60 51.40
0.00
0.93
3.75
2.58
44.15
4
Chandur
Railway
2.16
20161
107
48.61 51.39
0.00
0.00
13.43
1.62
36.34
5
Chikhaldara
0.54
5760
94
84.63 15.37
2.04
2.04
3.89
0.00
7.41
6
Digras
5.21
44834
116
54.70 45.30
3.05
0.00
7.08
10.79
24.38
7
Gondia
10.41
138546
75
44.38 55.62
0.00
0.57
10.84
7.99
36.22
8
Kalmeshwar
3.81
21165
180
50.13 49.87
1.97
1.39
8.11
3.20
35.20
9
Karanja
6.94
72262
96
50.90 49.10
0.00
7.98
19.49
2.25
19.38
10
Khamgaon
6.96
103492
67
35.49 64.51
1.58
1.01
14.22
0.66
47.04
11
Katol
5.12
43321
118
33.98 66.02
0.29
0.21
16.60
3.91
45.00
12
Mohapa
1.55
7414
209
23.42 76.58
1.77
0.00
39.68
7.74
27.39
13
Mowad
0.96
9609
100
29.63 70.37
0.52
0.00
28.59
6.65
34.62
14
Patur
1.56
24338
64
37.36 62.64
0.00
-3.27
12.39
3.40
50.13
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
91
15
Ramtek
2.20
25991
85
35.48 64.52
0.23
6.04
12.22
4.18
41.84
16
Tiroda
1.90
25324
75
45.78 54.22
0.00
0.00
4.27
2.27
47.68
17
Dharmabad
2.55
37496
68
40.99 59.01
6.67
6.91
15.98
0.00
29.45
18
Degloor
5.58
54451
103
51.59 48.41
3.15
2.13
9.49
5.37
28.25
19
Hingoli
10.89
86790
125
14.42 85.58
0.14
0.28
43.25
2.30
39.62
20
Kinwat
2.25
29134
77
58.58 41.42
2.51
4.67
7.02
1.78
25.44
21
Majalgaon
4.41
59457
74
27.07 72.93
2.27
8.17
2.97
1.62
57.90
22
Nilanga
2.19
40731
54
48.42 51.58
1.65
14.49
23.23
1.83
10.38
23
Pathri
1.79
36934
48
39.66 60.34
1.96
8.10
3.35
0.00
46.93
24
Purna
3.98
40733
98
33.07 66.93
1.41
11.33
21.42
0.25
32.52
25
Sailu
0.75
49116
15
39.43 60.57
8.55
19.44
14.25
1.07
17.27
26
Sillod
4.81
64889
74
42.95 57.05
1.09
4.58
29.66
2.08
19.65
27
Sonpeth
1.38
15508
89
57.69 42.31
2.91
17.72
6.00
0.00
15.68
28
Udgir
5.04
104063
48
26.98 73.02
0.28
2.88
3.97
3.37
62.52
29
Akkalkot
4.89
42672
115
55.56 44.44
0.50
0.00
18.75
4.40
20.79
30
Jejuri
4.01
20860
192
41.40 58.60
5.24
4.49
25.19
4.74
18.95
31
Kagal
7.71
33927
227
50.45 49.55
4.67
0.39
9.73
2.85
31.91
32
Pachgani
2.11
15169
139
52.79 47.21
0.00
16.57
5.87
12.97
11.79
33
Panhala
0.42
6478
65
54.12 45.88
1.31
14.69
20.71
1.43
7.74
34
Satara
31.98
119056
269
57.73 42.27
0.04
0.04
13.85
2.97
25.36
35
Dondaiche
3.20
46813
68
69.36 30.64
1.22
0.78
14.43
2.22
11.99
36
Manmad
4.71
86163
55
49.47 50.53
1.70
2.34
8.07
3.82
34.61
37
Shirpur
10.78
76806
140
49.91 50.09
0.51
0.00
22.63
2.32
24.63
38
Dahanu
8.85
50121
177
45.76 54.24
2.82
1.13
16.95
0.45
32.88
45.86 54.14
1.63
4.16
14.13
3.03
31.18
Average
Figure 2: Results of comprehensive water audit
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46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
scheme is well maintained by Maharashtra
Jeevan Pradhikaran with 100% metering).
±± Percentage of unbilled authorized consumption
(mostly stand post supply) as per present water
supply to towns covered in this data is between
0% (for 9 towns mostly in Nagpur region,
where 100% stand posts are converted into
group connections) to 8.55 % (for Sailu, where
LPCD rate is low and people are reluctant to
pay water charges on flat rate basis).
Figure 3: Pie Diagram showing break-up of supply
(revenue and non-revenue water), averaged for 38 towns
4. Results and Discussion: Water
audit
As per above data, it is seen that
±± Population of towns covered in this data varies
from 5760 (Chikhaldara) to 138546 (Gondia).
