THEORETICAL PHYSICS AULA A2 MONDAY THURSDAY : : 9:30 9:30 - - 10:50 ( with brakes) 11:50 AULA BELTRAMI Marco - gherardi umpv.d@unimi.it @ SYLLABVS DI ME tuttora L 1. SCALING Argument , ) Dynamics Systems ( CHAI 2. 3 ANALYSIS - . 4. VARIATIONAl PRINCIPLES THERMO DYNAMICS ( OPTIMIZATION ) ( then is → ( vedi video YT LEC 01 also the book LA GRANGIA N AND , f. 01 . channel ' fatta alhneofphgnu Classi col Mechanics ( W. Lenin ) ;) !) HAMILTON IAN MEUHPNKS hhsfhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCHFCXgYdvY ] ? https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/ 8-333-statistical-mechanics-istatistical-mechanics-ofparticles-fall-2013/pages/ lecture-notes/ ÌIRST SEME Mir SECOND SEME siepe Theoretical Physics : 1 ( quantum THEORETICAL ↓ PHYSICS Information theory ) Les bethlen nn Physics) Physics Quantum : ( Statistical MATHS and ENUIN { . to physics of theoretical eppoeh 2 Language Common . my News with a I food ( 3 . for Large Technical fu e. goal - number of D. 0 F . in fundamental i mechanics of date systems ~ t coord in we'll entry see fan ltriys He and of the state of ' put the doo on the . and y . Chord . . : G. Rana 's posted QUANTUM I make eglin . . . on Kira for Dl Physicians " note : Everyltuy bere worhsif GRIEF SMELL is FIELD . THEORY I Relativity sveheuty SPECIAL MECHANICS n length whose for this field " prediction s end . 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Il ⊕g , : ÈÈ , - - granita ) - pendulum µ period of with man e pendulum ? the tem in which the is put that bruta tiene Fundamental , tenesse period pendulum Compute of [ period ] ↓ 1- ansa " l ' german sey on a ment to I the . T = ' ☒ mt l gli nerd li altmpt ment ti do a www.msn.g#-sT--MtLP(f-Y=M non me Dimensional Analysis | × ' ✓ the ' be syn Mould ' = 1 MATCH powers the d- contro {T , lei Proportione " e M & Constant t } ↓ So if have don't have I I musi have µ : d- o L : p o T: - - 2 + f = the = 1 0 any teme M the lett baud hehe on htnatror { . the otherside of on = . d- o - 13 f = = ! - mi ↓ t a ↓ ' is Tj proportione " l' this quot Ion - " + - salve , but WHY-st-E.mn ? I t , I ment the M, L & T " M , L the / equation equation non si be true to be Satisfied IDENTKAl.LI ltaurpll F to Final the nient ne : [ÈÉYmµ In this ne 2 can vsndty {g , ÌA how! 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Maths Brands on reahnebuhty Understanding Dl is also e job for pfynusis ' SCALING e. f ARGUMENTS . general feud " POWER if trans È = | ora they y Units of e = tue differenti hai t Measure LER " . that is ✗ SCALE INvariant : M ji Monet their of → y t' ✗ i = = ✓ µ È a change of units of measure is a linear transformation. with linear transormation we mean that y’ depends linearly (so equal to x per a constant). " ( × = T ( È NI SCALING INVARIANTI n n> EXPONENTIA y l ' É ce = ✗ ' pt = y = ( e ° } then is he neyaf Mathematical definiti ↑ SCALING of N Sanne thiry = - scaling morderli their befane . / example E• • • why : ? the population length caldes y Y Nations gas ong of . wege L È y L " ti 1 : sublimano scaling - L " ✗ _ di 1 : sublimano scaling - " × " t >1 : Superfinalen problem is with Umts measure ' ' Hus linea ly noy chage of y fa) re . to . y y in jet the hey y = lag e lo y + they × ↓ ✗ d log y t>1 t 1 = L l 1 lag ✗ nylon coefficienti 03/11/2022 of the Recap ARGUMENT S SCALING piernas lesson LAWS f- 1 Inner f- super - _ Y ✗ C = + What seu we explpx) e in the of the build exercise Lunar " charactervile - = a " Sealeinvarttt e- EXPONENTIALS Y scaling sibhwear Lis Power 2 Scott is ✗ ◦ = ≤ p my /②) SCALING ARLVMENT - 1 Preohitnry ② f- ✗ insieme of scaling E- AB new puouhhesgvrnohokrones of Brandis pannthesnandim.endynsuuddenretn-30tladeeh.mg Mauthausen Brief llllttttthsnnsssssnnmsnm monumentali JPHERKALCOW Let' ambu " " terytrud consolar s MODELS animals Let' s suppose this is geometriatheconstant Semet en depena, of elephant ↓ r with |h gg radius ✓ = of the of how muh elephant Sutton 'i ↑ ( = , A z 1 Constant dipende on } È the log Cz and it Fmax } car ↓ " " "" ↓ volume letamaio 9 I ↓ density " quartiere the spinge on ~' ground the ' e " " I" " = Fw cara + in anotheruovsant the relation btn Rand r ≤ Fnax ' gr gg = cui → ? I max r=È{ F sistemabile by geometrica lez of the kmd LARI ↓ 1 thlt Material of the C = = ↓ ↳ the Cylindre Fpga vyhndnud R ?⃝ g. / llg e | fw "" " " "ᵗʰᵗ " on animal ' R = ray . llt 'sglttˢ ) of Optimization problem ( example Sharper d chiodi : by lol ) In;] : i diameter p p i. : : : by , Invent to Jentry from ✓ se to dieser .be the LAW I see so he ↓ force to al put piantare assumption s buckhiy the is the it . form svhsiamt ⑧ ↓ = ne warder tre ! minimum of function F back the my , Argument her) that Malines minimum I bands) µ ↓ F " if F È < as Seon es Thiry stands ; the Fs FB buckle /bends the , Thiry . % f- , nder to m , ' from data BOX dunum pt know (d I the me date that . . is con clearly I felt consiraint the four needed to the lager bergen by gwen n ot put the mail & Fi ) } the nani tope I " FB = yargminimeonsthat ~nt .tn F / d) ↓ " il chiodo got snnethuy that my sure & FLFB ~ it to we min arg , ardlr te ( * = (t ensner . Lo F f d the if the tintwnwnen : ( - : min of F by - - ; ✗o Is s till on the dependent Variable FB ✗ d↓ été ◦ ylt) = ↓ → dall' Ì it citate value of Indipendent Variable → IÈ 1- ✗ al 1- d- metanolo a rate ÌM gli " ✗ = È g ' ^ R ↓ - - 9 Assumption ✓ doesn't eppoi q ↳ the but by ' = ohpmds . " we to express ( see Van R b typuel the ebert ' wrt emerga is M , since b ✗ toetptan R es withat R in È → bf M during gneph sen the lecture ) | Snblincar behaviour ≥ ' ) . . etp ↓ the the of the size Scales Mess ↓ R & M ↓ ↓ the scale meen chimo ( folding I marò on dipendono of scale ↓ Constant a the tre set graph §ª""""tʰmn • E A f e. S ✗ C ] li sure con . AB B to he me mi & A B their A LB • that aehnhetuons thnuet AIB it → ' on es : A=k÷ Constant ?