SOME USEFUL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE WE START
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE &
OPERATING SYSTEMS
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“
Rule number 1.
YOU HAVE TO PASS!!
— ME
”
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ABOUT THIS COURSE…
WHERE TO FIND WHAT AND WHAT TO DO.
•
•
Examination
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1 written (multiple choice) exam
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1 assignment (we will exercise in class for the assignment at home)
Study material
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Slides
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Material given
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Reference book→“Modern operating system” 4thed. Tanenbaum, Bos.
NOTE: ALL THE MATERIAL IS REFERENCED IN THE SLIDES ACCORDING TO THE SOURCE
POLICY, IN EACH SLIDE ALL THE SOURCES,
MOST OF THE CONCEPTUAL CONTENT IS REFERRED FROM THE BOOK
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THE ASSIGNMENT
SOMETHING TO KEEP IN MIND
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The assignment is a script/program
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Can be done in group of 2 (MAX)
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More detailed information will be discussed in class.
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It must respect all the rules in the description.
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It must be original (NO COPY).
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There is always the possibility of an ORAL CHECK on the content of
the assignment.
For any extra info about the course check the course manual in Teams
and Osiris
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2 KIND OF CLASSES
HOW WE S TRUCTURED THE COURSE
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Each week there will be 2 lessons:
1. One will be about how things work
2. One will be about experimenting with those things yourself
3. Or a mix of both
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At any time:
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FEEL FREE TO INTERRUPT TO ASK QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER
EXPLANATIONS!
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But (at least try to) study (a bit ;) )
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N.B.
SOME MORE GENERIC INFO
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We will introduce notions of many concepts (in Operating systems
and Computer Architecture), some will be more in depth than others.
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This course represents the entry to a world of information,
some of which will be explored in a future course
(both in DEV and ANL year 2).
•
Ex.:
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Concurrency (ANL)
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Networking (ANL)
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Algorithm and Data structures (DEV)
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SYMBOLS
LET’S SPEAK THE SAME L ANGUAGE
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Talk with me, questions-answer,
discovery for each student
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Talk with your colleagues
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Take note
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Exercise or question time
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Check the video :)
THESE ARE THE GENERIC SYMBOLS I USE IN THE SLIDES, SOMETIMES THEY ARE IN COMBINATION BUT THEY ARE
JUST REMINDER THAT MAKES LEVERAGE OVER THE IMAGE TO SET THE PARTICIPATION MODALITY IN A VISUAL
WAY.
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GENERAL GUIDE…
LET’S BE ON THE SAME PAGE!
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Did you find a mistake?
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Did you find something that is unclear?
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Do you know a better example that is more clear?
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HELP US TO MAKE IT BETTER! :)
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Let your teacher/responsible of the course know about it so we
can improve it!
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… WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND
HOW IT WORKS OR …
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
&
OPERATING SYSTEMS
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SUMMARY
COMPUTER ARC HITECTURE
A definition
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A brief intro to the history of a “computer”
PA
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RT
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TH
IS
IS
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Example from far past
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Example from …, well… you understand.
M
Example from far far past
O
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FR
Example from far far far away past
EW
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O
P1
!
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Some more about OS and intro to the next lesson.
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WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
PA
RT
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TH
IS
IS
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FR
O
M
O
P1
!
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WHAT WAS A COMPUTER?
PA
RT
O
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TH
IS
IS
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EW
FR
O
M
O
P1
!
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Take note of the fundamental characteristics of what you will see
in the video (you will find it IN ADVANCE on the team files, watch
all of them before class ;) )
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We will discuss the question together!
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HERE A NEW VIDEO FROM NOT TOO LONG AGO…
YOUTUBE… NOT SPONSORED ;)
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgF3OX8nT0w
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DEFINITION1
computer |kəmˈpjuːtə|
noun
An electronic device which is capable of receiving
information (data) in a particular form and of performing a
sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined
but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to
produce a result in the form of information or signals.
a person who makes calculations, especially with a
calculating machine.