±± Gross water supply to towns covered in this
data varies from 0.42 MLD (Panhala) to 31.98
MLD (Satara).
±± Present gross LPCD rate of water supply to
towns covered in this data varies from 15
LPCD (Sailu, where source is inadequate and
augmentation scheme is taken up) to 269 LPCD
(Satara, where sources are strong, 25% water
is available from gravity source)
±± For some towns with strong sources, water
supply was one time every day or even two
times a day. On the other hand, in some of
the towns with water scarcity, water supply
was made on alternate day, after gap of 3-4
days or even with a gap of 10-15 days.
±± Thus our sample covers small, medium as well
as large towns with wide variation in rate of
supply and variation in interval of supply to
the consumers.
±± Percentage of revenue water as per present
water supply to towns covered in this data
varies from 14.42% (Hingoli, where distance
from source to town is 24 km from town, there
is double pumping with head of raw water
[RW] pumps 95 Mtrs and head of pure water
[PW] pumps with head of 66 Mtrs, RW and
PW rising mains are CI material and are old
and not properly maintained and water supply
is unmetered) to 84.63% (Chikhaldara, where
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
±± Percentage of unbilled unauthorized
consumption is nil or negligible in 9 towns
and is above 10% mostly in Marathawada area
where system was not well managed and there
is no metering, and rate of supply is also low.
Hence, we can conclude that if water
supply system is well managed, stand posts
are converted into group connections and
consumers are satisfied with water supply,
unbilled authorised/ unauthorised consumption
can be brought down.
Analysis of real losses
±± From this data, we find that percentage of
transmission losses is within acceptable range
(<5%, which can be brought to<3%) only in
7 towns, between 5 to 10% in 9 towns, and
between 10 to 20 % in 13 towns. In remaining 9
towns, it is above 20%. After further analysis, it
was found that transmission losses are on lower
side where transmission system comprises
of DI pipes or well maintained MS pipelines
which are relatively new. As against this,
losses were more where transmission systems
were having more length, or consisted of old
CI or AC pipelines. It was also observed that
air valves contribute to major water losses in
most towns and are not maintained properly
in majority of systems.
For reduction in transmission mains, it is
recommended to replace old AC or CI pumping
mains especially where pumping head is more,
replace ordinary air valves by good quality
tamper-proof air valves, provide regular
maintenance on long MS transmission mains,
provide water meters at start and at end of
long transmission mains and keep continuous
watch on losses through transmission system.
93
±± Percentage of losses through WTPs (excluding
6 towns where there is no WTP at present)
as per this data is within acceptable range
i.e. 3% which can be brought below 2% in 18
towns, it is between 3 to 5% in 8 towns and
in remaining 6 towns, it is above 5% where
major repairs are essential and are already
recommended/ being implemented.
For reduction in WTP losses, measures like
grouting and guinitting of concrete structures
where there are major leakages and replastering where there are minor leakages,
replacement of leaky valves and piping,
providing recycling arrangement if capacity of
WTP is more than 10 MLD can be proposed.
±± Percentage of reservoir and distribution system
losses as per this data is within acceptable
range i.e. 15% which can be brought below
10% only in 5 towns, it is between 15 to 30%
in 13 towns and in remaining 20 towns, it is
above 30%.
Thus, we find that for reduction in NRW,
more efforts will have to be exerted on
improvement of distribution system. For
this, measures such as replacement of all GI
service connections by new MDPE connections,
providing 100% metering and billing as per
action consumption basis with telescopic rate
structure, replacement of all leaky AC and PVC
pipelines by new HDPE/ DI pipelines, carrying
out leak detection survey, monitoring flows
in all DMAs by bulk metering and recording
flow through system are recommended.
5.Energy Audit
5.1Objective
±± The objective of the energy audit is to improve
the overall energy efficiency of the water
supply system with ultimate aim to achieve
sustainable energy saving and cost reductions.
The energy audit is conducted in the following
order:
±± Detailed study of the pumping stations, water
treatment plants including historical and
present energy performance trends and specific
energy consumption
94
±± Creation of a database giving broad data on
existing infrastructure and system maps of
each of pumping station in water supply system
±± Quantification of energy losses, and energy
saving potential in water supply system
±± Creation of a database of baseline energy
measurements for reference during post
implementation measurements and verification
5.2. Methodology
The audit team conducts start-up discussion with
local engineers / staff maintaining the plant and
all the required pumping station data is collected.
Based on information collected, methodology and
approach for audit is formulated.
Field measurements of all the pumping equipments
are carried out for power and water flow / head
wherever required including piping arrangement.
Measurements of pump/ motor efficiencies, system
efficiency are carried out along with rotating speed
and frequency. System losses are also measured
and noted.
Further break up of these losses is classified as
below
a. Hydraulic losses
b. Mechanical losses
c.