⃝ , LEGI legit , 07/11/2022 DYNt icn-lsysit-mswhotwehedonevut.li INTRODUCTION TO " how is *§È from doing Physics starting % ^ , " PRINCIPLES THEORY più off di . ↓ a Non MODELS U ' ne Everything' stile s TLTEOIY E appunti /I EQUIVALENT TO runs . . theoretiuelp-hg.is F 2 ✗ . wrt × ; Consonni y EXPERIMENTS DYNAMIC al Systems ti predict goal : A- ampli d- the system by obsernnyltspnesmtstale.MN pe future siete the asteroid D= distance of A from the Earth ☐ ^ pnsent red end state on tuo TYM ' green with TI prediction of | dfkutu-twmes.ro ' 0 - system number function - , f out I ✗ CONTINUI ✗ , or t Discrete DISLR on ↑ • Continuous ← . . . . . → discrete °" " . D / D example C /D example Dlc example : : : COMPUTER (TURING 'S MACHINE ) Radioactive decay Mechel dice dissolution glien' time) entry Janne ] (discrete " I . • : - . = i 1 , 1 i " ; : - MAPS i i St DYNAMICAL SYSTEM ✗ n system desenbed bit Xt ordino differenti quat " " . . . i i i i. , , "" . event dugout TRANSITIONS ganas " pf i spent stata Combe : - ITERATED (ANT ✗ time - ^ ↓ JUMP PROUESS a . ↓ /✗ . _ " • ↓ T . = ' . single Points . . . just × - • Cont . CELLULAR Automation ↑ • " number of states : I have ← Continuous is corse _ thesethnnfs ' intercetta all the team eh X control be be con : whln ( Vector - + the of STATE t States } npbetween , . . Let' s controlli D/ C the case ITE RATED MAPS uns EQUATION h 0 = ✗ ✗ li 2 , . Dynamics - . R t f = mi EQUATION tuti dymannial : tue system of the the system (at n) to Dates Systems ( et of MOTION f (✗ = Motion equation speefyiuy . twt Maps states of f function ( ×" time dependance menu of nn ) in " . ) f comprendi f fa fo of flflxnl) = ✗n f - - " to NITIAI STATE " i = ( ti mha f elevate but it . . . ~ 1 toeit . that to the have to we of penser I MEANS COMPOSE n . times n . RVLES about DYNAMIC Systems attend net setisfy the Determini • have to he onda la considered in • ② tono rules those GIN ↓ . ' • • ② § no pì output metallaro È , . che } ÷! . predittive . 5 Somedekmtw . - ' ' ORBIT ) TRAJELTORY ( Cycle ✗n f function time to p È FIXED POINT { tu = + : = ✗o . ti , ta fu f (E) ( like { . . . } > , , } i an P } = a system PERIOD THE ( p =3 K£1 ) that maps the siete 's the the Nate . ot Cycle e / poing men là . Cycle OF is e tregectoy undefnncof that repeat itself number of tunes . .fi#ntiseoycheofper-ad1 TRANSIENT • ( { rccurreut-te.MN } {1.2131-7} {6-14,5} infiniteGwang times visite called net I WU Notes ' startingfromthat-state.LI REWRRENT States AND vint House e in CONNECTED I times . 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(E) - 1 di din f ' . = n+ , (E) Intuition " residui " by representation graphic • GBWEBp÷%Ì t" ? +imminente " " fin .=- y : ' bit ± m / f# - '" oe ' ' ' , , ' | i i : g- 918k¥84 ) . t.vn the ✗ fi " 1 on the serve ✗ insector Points (y coord . Iepply × have ' my then ffx) is f ' li nov on with . at 's X on new the ) f.) È: ;•••←T; 1 ✗ = 0 IS AN UN STABLE I . the seme . array 7¥ " ' Ì - ⊕I E tuned points probable I converge It' for I / Minolta _ t.nu FIXED POINT " www. E E-r f v nst d ol e f u -edpomt s { stable 1 s It' s stable either from . ' and ne ti converge ' ' en brsector , ✗o ] + I ◦ Freedom from the to instabile feed point 1 • of rtartmypmt itgoes the ÷ )) flto) msflflx and then I do point già point ↓ ftp.Y s next whom it lies see Thiry the degree point initio o fin) ×. 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TAYLOR ② a . • = trae ne it ≈ shift the ' n n> " 1 • sienteol I (✗ ) f = - back Whore + S to I starting but I'll sig there chose to the since , . point , point fixed pants ( et on go then for the bisutor fixed points Chest m this hnearn.cat versione ) I'm LA If to " È { S is chose to I ✗n , in-game definitivi chose b- is of sikh Ì . ✗ UN stable . : I Whenever ( ≈ alle blu 10:30 • function whhe tuo pemts stay the on bisector 2- 4 . . - _ . . ) ^ - LIMIT con be - Cycle STABLE UN STABLE ÷ " " NON PER TURBATIVE fvmthiy just that bending at we : see its onhy uhm consideri the ne Taylor expansion . White function , not by exercise : EX In 1 . flt ) Tonh ( Pt ) = I p -0 pso tir - fonti (7) ' z = _ z -3 z , " ftp. , f ginnasi for 1 < - I suppose P - - - . _ - . Kings - ; " "" ↓ & - . tenh.PH In the Inner gpa . it 's stable marginalia un " ; 1 131%+01×7 the function , ; ? Pt = OLP > 1 - •.;_.."ʰ ( 5) 0 + VNSM-B-i-yoiiterfh.MN STABILITY ? YES Taylor 1 - "" case </3 o ^ < 1 2 onafredpowt the possible filled points = ftp.hrmitnms Taylor Psa STABLE } UN STABLO Let' s draw e BIFVRCATWNDIAGRAM-ftorth.sn/ernse ) . I 1) Save THIS EXERCISE to fai px più j f - ' / ×:o) function in 0 =p - 1- } A 2) if Ì I barche WR Expansion THE function 13<1 STABLE di = f (E) ↓ function gmen ; un > m 1351 in ' ora this the cose we VNSTABUE Intersect cous , just salve this ( corse ungtable points pò\ E- ° ) " " "" " " " I , the .am, 1 " : Compte the death of = • ! \ How ^ i p ( RITILAÙ ' ✗ EX 2 LOGISTIC MAP ↓ I "" " OLRL 4 " " " { "" . " - mm "" " " " " 1798 MALTHUS = "" " " *fonte VERHULST ✗ nei = ✗ - n 1838 r / ¥4 ) ↓ 1 - this take > the artmd in ' ouonntef feed ether rehtnt ' end ftvffvsetuf far ' s life and nepal . ?