Oxford Dictionary of English
Copyright © 2010, 2017 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
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DEFINITION2
[to] compute |kəmˈpjuːt|
verb [with object]
reckon or calculate (a figure or amount): the hire charge is
computed on a daily basis.
[no object, with negative] informal seem reasonable; make sense:
the idea of a woman alone in a pub did not compute.
[from the phrase does not compute, once used as an error
message in computing.]
ORIGIN
early 17th century:
from French computer or Latin computare,
from com- ‘together’ + putare ‘to settle (an account)’.
Oxford Dictionary of English
Copyright © 2010, 2017 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
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ANCIENT HISTORY
M
O
P1
!
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The First!
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Abacus
since
~2400 BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salaminische_Tafel_Salamis_Tablet_nach_Wilhelm_Kubitschek_Numismatische_Zeitschrift_Bd_31_Wien_1899_p._394_ff.jpg
Math existed LONG before we
had a real computer.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abacus_6.png
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ANCIENT HISTORY
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P1
The about first!
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Antichytera
Mechanism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism
!
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~205 BC60 BC
Orrery used to
predict astronomical positions
and eclipses for calendar and a
strological purposes. It could
also track the four-year cycle
of athletic games which was
similar (though not identical) to
an Olympiad, the cycle of
the ancient Olympic Games.
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Extra: https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/12/this-essential-piece-of-computing-history-just-sold-for-43750/
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HISTORY
P1
!
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Jacquard loom
Joseph Marie Jacquard 1804
programmable textile machine
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(Punched cards: value=yes/no)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morris_Dove_and_Rose_textile_1879.jpg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hand-driven-jacquard-loom.jpg
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MORE HISTORY
M
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P1
!
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Augusta Ada Byron (1815–1852)
Countess of Lovelace
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First programmer ever
(she was a mathematician )
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Created the first algorithm for
the analytical engine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ada_Lovelace_portrait.jpg
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EVEN MORE…
M
O
P1
!
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C. Babbage difference engine
between 1847 and 1849
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First mechanical computer
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Contained Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), basic flow
control, punch cards (inspired
by the Jacquard Loom)
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He refined after the analytical
engine.
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(ONE OF) THE FIRST CALLED COMPUTER.
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Example of the “computer” (1953)
youtube.com/watch?v=s1i-dnAH9Y4
A computer is a mechanical device until the ENIAC
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FINALLY… SOME ELECTRONICS
M
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P1
!
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ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer
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February 15, 1946
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Burning an average of 1 valve
every 2 days (after the initial
period where for each start or
stop cycle something was
burning).
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Maximum period of time of
active computing, 116 hours—
close to five days with no breaks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eniac.jpg
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A MOMENT IN TIME FOR HOLES…
WHIC H L AS TED ABOUT A CENTURY…
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Punch(ed) cards:
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Work independently from the processing
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Representation of code
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•
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Encoded holes represented encoded values for each instruction
Representation of values
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Numbers were encoded in columns not in binary
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ex.: first column 0-9 printed values —> punched 3—> value 3
second column 0-9 printed values —> punched 4—>value 40
etc…
Extra: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXE6HjN8heg
http://homepage.divms.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card
A MOMENT IN TIME FOR HOLES…
WHIC H L AS TED ABOUT A CENTURY…
Source and rights to the: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card
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YES, HISTORY NEVER ENDS…
M
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P1
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Desktop Computers
(first 1964, programma 101, Olivetti …)
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Personal computers
(first 1974, Altair 8800 …)
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Supercomputers
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Clusters
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Cloud computing
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… watches?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM_Blue_Gene_P_supercomputer.jpg
WHAT WAS A COMPUTER?
PA
RT
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TH
IS
IS
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P1
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TIME TO DISCUSS!
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Write all the common elements you have seen from the examples
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Add all the ESSENTIAL characteristic you can think of a modern
COMPUTER
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YOU HAVE 2 minutes! We will discuss after :)
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art 2
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P1
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WHAT’S INSIDE?
COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
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QUESTION TIME!
OR INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE BOX…
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Think about the following questions:
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What’s inside the or outside the computer?
