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APES 2022-2023 Units 1-5 Review
Name: _________________________________________
Fall Final Exam Review Written using the CED and Friedland 3rd Edition.
UNIT 1: Introduction: Chapters 1-2
UNIT 2: Living World: Ecosystems and Biodiversity - Chapters 3-5
1. Define and give two examples of each of the following terms:
a. biotic factor: _____________________________________________________________________________________
b. abiotic factor: ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Give 1 example of each of the following:
a. A biotic factor affecting an abiotic factor: ______________________________________________________________
b. An abiotic factor affecting a biotic factor: _____________________________________________________________
c.
A biotic factor affecting a biotic factor: ________________________________________________________________
3. Define and give two examples of each of the following roles in an ecosystem:
a. Producer: _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. 1° consumer: _____________________________________________________________________________________
c.
2° consumer: ____________________________________________________________________________________
d. 3° consumer: ____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Detritus: ________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Identify the producer, 1° consumer, 2° consumer, & top carnivore of in the food chain below.
A mouse eats a grasshopper which eats grass. The mouse is then eaten by a hawk.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. Which level contains the greatest biomass?
c. Which occupies the highest tropic level?
___________________________________
b. Which level contains the least biomass?
____________________________________
5. Explain how the
2nd
_____________________________________
d. Which occupies the lowest trophic level?
_____________________________________
Law of Thermodynamics is related to food chains and the 10% rule. ___________________________
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6. What is net primary productivity? Why is it important? ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. If the net primary productivity of an ecosystem is 1.5 kg C/m2/ and respiration is 1.7 kg C/m2/, then what is the gross
primary production of the ecosystem? _____________________________________________________________
8. What is the lowest possible trophic level that humans can feed at to have the lowest carbon footprint on the planet?
EXPLAIN. _________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What would happen if all of the wolves were removed from the Yellowstone National Park ecosystem? Give three
examples of organisms that would be affected and explain how they would be affected.
a. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
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b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________
c.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What elements have a gaseous phase, and which one does not? ______________________________________________
11. Why is phosphorus a limiting factor in most ecosystems? ____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the major reservoir for each of the following?
a. nitrogen: _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. carbon dioxide: __________________________________________________________________________________
c.
phosphorus: _____________________________________________________________________________________
d. water: __________________________________________________________________________________________
13. What occurs in each of the following parts of the nitrogen cycle:
a. nitrification: ____________________________________________________________________________________
b. denitrification: __________________________________________________________________________________
c.
assimilation: ____________________________________________________________________________________
d. ammonification: _________________________________________________________________________________
e. nitrogen fixation: _________________________________________________________________________________
14. Explain the effect of deforestation on the carbon cycle. On the water cycle. _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Which part of carbon cycle is strictly anthropogenic? What are some solutions that could help lower CO2 levels in the
atmosphere?________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. Define and give an example of each:
a. mutualism: ______________________________________________________________________________________
b. commensalism: __________________________________________________________________________________
c.
parasitism: ______________________________________________________________________________________
d. predator-prey relationships: ________________________________________________________________________
e. interspecific competition: __________________________________________________________________________
f.
intraspecific competition: __________________________________________________________________________
g. resource partitioning: _____________________________________________________________________________
h. competitive exclusion: _____________________________________________________________________________
17. Define and give two examples of each:
a. Endemic species: _________________________________________________________________________________
b. Keystone species: ________________________________________________________________________________
c. Foundation species: ______________________________________________________________________________
d. Indicator species: ________________________________________________________________________________
e. Invasive species: _________________________________________________________________________________
f.
Generalist species: _______________________________________________________________________________
g. Specialist species: ________________________________________________________________________________
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h. Niche: __________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Is it better to protect habitats or to try to save individual species? Explain. _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Define and give an example of each of the following terms:
a. Biodiversity: _____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Genetic diversity: _________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Species diversity: _________________________________________________________________________________
d. Ecosystem diversity: __________________________________________________________________________________
20. Explain how a population bottleneck affect genetic diversity of a population? ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. How is biodiversity related to ecosystem resilience? ________________________________________________________
22. How is evolution related to pesticide resistance? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. Define and give two examples of each of the following types of ecosystem services—
a. Provisioning: ____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Regulating: ______________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Cultural: ________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Supporting: _____________________________________________________________________________________
24. Make a GRAPH to illustrate the layers of the
atmosphere. Include the temperature scale on the X
axis and include the temperature line on the graph.
