19734 Certificate IV
CPC40110 Certificate IV in
Building and Construction
(Building)
CPCCBC4002A Additional
Resource 1
Copyright
© State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Communities 2013
Published by
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Contents
_Toc358903201
Disclaimer
5
Introduction
7
Demolition Work
8
Unrestricted demolition
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Restricted demolition
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Demolition work not requiring a licence
9
Demolition licences
9
Who is eligible to obtain a licence?
9
Public liability insurance details
10
What does appropriate qualifications mean?
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Permits
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Notifications
10
Demolition work
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Excavation
12
To Support or Not to
12
Other Safety Aspects
14
Manual tasks
16
Methods for Manual Tasks
17
Mechanical Aids
19
Safe and Responsible Manual Handling
19
UV Exposure
20
UV Index and the SunSmart UV Alert
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The different types of skin cancer?
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Other damaging effects of the sun
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Some common misconceptions about the sun
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Noise
Too much noise
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Control measures
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Summary
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Extremes of Temperature
Hot work and workplaces
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Cold places
30
Compressed Air
32
Confined spaces
33
What are confined spaces?
33
What are the risks?
34
Fire extinguishers
35
Causes of fire
36
Poor housekeeping and storage
36
Human negligence
36
Improper use of equipment
37
Fire safety procedures
38
Fire extinguishers
38
Extinguishers
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HAZCHEM procedures
Material Safety Data sheets
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Electrical/lighting
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Bibliography
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Disclaimer
Every effort has been made to provide correct information in this learning
resource. However, the contents must not be relied upon to ensure compliance
with health and safety legislation.
To ensure you meet your compliance obligations under health and safety
legislation you must be aware of the current health and safety Acts,
Regulations, Codes of Practice and Guidelines currently operating in your State
or Territory.
Relevant and current documents can be found on the Regulator’s web page in
your State or Territory as listed below:
Australian Capital Territory: www.worksafety.act.gov.au/healthsafety
New South Wales: www.workcover.nsw.gov.au
Northern Territory: www.worksafe.nt.gov.au/home.aspx
Queensland: www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/
South Australia: www.safework.sa.gov.au/
Tasmania: www.worksafe.tas.gov.au/home
Victoria: www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/
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Additional Learning Resource 1 ; CPCCBC4002A
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Introduction
When builders think of site safety they invariable focus on the potentially
serious situations which can cause accidents with immediate implications.
However, there are many more hazards on building sites and many with less
serious consequences or which can produce long term effects like disease or
chronic injury.
The effects on health of say, bonded or friable asbestos have been known for
many years, yet builders are still prepared to allow and direct workers to
undertake dangerous demolition tasks because the effects on health are not
immediate.
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How many builders know how long you can safely operate certain
power tools in a working day without adequate ear protection?
What should we do before we send workers into a confined space?
Should we allow an employee to be exposed to UV rays without
adequate clothing for protection?
These are all valid WHS issues which must be addressed by builders. Too often
they are overlooked on site, particularly where there is not a safety
management plan in use. To ensure you fulfil your obligation to your
employees and provide a safe workplace, you need to become aware of what
can cause harm and them take steps to ensure no one is at risk.
For a start, you could ask yourself the following questions:
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Do you talk to your employees about safety and encourage them to
work safely?
Do you regularly inspect your sites to identify safety problems?
Do you provide training in safety to your employees?
Are you vigilant in maintaining plant and equipment used on your sites?
The list is long which highlights the need to give safety some serious thought
and to establish procedures to properly manage the issues. The topics covered
in this unit will go some way towards providing you with a list of the on site
hazards you will need to address as a builder.
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Demolition Work
The WHS Act 2011 and WHS Regulation 2011 do not provide for the
licencing of demolition work. Existing demolition arrangements will continue
until demolition licensing under the National Occupational Licensing System
commences, most likely in 2013
Under these transitional arrangements, demolition licence holders have an
obligation to ensure that demolition work is performed in a manner that
reduces the risk to the health of both demolition workers and the public.
Demolition work must also only be carried out after Workcover has been
notified.
Unrestricted demolition
Unrestricted demolition is a greater risk to health and, consequently, requires
more stringent regulatory controls. It involves demolition of all types of
buildings and structures including demolition:
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of structures greater than 15 metres in height
of chemical installations – this includes any installation, equipment or
vessel that contained
dangerous goods or hazardous substances that have not been cleaned to
an inert state
of pre-tensioned or post-tensioned structures
involving the use of tower cranes on site
involving the use of mobile cranes with a rating capacity of more than
100 tonnes
involving floor propping
involving the use of explosives.
Restricted demolition
Restricted demolition includes the demolition of buildings or structures up to
15 metres in height and the mechanical demolition of buildings and structures
above four metres in height and below 15 metres in height.
Restricted demolition does not allow the use of tower cranes, mobile cranes
with a rating capacity of more than 100 tonnes, or demolition involving
chemical installations, pre-tensioned or post-tensioned structures, floor
propping or the use of explosives.
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Demolition work not requiring a licence
A licence is not required for the demolition by hand of any building or
structure up to 10 metres in height or for the mechanical demolition of a
building or structure less than four metres in height.
Mechanical demolition refers to the direct use of mechanically-powered plant,
such as excavators, bulldozers or cranes.
Demolition licences
There are two types of licences:
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DE1: Unrestricted Demolition Licence
DE2: Restricted Demolition Licence
Unrestricted demolition licence holders are also authorised to perform
restricted demolition work so there is no need to obtain a restricted demolition
licence if you already hold an unrestricted demolition licence.
Who is eligible to obtain a licence?
Applicants proposing to become licence holders must:
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be 18 years or above
be a fit and proper person to hold a licence
have appropriate demolition qualifications
ensure that all employees have training in the work they are to carry out
(restricted or unrestricted demolition)
ensure that a nominated supervisor is on site at all times when licensed
work is being carried out
nominate an individual engaged in the management of the organisation
with the appropriate
qualifications in relation to demolition work (this person is called the
management supervisor), and
provide an ABN if they have one.
What does fit and proper mean?
To obtain, renew, maintain or hold a licence, an individual or corporation must
fulfil the regulatory requirement of being ‘fit and proper’ under the OHS
Regulation.
The following matters will be considered in WorkCover’s assessment as to
whether a person is fit and proper:
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whether the person has been convicted of an offence under NSW
occupational health and safety or other legislation administered by
WorkCover
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whether there is a record that the person has made a statement or
provided information in connection with a WorkCover licence, permit
or notification, knowing that the statement or information was false or
misleading
whether the person has failed to comply with the conditions of a
conditional asbestos or demolition licence
whether the person has been issued a significant number of notices
pertaining to unsafe systems of work by a WorkCover inspector
whether the person has had an asbestos or demolition licence cancelled
or suspended by WorkCover.
