CHAPTER 29 ≈
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that tells us something about a
noun.
Eg.
1.
She is a slim girl.
2.
The teacher looks fierce.
3.
This car is mine.
4.
Each child has a balloon.
There are many types of adjectives.
(i)
Descriptive Adjective
• Tells the colour, shape, size texture, condition, etc, of a noun
E.g.
(ii)
1.
She is wearing a rainbow hat.
2.
This is a soft pillow.
3.
This boy was sad to leave.
Adjective of Quantity
• Tells the amount or number of a particular noun.
E.g.
1.
There is a little soup left.
2.
There are many balls in this basket.
3.
She ate half the cake.
1
(iii)
Interrogative Adjectives
• Used to ask a question with reference to a particular noun.
E.g.
(iv)
1.
Whose house is this?
2.
Which book shall I borrow?
3.
What drink would you like?
Demonstrative Adjectives
• Used to make reference to a particular noun.
E.g.
(v)
1.
This house is theirs.
2.
I shall borrow that book.
3.
I would like to try your drink.
Distributive Adjectives
• Shows whether the nouns are taken singly or as a group.
Eg.
1.
She gave each boy a lollipop.
2.
We want all the pupils to assemble in the hall.
2
Chapter 29 - Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with adjectives which are opposite in meaning to
those in brackets.
1.
She has _____long_____ hair. (short)
2.
I have just solved some ____________________ problems. (easy)
3.
With a new coat of paint, this room looks very _________________.
(dull)
4.
I had a _________________ surprise today. (nasty)
5.
The ______________________ woman spent all her salary in one
shopping spree. (thrifty)
6.
Mellissa had _________________ hair and rosy cheeks. (straight)
7.
The sea is very _____________________ tonight; we can’t go fishing.
(calm)
8.
It will be difficult to develop this land because of its _______________
condition. (level)
3
9.
The _________________ peasant told the king that his daughter could
spin straw into gold. (wise)
10.
The pattern on this fabric is __________________. (complicated)
4
Chapter 29 - Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable nouns.
raw
uncomfortable
chilly
careful
boring
trustworthy
expensive
unkind
1.
The teacher was so ___________________ that I dozed off.
2.
The pillow was so ____________________ that I could not fall asleep.
3.
The duck is still __________________. You need to cook it
4.
The bicycle was too _________________________ for me to buy for my
daughter.
5.
The water was too _____________ to swim in.
6.
We were ______________ to check the expiry date on the canned food.
7.
I have asked her to look after my daughter while I am away. She is
______________ enough.
8.
It was ___________________ of you to throw stones at the dog.
5
CHAPTER 30 ≈
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
Adjective can be expressed in three different degrees
(Positive Degree, comparative Degree, Superlative Degree)
(i)
Positive degree
• It is used to compare two things or person that are equal in some aspect
Eg.
(ii)
1.
Mrs Tan is a plump as Miss Berry.
2.
This show is as exciting as the other one.
3.
Your handwriting is as neat as mine.
Comparative degree
• It is used to compare two things or persons that are unequal.
Eg.
(iii)
1.
Mrs Tan is plumper than Miss Berry
2.
That show was more exciting than this one.
3.
His handwriting is neater than yours.
Superlative degree
• It is used to express the highest degree when three or more things or
persons are compared.
Eg.
1.
Mrs Tan is the plumpest of the four ladies.
2.
That show was the most exciting.
3.
His handwriting is the neatest of all.
6
The following lists adjective to which ‘-er’ and ‘-est’ are added.