Identify 3 characteristics of each layer of the atmosphere:
25. What are the “elements” that make up weather? __________________________________________________________
26. What is the cause of Earth’s seasons? ___________________________________________________________________
27. What is El Nino? Where does it occur? ___________________________________________________________________
28. Identify 3 weather events and where they occur that can be attributed to El Nino. ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
29. Identify 3 weather events and where they occur that can be attributed to La Nina. ________________________________
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30. What are the two factors that determine an area’s climate?
___________________________________________________
31. Identify the type of biome that is located between 30° N and 30°S.
32. Explain how changes in soil depth and nutrient content help accommodate different vegetation. _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
33. What adaptations do plants in the tropical rainforest have that help them survive in their environment? ______________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
34. Why do biomes change as one moves from the tropics to the poles or as one travels up the side of a mountain? ________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
35. What are climategraphs? ______________________________________________________________________________
36. Sketch a climate graph for each of the following biomes:
Tundra
Chaparral
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tropical Rainforest
37. Which biomes have fire adapted species? _________________________________________________________________
38. What are the characteristics of soils from the following biomes:
a. tundra: _________________________________________________________________________________________
b. desert: _________________________________________________________________________________________
c.
temperate deciduous forests: _______________________________________________________________________
d. grasslands: ______________________________________________________________________________________
e. tropical rainforests: _______________________________________________________________________________
39. Define each of the following terms:
a. Turbidity: _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. Salinity: _________________________________________________________________________________________
40. What contributes the most dissolved oxygen to the ocean? ___________________________________________________
41. Describe the difference between an ecosystem service and an economic service. _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
42. What are the ecosystem services provided by marine ecosystems? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
43. What are the economic services provided by marine ecosystems? ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
44. What are the characteristics of:
a. Reservoirs: _____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Watersheds: ____________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Wetlands: _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. Confined aquifers: ________________________________________________________________________________
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45. Which country has the lost the greatest amount of natural wetlands due to agriculture and urbanization? _____________
46. What is cultural eutrophication? What are the results of cultural eutrophication? ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
47. What is the major cause of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico? What is the leading contributor of this? __________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 3: Biological and Human Populations - Chapters 6-7
48. Draw a diagram to illustrate between primary and secondary ecological succession. Identify the type of pioneer species
for each type of succession process.
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
49. Define and give examples of each:
a. density dependent limiting factor: ___________________________________________________________________
b. density independent limiting factors: _________________________________________________________________
50. How do you calculate population density? ________________________________________________________________
51. Define and give 2 examples of –
a. r selected species: _________________________________________________________________________________
b. K selected species. ________________________________________________________________________________
52. Are r selected species more likely to be generalist or specialists? Explain. _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
53. Are K selected species more likely to be generalist or specialists? Explain. _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
54. Draw the survivorship curves (Type I, Type II, & Type II) and give 3 examples of organisms that demonstrate each
survivorship curve.
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55. Draw a population graph and label the following: Carrying capacity, biotic potential, population overshoot.
56. Draw a predator-prey graph. Label the predator line and the prey line. Determine the approximate carrying capacity of
the predator population on the graph.
57. Define each of the following:
a. total fertility rate: ________________________________________________________________________________
b. replacement level fertility: _________________________________________________________________________
c.
crude birth rate: __________________________________________________________________________________
d. crude death rate: _________________________________________________________________________________
e. infant mortality rate: ______________________________________________________________________________
58. Show how to calculate growth rate for a population.
59. How do you calculate the doubling time for a population? Give an example of a problem.
60. Draw and label age structure diagrams for: rapidly growing population, a stable population, and a negative growth
population.
61. Identify 5 things that countries can enact to reduce population growth. ________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
62. What is the most important thing that helps the planet achieve global sustainability? ______________________________
63. Give the formula for percent change. Give an example of a problem where you calculate the percent change.
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64. Draw and label the demographic transition curve (4 Stages). List at least 2 characteristics for each Stage of the curve.