⃝ ?⃝ ?⃝ 21/11/2022 CONTINUOUS ✗ t te [ a) o ✗ c- R cm , ' ) Continuous # Dignus dimension 1 1) ( degree of fandom sone - D= is Continuous are , DYNAMIC ( time SYSTEMS AL of Freedom p u:mwʰᵈmHʰˢHⁿᵗᵗ ᵗᵈʰ""ᵗᵈʰµ i.gmanomdijj-m-FIHXn.it f stands for Continuous function het - = CONTO ] continuous in g (✗a) = ✗ ( t) glxlt - _ ( . d- 5 → ✗ I = (f) . alt 0 D. E buon itadahehis formerd ' I , ( X) know my velocity the hehoaty canditi I know . 11111 - - . entry E hore each , by point end stage et that Litti . f farell points is arrow ↓ the Amplitude ( N°14 ) È I → at or ' f. ↳ rohn s × ' % × [ (e) , it's escolar fixin ( e ( Vector function) ) ✗ It ) = / là 1--0 fin [✗ (a) with time ✗ danvers / ZOOM ydeuneses \ ? ' F. P 1 - bere - - - fin at each - ↓ Zoom this situati ° . , I -- # ↑= e ' , maesleftwad ✗ (t) * I i ? " number da * ✗ ma involtini ggi) } positive • X " , " = I → ] "" piegati ✗ (f) { reset ✗ (f) =D " Iggy ! fai * ✗ Increase nrt t _ _ foster behaviour shows its position X . ( dcneasiy ) then the block point . e e e e e e • s s s VNSTABVE s f- 0 s s µ I rtey o : ? ' = FNEDPT I = | • _ tells Vector FIELD : ✓ I , ( through Whore to go me : ÷::÷÷÷ yup it 's Mott" en boh siate , § behaviour ✗④ Wit veniste Kremer) room ' diffamatori ↓ buona mahjong = . . the dkrlr Atrash soap to go Ìlt ) d- = | . director ✗a ↑ . → → f/ (A) : un Iwant ^ com' t I this state dure of time like - ordineydifhmtid quatuor at 's what all fines corse Neon in I. ii. III) I } * s s s S • S S S STABLE PROPER this holds hath ¥E ] S for iterated s . t STABILITI of Definition Map Il ✗ ( t ) . and E - Il a. D. E E : define s | to Stay to the all through smell ment Hd point as me ✗a ' dynamics the the Fixed point ' Lans with lftso lf ✗ G) poing | / ✗ Io ) - tis discute il/ / È not) meaning Twitterdefinition i of the then is f e st if you . start Chaser Thon { to the point fixed point time with v - Starting Thon { Li my class the 1- ix. point i oleesnt metter . | how fair you from beth - . ↓ are so E < ÷ how dose I ( . thom ment in f , yeillbe to the che sei fixed point future States . ^ ( by def of KAB UTY) STABLE norm 7 length s / . Vector of the dog s X, D= 1 ◦ • STABLE UN STAB ve D= onhy Leading • 2 • ✗2 ^ \ In ÷ : auf Cooley Yz µ . X, . [; } " uNSM this is whate ' × , Repulsive " Looks like i point 2- its dimensions tendinee is to go down and their more any from F. P . " . 1 clearly any not the can ! D--2 in - L then cosa othv are ben STABILITY , . the possible which lead to UNTAB . 28/11/2022 Fixed f ( Il point c. t d- . (t) ✗ = ( O flutti = dt f Identity the is f- (✗I = ✗ - D. T Xn . flin ) = . ftenetedmap) lblflt spirali ✗ d- T in . , but ☒ c. in T Dimension 1 Chest ( et . 1 in dimensioni case ) fumi LOGISTIC pennant ^ MAP psrameter ( bifvraetiondiagnom ) ✗n ↓ = , , ✗" ^ te ' (only fixed points) - ✗u Let' ) lui va • siete ( 1 s zoom in n E * = ✓ [ → • , • ' e • 1 i 7a I i ' t ro , va r } ✓ * aominy smell de Formation the whom r annannlt to un plot of . I SELF SIMILARI TI \, Smell look puts of as system FEIGENBAUM Ak k ( AK -11 : :| Vk i " - Te - rieti • , ✗ i - - → converge il ≈ 2,50 ' - f = 4,67 rk : Linear tk Vk - rk - I scaling ( " scale invarianti . system ) bere : bnfwc 1975 e white the . diagram I have esyoiem.br/-hoL=EYt how so descriptio n the of MECHANICS s 0 D. E s . de . ? do scriptum of observation of system I got the how System the diff ordinem an . quot Starting from , system marks . the . LALRANGIAN MECHANICS we moved to beforesomethriyelse discuss OPTIMIZATION PRINCIPLES (VARIATIONAL e -8 PRINCIPLES runs mordor to ' introduce lagrangiani ' Mechanics ) " " "" . y ↳ ; that minime" tragertasy coeredi , Whore land the which tnegectay I ? voluto MINIMIZE ' SEA is best the ore in ? TIME I ' • BEACH 1 ^ ^ ✗ • I 1 , 1 I ✓ LIFE I \ I 1 WARD I dr STEPS ① 1 I • : Tlt) S ↓ ' ' ☐ • • ds Vr Vs RUN SUM deswibesthetragatory ✗ I Total time as function = X 1- ( t) ② Minimal 4- of arginf Tlx) ⑦t È Te ) ② 1- (× ) - diff DX ( ✓ Solution , to TN) - - ri ✓ its di rivestire minimum value = o → = & si D) un have of Tp) and . of the of parametro s' + Solution dipnoi, onb - µ ✗ - die REscaunvvr.us Solution ' on : ④ ( Ifrit the that) il 's multiplied by thetspuif.the.hr/-regechtrYhtem'ft-lnoiolcrtoget we down rtvff invariante I . Let's discuss what ° (comb ° t-sdnethismwetirbfmdtheuehe.FI IN Ìs È sidri ? Minimum D- ✗ i ✗ % realize u n> o = È di-H.IT + 1- (× ) where alors dà % % = "" , ) SCALING IN VARIANT È D- ✗ = È ° tgelher E vs V, 01/12/2022 1- (× ) % from → % - = I È dif ? ( FIXED) I l" " " ◦ end have ) POINT ✗ STATLONARY "" " " "" D- ✗ I swimmer t " " " hot s.me/-piseywetiorIfiudtheueheof tem ft × , best ma ,poi f. the .mn , ✗ Lifeguard / problem the minimum Vehme its dimette u n> o = resume s realize 1- (x ) whwe alpes ① ( Let' " tregechtry ✗ d;# da seme " . . D- ✗ va - ' ' o = [ rtvff RE SCALING VR Vs i DX ( ✓ Solution & , ✓ ri sidri & si D) to 1- (×) invariante - (comb - . Solution the of parametro s' + Solution dipnoi, amb ° - of ④ ( Itri Ìs the ' on : that) e. g : Let' lo Let' - DIÈ sibst I X It ( Vr . Vs . ✗ dr di , , is / ✗✗ D) = let' s system angles ( parametri ✗ Vr , IN Terms . in , bdr tds , a , ¥+72 parametri to the teme to just Thiry ID iesaahiy as befane 0 ) of everything'✓ the fist of doesn't ) La cosa = ≤ Vs ' FERMAT this four 1 dr { I " ☐ . is PRINCIPLE s a ) ( SNELL LAW least TIME of www.zhim-pimrph sÈÈÈ " di • ' problem t.my#N=sMyYat- cosa S I ' the Maruge " ÷ .ir X - Idi I = D . I I ) Vr the . • Sneller bye all those . through it of dvs it 's lwvevuent arnevlyze ≥ (b multipla all by got back I , emything smth scaling , ° I È doesn't Cherry Then e = with www.pty I : D- ✗ i ✗ % I anahhcolly this : from If do it s nothingchongesif so we length RESCAVE s ) SCALING ' NVARIANT il 's lmsblxlbvriovs.bdr.bds.li#' "" , Vr RUN " " " "" | +u ✗e trenta ( Ax . Bi ) ' × Cherry If I Slightly I know time that the thou the run Mohr . my mes Mol traje chez with take layer , A nother about mini unite t.mn exercise We 11¥ § | • " = to a. o the swimmer 13 • F- O t r Vr = to hit o - È + sin = F sino I want O onnry lll AI = manti to minimi ze 1- (a) I [ s . t . T possible ( o) is Values min the of : 0 c- [ ◦ it ] È , ] 0 Vs A 1 • / Running it = . consideri turn I swimmimt Velocity g ' time needed to got e. as . sin + = . trejertory sich this 1- (a) site differenti con can < a in how on We "" : LG velocity TÀ T ↳ ^ for (a) • → it = - o smell " ↓ the È min time . whln O = IT is abtàmed . " • È = " . Vs → Large vs whore plot ' È 0 I the MIN bene lies . o : È PHASE TRANSITION a o best a ↳ each time then occurs option problem is varietwnol or . = on problem - argomento) All those tasks situation when the problem s Look for to Us a star IONARY POINT I-II Fuit Fermat Principle MINIMI : I 0 % # V , ma ↓ value 5. t point ' . No ) then = we È | MAXIMI . . FIND chonyèotmmimtimn 2- E STATIONMI POINTS TH) home 's 2- E • Then are thine types ef of Variation problems Optimization at . LAGRANLLAN MECHANICS f✗ × × mi = → - g local f a . . • to t { Boundary "" ✗( dita , È ( = Ì = t , DÌ moons × × . a , ; ✗ to ti :X , = ✗ - 2 , . _ ( -1014 ×, ✗ , , n X, SHI ) ) Ra . Optimization but t-to.it with / tnegutayinet ombra ) 511×41 ) principle autem point , function 1M setolvahres . I . . / www.t-H / fmitmifthe , t. = ttlto.tl It ) Goal :X our , ✗ : (f) + Sxlt ) ↓ notcountebty points ) 1- DX . . . . . ) ¥ ez ✗ t.nu/--g=iisatisfedV-t ) Iwnteewhtetrycchiywithesmollputvrbeton Kt ) from +1£ / / " " i = | y fa ) _ siatuonariig ◦ Taylor flxtdxl-fct.EE?iflxi-dxfi+iSIxH+JN.D- s+ l ' function 7 - hmm.ch/=ActhlN www. function , another , il ] function I ' un for Look my [ - ✗ ( )] function a o sui freg . S S variationai • = erdneteol S es modif. a " = " Action the Stationers urt fine tunnel ✗ L s [✗ Il ] = | L ( ✗ It ) , ( functional to i IH ) dt I vent " ✗ function It) È (f) : : t ) IR of tue real variable s position ott Velocity at t.net note : I the that LA GRAN GIAN to we tryeetaiy the " : ↓ ti of mini mi 2- e PRINCIPLE is versa me MINIMEI the path venue the S[ Ci ] to follow privilegiavano) that the Iauordiny of ✗ Yerim mill got ✓se through intant Action became SIX G ) ) we , work to express the TETILHEME WTtᵗÈoa . 1 allons to the intere anolyze the . the cutie system and , final changa NE any state . % li of its initio 05/12/2022 ti S [✗ Il ] | | (✗ L = Action function ÌIH ) , docet dependent S votre à avoir t meaning re velocity ott of estoy faits L t position " " It ) the value It whey phzansts that 's t.net nf ≤ net S [ xc ) ) and write . scxct ) ) LA GRAN GIAN has y at real variable s so , that control mi wnourstondcbte be ] . note : +1×1 ) ] S [ ✗ ( il |I t . S [ 1 )) ✗ - = . BOUNDARY o , [ L ✗ (t) Sxltl + lilt ) , tregechories ¥ + Silt ) ti ]¥ ✗ ( to ) / L/ - ✗ it ) , function Conditions ) ✗ HD iit) dt f ✗ = ✗ - + Il ✗ = ✗ the ( t) ohpnvh but s des NI t an . . . . f- 1×161+5×4.1=0 lagrangiani the hem dipende t Let' s ✗ . ftltl discuss (E) Little bit : e È (f) = - It's the n n> g trajectory n • TAYLOREI -PANSWNWRTZVARI ABLES.io iuitiel point Compute ✗ ( t) L in the ' SHÌ St , Variable 1 ii.EU - t | t - - - - - - - ° [ ✗ Taylor art 2 (t) of EXP . + Sxltl L peru Varrebbe wrt / { L / ✗ IH i It ) ) . , or . X , Silt ) ) dt, , iltl ) - I ✗ IL / - ✗ it ) , ) iit) dt o = to L its , i HIGH a + It ) + ( ✗ iiltlljxlt ) It) , , - L / ✗ it) i It ) , )} Second variable ti to + ti fust Variable 1×11×4-1 . Variable # Hai -1 [ | { L wrt a lilt ) , 1- Irst ti of - , L Add the derivativo di Ittiti Ntl ) filt) . , } INTEGRATION By PARTS : fin / dt . g = ' It) dt o = finge /ga fin di ) - ) ott = 0 its , Ict) filet and . Second note : " | write we Fay ott ) = - to " "I annega, formale 1- Physics are . . to that f, ✓ | | in ti i dt del / di L = " ↓ | il Si . 7×1 - Jxdt . " ◦ mi /✗ . write euvsthingtogether ti / I IN ✗ to { : be has to that it I know boundary tem ) ; So Let' s terms boundary Let's lowrider the fanny L . Sx / + ' 0 = = d- boundaries ◦ mi , all the b- ff Jill % - × . il } dt ✗ 0 D. E It) . / = d- J il dt o EULER - f. il =) ✗ . LEI ) LAGRANGE EQUATION i 1 ti 1 | fltlgltldt I to GIH Boundary Conditions of . : di f. il became . gltl 1 =/ o Somewhat I ^ ti , . 