The period of assessment for ‘fit and proper’ will be two calendar years
preceding the date of the licence application received by WorkCover.
Public liability insurance details
Demolition licence holders are required to have public liability insurance to
cover the type of demolition work performed.
What does appropriate qualifications
mean?
Appropriate qualifications generally refers to nominated supervisors and
includes:
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successful completion of WorkCover recognised courses in demolition
work
appropriate experience in demolition work
the ability to demonstrate safe work
Permits
Before starting work, a site-specific permit approving the demolition of a
building, or part of a building, that is more than four metres in height, or
demolition involving pulling with ropes or chains or similar, must be obtained.
A permit is also required if you intend to use explosives in demolition work.
Notifications
WorkCover must be notified before undertaking any demolition work where a
licence is required.
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Demolition work
Under the WHS Regulation 2011, demolition work is considered to be
demolition or dismantling of a structure, or part of a structure that is
loadbearing or otherwise related to the physical integrity of the structure, but
does not include:
(a) the dismantling of formwork, falsework, or other structures designed or
used to provide support, access or containment during construction work, or
(b) the removal of power, light or telecommunication poles.
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Excavation
The recent collapse of a panel shop wall when the foundations were
undermined during excavation reminds us of two lessons. The first is the
dangers involved with excavation. The second is that if you don’t feel that an
area is safe to work in, it probably isn’t. It was only luck that the wall collapsed
early on a Saturday morning and there was no-one killed. The wall hit a gantry,
which shifted and brought down power lines, leaving live wires hanging and
the gantry itself was live for a time.
With excavation work, water is nearly always present, either as a free liquid or
as moisture within the soil itself.
Soil itself varies in its nature. Some soils, like fine sand, flow comparatively
freely, others, like stiff clay, are more cohesive.
No soil, with or without moisture, can be relied on to support its own weight. It
is for this reason that without support the sides of an excavation are likely to
collapse over time.
A cubic metre of soil weighs at least 1.35 tonnes. A fall of even a small amount
can possibly kill a person.
Excavation work, for these reasons alone, should never be treated casually.
When earth or rock is removed, the newly excavated sides almost always need
some form of temporary support or battering back.
Assessment of possible causes of collapse and means of protection must take
place long before digging starts. It is particularly useful to use the expertise of
your excavator and also the geotechnical engineer
To Support or Not to
Adequate support depends on the type of soils the nature of the excavation, and
whether ground water is present. It is difficult to know the best method to
proceed with any excavation unless the soil condition is understood.
The following points are important to remember in relation to the soil
conditions and support that may be required during excavation:
Stiff clays are cohesive and may stand vertically unsupported for a while. Wet
sand will need substantial timbering or sheeting immediately.
Cohesive soils can be deceptive and more accidents occur in these ‘better’
grounds through lack of proper support work than in all other types put
together.
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Where trenches up to 4.5m deep are concerned, a general survey of the soil
before excavation by trained competent personnel is needed to provide
information for the selection of the most suitable support systems.
Where larger excavations are concerned, or where usual support methods are
not suitable, earth pressures should be considered, any support work should
designed by an engineer with soils experience.
Excavated sides in soft to firm clay will only remain unsupported to a shallow
depth. Close sheeting or timbering is needed.
Stiff Clay
Stiff clay, stiff sandy or “gravely” clay will stand unsupported after excavation
but for how long? This is an important question. The stability of the newly
excavated face can deteriorate rapidly and the face of an excavation can
collapse without warning.
Often when a trench is excavated, soil at the sides can swell inwards due to
pressure of the surrounding soil, causing cracks and the formation of unstable
lumps that can break away, this often occurs more often during wet weather.
Rock
Rock would seem to be one of the most stable materials. In fact, all rock
masses are separated into blocks by bedding planes. Bedding planes are lines
of weakness within the rock: A bedding plane can sometimes contain water
between them, or thin layers of clay which can act as a lubricant and on which
sliding can take place when disturbance occurs.
Where rocks are cut steeply the triangular mass of rock on the side towards the
top is particularly unstable and has a high risk of sliding into the excavation.
Timbering or sheeting with struts or anchor bolts is needed to hold such masses
in place.
In all rock excavations, loose and unstable material should always be removed.
Small (but heavy) fragments may be held in place with adjacent fragments
these can easily become dislodged. All such fragments should be removed.
Any overhanging masses of rock should always be removed or pulled down.
Water
Water can get into excavations from rainfall or snow, as the after effects of
frost, or because the excavation itself is below the ground water table. Water
should always be considered a danger and continually monitored.
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Other Safety Aspects
Access
Safe access for getting into and out of any excavation must be provided at all
times. In all cases ladders must be the correct type, length and designed for the
use that they are being used. Ladders should be near the top to prevent slipping
sideways. There must be handholds of 300mm-rail height at the upper level.
Sufficient ladders to permit quick and easy escape in an emergency must be
provided. One ladder every 15m is an industry average, the actual number
should be assessed depending on the number of workers using the excavation.
With extensive excavations, temporary access roads with edges that are
signposted and marked clearly.
Walkways should be provided in safely accessible areas when needed for
access across excavations.
Where falls of more than 1.8m into as excavation occur such walkways must
be fitted with toe boards and guardrails and have a minimum clear width of
600mm. Specification requirements covering gangways across excavations
should be checked.
Barriers
Where edges of excavations may cause a fall, it is wise to erect barriers, even
near shallow trenches. They must be of sound construction and a minimum of
1m back from the edge of the trench.
Maintenance
All excavating work requires careful watching, even when support work has
been installed, constant checking of safety equipment is critical.
Small movements of earth are usually the only sign of weakening in cohesive
soils, which can cause collapse. Such small movements can easily pass
unnoticed but they are the signs that something needs to be done quickly
or to get out.
The working face must be inspected before every shift or at the minimum each
day.
Thorough examinations must be carried out once a week and be inspected
immediately after any falls of earth.
In dry conditions frequent watering of haul roads and working areas near the
excavation may be required to reduce dust.
During bad weather, spoil heaps need careful watching, they tend to slump and
loose boulders or masonry and may fall back into a nearby excavation.
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Heavy vehicles should not be allowed near the edge of any excavations unless
the support work has been specifically designed to permit it.
It is wise to insist on the use of safety helmets and boots, not only during the
actual excavation of hard material like rock, but also whenever workers are in
positions where lumps of earth and other material can slide down or fall on
them.
Ventilation
Excavations must be kept free from toxic or explosive gases. It must be
remembered that excavations, being below ground, will naturally fill with all
gases heavier than air. These gases may be natural, like methane and sulphur
dioxide, or they may arise from nearby internal combustion engines (carbon
monoxide), leakage from liquefied petroleum, gas equipment, leakage from
underground storage or nearby oil piping, or sewer gases.