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Can you name all the I/O? What about one that starts
with ne…
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What is an ISA? What kind fo ISA do you remember?
What is ARC? Where is it used?
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FROM NOW ON…
M
O
P1
!
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Computer organisation
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I/O
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Memory
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CPU
Concept of layers and Operating systems…
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VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
M
•
Monitor, printer (O)
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HD,CD, DVD (I/O or
I)
LOGIC UNIT/
DATAPATH
IN
Device
OUT
Device
BUS
Network (I/O)
MEMORY
Stores data and program
Memory
•
!
Mouse, keyboards (I)
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CONTROL
Input/Output (I/O)
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P1
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O
CPU
DDR RAM/SRAM
etc…
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VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
M
!
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CONTROL
Processor (CPU)
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P1
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O
CPU
Datapath: Operative
IN
part, collection of
functional unit such as
ALU (arithmetic logic Device
BUS
unit), process data
Control: Program
counter & registers
LOGIC UNIT/
DATAPATH
Device
MEMORY
Stores data and program
BUS: connect and carry
data (a mean of
communication)
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OUT
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FR
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M
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P1
(I’LL TELL YOU)
VI
WHAT MORE IS INSIDE OUR “BOX”?
!
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More I/O (input/output)
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•
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Mouse/keyboard
(mousepad, trackpad, etc…
all “I”, cameras, etc…)
Video unit (visual feedback,
“O”)
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“In the box”:
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Power supply
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Motherboard (with CPU)
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Video card (sometime video
processors are embedded with CPU)
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Temporary Memory (RAM)
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Storage Memory (disk)
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Extra extension (card reader? Extra
bus usb)
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USB devices
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INPUT (I)/OUTPUT (O)
M
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P1
!
Mouse
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Optical/laser
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Mechanical
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Video
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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display
+ LEDs), Refresh: 60Hz+
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CRT (old monitors Cathode
Ray Tube), Refresh: 60Hz+
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E-INK, Refresh: on demand
(<1Hz)
Touchpad (multitouch?)
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Keyboard
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Webcam
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Most of them has some kind of polling system (usb,
serial etc…)
to check the status
1Hz (hertz) = one cycle per second
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_(14714867599).jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Webcam_Vivanco_Pro_USB_Voip.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ProjectionKeyboard_2.jpg
https://www.allekabels.nl/nieuwe-producten/7184/1230154/tastaturen.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI4PKE08eN6AIVhuN3Ch0wYw6NEAQYASABEgIkivD_BwE
MEMORY (I/O)
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From the slowest
•
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Permanent
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Disks (floppy?, Hard disks…)
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SSD (solid state drive)
Volatile
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RAM
(random access memory,
integrated circuits)
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CACHE (internal memory, low level)
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WE SAID NETWORK…
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
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Hardware:
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Connector (RJ45)
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Cables (ethernet)
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WiFi module
Software:
•
•
Address (192.168.0.1)
80/
0
8
:
m
o
omain.c
Port (8080)
proxy.d
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F
UF
T
S
_
T
E
SECR
CPU: MADE OF…
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A lot of things…
•
This is a Core i7-980X
1,17 billions of transistor in 1,6cm2
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https://tweakers.net/reviews/1585/3/intel-core-i7-980x-een-zeskoppig-monster-gulftown-details.html
CPU
JUS T A SMALL OVERVIEW
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CPU (central processing unit)
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Execute the instructions of the
instruction set architecture
(ISA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Instruction_set_architecture)
•
•
Each processor has an ISA
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Not all the machine share the same ISA
With the ISA we can write programs
(actually the compilers do that for us!).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture
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https://www.pxfuel.com/en/free-photo-erqmn
ISA
SOME MORE INFO…
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The ISA is the encoding/implementation of how the CPU will interpret the machine
code you feed.
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The set of all the possible commands and their behaviour that are encoded in your
hardware
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Within this there are:
•
Data types
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Registers
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Memory management
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Fundamental features
•
etc…
THE ISA IS SIMILAR WITHIN FAMILIES OF PROCESSORS!