1 I l ' Hyrothetiud applications of I in " ᵈᵗ " Il Il f. g glt o f Fa It ) to Let' s | beundoy tams the Integral by put mai you aeses ) " " the equation : what 's the ^ I how do shatestpath ? we prove that ? • ↳ àÈE helps It's bed us / for ! this tend of Orten Problems . ' ✗ . So ] tlinimizotionproblunsim K le U - I 1 total Kinetic total potentina enngyotcnuyyafa system e. system f. free To pa ( Particle forms = K uns = E in we ID → ) + Lt posi + metti hem I build the EULER potential mi %-) mass di L ]✗ L 1µm . - mi =P = 0 i = ms o . . : velocita ↑ = LAGR Ed → there's i = Momentum ne o ✗ 0 D. E . → . acceleration - o . of a free Particle in ID . ?⃝ 12/12/2022 ( (× , Kinetic i) 1- ↓ everything' Velocity f. L ( dott ' ↓ memorie ↳ d- %¥ ¥ L . | claim these just thing dinky we di , µ except from L L ( t.li ) iii. + ↑ vittime , s potential energy degree of freedom t.me bene sparisce , at L . least dimensioneUY is stile . k V = - { 9 }① HAVE I IF WHAT CHAN GES ONE DEGREE of More THAN i set . . . . , of degree of n the freedom coordinate that spritz of 1 = t.n.mu , y single real e energy the state system , number AU coord Ah velocità " . ↑ ↑ ↑ 1 al / { qi } { ai } ) 9 , 3ʳᵈ variabile g. if ) ott der . clarity by Writing ( (t y { , , y Z , i. I iz ) , FREEDOM degree s of wrt y ti 2- , LET' s L ( t.biz dy = ( : , FAR WITH MORE THAN 1 system a Wrt time , d } { di } ) LA GRANGIAN GENERAL e. s ; , ↓ Let' /{9 dqgl , oi dt = point particle e. g. write Xiiii ) % 92 y ≥ POINT PARTICLE Z = single point = . tre for y . , in mmm in Space with end are ora dymns.vn internet degree of freedom . ↳ Gr 3D × . . 9} in j) example this equation more is thou see we can that the dmoysthesemelaenn.tn d. are Under like that a. we f.) but , have on we meed to equation for eechoneofthecaordimetes-E.ws) PARTICLE ID ( K = - U E = ( PONTENTIAL IN 2 mi - UN J d l , = = ? for mi this system I+ =p L = J✗ - MOMENTUM Particle ( ) × derivativa of F ( ×) = | ↓ It' s the Singh d. a. f. I the U a potential wit Space farcela sumwiry | n n> up , pi It' s = ' p Fa) buon : un > Newtoniana J :L =p { dÈÈÉp } fpy For SD Point THESE ( ↓ = m ( i. jiz ) ≥ - U(× Particle , y , mi lvhy dove ✓se Instead la c-Patti IAN MECHANICS coordinate ② changa of ② Presence of constrairts of NEWTON IAN ? z ) sane malt but written in Vector form FREEDOM ? ?⃝ 1 changa of coordinate . { ✗ } i. i i . . . . n . number sane { Ii } → - i. ÈE { Y} { ✗ 1 tal i . . . ✗a . . coordinate { ti n . ^ r, → of r cos = ✗2 = r Y f sin . { ↓ e card ↓ point a is the dynamic of li speri fy the waut position of the a FREE PARTICLE ( = Llr s X, In LD in 2 D I 4 ) ' . what • ✓ ' of point coord tie l' horizontal K , , wrt randy ? equation of the dynamiuel system that specific terms of and if free pertiche in LD , palate r in I'm interested in coordinate i . µ ÷¥ "" con = ( m un> Kinetic the Lay ragion , energy { Jr 2 il mr = mi = ir è e , sey È mr il " M % how muh 4 of choyes changed I arch ' t et all' r = times radius is the unghe length of . GTEPS ? got - ! ( Lak U ) L - compiti E - . lagrangiani equation → generalizedmomentum-sdq.gl P, = 2 nate : from the lagrangiana . - ↓ the dr why ieri ? = tams are 2 | mi , v in which dipenda Terms of in - L , il → if r what daa I ' fig 2) + , Y , rete ( ↓ r Variables which the IAGPAN Y i.ae .ie ) . vi. of the arch has the the Vector modulo of sama ↓ mi = e in free partiche a di LI so APPARE NT Force " diff . with Newton ' on themis qpauut fara ( lager mechanics . Mechanics , ? but then operate with we der isn't opperutenuyy ! Energy ) . . . . ) = nerd to wrt time Jill ) . the partial do of . . È u n> È ! Iggy V = a the arch ' presente I constiaints 2. { } then ti i = . . . . . , is n f( e. g ✗i ✗ 1 , Xz , . 7?+ ✗a , ✗ i È - = of the so , ✗n ) O = system particle - polar ( use we can is . Constant for the o coordinates r . . . - v2 betuoenthese cardinalis Yt a R2 her the = 0 coord . . rnndhf we of nstcad vse fixed I . coordinate to these → : { ti cartesiani -1 r = speùfycorstraints ) disco of fuohn the } ' È {☒ e } : ofthesyv-tmtnotr.be toe for the cause it 's to spiritual by the be system {y} = : ( r L = I = = = te { ↓ { f = in m m free partite I v2 / ii. i -92 ) ( con strainad use easily ↓ m a fan in ri the board etpuer . Circle i i. reo r 's function È 42 Lagrange ey lle , il → . il = o so e L % = -4% del In eden to fixed and le reti 2y?? the honrtioiut bluse è) \ : polar in Òroiwt Fixed ) III. il Let' s do this for con , o consimili " " doesn't AMY e MR ⑧ È = ↓ the on by variante pere nè il Ip < o -0 Fa di l ( × = l' ' | +, - yn sane ds from A = lati %: ' l ) % = 1 B " =/ È di dì a ✗ 1- patti (ta ↳ . deswibed thii I ist - = / a the derivativa of the function by function FÉIN ' di ✗ = [ L ( y j ) di , L = s.iq ' ✗ E- hey → iy = const 1 w It's ) a far ds function .jp#L' ↓ ' path wantto minimize the Ylt pitagora 's theorun " °" I hits B ds diagonal total length d- ) -71 ( il i integrate Invent to s , which mons that the der . of the patti function I is Constant and so yisesegmen const so . , y Is 15/12/2022 Let' s ( L È) " 92 . . . . 9 . . n 9, , 9 i . , . . . . Attese of COORDINATE S PREUVES THE GENERALI D: TED Veloures and they , Why owly e. 5 L • with (q L = , is which × I . free particle a . . . . . 9¢ . . . . , the generali zed L not is 9in A : It' s just like this like , lagrangiani Mechanics e Convention for . . 