Positive degree
Able
Big
Broad
Black
Blue
Brave
Clever
Cheap
Clean
Cold
Dark
Fierce
Fat
Few
Fast
Fresh
Great
Gentle
Hot
High
Hard
Kind
Long
Late
Loud
Large
Light
Mad
Narrow
Near
New
Nice
Old
Poor
Quick
Rich
Comparative Degree
abler
bigger
broader
blacker
bluer
braver
cleverer
cheaper
cleaner
colder
darker
fiercer
fatter
fewer
faster
fresher
greater
gentler
hotter
higher
harder
kinder
longer
later
louder
larger
lighter
madder
narrower
nearer
newer
nicer
older
poorer
quicker
richer
Superlative Degree
ablest
biggest
broadest
blackest
bluest
bravest
cleverest
cheapest
cleanest
coldest
darkest
fiercest
fattest
fewest
fastest
freshest
greatest
gentlest
hottest
highest
hardest
kindest
longest
latest
loudest
largest
lightest
maddest
narrowest
nearest
newest
nicest
oldest
poorest
quickest
richest
7
Sharp
Short
Small
Smart
Soft
Strong
Tall
Thick
Thin
Tough
Warm
Weak
White
Wide
Young
sharper
shorter
smaller
smarter
softer
stronger
taller
thicker
thinner
tougher
warmer
weaker
whiter
wider
younger
sharpest
shortest
smallest
smartest
softest
strongest
tallest
thickest
thinnest
toughest
warmest
weakest
whitest
widest
youngest
The following lists adjectives ended with ‘-y’ (change ‘-y’ to ‘-i’)
Positive degree
Angry
Busy
Crazy
Dry
Dirty
Friendly
Funny
Happy
Noisy
Sorry
Wealthy
Comparative Degree
angrier
busier
crazier
drier
dirtier
friendlier
funnier
happier
noisier
sorrier
wealthier
Superlative degree
angriest
busiest
craziest
driest
dirtiest
friendliest
funniest
happiest
noisiest
sorriest
wealthiest
The following list adjectives with adding of “more” and “most”
Positive Degree
Beautiful
Careful
Difficult
Excellent
Drunk
Comparative Degree
more beautiful
more careful
more difficult
more excellent
more drunk
Superlative Degree
most beautiful
most careful
most difficult
most excellent
most drunk
8
Famous
Interesting
Intelligent
Loyal
Real
Serious
Stubborn
Valuable
Violent
more famous
more interesting
more intelligent
more loyal
more real
more serious
more stubborn
more valuable
more violent
most famous
most interesting
most intelligent
most loyal
most real
most serious
most stubborn
most valuable
most violent
Comparative degree
worse
further/farther
better
less
more
more
better
Superlative degree
worst
farthest/furthest
best
least
most
most
best
Irregular adjective
Positive degree
Bad
Far
Good
Little
Many
Much
Well
9
Chapter 30 - Exercise 1
For each of the Positive forms below, give the Comparative and
the Superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
1.
Kind
__________________
_________________
2.
Great
__________________
_________________
3.
Good
__________________
_________________
4.
Popular
__________________
_________________
5.
Heavy
__________________
_________________
6.
Loyal
__________________
_________________
7.
Dangerous
__________________
_________________
8.
Wide
__________________
_________________
9.
Rude
__________________
_________________
10.
Busy
__________________
_________________
11.
Far
__________________
_________________
12.
Wealthy
__________________
_________________
13.
Many
__________________
_________________
14.
Punctual
__________________
_________________
15.
Common
__________________
_________________
10
Chapter 30 - Exercise 2
Rewrite each of the following sentences, correcting the form of
adjective used.
The first sentence has been done for you.
1.
Emily is elder of the three sisters.
Emily is the eldest of the three sisters.
2.
Which of these two books is more thicker?
3.
This apple is the redder one I can find in the basket.
4.
Her house has only two rooms. The smallest room is the more cosier one.
5.
This is the most exciting of the two movies.
6.
His house is further from the school but mine is even furthest.
7.
Mark is more younger than Adam and Eric.
11
CHAPTER 31 ≈
FORMING ADJECTIVES
Adjective may be formed by adding -able, -al, -ic, -ous, -ful,
-ish, -ive, -en, -ous, and -some to nouns and verbs.
.
Nouns/verbs
Adjective
Ability
Accept
Accident
Affection
Beauty
Boy
Brother
Caution
Charity
Child
Circle
Collect
Comfort
Compassion
Danger
Day
Energy
Faith
Fault
Force
Forget
Gold
Hate
Hero
Joy
able
acceptable
accidental
affectionate
beautiful
boyish
brotherly
cautious
charitable
childish; childless; childlike
circular
collective
comfortable
compassionate
dangerous
daily
energetic
faithful; unfaithful; faithless
faulty; faultless
forceful
forgetful
golden
hateful
heroic
joyful
12
Love
Music
Noise
Parent
Person
Peace
Self
Sorrow
Success
Talk
Sun
Wisdom
Year
Youth
lovely
musical
noisy; noiseless
parental
personal
peaceful
selfish; unselfish; selfless
sorrowful
successful
talkative
sunny
wise
yearly
young
13
Chapter 30 - Exercise 1
Underline the proper nouns in the following sentences.