Internal combustion engines must not be used in excavations with restricted
ventilation when there are workers in the excavation.
One of more commonly used and effective methods of prevention is to use
special ventilation equipment to blow adequate clean air into the excavation
and extract dirty air.
Safety assessments and Safe Work Method Statements must always be carried
out before work starts and as a continuing exercise throughout the period of the
work.
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Manual tasks
Manual tasks (previous known as manual handling) is the process where
workers are required to move, lift, push, pull, carry, hold or force items
including part of the work process by themselves or in groups. Work activities
involving manual tasks are responsible for the largest amount of work based
injury and long term injury or health problems, up to 100,000 cases of
occupational back disorders are recorded every year.
In 1990 Worksafe Australia produced the national standard for Manual
handling and at the same time released the National Code of Practice for
Manual Handling.
That Code of Practice has now been replaced with the introduction of the Code
of Practice for Hazardous Manual Tasks.
The new Code provides practical guidance to persons conducting a business or
undertaking on how to manage the risk of musculoskeletal disorders arising
from hazardous manual tasks in the workplace. It applies to all types of work
and all workplaces where manual tasks are carried out.
A musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), as defined in the WHS Regulation 2011,
means an injury to, or a disease of, the musculoskeletal system, whether
occurring suddenly or over time. It does not include an injury caused by
crushing, entrapment (such as fractures and dislocations) or cutting resulting
from the mechanical operation of plant.
MSD may include conditions such as:
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sprains and strains of muscles, ligaments and tendons
back injuries, including damage to the muscles, tendons, ligaments,
spinal discs,
nerves, joints and bones
joint and bone injuries or degeneration, including injuries to the
shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, hands and feet
nerve injuries or compression (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome)
muscular and vascular disorders as a result of hand
MSDs occur in two ways:
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gradual wear and tear to joints, ligaments, muscles and inter-vertebral
discs caused by repeated or continuous use of the same body parts,
including static positions.
sudden damage caused by strenuous activity, or unexpected
movements, such as when loads being handled move or change position
suddenly.
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A hazardous manual task as defined by WHS Regulation 2011 means a task
that requires a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or
restrain any person, animal or thing involving one or more of the following:
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repetitive or sustained force
high or sudden force
repetitive movement
sustained or awkward posture
exposure to vibration
A complete guide on the characteristics of hazardous manual tasks and
PCBU’s responsibilities to control associated risks is provided in the
Code of Practice Hazardous Manual Tasks.
www.workcover.nsw.gov.au
Methods for Manual Tasks
Lifting
Correct lilting methods require you to
bend you, knees, not your back. Never
twist your body when lifting, carrying or
moving a load. Protect your hands and
feet with suitable PPE. Size up the load.
Consider the shape and size of the load,
and the weight. If the load appears too
heavy get assistance.
Position the feet. Face the Intended
direction of travel. Place your feat
comfortably span, one foot forward of
the other and as close as possible to the
object to be lifted.
Obtain a proper hold. Get a safe, secure
grip, diagonally opposite the object, with
the whole length of the fingers and part
of the palms or your hands.
Maintain bent knee, Straight back. The
knees should be bent before the hands
are lowered to lift or set down a load.
Keep the upper part of your body erect
and as straight as possible.
Keep tire head erect, chin in. Keep the
head erect and chin in to help keep the
back straight Take a deep breath and
begin to raise the Load by straightening
your legs Complete the lift with your
back held straight.
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Keep your arms in. Keep your arms close
to the body and your elbows and knees
slightly bent. Hold the load in close to
your body. Maintain flexible control over
the load with your arm and leg muscles.
Lowering
Setting down the load is the reverse of lifting. It is just as essential to keep the
back straight and bend the knees while lowering the Load as when lifting it.
Dual lifting
When more than one person is required to lift and carry a loud, the correct
lifting methods must be practised, and coordinated team lifting techniques
should he applied.
Coordinating team, lifting
One person only should give the orders and signals, and this person should he
able to see what is happening.
The movements of the team members should be performed simultaneously (all
lift together).
All persons Involved in the lift should be able to see or hear the one giving the
orders.
To enable load sharing. Lifting partners should be of similar height and build,
or lifters should be graded by height along the load.
Persons should be adequately trained in team lifting and preferably have been
trained together.
Pushing and pulling
Tasks requiring the pushing or pulling of loads are more effectively carried out
if the force is applied at or around waist level. When setting the load in motion,
jerky actions should be avoided. Apply the force gradually to avoid
overexertion and damage to the body
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Mechanical Aids
Mechanical aids help to reduce the amount of manual handling and the effort
used for lifting and carrying tasks that occur in the work environment. The
following list identifies a number of ways or items that can be used to reduce
the manual handling that occurs in the construction industry.
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Crowbars and Levers
Rollers
Wheelbarrows
Hand Trucks, trolleys and wheelsets
Cranes and hoistsjacks and lifting tackle
Forklift and pallet jacks
Lifting Grips
Safe and Responsible Manual Handling
There are a number of checks that can be carried out prior to lifting or moving
an item to ensure that the manual handling that is about to be undertaken is
being done in a safe manner. The following is a list of things that can be
checked during a manual handling exercise:
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Walk in an upright position.
Do no carry a heavy load under one arm.
Before moving a load check the route to be travelled. Remove trip
obstacles and confirm locations of overhead obstacles.
Check the location that the object is to go to so as to ensure there is
space.
If supports are to be used to help carry the load check that they are
sufficient.
Hazardous materials should be handled with the appropriate care.
When changing direction during a lift ensure that the feet are used and
the whole body turns as one.
Avoid manual handling in tight cramped spaces.
When carrying individual items ensure the body is evenly balanced by
splitting the loads between each arm.
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UV Exposure
Australian has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world. One in two people
living in Australia will develop skin cancer during their lifetime.
Australia's skin cancer rates are high because Australia experiences some of the
highest levels of UV radiation in the world. Even on cool or cloudy days, UV
radiation can be strong enough to damage skin.
UV radiation is electromagnetic energy. UV radiation is of concern to workers
in the construction industry due to the amount of work and length of time spent
outdoors.
The most common source of UV radiation is the sun, but there are other
sources in the workplace including lasers, welding flashes and high intensity
lighting. Here we will focus on UV radiation from the sun.