1-2 = , mi to Charity the % ( mt ) 0 , p = ' 2 u n> in the on o / . p = net defend has d. o ≥ . . . : i o Particle 's position particle 's Velocity In ) . . ' in ID example write the E p constant In ✗ f . , . L . we i on eq nn> can see . , for that but not on this L X . ( Shipping serve per ) : . does not dependent if the lagrangiani momentum di L=p ) Constant so , is L da " on - , free particle ' by hyp È , , = , - concept let's general ID final lagrangiani dcpeuds our mi in coord dependent g. ( 0 F 2M D. are I this ( . . System e. ? Not system our Then . can , that Basic coordinate . . . I Chomet coords and velocità . consimili irnptnnnt n also and etc ? """"ᵈj . la ) . . ↓ | coord are ASSOCIATED VELOUTIES GENERALI 2- ED "" : freedom degree s of the ✓ ✓ muhomics ? of FREEDOM ' 91 lagrangiani about things DEGREEs ARE THE WHAT • just tuo sey . fact we know that momentum p is quanti ty far fneemotion-co.se . a . conslmed , Then the for Generalizia l Pa Let' 1 ( 91 L = . 19¢ . can ' . . . . 9in , 9 , . . , . . . : Pk In ) L ) = q is a coNSERvEDavaNTHY_ , generali zed momentum : do s . . general the EE come : . Gct eq Motion of . of mass a ¥ spring a on . ✗ 2 = 0 . " ATWOOD MACHINE s motion Gct Eq of . untny down E. L . cq & . • , what are the coordinate share Llx ( il metter L (t Iii ) × . . . i. ii. ) . of Writing . he il try , l E. L . eq . fa and fa V Mi / ma by dchetùy la write it using write the ? the relation atween for this lagrangiani i ✗ a. ✗ M . . i Ma . Solutions 1 ( . = K U lagrangiani - K { mi ' = U = { te ( 2 ✗ = ↓ un i ' . { k 2 ✗ I not K but Classic Constant , { > a il i = mi E. i. = - kx eq → . I J; l = alt the Solutions ore oscillato ry solutions . ( sin and → mi = - kx equation on ✗ note : J✗ L cos . . . ) of motion of harmonic oscillatori 2 note . L K = K U - U t.lk il ¢+4) + Total Kinetic energy system 's Total - her - system's - = : . k ! = M Ì? , to U ✓ m - = li K L ↓ : l = ✗ × g , { . + ✗ i. ma + 2) + ✗ → a + a a glm + × I { {( = di L m × , _ " = (mi ) è me + + mi g( m m t.us Kino rbitmly of { i. Let's discuss , b- = = ✗ = , g( m hind mossa to this what is - ne e. i. : mah ) ) > = Q : A : Hon In ✗ muy µ L cani Mnemba that muy . u → (m + , this , con me ohmgs strani ts com we ' " mi degree of freedom conrtreùt Amy " do ii. I = gfm - , me ? have of of d ' just the = number d. { ) - do such valutativi kill have " motion ) ◦ . f. the end . . 0 ( note , and we have to F; . : L (× ] , ti ) ] masses on ' . . : rape ' to discuss a oonsrtraint b a dings Mutiny 1- getta meus iii-gIEI-fd-ay-J.it non do ' ore the mi - , ° the ←t% f- In tua a i. - the . It L % quel we can put choose Whore to ↓ | + ma , . → X . problems . a) ma ✗ b × : Kinetic energy + , , a. " ' A- a) circhi mai :) è? + , ' s ve • NE-EEEEE.li I partiche ) and K and V. " tuo respect ° constant → . in I semi the rape § - - = 1 length of their turn s note , ( m.ir ? ( Masses ì: - U - , × .mg , Meed to we energy { incluso { mai ! + have tuo we potential ) THERMO It' s PAG 48 -54 exercise DYNAMICS the Science . the of modyn Systems ; . thurii a nu-mbuefd-hpees-of-fmedom.CI with then MÈTA # is e MALEC system lege d-her example s . 1- , in gas box e pnfect example e is thermal of . system • • . • ↓ • . . I Thermal Systems : . . H ' of • BOILING WATER CHEMICAL Reaction RESIST of . 0 PROBLEMS 1 . motion Eq of . : , P non can D. 0 . F . Moon ? N , are , deserta a Smell number IEEE lf d. e. f. ( gumdnobedy in con giorni AUthesencEE.me# I : - DV , 1 R , , I ( potential ament having resistance difference , RUBBER BAND T : . _ F / tension ☐ T × , ' I Clonfert wrt "" rating position , K Identi constant ) struttura Collard ln.at particle voi ! me 1 ' V . Simet hing that has Electric Current temp ° until THERMODYNAMKSVARIABVE-s. GL { T RESI STOR | Ken gas ) APPROAIH 'st Macroscopici temp • he a " REDUCTION GAS we dynamics of the . Thermal Systems in " What does • Macros CONDITIONS INITIAL ) to solve motion equation of The . 2 ( by Trying : 19/12/2022 TEMPERATURE ENTROPY FLUCTUATIONS → → } DISORDER (of the system) have the system fhutmete Talkiuy e. temperature about , we Intuition its all know Let' s define . what 's temperature is : g. Black of Dl metal ± ' ' - la → Il e. g Shape after put it I the Microwave in → the holter the ( g.) e. itgets , longe it becomes . . Ì f- (mett) { tuo possibilities to mnshowdoweuhoosetheright-ytd.it?F=-tlmettl temperature ngg / Sugar = describe this in 1 system Cube we Calibrature Waimea { beils 100 [ to define temperature what 1s our calibrate our 0 E don't example ' put ° C bevante ' ne assume 1- in our that we µ andarono una + is rads tempi astrali ʰ Tz * In e xp . with *it e È { ° = system Sonne temp , ↳ GAS THERMO METER | theimomtter that temperature by In volume . . Sugar Cubes = È • a F, ↓ + + b I = PV T ← ] once lohibnehtol all thesmomct , collapse on the by Variation far fessure) d- a gas Under { measures the so , this www.symn . . . ler town µ OBVE low system . teme curve - IDEAL . , this system works best . temp asdetined 100 | si. Sama V m§§m °o° . ÷ ( . _ . ↓ ene temp Conditions ≠ te : a 1, + . . T1 firs xp with particular cond = ↑ have p : . . note : we . . definition with this Universal .be/-arecalibntiony,,n& "" begin definition to | wanthtvsevnikisllpheromena-n.me I ◦ stick to can manita work Conditions : Gas PRESS URE (* ) Non the challenge want lì I calibratura ↑ and not system : F PV = the % ✓2 thnee diff etp . i. , = : ok . nuovi mg A is system Constant in time T → = the nuit I Fi.ua P, V, = , 100 i k ' when its EQUILIBRANO N After this e t , my doesn't champ temperature this is time / is : equilibrismi g turn this behaviour ten p What' s cottero system if they s the thermal in are have the , sane T