Vedant:
● Exercise
○ Good for heart and lungs
○ Our heart rate and breathing rate increases which makes them work
harder
■ Heart pumps more blood to muscles, extra work for heart
strengthens it, lets it pump blood easier
■ When lungs work harder, oxygen is transported to muscles more
efficiently (grape)
○ Lowers risk of heart disease and other heart problems
○ Even a walk or jog can make you more healthy
○ Cardiac Output - how much blood is pumped to the muscles
○ Cardiac Hypertrophy - heart muscles get thicker and stronger as you
exercise
○ Tidal volume - amount of air that travels in and out in one respiratory cycle
■ Increases during exercise
○ VO2 Max - maximum amount of oxygen we can use during exercise
■ As you exercise more, this max increases
○ During exercise
■ Heart Stroke volume increases - amount of blood pumped with each
beat increases
● Due to heart contractility
■ Airways open up
■ Ejection Fraction - Percentage of blood thats pumped out of the
heart with each beat
● Increases due to heart’s increased contractility
■ Ventilation Perfusion Ratio - ratio of air reaching alveoli to ratio of
blood reaching alveoli
● Ratio increases during exercise
■ These changes cause increased exercise tolerance, better quality
of life, reduced risk of heart and respiratory diseases
Neil:
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Immune System Stuff
○ Mucus Membrane - First Line of Defense
■ Special proteins and antibodies that detect and neutralize invaders
■ Traps pathogens in mucus secretions, preventing it from spreading
■ Lubricates and protects organs and cavities
○ White Blood Cell - Second Line of Defense
■ Migrates to infection sites to destroy them
■ Proteins and antibodies neutralize invaders
■ ???? eats and digests invaders
Less white blood cells (1% of blood) then red blood cells but still
extremely effective
Lymph Node - Third Line of Defense
■ Part of Lymphatic System
● Responsible for carrying Lymph Fluid and immune cells
through the body
● Sends immune cells to infected areas to fight back against
infection
● Immune cells detect intruders and send signal to lymph
nodes to trigger immune response system
● Lymph nodes trigger more signals and send more immune
cells to fight the infection
Immune system keeps track of all infections fought off, so it can recognize
the same disease in the future (does this apply to cancer tho)
Takes time for immune system to fight infections
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Our Video:
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Both positive and negative effects of listening to music
Positive:
○ Improves memory
○ Decrease anxiety/stress
○ Increase cognitive functions
○ Increase concentration
○ Enhance the part of your brain linked to creativity
○ Improve your sense of well-being
Negative:
○ May be distraction from other tasks
○ Decrease attention span
○ Hamper your ability to focus on other activities
○ Dangerous especially when tasks require your full attention
○ Risk of hearing damage if music is too loud
○ Potential addiction to music
○ Can interfere with sleep
Im not summarizing all of this just read it
● Auditory cortex: This is the primary area of the brain responsible for
processing sound. It helps us to recognize different sounds and to
distinguish between pitch, tone, and rhythm in music.
● Prefrontal cortex: This region is involved in higher-level cognitive
processes, such as decision-making and attention. It helps us to focus on
the music and to interpret its emotional content.
● Limbic system: This includes the amygdala and hippocampus, which are
involved in processing emotions and memories. Music can trigger strong
emotional responses and can also evoke memories associated with
certain songs or experiences.
● Basal ganglia: This region is involved in motor coordination and timing. It
helps us to synchronize our movements with the rhythm of the music, as
seen in activities like dancing or playing an instrument.
● Cerebellum: This region is also involved in motor coordination and timing,
but is particularly important for fine motor skills. It helps us to perform
precise movements in response to the rhythm of the music.
● Dopamine release: Listening to music triggers the release of dopamine, a
neurotransmitter that is associated with pleasure and reward. This can
create feelings of happiness and euphoria.
● Neural plasticity: Music can enhance neural plasticity, which is the brain's
ability to change and adapt over time. This can lead to improved cognitive
functioning, including better memory and problem-solving skills.
● Brain wave synchronization: Listening to music can synchronize brain
waves, which can lead to a more relaxed and focused state of mind. This
can be especially beneficial for reducing stress and anxiety.
● Emotional regulation: Music has the ability to regulate emotions and can
be used as a therapeutic tool for people with mood disorders. It can also
improve emotional regulation in healthy individuals.
● Motor coordination: Music can improve motor coordination and timing, as
seen in activities like dancing and playing instruments. This is due to the
synchronization of neural networks in the brain.