1. Help
_______________
11. Fame
__________________
2. Power
_______________
12. Hope
__________________
3. Doubt
_______________
13. Poison ___________________
4. Pain
_______________
14. Fear
___________________
5. Peace
_______________
15. Skill
___________________
6. Mercy
_______________
16. Care
___________________
7. Devil
_______________
17. Sense
___________________
8. Baby
_______________
18. Grace
___________________
9. End
_______________
19. Yellow ___________________
10. Fool
_______________
20. Use
___________________
14
Chapter 30 - Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable adjective formed from the words in
brackets.
1. He was a very ________________ (fame) man in his own country.
2. He is a _______________(wealth) man and owns a _______________
(luxury) mansion.
3. Lim had an ______________ (enjoy) but _______________ (tire) time
at the camp.
4. It was a dark and _______________ (winter) day when the
______________ (horror) accident occurred.
5. Sam had an unpleasant experience with a __________________
(poison) snake.
6. The graceful dancer received a ________________ (heart) applause
from the __________________ (appreciate) audience.
7. Our new television set is _________________ (fault).
8. He is hopeful of getting new job at the ________________ (centre)
part of the city.
9. The view from the top of the hill was so _________________ (picture)
that I was reluctant to leave.
15
CHAPTER 31 ≈
ADJECTIVAL PHRASES AND CLAUSES
An adjectival phrase is a group of words that
describe the noun directly in front of it. It has
the same function as an adjective
Eg.
1.
The woman with an umbrella is my mother.
2.
The man behind us has a gun.
3.
The fence between the two houses is broken.
4.
The suitcase under the bed is very old.
5.
The river beside my house is very muddy.
6.
The children over there are very active.
The adjectival phrases begin with prepositions (with, in, between, beside, under,
over, etc)
An adjectival clause is a group of words that
describes a noun. They introduced in sentences by
the words ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘that’, etc.
Eg.
1.
This is the girl who plays the piano very well.
2.
Kamal, whose car broken down, took a taxi to work today.
3.
The dog which belongs to Mr. Paul, is and Alsatian.
4.
This is the purse that I dropped.
16
Chapter 31 - Exercise 1
Join each pair of sentences using an adjectival phrase. The first
one has been done for you.
1.
The girl is naughty. She is on the chair.
The girl on the chair is naughty.
2.
The boy is sick. He is in the room.
3.
The bag is mine. It is near the cupboard.
4.
The man looks familiar. He is at the counter now.
5.
The field is muddy. It is in front of my house.
6.
The house has just been sold. It is opposite the playground.
17
CHAPTER 32 ≈
ADVERBS
An adverb is a word which modifies or gives more
meaning to a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
.
Eg.
1.
Adam spoke clearly.
2.
I seldom jog.
3.
When are they coming?
Adverbs are used in different ways. They are divided into the following classes.
(i)
Adverbs of Manner
• Answer the question ‘How?’. They are placed after the verbs.
Eg.
(ii)
1.
He spoke clearly.
2.
Sarah did badly in the examination.
3.
The child feels sick.
Adverbs of Place
• Answer the question ‘Where?’. They are placed after the verbs.
Eg.
1.
I am going out.
2.
He is sitting there.
3.
The birds are flying away.
18
(iii)
Adverbs of Time
• Answer the question ‘When?’. They may be placed at the beginning or at
the end of the sentence.
Eg.
(iv)
1.
They are coming tomorrow.
2.
It will rain today.
3.
I met him yesterday.
Adverbs of Frequency
• Answer the question ‘How often?’. They are placed before the verbs.
Eg.
(v)
1.
He always talks in class.
2.
She never helps around the house.
3.
He seldom visits us.
Adverbs of Degree
• Answer the question ‘To what degree?’. They are placed before an adverb
or an adjective.
Eg.
(vi)
1.
She plays the piano very well.
2.
We lost almost everything in the fire.
3.
He felt rather unhappy about the agreement.
Interrogative Adverbs
• Used in questioning. They are the words used at the start of questions.
Eg.
1.
Where are you going?
2.
When did you meet him?
3.
How did it happen?
19
If two or more adverbs combine together, usually they are arranged with
Adverbs of Manner.
Eg.
Manner
place
Time
1.
Mary played piano
skilfully
on stage
last night.
2.
She waited
patiently
outside
yesterday.
20
Chapter 32 - Exercise 1
Underline the adverb in each sentence and classify it.
1.
He will arrive soon.
(__adverb of time_________)
2.