Some of the control measures include:
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change the job so that much of the work is carried out indoors or in a
location away from direct sunlight,
work in shade using natural or existing shade from trees, surrounding
buildings or structures,
install awnings, canopies/sails, tents or umbrellas to protect workers,
rotate workers,
change work times to avoid exposure to sunlight during the hottest
times of the day,
use appropriate PPE:
Slip on some sun-protective work clothing. Cover as much skin as
possible. Long pants and work shirts with a collar and long sleeves are
best. Choose lightweight, lightly coloured material with a UPF 50+
rating. Choose loose fitting clothing to keep cool in the heat.
Slap on a hat. A hat should shade your face, ears and neck. A broad
brimmed styled hat should have at least a 7.5 cm brim. A bucket style
hat should have a deep crown, angled brim of 6 cm and sit low on the
head. Legionnaire style hats should have a flap that covers the neck and
joins to the sides of the front peak. If wearing a hardhat or helmet use a
brim attachment or use a legionnaire cover.
Slop on SPF30+ sunscreen. No sunscreen provides complete protection
so never rely on sunscreen alone. Choose sunscreen that is broad
spectrum and water resistant. Apply sunscreen generously to clean, dry
skin 20 minutes before you go outdoors. Protect your lips with a SPF
30+ lip balm. Always check and follow the use by date on sunscreen.
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Slide on some sunglasses. Be aware that your eyes can also be damaged
by the sun's UV radiation. Wear close fitting, wrap around style
sunglasses. When buying new sunglasses, check the swing tag to ensure
they meet the Australian Standard (AS 1067:2003 - category 2, 3 or 4)
and are safe for driving. Look for an EPF (eye protection factor) of 10.
Safety glasses that meet AS/NZS 1337 still provide sun protection.
Polarised lenses reduce glare and make it easier to see on sunny days.
Remember to use these steps together for the best protection.
UV Index and the SunSmart UV Alert
UV radiation levels vary in strength across Australia on any given day. The UV
Index is a rating system for the amount of UV radiation present in sunlight.
The higher the number, the stronger the levels of UV radiation and the less
time it takes for skin damage to occur.
When the UV Index is at 3 and above, the level of UV radiation in sunlight is
strong enough to damage the skin.
The Bureau of Meteorology issues the SunSmart UV Alert whenever the UV
Index is forecast to reach 3 and above. The SunSmart UV Alert appears on the
weather page of all Australian daily newspapers and is available on the Bureau
of Meteorology website. Go to www.bom.gov.au and do a search for "UV
Alert".
The time period displayed in the SunSmart UV Alert tells you when to use sun
protection while working outdoors. And remember, extra care should be taken
between 10.00 am to 3.00 pm when UV Index levels reach their peak.
The different types of skin cancer?
The three main types of skin cancer are:
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basal cell carcinoma (BCC),
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and
melanoma.
BCCs and SCCs are the most common skin cancers and melanoma is the most
dangerous form of skin cancer.
Outdoor workers are more likely to develop the common skin cancers on sunexposed areas such as the head, neck, ears, lips, shoulders, legs and arms.
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Other damaging effects of the sun
In addition to skin cancer, prolonged and repeated sun exposure can result in
the following:
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skin damage
sunburn (permanent damage can occur after 2 hours)
keratoses or sunspots
premature ageing
wrinkles
skin pigmentation and discolouration
lip cancer
Eye injuries and diseases
•
•
•
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inflammation and irritation
cataracts - cloudiness of the eye lens
pterygium (tur-rig-ium) an overgrowth of the white conjunctiva onto
the cornea
cancer of the eye and of the skin surrounding the eyes.
Some common misconceptions about
the sun
Windburn
There is no such thing as windburn. The wind may dry the skin but cannot burn
it. What is described as windburn is actually sunburn.
High levels of UV radiation only occur on hot days
Heat or high temperatures are not related to levels of UV radiation.
Temperature relates to the amount of infrared radiation (not UV radiation)
present in sunlight. We cannot feel or see UV radiation, so don't incorrectly use
temperature as a guide to when sun protection is needed.
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Noise
Not all sound is noise — noise is sound that people do not like. Noise can be
annoying and it can interfere with your ability to work by causing stress and
disturbing your concentration. Noise can cause accidents by interfering with
communication and warning signals. Noise can cause chronic health problems.
Noise can also cause you to lose your hearing.
Hearing loss from exposure to noise in the workplace is one of the most
common of all industrial diseases. Workers can be exposed to high noise levels
in workplaces as varied as construction industries, foundries and textile
industries. Short-term exposure to excessive (too much) noise can cause
temporary hearing loss, lasting from a few seconds to a few days.
Exposure to noise over a long period of time can cause permanent hearing loss.
Hearing loss that occurs over time is not always easy to recognize and
unfortunately, most workers do not realize they are going deaf until their
hearing is permanently damaged.
Industrial noise exposure can be controlled — often for minimal costs and
without technical difficulty. The goal in controlling industrial noise is to
eliminate or reduce the noise at the source producing it.
Noise is a significant occupational health and safety issue in the construction
industry. Noise on and near construction sites is usually associated with:
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vehicles and traffic,
machinery and heavy equipment
hand and explosive powered tools.
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If noise is too loud it can permanently damage our hearing. The danger largely
depends on the level of noise and how long you are exposed to it.
The damage is generally gradual and goes unnoticed for some time.
Some examples of approximate noise levels (dB):
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normal conversation 60
heavy traffic 80–90
riveting hammer 90–100
heavy-duty wood saw 95–105
angle grinder 100–105
router 105
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Too much noise
So how much noise is too much in the workplace? How long can workers be
exposed to loud noise? A workplace is described as unsafe and at risk to health,
if people are exposed to noise levels exceeding an eight hour noise equivalent
of 85 dB(A) or peak at more than 140dB(C).
The following table goes some way to answering these questions although the
level of noise on a building site is not always known.
dBA
Allowable length
of exposure
85
8 hours
88
4 hours
91
2 hours
94
1 hour
97
30 minutes
100
15 minutes
103
7 minutes
106
4 minutes
110
1 minute
For example, a worker using an angle grinder could be exposed to a noise level
of 110dB and therefore could only have unprotected exposure of 1 minute.
Control measures
Some control measures include:
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purchase new tools which operate quieter
minor design changes to plant
regular plant maintenance
isolate or enclose the noisy parts of the plant
use sound absorption devices/substances (e.g. sound proof booths, noise
barriers or partitions)
reduce metal to metal impact or suppress vibrating surfaces
use of safety signs to alert people to noisy areas
use of PPE such as ear plugs or muffs adequate training and
information.
Clause 49 of the OHS Regulation states that an employer must ensure that
appropriate risk control measures are taken when noise levels:
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exceed an eight hour noise level equivalent of 85 dB(A); or
peak at more than 140 dB( C).