e chose system ' ll equilibrium ( they' re be fini in in T E TE ↓ . . with . themselves ) . Specific neat ↑ Q = m c at - ↓ diff . . of heat - - - - Mi C - - - Ah , + bar = , ma the tuo obj . contea 2 After seme ditteunt : Curtin time , enim temperatura they , if the nach ° ↓ in . TEN da fermi put T2 Ta Thy country we temperature ma ( , differentinihil bergin with tuo the game we this moons that then is semethiy that hamiltoniano t ( tepui librium) know that heat intangibili CONSERVATION OF HEAT form is the Mast [ ÈI in . reading muh with . Long crneryh . ! K 0 DTF, Thermal in " noviny taobao.thermodynomn.cl if i is y , un ↓ system temperature " cdkd Let' s take one-night . " gas a aree ABS Zero : not - evenpthiny stop in with Boiling Zero / whene mpnted partite . ' ABSOUTEZt Plan (◦ Conditions gas 's freezing : B: B F | Universal point F , Velocity of therun . time . 22/12/2022 È i DQ ; then 0 = Sanctuary that is consemed is I = JOUÈS ↓ E ✗ PER MENT Transform 4- control But - what , Mehring , that goal water of tank show : a , stick ! NERI c- : Kino ] of energy . . applied that the energy ) if HET ( Into hore ? became the ✓ en ( tolling m Conclusion : experimental quintinie betueen heat and work " stick t) I - ' - . . . . Potential . energy What' s ( of ) → m buchi energy ( d- ' molto bene non . . . " from . distance d) . . ' ) ( the system per heat s - totheimouguihbr) ( mgh ) U is 1A | formatgrinta = ?? . ^ e. xp stick at y . I @ stick Kinetic energy of the transformer into heat % would be Transform notate the stick water temperature Interns runs ? this is goth the Ah & : = to neonata Jake's goal was I L U = equivalent Mechanical CALORIE of . . / U . harmony Jones equivalent to Units (d) are calorie s If = . i ↑ e✗ ' J : energy " gol . : s unit ] heat 's unit ÷ note : heat . nneasvrud as CherII JIJate.su ' is Transform into heat to Mechanical energy atitfiultstvff mare a : with the tome befane ( mech T ✗ ✓ P ( became PhenomenaLogical Inns ( 1660 ' ) 1810 - = K , → CONSTANT TN | ideale ( as : PIERI) = 1 38 . Liceo) io ≠ 1- K [PV ) K , ] = : [E] [E] = [ T ] È N : number olim , ( at 23 . Dimensions [ written sometime also encrg → . proposition heat) is .. . we'll as impossible Foto see ) the idealmente B BOLTZMANN . of entropy etc this - P V in ] . note i . = 1 [E] = is TIP V , , N) ] equation of state = corresse> ethos T in Terms theimodyn . of the variable ] Macroscopico var . that deserte the state of the = [ T ] system know that I once ( everyflimg P heat , heat work T , . . ) . plot only at EQUILIBRIUM n → her work this ↳ ma non - p end V Te Fast situation . with up quatuor an conservation of the that vnifics energy state that . the is . . system the come it adohnsses mrs point Mowgli for determina +hernneohgn of the system , nei monti desuribe of . like to I' d , of Thermo MMM ' " low thanks to the eq µ cavi ore Lind of Energy their amo is • THERMO DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 11 thvnnedynounic variable s : Constant are ( note : Indies Thermal cq . ) • ' Cluny point 1- = grugni regnanti the in a system È o in Thermo . equilibrismi the 1kg " " " ' < - , - . , i. i . . iii. : " " ' i. " i. . " . ; ' . . ; . } " ' , i . " " nn . - h , , , " " " ' _ \ > remove I , _ _ Piston ' . . i. i. - i. i - . ii. , , . . . . : " corrse weight and He that the gas is torce I' mopptyiny inceneriti from with the | : i ii.at Large times the piston this point . is this Fixed and Movies , Tones I EQUILIBRWMIE.fi = Tea ? Al . EQUILIBRIUM Alla -1 Shae Tae * ( Tea - Tai ) + ma ' se ◦ * ( Tel - Tn ) - - nota : mmcmtcn-maecaatmmccu-m.ec se Tag . Tu < o became the Guil wirlohueys the ° formule weightuef for e average . bella hidurbltweon temperature > o Lo = = ~ ✓ . torce due . tempi thou the the Wit . E the preserve of the gas Fp note : those then forms out don't comm ] Nientemeno gneph repnesurts • Teq . weight position the the time Cancel Then out Man can Thermo eg in GAS at s / | Fm the is ' for The system - . ^ tu not entry , = apphying BLEEK is , me , , i. Ì of : . . . ' ' - \ , on to the piston - " note Mrs . " "I ↳ ' ✓ time . how the system . Using Poi Riemann 's PIÙ •y ' " ʰ•y i • . a Integral i A P V is const N W B ↳ P.su ' vvtav T GAS IDEAL , convention P V , , . N B . [ Pish ? i work su p [ v s n → → / PIU ) dv a o io AW ; i Let' Zoom s potion Hd ) considera Smell in : : AW P - - - • S ' ' I l l ' = the DX : how FAX of the height Piston uhomges . of Thermo desiri.pt/:t,v,P,N) Let' s got Fund di Interns • Dimensionata speaking it completely make se n s e i AW =p su IV A DX . ' ' f. DX , V Vtbv = P - - ✓ d Area of the piston "" = > un P s . - ( we this formula hcrewaksforcvenf nnacroseopic transformation simile to the on we terok as Crampton . Kinda servit befane) 09/01/2023 States bergin to , let' s recall ↓ : by goriy work dont Wa , Formula ' ! ; thi , ltownptl . : VB "" " ✓ the work is aree to B A transformation p ÉµÉ from the gas during doom by the transformation . ISOBARK Transformation (P Constant ) ↳ p ^ Wa → I ; ' = in this also is can :(VB . Va ) l l l S I 1 ' ISOCHORIC ✓ Va Va (v constant ) ^ Pa vo VB • l PIU) dv / = ✓ va PCV) du i the ' : also the segment is from and to Integral point game / ✓ note 0 ↑ An Vo = ° ↑ PB enne of of Louise 0 is 0 . a ! missinganrfI.A@sq.ofhlMt system absorbent the W ( p) l ' A . l ' p / P ( Ndt va • | • = s work doom by aq the