UNIT 4: Earth Systems and Resources - Chapters 8-9
65. What occurs at each of the following plate boundaries?
a. divergent: _______________________________________________________________________________________
b. convergent: ______________________________________________________________________________________
c.
transform: ______________________________________________________________________________________
66. What causes tsunamis? _______________________________________________________________________________
67. Volcanic activity is associated with-- _____________________________________________________________________
68. Draw and label a soil profile: O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, C horizon. Give the characteristics of each soil horizon.
69. Put the soil particle sizes in increasing order of size: (silt, sand, and clay) ________________________________________
70. What is the difference between a legume and a non-legume crop? Which one could be planted, then plowed under to
help improve the fertility of the soil? _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
71. What do the numbers 10-5-10 mean on a fertilizer bag? _____________________________________________________
72. What is humus? What are two ways that humus is important to soil? __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
73. Explain how to use a soil texture triangle. _________________________________________________________________
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74. What is acid mine drainage? Explain the effects of acid mine drainage on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. __________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
75. What is the major hazard associated with gold mining? ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
76. Other than acid mine drainage, identify 3 other negative environmental effects of mining. _________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
77. Why shouldn’t mining be done in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge or in Antarctica? _____________________________
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Unit 5: Land Use - Chapters 10-11
78. Which agricultural practice leads to the greatest genetic diversity? ____________________________________________
79. Which agricultural practice makes the greatest use of GMOs, pesticides, and fertilizer? ____________________________
80. Describe how each of the following agricultural practice helps reduce soil erosion or improve soil fertility—
a. No-till agriculture: _________________________________________________________________________________
b. Crop rotation: ____________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Terracing: _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. Windbreaks: _____________________________________________________________________________________
81. Which irrigation method is the most efficient and decreases the risk of soil salinization? ___________________________
82. Draw a GRAPH of the pesticide treadmill; explain what is meant by the pesticide treadmill.
83. Explain the effects of broad-spectrum pesticides on beneficial species. _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
84. What are factors that contribute to world hunger / food insecurity? ____________________________________________
85. What is the cause for the major decline in the worldwide fish catch? __________________________________________
86. Define and draw a diagram to illustrate each of the following:
Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation
87. What is IPM? How is it used to manage pest species? _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
88. Explain the effects of clear cutting on soils. ________________________________________________________________
89. What is the most sustainable method of harvesting trees? ___________________________________________________
90. What is habitat fragmentation? How does habitat fragmentation affect gene flow and biodiversity of ecosystems? _____
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
91. What is meant by the “tragedy of the commons?” Give an example. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
92. How does water runoff from urban areas affect nearby lakes and streams? ______________________________________
93. What are impervious surfaces? How can pervious surfaces improve water infiltration? ____________________________
94. What is the ecological footprint? ________________________________________________________________________
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95. List 4 ways to reduce an ecological footprint. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
96. Identify 1 thing that you could reasonably and personally commit to doing that could reduce your ecological footprint.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
97. What is the carbon footprint? __________________________________________________________________________
98. List 4 ways to reduce a carbon footprint: _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
99.
Identify 1 thing that you could reasonably and personally commit to doing that could reduce your carbon footprint.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unit 6: Energy Resources and Consumption - Chapters 12-13
100. Identify the differences between nonrenewable and renewable energy sources.
Nonrenewable: __________________________________________________________________________________
Renewable: _____________________________________________________________________________________
101. Describe trends in energy consumption.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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102. Identify types of fuels and their uses
a. Wood:
b. Peat:
c. 3 Types of Coal:
d. Natural Gas:
e. Crude Oil:
103. Describe the use of fossil fuels in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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104. What are the effects of fossil fuels on the environment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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105. Describe the use of nuclear energy in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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106. What are the effects of the use of nuclear energy on the environment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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107. What are the effects of the use of biomass in power generation on the environment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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108. Describe the use of solar energy in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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109. What are the effects of the use of solar energy in power generation on the environment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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110. Describe the use of hydroelectricity in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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111. What are the effects of the use of hydroelectricity in power generation on the environment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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112. Describe the use of geothermal energy in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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113. What are the effects of the use of geothermal energy in power generation on the environment?
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114. Describe the use of hydrogen fuel cells in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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115. What are the effects of the use of hydrogen fuel cells in power generation on the environment?
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116. Describe the use of wind energy in power generation.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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117. What are the effects of the use of wind energy in power generation on the environment?
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118. Describe methods for conserving energy.
a. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
d. _________________________________________________________________________________________
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APES Fall Final Exam Review