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Employers are required to determine whether noise levels in the workplace
exceed the exposure limits specified in the Regulation and, if noise levels do
exceed these limits, implement noise management systems to eliminate the
noise hazard or reduce exposure to acceptable levels.
If noise cannot be eliminated the employer must take the following measures
(in the order specified) to minimise the risk to the lowest level reasonably
practical:
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•
substitute the hazard
isolate the hazard from the person
minimise the hazard using engineering means
minimise the hazard using administrative means
use personal protective equipment.
A combination of the above measures may be necessary to minimise the risk to
the lowest possible level if a single measure is not sufficient for that purpose.
Generally speaking, adequate noise management can be achieved by
implementing some of the following:
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•
treating the noise at its source, or its transmission path (e.g. substituting
with a quieter machine, isolating by way of sound barriers or distance,
engineering by use of sound dampeners on the equipment);
administrative noise control measures (e.g. training and education, job
rotation, job redesign or rosters designed so that as few employees as
possible are exposed to noisy operations at any one time and for
reduced durations);
personal hearing protectors (e.g. ear muffs, ear plugs)
In practice the most effective strategy may be provided by a combination of
controls. Just remember the following points when you are experiencing noise
in your vicinity.
Occupational hearing loss is one of the most common of all industrial diseases.
Not all sound is noise — noise is unwanted or unpleasant sound.
Noise can cause stress and interfere with concentration. It can cause chronic
health problems and it can also cause accidents by interfering with
communication and warning signals.
Short-term exposure to excessive noise can cause temporary hearing loss.
Exposure to noise over a longer period of time can cause permanent hearing
loss.
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Summary
Temporary or permanent hearing loss from occupational noise exposure is one
of the most common of all industrial diseases. Occupational noise exposure can
cause a number of chronic health problems in addition to hearing loss.
However, noise can be controlled by a variety of methods, the most effective of
which is controlling noise at the source; the least acceptable method is relying
on ear protection.
Where there is a risk to health and safety from exposure to noise due regard
must be given to the Code of Practice: managing noise and preventing hearing
loss at work. (WorkCover NSW web page - www.workcover.nsw.gov.au)
Below is a checklist that can be used as a guide for assessing noise exposure in
a work environment.
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Extremes of Temperature
Hot work and workplaces
In Australia hot work and hot workplaces are common, especially in summer.
They are any set of conditions which create heat stress in employees. The heat
can be from hot work processes, hot climatic conditions, heavy work in
moderately hot conditions and work where occlusive clothing must be worn.
Factors which contribute to heat stress are those which produce heat and/or
affect the body’s ability to disperse excess heat and maintain normal body
temperature. They include:
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Work rate: the heavier the work, the greater the amount of metabolic
heat which has to be dissipated
Air temperature: the higher the air temperature, the harder it is for the
body to dissipate heat and maintain body temperature
Humidity: the higher the humidity the lower the sweat evaporation rate.
Since the body’s main mechanism for dispersing heat is through
evaporation of sweat, this reduces the body’s ability to cool itself
Air flow: the higher the rate of air flow (or wind speed) the greater the
area of evaporation of sweat from the skin
Clothing: Occlusive clothing (very heavy clothing or impervious full
body suits such as are worn for protection in very hazardous conditions)
reduces heat dispersion by trapping the heat within the clothing. With
no airflow against the skin to evaporate sweat, heat dispersion is
prevented.
To remain healthy, the human body must maintain its temperature within a
narrow range centred around 37 degrees Celsius. Death can occur if the body
temperature falls much below 27 degrees Celsius or rises much above 42
degrees Celsius.
Ill health due to heat stress
The health effects of heat stress include:
•
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•
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Mild heat illness: those affected fell weak, dizzy or generally unwell
Heat syncope (fainting): this occurs when employees stand still in one
place in heat. Blood tends to pool in the legs and the person then faints.
Heat exhaustion: heat exhaustion causes collapse of the affected person
due to dehydration, salt loss and/or an overloaded cardiovascular
system.
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Heat stroke: is a very serious condition since death or permanent injury
from brain damage can result. Signs of heat stroke include: irritability,
confusion and disorientation, incoherent speech, convulsions, loss of
consciousness, body temperature exceeding 42 degrees Celsius and
cardiac arrest.
Salt deficiency: symptoms include lethargy, weakness, and muscular
cramps
Prickly heat: this is a widespread red rash which feels itchy.
Psychological effects: overexposure to heat and the resulting
dehydration can trigger psychological effects. These include irritability,
decreased efficiency and decreased mental function.
Personal risk factors
There are a number of personal risk factors which affect the susceptibility of
employees to heat stress which all employees and supervisors should be aware
of. These include:
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Age
Health status
Weight
Fitness
Diet
Medication
Pregnancy
Factors to protect workers from heat-induced injuries
Acclimatisation: allow workers to adapt to the hot conditions. The body will
usually adapt in about one week. Workers should commence work at a reduced
rate and increase their load over the next week.
Drinking cool non-alcoholic drinks at frequent intervals: it is most important
that workers take frequent cool drinks to avoid dehydration.
Attend medical checkups: employees who work continuously in hot
environments should have a regular medical examination to assess their fitness
for hot work.
Take regular rest breaks: regular rest breaks allow the body a chance to cool
down by temporarily reducing metabolic heat output and by moving to a cooler
part of the workplace.
Wearing appropriate clothing: choice of clothing makes a big difference to the
body’s ability to dissipate heat through evaporation and heat transfer.
Report any symptoms of ill health immediately: employees feeling any of the
symptoms associated with mild heat stress should inform their supervisor
immediately.
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Information and training
Since the consequences of heat-induced illness can be so severe as to cause
death, it is particularly important that employees and their supervisors be
trained in the different types of heat-induced illnesses and their symptoms and
the ways in which they can be managed in the workplace.
Cold places
Cold workplaces are not as significant an issue in Australia, with our relatively
warm climate, as they are in other parts of the world. However they are still an
issue for outdoor workers in some parts of the country and in some industries.
Cold workplaces are difficult to define since there is more than one factor
involved in the amount of chill experienced. The three main factors affecting
heat loss from the body leading to cold injuries are:
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•
•
Temperature
Wind (air) speed
Moisture
The lower the temperature and the greater the wind speed, the greater the risk
is. If employees are wet, especially if they are immersed in water, loss of heat
is accelerated dramatically. The risk of whole body chilling (hypothermia) does
not generally occur above 10 degrees Celsius. However, in very cold winds, it
can occur in temperatures as high as 18 degrees Celsius. Localised effects such
as frostbite require temperatures below freezing point.