system . aw = a [ / store by in ftp.STLAWN-THER-DYNAMS the the system system \ INTERNAL ENERGY AN ^ p BOI : dipendono function is Not etait an bear differential " fa game work an " that AQ mi exactdiffernt function a of auditor .is dipende doni be written can the derivativa as Hoe the trans! on Mems function . but note I da - IN this in , formula : ④ = ↓ . Is Etat differential an V B wah don by the green transformation MICROSCOPI C INTERPRETATION Slmplifying assumption ② ↓ LE of E < GAS IN A WBE ② ' e - i Nj ai , ÷ : = , Y : ' i gete Ì |" KÉMO p P ? = of = DP gas microscopio representation a Pesare . ± A "sure of the all sample we Mont to = ↓ [ direction in . ' . Volume V more gas L v. partidos a " . ii. t [✗ Act DIFFERENTIAL is . All particle home velocity of non } mass i off . . ' . of repusnt ' : : • partidos i. [ B- Fa AND T casi est moy to : = m = - di Momentum . f ← - | |µ - ↑ nell of spihes MY when e hits we Wells of the Cube . Thee since ' s t Lee e the are Constant ' positions mary function and , in , so Meaning VERNET Spike [ the Cube easy repr . What's I'm of d- the wbe] is an 1- derivativa Nè . app = Momentum wrt time ④ ⑤ ELASTIC Nf ( only Collision s Particle coll' Snows Poitiers Collision ) Let' f s (f) computer the Average of then ferus 1- consideri just are Collision - n n " F- ma = m - È = ¥/ off = It f- (t ) ° tendohii_heir@yg.I = by the number of faire points I have . ¥" "" " DI Nt INTEGRAL IS { i . SUMMER dt Yitanes . È ¥ = f- =p - ! at flt ) dt È/ = at " # Et ◦ 0 the note at : → Vi - ' Maktum AV became of back fare then s fa in - ' ) PG) ' f IP = at DP mi ' - we sine = - ) v.v - , Vo so → the - V, = - of = the of the MOMENTI particle Vi moderne desiri be the Motion . of the 2mV it' i Un' i case , It's I ohneys µ like this with at = 21 21 : be corse e poi va torna verso the Momentum il nell indietro (Lil ) v by putting È = ererythiy MI = 2¥ NÉ Gettar so particle : [ = surface area È ~, p = mj pressione for each parti che using Kinetic theory . . and molto compte the Force pertiche in y . in the he interested the nell , so ( m = Chang = elastic collision È = [ È Plat ) d- P - Vo AP = required to chageitsmonini - / 12 / 2023 01 Recall P mji = , PV macroscopicobs & ¥m = we il ¥ = notice this to etpnss ry KBT PV = da PV in § = NK NK , = : Boltzmann Constant T 1 this comes from got Kinetic theory - K § K : Kinetic of me _ E aw a system is vahid for . energy particle pointpart.LI = NK ? NKÉ = 1- ? N Kit = ↑ of parti che note , - total energy of this K} : ↑ All ✗ direction " fin v2 = ↓ = È in mare , we her , DE . . particules temperature not from what , P = and , K terms of so ¥ : . MONO ATOMIC Kinetic hf e euyy single pertiche GAS _ , les single parti of the gas are pointpaih.CI = , far b) AU parti des home velocity fine v the stile : tessile ! ] this kinder concepts are uelhed Universalis És .is : macroscopici cynotwns cane insensibile to the microscopio ?⃝ details of the model . PD Fn " """ " " "" " """ "" µ MAXWELL " Distribution ' 4 distribution of I the hom of " " "" the I 0 È | harm , vy of the , 4) velocity ' v vi | (vx = ' ① PDF ( il ② PDF Iii ) ① v " 0 + plot ② f = Pdf of / 4) Py Ivy ) Pz ( Vz ) Px = flirt) (F) PDF ; Vx the → 3 conati STAMSMLA ore LY INDIPENDENTI isotropia & exp f- i / vi. vi. vi ) ) : VÌ Vy È LAYE ' , , È have the SINE Distribution : probabili ty theory from ② 11 Il ④ = 3 < : VÌS = ≥ < 2) ↓ variante AVERAGE so , = } III ) = % : how mich partire one's the velocity of . j k = Lazi : f- TEMPERATURE mi is = a ↓ m 1 I il Measure = : , ≈ 2¥ Smelt of smalti Micro scorie Fluctus vous : e onothr i differenti tram , from bifore k, T = Il fhctuatwn haje Large variante I fhrtuotwn Smell variarne smell the ctnation I ENTROPY Let' scansioni differentetarnphes Dain ② s' t Engine → tant' Q H A@ il hot this 0 < Net is possible ! possible ! Not is lwithovtaryother cdd etpiinnnt this 0 (withovtaryotheruhange) DA out ② . aw ↓ An : changa ) as : this Adat is possible end . ewtuollyjovlEIETPERMENT.eng.in AW ↑ it's ← then observations bing SECOND PRINCIPLE KELVIN " ② ② CLAUSNVS ' } to vs : THERMO DYNAMICS of equivalent the Spring Analyse case : from first principe DE = da ~ i AMAP : ME = sa - ☐ Wspr = . : Fspr DX ' pdv Properties dt = da - pdvt f. dx i , f. dx +1 . , . . ai thermodyimanic tories dis placement ) { : fare f intensità Hotel chose with the size at the INTENSIVE X are ADDITIVE l' 9 (e ✗ te " " " Pio , P V note : diH¥ componenti dei ↓ ' , the " " two JUXTAPOSED Systems system ' eddie . PV , Hai =P = ZV ↑ ADDITIVE ?⃝ note T : is INTENSIVE-tmontlo-desu.be df 1- = fine principale polli f. + - → sa aof dx +1 , . . . in Terms of : ) né . ( LAV hvs the ' THEOREM principle in plin that for my 2nd § 1¥ Let' s see a cyelic transformation : ≤ o what t.IE Integral this meam @ : ( t t dt) " + , this intend at time : in da = Alt) dt ti 9¥ $ ¥ =/ " , E Let' s considera those amen : REVERSIBILE TRANSFORMATION pre that 9th consideri J New - pon -1 . . AQ 8 meoms ≤ o the theoria ↑ REVERSIBILE f % f- : da ~' - @ , & ✗ inv → E = fa; - - : : o . the Let' consideri Clausius Mhok B de -1ns ' thcoruntltlsvsthdi.fr . s ' = Consequence of y n reverend de : reurniy a be com : * • s, / + a §, | , = ↳ ° = > ) È a , " " " s INDEPENDENT of & tromsf Independent of that 1¥ is an . y , that quanti ty ( path ) this ; is Moon' [✗ ACT DIFFERENTIAL sending what ENTROPY ¥ di - i • = , of