Georgina:
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Sleeping isn’t just losing consciousness, complex physiological process vital to
well-being
Neurotransmitters
○ Adenosine: Naturally occurring, accumulates in the brain while awake
■ Increases drowsiness
■ ATP is broken down as you use energy throughout the day,
releasing adenosine, which activates receptors in the brain that
reduce alertness and make you sleepier
■ More adenosine = more sleepy, your “sleep drive”
○ Melatonin (produced by pineal gland):
■ Released in response to darkness
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■ Regulates circadian rhythms, synchronizes with night/daytime
○ Acetylcholine
■ Strongest in REM stage and when awake
■ Helps you retain information→ sleeping on things helps memory
4 Stages of sleep:
○ Non-REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
■ 75% of sleep cycle, broken into N1, N2, and N3 stages
● N1: Lightest stage of sleep begins when more than 50% of
alpha brain waves are replaced with low amplitude mixed
frequency (LAMF).
○ Lasts 1-5 mins, 5% of total sleep time? Probably 1-5
mins for one sleep cycle
● N2: Light sleep, 25 minutes in the first sleep cycle, increases
with each cycle. 45% of total sleep time
○ Characterized by sleep-spindles (brief powerful
bursts of neuronal firing) and k-complexes (1-second,
longest and most distinct brainwave)
● N3: 20-40 mins, gets shorter with each cycle
○ Known as deep sleep, as muscle tone, breathing rate
and pulse all decrease
○ Brain activity patterned by delta waves
○ Critical to restorative sleep (body recovery, restores
immune system)
○ Possibly contributes to insightful thinking
○ REM (rapid eye movement)
■ 90 minutes after falling asleep
■ Mixed brainwave activity
■ Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing all increase
■ This stage contains most of your dreams
● Due to amygdala, which is more active in this stage
● Brainstem sends signals to prevent your body from acting
out dreams
○ This is why you are sometimes paralyzed in sleep
○ In the first half of the night, you spend more time in Non-REM, in the 2nd
half you spend more time in REM stage
○ Roughly 4-5 sleep cycles in a night
■ Circadian rhythms regulate these cycles
○ SCN: In hypothalamus, receives information about light, allowing body to
synchronize internal clock with outside
■ When we see darkness
● SCN sends signal to pineal gland, releasing melatonin (causes
sleepiness)
■ When we see light
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SCN stops release of melatonin, starts releasing cortisol
(helps us wake up)
Pranav J.
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Limbic System
○ Orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, Amygdala, Hypothalamus
○ Amygdala and Hypothalamus contribute to neuroticism (fear and anxiety)
○ Basal ganglia (and orbitofrontal cortex?? implied) contributes to openness
to experience
○ Involved in behavior and emotions
○ When certain aspects of the system grow larger, they influence
personality more
Personality is what makes people different
○ Openness to experience
○ Conscientiousness
○ Extraversion
○ Agreeableness
○ Neuroticism
Outside environment affects number of dendrites, neurons and connectors which
affects limbic system parts
○ Each part contributes to emotional responses (brain plasticity)
○ This is why everyone has different personalities
Jaden:
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Properly functioning group of cells with no tumors is like a well oiled machine
○ Tumors are annoying cogs
■ “Malfunctions”
○ Keep machine running = no malfunctions
○ All cells must do their job and communicate with each other to keep body
healthy
■ Eating well, sleeping enough, regular checkups, healthy lifestyle
allows cells to do their jobs well
Properly functioning group of cells with benign tumor is like traffic jam on busy
road
○ All cells trying to do their jobs but benign tumor blocks their path
■ Can slow things down but not necessarily dangerous
○ Benign tumor - lump of cells that grow slowly and don’t spread to other
parts of the body
■ Form through genetic mutation
If immune system can’t destroy them fast enough, a tumor
forms
■ Usually don’t cause harm, can be removed
■ Dangerous only if it becomes malignant
■ “Slow moving obstacle on the road of life”
■ There are some effective treatments for benign and malignant
tumors now
Group of cells with malignant tumor are like rogue drivers on the road - ignore
rules & cause chaos
○ Tumor cells grow and divide uncontrollably and invade nearby tissues
■ Can even spread to other parts of the body
○ Malignant tumors are extremely dangerous, can cause damage and death
○ Form through combination of genetic mutations and environmental
factors (smoking, radiation, poor diet)
○ Can create its own blood supply to sustain itself, harder to stop
○ Treatments like chemotherapy and radiation that can potentially destroy
the cancer cells
○ Surgery can sometimes remove tumor completely
○ Key is to catch tumor early, get regular checkups, be aware of changes in
the body
○ “Be a responsible driver and catch rogue drivers before they cause an
accident”
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