Cold workplaces in Australia will generally be associated with the following:
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•
•
•
Outdoor workers in winter
Refrigerated warehouses
Alpine regions
Frozen food industry
Divers and fisherman
Ill health due to cold
Hypothermia: this is a generalised cooling of the whole body due to exposure
to intense cold as the body is unable to compensate for heat loss. Symptoms
include the feeling of cold and pain. When the body temperature drops to about
27 degrees Celsius, coma sets in and death can follow soon after. Victims
should be treated immediately by warming.
Frostbite: is a localised effect which occurs when tissue of the extremities
(hands, feet, face, ears) actually freeze. Frostbite can be superficial, affecting
the skin, or it can be deep, affecting muscle, nerves, tendons and blood vessels.
Frostbite injuries can take many months to heal.
Chilblains: these are painful, inflamed swellings or sores which can occur on
the hands or feet from exposure to cold.
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Frostnip: skin on the extremities or face (fingers, toes, ears and nose) can turn
white, particularly when exposed to cold winds
Aggravation of existing medical conditions: some medical conditions are
aggravated by very cold conditions including bronchitis, asthma and blood
circulation issues.
Safety: in cold working conditions, safety can be compromised because cold
can severely affect the sense of touch and manual dexterity.
Personal factors affecting those working in cold conditions are generally the
same for those working in hot environments. Management of workers in cold
conditions should include, rest breaks with warm drinks and the wearing of
adequate clothing.
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Compressed Air
Many site operations, tools and equipment used compressed air for power or
for cleaning down. Compressed air can also injure or kill. The majority of
fatalities associated with the wrong uses of compressed air are attributed to
sky-larking and horseplay, however many people have been seriously injured
and some killed by inappropriate use.
Air under pressure can be just as dangerous as high pressure steam and when
released suddenly can cause serious injury. It can maim, tear or embed material
into the skin and bones of the human body. Air played around the face can
blow out an eye, or if directed at an ear, it may puncture an ear drum and cause
deafness.
A person who has been painting or covered with dirt or soot can have
poisonous particles blasted into the body where they immediately combine
with the blood. Even air without impurities is dangerous when forced into the
bloodstream through a cut or pores in the skin. Clothing is little protection
against compressed air.
Workers using compressed air should regularly be reminded of the following
points:
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•
Do not play practical jokes with compressed air – it can be fatal
Never use compressed air to clean clothing, hair or the body
Never point the hose at anyone and always ensure other workers are not
in the line of the air flow.
Always ensure hoses and tools are good working order
Do not leave air on when not in use.
Always wear personal protection equipment such as glasses and face
shields.
Air hoses should be securely held to prevent whipping.
Compressed air contains contaminants which make it unsuitable for
respiratory purposes.
Tools used in conjunction with compressed air can injure or kill if used
inappropriately.
Regularly check air compressors for faults and ensure all guards are
securely in place.
Compressed air deserves to be treated carefully and must be a consideration in
any risk assessment at the workplace.
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Confined spaces
What are confined spaces?
Confined spaces are spaces that have limited or restricted means of entry and
exit, and may contain harmful atmospheres or stored substances that pose a risk
to employees working in them.
A ‘confined space”, according to the WHS Regulation 2011, means an
enclosed or partially enclosed space that:
(a) is not designed or intended primarily to be occupied by a person, and
(b) is, or is designed or intended to be, at normal atmospheric pressure
while any person is in the space, and
(c) is or is likely to be a risk to health and safety from:
(i) an atmosphere that does not have a safe oxygen level, or
(ii) contaminants, including airborne gases, vapours and dusts, that
may cause injury from fire or explosion, or
(iii) harmful concentrations of any airborne contaminants, or
(iv) engulfment,
but does not include a mine shaft or the workings of a mine.
Examples of confined spaces include:
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•
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•
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•
storage tanks, tank cars, process vessels, boilers, pressure vessels, silos
and other tank- like compartments,
open-topped spaces such as pits or degreasers,
pipes, sewers, shafts, ducts and similar structures,
shipboard spaces entered through a small hatchway or access point,
cargo tanks, cellular double bottom tanks, duct keels, ballast and oil
tanks and void spaces (but not including dry cargo holds),
vats, tanks and silos,
pipes and ducts,
ovens, chimneys and flues,
sub floors and roof spaces,
underground sewers or wells, and
shafts, trenches, tunnels and pits.
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What are the risks?
Working a confined spaces car’ be extremely dangerous. Some of the risks
include:
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Loss of consciousness, injury or death due :o contaminants in the air.
Fire or explosion from the ignition of flammable contaminants.
Suffocation caused by a lack of oxygen.
Enhanced combustibility and spontaneous combustion.
Suffocation or crushing after being engulfed by loose materials stored
in the space, such as sand, grain, fertiliser, coal or woodchips.
It is not uncommon for incidents involving confined spaces to often result in
multiple fatalities other workers, unaware of the risks, often enter a space to
rescue a victim but are then also overcome by toxic vapours or gases.
Persons must not enter or work in or on a confined space unless authorised by
an entry permit issued by Management. All work must comply with the WHS
Regulation 2011 (Chapter 4, Part 4.3 Division 3 - Confined Spaces).
* Please Note: ‘safe oxygen level’ means a minimum oxygen content in air of
19.5% by volume under normal atmospheric pressure and a maximum oxygen
content in air of 23.5% by volume under normal atmospheric pressure.
WorkCover legislation requires fully trained operators to enter a confined
space and at no times is an unlicensed person to enter a confined space.
Where a PCBU requires work to be carried out in a confined space due regard
must be given to the Code of Practice: Confined spaces (WorkCover NSW web
page - www.workcover.nsw.gov.au)
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Fire extinguishers
The following deals with procedures which can be implemented to ensure the
requirements of OH&S legislation in regard to fire safety are met on residential
building sites. Potential causes of fire on a site and the likely danger spots will
be identified. We will distinguish between the different classes of fire, and
then describe the appropriate types of fire extinguishers to be used in each case.
To conclude the chapter we will deal with standard HAZCHEM procedures
required by law.
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Causes of fire
There are a number of potential causes of fire on a construction site. They are
human negligence, poor housekeeping and storage and improper use of
materials and equipment.
Management needs to incorporate fire planning and control particularly
through the training of personnel to avoid fires being caused.
Poor housekeeping and storage
Housekeeping refers to keeping materials and equipment on site, in order.
A lack of good housekeeping can result in combustible materials being left to
accumulate on a project creating a fire hazard.
Rubbish on a building site should be cleared away daily. Dangerous activities
such as welding and grinding, that could ignite material, should occur away
from highly flammable material
Human negligence
Human negligence and carelessness can result in non-extinguished cigarettes
being thrown into the combustible material. For the most part smoking is not
allowed on building sites except in designated smoking areas where ash trays
are provided for the extinguishment of cigarettes. Butane cigarette lighters
could be a source of ignition so owners should be aware of where they leave
them.