BUT NOT THE SAME!
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CPU FAMILIES
ALL HAPPY FAMILIES EVOLVE OVER TIME…
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Different architectures —> different ISA
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CISC (Complex instruction set computing)
•
•
IBM 370/168 (1970), VAX 11/780 (1977),
X86 (80486, 1989),
RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
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ARM (Advanced RISC Machine), AVR (Modified Harvard
Architecture), MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked
Pipeline Stages), ARC (Argonaut Technology Limited),PIC
(Programmable Intelligent Computer)
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THESE ARE ALL ARMS!
JUS T AN EXAMPLE…
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Raspberry pi
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Most Qualcom processors (snapdragon in most phones)
•
iPhones A*(A7, A8, A10) processor is a derivative of ARM in 32 or
64 bits
•
The M1
is an ARM TOO!
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/RPi-Logo-SCREEN.png
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https://www.apple.com
QUESTION TIME!
OR INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE BOX…
•
What’s inside the or outside the computer?
•
Can you name all the I/O? What about one that starts
with ne…
•
What is an ISA? What kind fo ISA do you remember?
What is ARC? Where is it used?
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WHAT’S ON TOP
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QUESTION TIME!
OR INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE BOX…
•
Think about the following questions:
•
What is the meaning of Abstraction?
•
How does it apply to OS?
•
Where is the ISA in this concept?
•
Which are the pro/con of virtualisation?
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CONCEPT OF LAYERS
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As you have seen in computer science everything is based on
abstraction, same for the hardware and software
•
We find the concept of layers/levels in all HW/SW projects
•
Abstraction allows you to ignore details and use “objects” as
black boxes
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Each CPU interprets a predetermined ISA and saves data in
memory but not everyone needs to know how it is implemented in
the electronics
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ISA: instruction set architecture
A MATTER OF S TEPS…
EXAMPLE
THE C AR ABS TRACTION
•
To recognise a car: you need to know how it shaped (more or less)
•
You don’t need to know how each part is made to recognise
and use it.
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You don’t need to know how an engine is working to use it.
•
•
There are clear interfaces to use, mount, recognise.
You need to know all those things to fix it or build one.
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•
Lower levels …
more
informations, less
abstraction,
more details
API
LIBRARIES/UTILITIES
OPERATING SYSTEM
ISA
EXECUTION HARDWARE
MEMORY
TRANSLATION
BUS
I/O DEVICES
AND
NETWORKING
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MAIN
MEMORY
}
}
Software
Higher levels …
less informations,
more
abstraction, less
details
ABSTRACTION
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APPLICATION PROGRAMS
Hardware
MORE ABOUT LAYERS
HIGHEST LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION
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OS virtualisation:
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Virtual machines
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Virtual services
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Cloud computing
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https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
https://www.vmware.com/
HIGHEST LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION
Advantages of a virtual machine
include:
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Multiple operating systems
on a single physical computer
without any intervention.
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Widely available and easy to
manage and maintain.
•
Drawbacks of virtual machines
include:
Offers quick disaster recovery
options
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•
Not as efficient as a physical
computer because the
hardware resources are
distributed in an indirect way.
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Multiple VMs on a single
physical machine can deliver
unstable performance.
SUMMARY
WHAT DID WE TALK ABOUT TODAY
•
A bit of history of computers
•
What is the structure of a modern computer
•
Which are the parts that compose a computer and how they
communicate with each other
•
What is the architecture of a computer hardware and software
(we will call this Operating System)
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QUESTION TIME!
OR INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE BOX…
•
Think about the following questions:
•
What is the meaning of Abstraction?
•
How does it apply to OS?
•
Where is the ISA in this concept?
•
Which are the pro/con of virtualisation?
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LET’S INTRODUCE SOMETHING…
BASH SCRIPTING
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IN YOUR FINAL
ASSIGNMENT
WE USE
BASH!
(SUCCESSOR OF BOURNE SHELL: SH, IN SOME DISTRIBUTION
SH REPRESENT DASH, ANOTHER KIND OF IMPLEMENTATION
OF BOURN SHELL.)