Electrical losses
d. Losses due to O & M practices
e.
Any other causes to be defined by energy
auditing agency.
Energy balance sheet for the system under study
is then prepared with identification of all the
major and minor energy losses including causes
mentioned above.
Specific Energy Consumption: Preliminary energy
audit is carried out for all pumping stations/water
treatment plants. The specific energy consumption
benchmark is fixed in terms of “kWh/MLD”
for normal working conditions and the energy
auditing agency identifies and quantifies the
factors affecting specific energy consumption. It
also identifies the factors affecting specific energy
consumption.
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
Based on detailed study of pumping stations
and plant operations, the short term and long
term measures for improvement of system are
recommended.
Based on recommended measures, program for
implementation of various improvement measures
in phased manner is suggested with due care so
that the existing water demand and supply cycle
shall not be affected in quantity as well as quality.
Table 3. Assessment of potential savings as per energy audit recommendations
Sr.
No.
Name of City
kWh/
Population MLD
Present
kWh/
MLD
After
ECM
Possible
Yearly (kWh) Yearly Bill energy
Saving
Pay
Investment
consumption (Rs Lakhs)
bill
(Rs. lacs
back
Cost (Lacs)
(Present)
(Present) reduction
/Yr)
(Month)
%
1
Akkalkot
44000
388
276
814060
34.09
29.1
9.92
11.48
4.0
2
Degloor
60000
211
198
544428
24.97
6.3
1.57
2.99
1.4
3
Dharmabad
35000
232
116
172994
8.27
49.7
4.11
5.94
8.6
4
Gondia
135000
737
626
2115965
85.02
15
12.75
18.85
2.7
5
Hingoli
80000
892
849
2252866
106.38
4.8
5.11
7.5
0.8
6
Jejuri
13800
1269
986
1140020
39.9
22.26
8.88
14.07
4.2
7
Kalmeshwar
20000
615
529
527352
16.83
14
2.36
3.83
2.7
8
Katol
47000
286
154
712957
85.02
46
39.11
39.64
5.6
9
Khopoli
76564
277
247
910101
52.77
10.06
5.31
7.1
1.6
10
Kinwat
31073
350
309
317502
9.15
11.7
1.07
7.03
9.2
11
Majalgaon
56500
310
216
708387
32.36
30.25
9.79
15.1
5.6
12
Manmad
100000
377
285
1142306
70.23
24.46
17.18
30.9
5.3
13
Mohpa
7390
256
218
96558
1.84
15
0.28
0.47
3.1
14
Mowad
8767
713
520
291749
5.47
27
1.48
1.87
4.1
15
Nilanga
39691
932
825
810103
29.37
11.5
3.38
8.16
3.3
16
Purna
40708
802
567
576660
24.88
29.35
7.30
22.27
10.7
17
Ramtek
25199
458
444
437801
11.05
3
0.33
3.88
4.2
18
Sailu
46631
304
217
280113
6.08
28.8
1.75
4.65
9.2
19
Shirpur
80000
606
532
1802088
53.25
12.2
6.50
27.44
6.2
20
Sillod
56500
582
524
673461
28.3
10
2.83
4.42
1.9
21
Sonpeth
15500
221
159
106625
2.98
28.5
0.85
2.5
10.1
22
Panchgani
15169
563
457
330961
11.87
18.85
2.24
4.64
4.7
23
Satara
119429
870
762
1957628
91.17
12.4
11.31
36.26
4.8
24
Panhala
3932
4418
3002
425714
12.59
32.04
4.03
10.69
10.2
25
Kagal
26070
566.5
507
876661
36.68
10.54
3.87
6.17
2.0
1183923
17235
13525
20025060
880.52
18.54%
163.29
297.85
4 Months
TOTAL
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore
95
Figure 4: Results of comprehensive energy audit
As per above data, it is seen that, investment for
power saving is relatively very small and on an
average, the payback period of such investment
is about 4 months (maximum a year). Thus, with
small investments, local bodies can save a lot.
Conclusions:
1. As per CPHEEO recommendations, losses
in water supply system should be limited to
15%. As against this, actual losses on basis
of sample study in Maharashtra state are
observed to be to the tune of 54%. Hence, it
is necessary to take immediate steps to curtail
water losses to save water.
3. Large investments are necessary to bring
down losses in water works especially
transmission and distribution system but it
is worth considering value of precious and
scarce water sources and cost of lifting and
transportation going to waste. Hence, it is
obligatory for Central and State Governments
to make adequate provision for reform and
rectification works.
4. Relatively smaller investments are necessary
to save power and energy bills. It is essential
to develop awareness in local bodies not to
neglect this aspect.
2. Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan model
is based on scientific approach to undertake
reform works and hence, same can be
implemented in other states of India.
96
46th IWWA Convention - 2014, Bangalore