Some work practices on building sites require the use of toxic or poisonous and
flammable substances. For instance, floor-covering installers and painters use
some adhesives, sealers and cleaning agents that are toxic and or flammable.
Handling and storage of these substances must be in accordance with
Australian Standard AS 2508. Generally all flammable liquids should be stored
correctly away from any sources of ignition.
Rags soaked with oil, paint or solvent are potentially dangerous. They should
be put in a metal container fitted with automatic lids, and emptied at the end of
each shift. Sawdust should never be used to catch oil drippings because of the
flammable nature of both.
Corrosive chemicals should be stored in a container appropriate for that
particular chemical and not stored in traffic areas or near electrical equipment
because they could strip electrical wire.
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Improper use of equipment
Equipment, materials and plant should be inspected regularly for safety
purposes, and procedures for safe use should be followed.
Equipment and plant should be inspected regularly for signs of wear and
potential danger Qualified personnel should maintain electrical equipment and
check for overloading of electrical circuits and wiring. Dangerous situations
such as perished rubber hoses on gas bottles and electrical malfunctions in
motors or generators should be identified.
Electrical leads should be inspected and tagged on a regular basis. Electrical
equipment should be turned off and unplugged when not in use.
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Fire safety procedures
The size of the building site will influence the types of fire safety procedures
that are put into place on a building site. The head contractor is responsible for
setting up fire safety procedures on a building site. These are likely to be part
of a coordinated approach to site safety.
They may be part of a hazard assessment and risk control program. A regular
safety audit conducted by the site supervisor should monitor all equipment,
plant and materials on site for suitability of storage and safe conditions. As
well personnel should be monitored in their use of equipment to ensure safe
procedures are being adhered to.
Fire extinguishers
All sites should have the appropriate fire extinguishers readily available. The
appropriate fire extinguisher is determined by the type of fire. There are six
classes of fire and five general types of fire extinguisher. We will now look at
each in turn.
Class A fires
These are fires involving solid materials, normally made up of carbon
compounds. They are usually fires involving wood, paper, plastics and fibre.
Class B fires
These are fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids. Examples of liquids that
are combustible include: petrol, oil, acetone, ethanol, paraffin and paints. The
following are examples of liquefiable solids and include plastics such as
polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene.
The above class of fire may be further divided into two groups based on the
appropriate extinguishing agents. The two sub-categories are: the flammable
liquids and liquefiable solids that are miscible i.e. they mix with water, and the
flammable liquids and liquefiable solids that are immiscible they won’t mix
with water.
Class C fires
These are fires where the fuel element is a gas or liquefied gases, such as
methane, propane and butane.
Class D fires
These are fires where the fuel is a metal, such as magnesium, sodium,
potassium, zinc dust, iron filings, aluminium dust and titanium dust.
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Electrical fires
Although there is no class specifically for electrical fires, since electricity itself
does not burn, they are sometimes referred to as ‘Class E’ fires. In reality they
can be classified as A, B or D, but because they may involve all three types,
they are often considered separately.
Class F fires
These are fires where the fuel is in the form of cooking oils or fats.
Extinguishers
There are a number of different extinguishers available with different
extinguishing agents inside them that are used to fight the different types of
fires discussed above.
Water-based extinguishers
Water-based extinguishers should only be used on Class A type fires; that is
fires involving the burning of solid materials such as wood, paper or fibre. If
water is applied to Class B fires (flammable liquids), it simply spreads the
problem. The water does not mix with the fuel, which floats on top of the
water and continues to burn. It also has little effect on burning gases.
Warning!
Adding water to burning metals, or electrical fires, can be particularly
hazardous, leading to possible explosions.
This type of extinguisher should not be used on electrical fires as it may cause
electrocution.
Insert RSS 1 - figure 2.1 Fire Science B
Figure 4.1. A diagram of a water-based extinguisher.
Foam extinguishers
The foam type of extinguisher should be used on Class B fires. Where soluble
alcohols such as methanol and ethanol are involved, the alcohol-based foam is
used. Foam extinguishers are ineffective against flammable gases and should
not be used on burning metals as they also make the fire worse. Foam is not
effective on flammable liquids escaping under pressure as this may cause the
foam blanket to break up.
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Warning!
This type of extinguisher should not be used on electrical fires as it may cause
electrocution.
Carbon dioxide extinguishers
Because carbon dioxide acts as a smothering agent, it can be used on any type
of fire except for those that supply their own oxygen and for burning metal
fires. If carbon dioxide extinguishers are used on burning metal fires, there is
the possibility that the metal might cause the carbon dioxide to dissociate,
releasing the oxygen and thus the metal burns more quickly using the liberated
oxygen.
There are some other disadvantages of using carbon dioxide as an
extinguishing agent. The extinguishment has a relatively short range. The
discharge horn becomes very cold due to the low temperature of the fluid
expanding to a gas. Carbon dioxide can be affected by wind or draught and it
can also cause people to faint through lack of oxygen in confined spaces. If
used on Class A fires, water should be used as a follow up to prevent reignition. If used on electrical fires, the equipment should be disconnected as
soon as possible to prevent re-ignition.
The attached link shows the correct way to use a Carbon dioxide extinguisher:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_jgJzb8IxM
Warning!
Class C fires (flammable gas) should not be extinguished unless the source of
the gas can be turned off! When the fire is extinguished and the gas continues
to escape there is potential for explosion.
Insert RSS 3 figure 2.3 Fire Science B
Figure 4.3. A diagram of a carbon dioxide extinguisher.
Dry chemical extinguishers
Dry chemical powders are most effective against flammable liquids. They can
be used on all types of fires except for burning metals. Special dry chemicals
have been developed especially for burning metals. Dry chemicals extinguish
fires by free radical quenching. As such they provide little cooling so it is
necessary to follow up with water or foam. As with carbon dioxide types, if
used on electrical fires, the equipment should be disconnected as soon as
possible to prevent re-ignition. Dry chemical residue should also be removed
as soon as possible after the fire has been put out.
Insert RSS 4figure 2.4 Fire Science B
Figure 4.4. A diagram of a dry chemical extinguisher.
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Dry chemicals and metal fires
Special powders have been developed for metal fires. These extinguish by the
physical process of starvation or the limitation of fuel. Either a crust is formed
over the burning surface of the fuel, or the powder melts and runs as a flux
over the surface.
One powder known as the ternary eutectic chloride group was researched,
perfected and developed, by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
The name ternary eutectic indicates that three salts are used in this Class D
powder, and that the melting point, lower than any of the individual melting
points, is the lowest that can be obtained with these three salts. The mixture
comprises potassium, barium and sodium chlorides, but there is a more
effective (though more expensive) mixture containing lithium chloride instead
of sodium chloride.