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“
> echo "Hello World"
— hello world in bash
”
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WHY BASH?
BEC AUSE IT IS USEFUL EVERYWHERE!
•
There are many operating systems:
•
•
Windows*, Unix, Linux*, Mac OS, others… (HAIKU, Irix, MSDOS, iOS, …)
Which are the most
distributed?
•
Among
75.000.000
Servers
S E RV E R S I N T H E WO R L D
Unix, Unix-like
Source
Microsoft
Windows
Date
All
W3Techs
Feb 2015
Security
Space
Feb 2014
W3Cook
May 2015
68%
Linux
36%
<79.3%
98%
FreeBSD
1%
Unknown
31%
>20.7%
N/A
97%
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
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2%
32%
0%
2%
AND WHICH OF THOSE OS HAVE BASH…
OR A COMPATIBLE SHELL SYS TEM?
•
OS from before:
•
•
Windows*, Unix, Linux*, Mac OS, others… (HAIKU, Irix,
MS-DOS, iOS, …)
Almost all the OS have a compatible shell
•
Even Windows?
•
Install: Windows subsystem for Linux (Windows features)
•
…alternatively: Powershell (partially compatible)
*All the red OSs support directly or indirectly a shell compatible with bash (or bash itself)
Windows developed a standard virtualisation system to install linux without changing anything.
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BASH IS NEEDED
FOR ALL SORT OF THINGS!
•
.net commands require a shell…
•
Server configurations and connections
•
Server automation
•
Essential for web development (never seen VS Code?)
•
Writing programs (quick and dirty, yes more than python)
•
It is the default shell (for users)
•
Make your computer explode…
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BASH
THIS IS HOW IT LOOKS…
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WHAT CAN WE DO:
WE C AN , WE WILL… MAYBE.
•
In Python:
from collections import defaultdict
from string import punctuation
wordcount = defaultdict(int)
for line in open('hamlet.txt'):
line = ''.join([char for char in line.lower()
if char not in punctuation])
for word in line.split():
wordcount[word] += 1
for key in sorted(wordcount, key=wordcount.get, reverse=True)[:10]:
print(key, wordcount[key])
•
In Bash:
tr A-Z a-z < hamlet.txt | tr -sc a-z ‘\n’ | sort |
uniq -c | sort -rn | head
Source: “The Unix Programming Environment” by Rob Pike.
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OPTIONAL EXERCISE
ACTIVIT Y IN CL ASS (ADVANCED)
•
try to understand what the previous command does:
•
Look up the Linux tools tr, sort, uniq, and head
(check the options!).
•
Look up what is the “|” in between those commands.
•
If you did not, install a shell system on your computer to test
out the command.
tr A-Z a-z < hamlet.txt | tr -sc a-z ‘\n’ |
sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head
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PARTIAL SOLUTION…
WE WILL LEARN ALL OF THIS IN THE NEXT WEEKS!
•
It is not important to understand all the details, just yet.
•
Only the general idea on how it works and the power and
versatility of the commands are important!
•
If there is no time in class: do it at home. This content will be
introduced step by step later on
•
more examples here
https://linuxhint.com/30_bash_script_examples/
THE CODE WE HAVE SEEN IS A REASONABLE SOLUTION IN PYTHON, WHICH REMOVES PUNCTATION SUCH
THAT “HAMLET” AND “HAMLET.” ARE CONSIDERED THE SAME WORD, AND AFTER THAT THE BASH VERSION
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THAT’S IT FOR TODAY
IT WASN’T THAT DIFFICULT…
•
Right? :P
•
Do NOT FORGET TO FOLLOW THE GUIDE TO INSTALL THE VM!
We will talk about the virtual machine and more fun next lesson.
•
YOU MUST DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL THE VM BEFORE THE
NEXT LESSON!
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WHERE ARE WE NOW?
•
The real challenge becomes PARALLEL COMPUTING!
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https://github.com/karlrupp/microprocessor-trend-data
GROWTH AND MOORE LAW (OPTIONAL)