Extinguishers suitable for use on combustible metals are orange.
See the following Link for more information about Dry Chemical/ powder
extinguishers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wahXwItLRY
Warning!
The barium chloride is poisonous, so care must be taken when handling this
powder.
Types of fires for wet chemical extinguishers
Wet chemical extinguishers are ideal for fires involving cooking oils and fats
as they were initially developed especially for this purpose. They may also be
used for fires involving ordinary solid materials such as wood, paper and
plastics.
Warning!
This type of extinguisher should not be used on electrical fires as it may cause
electrocution.
Halon extinguishers
Halon extinguishers may still be used from time to time, where a special
exemption permit has been granted. The agent leaves no residue and is at least
twice as effective on Class B fires as carbon dioxide when compared on a
weight for agent basis. It also has about twice the range. Usually a boost of
nitrogen is added to ensure proper operation of the pressurised contents of the
cylinder. Halon agents are also less affected by wind and air currents than
carbon dioxide. Their main disadvantage is that they create environmental
problems by depleting the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere and it is for this
reason that they have been banned.
Insert RSS 5 - figure 2.5 Fire Science B
Figure 4.5. A diagram of a halon extinguisher.
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Activity 1
Contact your local fire service and determine where personnel may be trained
in the use of fire extinguishers. Also you can look at some of the videos on the
OTEN Maritime Youtube page or on the link below whilst this is not training it
does give some pointers that you may find useful and could use in the event
that you may need to fight a fire with an extinguisher.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM-yjvraxf8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G0a-MLneRs
Activity 2
Read through the Fire Extinguisher Chart so that you are able to understand the
various types of extinguishers and on what types of fires they should be used.
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HAZCHEM procedures
The amount of toxic or flammable substances used on residential building sites
is generally small and they are usually on site for a very short time.
Therefore the strict regulations governing manufacturing industries are difficult
to enforce on a building site.
HAZCHEM is the sign that indicates hazardous chemicals are present on a site.
When hazardous chemicals are present warning notices must be displayed such
as the ones shown in the figures below. These have instructions about
emergency procedures regarding spills, leaks, fire and first aid.
Types of Hazchem signs
It is important that all building workers learn to recognise and understand the
warning notices, such as those shown in Figure 4.7, and safety signs that may
be used on site.
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Figure 4.7. Some major hazard symbols.
Material Safety Data sheets
Any chemicals delivered to a building site will come with a Material Safety
Data Sheets (MSDS). This will provide all the relevant safety information on
the chemical substance. Much of the information contained in an MSDS is
provided by the supplier/manufacturer of the particular chemical. All
chemicals should be supplied with an MSDS. This will at least show a list of
ingredients and safety information.
The type of information you would expect to find in an MSDS would include
health hazard information, precautions for use, first aid procedures, safe
handling procedures and physical/chemical properties
The pages that follow are examples of MSDS that have been searched for on
the internet. The MSDS also contain an action guide that helps to work with
the emergency services in responding to a hazardous material incident. Below
is an example of a HAZMAT action Guide (HAG) on one of the MSDS that
shows part of the way to deal with a HAZMAT incident.
On larger building sites there is often many different hazardous materials that
require MSDS to be kept on file and easily accessible.
When there are multiple MSDS kept on file an MSD register should be kept to
ensure that they can be easily found when required and also to ensure that the
MSDS do not go out of date.
You will find an example MSDS on the next page.
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OHS FORM 10: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE REGISTER AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Product name
Application
Product
labelled?
(Yes/No)
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MSDS date of issue no
older than five years?
(Yes/No)
Risk
rating
(1–6)
Controls to be implemented
Note: Incorporate these controls into the
SWMS
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The minimum standard for MSDS’s is the National
Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC or
Worksafe Australia). The standard is often talked about as the
Worksafe Guidance Note on MSDSs.
This guidance note gives a standard format for an MSDS, with
four major section headings:
•
IDENTIFICATION
•
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
•
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE
•
SAFE HANDLING INFORMATION
In keeping a register of MSDS all MSDS’s should be checked to ensure they
conform to Worksafe Australia guidelines before adding them to a catalogue
or register.
How to ensure an MSDS does conform to
standards?
•
•
•
•
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When there are blanks under headings
The Guidance Note says:
"All sections of the MSDS should be completed...If no
information is available on some properties or if
available information indicates there is no hazard, then
this should be clearly stated, as blank sections tend to
confuse or be misleading."
When the format (the headings and the order of the
heading) is not the same as the Guidance Note
The Guidance Note says:
“Use the MSDS Checklist to tell you some of the
headings that should be there, and what order they
should be in.”
When the MSDS says "Confidential" or
"Confidential – not to be copied".
The Guidance Note says:
"Employees should have ready access to material safety
sheets and this Guidance Note, and receive instruction on
their content, with particular emphasis on Items which
are most relevant to their workplace."
When the MSDS uses terms you don’t understand
including abbreviations which don’t make sense.
All MSDS’s should contain information that is written in
plain English and be understandable to all
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•
When the MSDS is an overseas MSDS referring to
overseas addresses, regulations and standards.
According to the Guidance Note from Worksafe the
MSDS...must be relevant to Australian conditions. A
MSDS that does not reference Australian conditions or is
not in English should be rejected and a conforming
MSDS should be requested.
When the MSDS is more than 5 years old.
MSDSs should be reviewed at least every 5 years. Look
for the heading Date of issue of the MSDS. If the date is
older than 5 years an updated MSDS should be
requested.
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Electrical/lighting
On any building site one of the biggest hazards that is always
present is Electricity. There are clear guidelines on how to
manage electricity within a building site environment. Below is
an outline of some of the issues.
CF
MEU 1999
Electricity Kills it is crucial that all electrical equipment be
tested and tagged in accordance with legislation. WorkCover
requires all electrical equipment on a building site to be tested
and Tagged monthly including testing of all safety switches and
temporary distribution boards on a building site.
In order to comply with the above a qualified electrician will be
able to ensure your site complies. This is not something you can
do yourself you must use a licensed individual.
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Bibliography
Is it Safe? CFMEU national Safety Manual 2nd edition.
Basic Building & Construction skills edition 3 Carpentry &
other general construction trade. TAFE NSW south western
Sydney Institute. Pearson Longman 2005.
Hazard Identification & Risk assessment Manual for small
builders, Workcover NSW Standard Publishing house 1996.
Safe Working at Heights Guide 2004. Workcover and NSW
construction industry Reference group. Workcover publications
catalogue 1321.
Safety Handbook Edition 1, Building Trades group of Unions,
2008
http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Publications/OH
S/Risk%20Management/fact_dermatitis_4103.pdf
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