Here comes the teacher.
(_______________________)
3.
The girl ran quickly down the street.
(_______________________)
4.
I once saw a car overturn.
(_______________________)
5.
Where did you buy that hat?
(_______________________)
6.
You are too young to drive.
(_______________________)
7.
She seldom goes home.
(_______________________)
8.
The accident happened there.
(_______________________)
9.
She left yesterday.
(_______________________)
10.
The man was very thin.
(_______________________)
21
Chapter 32 - Exercise 2
Put the adverb correctly in each sentence.
1. He sent the injured man to hospital. (immediately)
2. He carved the piece of wood into the shape of an elephant. (skilfully)
3. We saw him walk to the bus-stop. (quickly)
4. Susie sang during the concert. (sweetly)
5. Since it is raining, we shall stay indoors. (heavily)
6. I meant to cause her harm. (never)
7. Kuan’s dog barks at strangers. (usually)
8. The fruits sold at this stall are not fresh. (sometimes)
9. Farah is seen at that coffee shop. (frequently)
22
CHAPTER 33 ≈
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Three degrees of comparisons of adverbs. They are
the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative
.
1.
The Positive Degree – compares two equal actions.
Eg.
2.
Halim swims as fast as his brother.
2.
This machine does not work as efficiently as that one.
The Comparative Degree – compares two unequal actions.
Eg.
3.
1.
1.
Halim swims faster than his brother.
2.
This machine works more efficiently than that one.
The Superlative Degree – compares three or more unequal actions.
Eg.
1.
Of all the three brothers, Halim swims the fastest.
2.
This machine works the most efficiently of all in the factory.
23
The adverbs listed end in “-ly”. The comparative degree is formed by adding
“more” while the superlative degree is formed by adding “most”
Positive
Bravely
Comparative
more bravely
Superlative
most bravely
Busily
more busily
most busily
Carefully
more carefully
most carefully
Easily
more easily
most easily
Gracefully
more gracefully
most gracefully
Happily
more happily
most happily
Highly
more highly
most highly
Lightly
more lightly
most lightly
Loudly
more loudly
most loudly
Neatly
more neatly
most neatly
Painfully
more painfully
most painfully
Patiently
more patiently
most patiently
Quickly
more quickly
most quickly
Slowly
more slowly
most slowly
The comparative and superlative degree of the adverbs are formed by adding ‘er’
and ‘est’ respectively to the positive degree.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Fast
faster
fastest
Hard
harder
hardest
Late
later
latest
Long
longer
longest
Soon
sooner
soonest
High
higher
highest
24
The comparison for the irregular adverbs.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Badly
worse
worst
Early
earlier
earliest
Far
farther
farthest
Little
less
least
Much
more
most
Well
better
best
25
Chapter 33 - Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of adverb in brackets.
1.
He eats the _________________ (much) but exercises the
_______________ (little).
2.
In his family, Jason sleeps the __________________ (late) every
night.
3.
Larry ran ________________ (fast) than his classmates in the race.
4.
Nia came home _______________ (late) tonight than she did last
night.
5.
Flora is eating ______________ (well) and looking better with each
passing day.
6.
Rossa is dancing _______________ (gracefully) tonight than she
did last night.
7.
William is doing __________________ (well) at his job but I believe
he is capable of doing even ______________ (well).
8.
You
need
to
do
these
mathematics
problems
as
_________________ (carefully) as you can today.
9.
Peter could not come as _________________ (often) as he wished.
26
10.
Your behaviour is getting ____________________ (badly) each
day.
11.
He could not come as __________________ (often) as he wished.
27
CHAPTER 34 ≈
FORMING ADVERBS
An adverb can be formed from a noun, a verb or an
adjective by adding ‘-ly’.
.
[Cite your source here.]
Eg.
1.
This lady comes in daily to clean the house.
2.
She sat comfortably on the sofa.
3.
I could see clearly through the glass window.
Word (noun/verb/adjective)
adverb
Accident
accidentally
Agree
agreeably
Angry
angrily
Annual
annually
Attention
attentively
Brave
bravely
Bright
brightly
Busy
busily
Careful
carefully
Collect
collectively
Continue
continually
Day
daily
Double
doubly
Easy
easily
Enjoy
enjoyably
28
Free
freely
Happy
happily
Hard
hardly
Heavy
heavily
Hope
hopefully; hopelessly
Joy
joyfully
Kind
kindly
Late
lately
Loud
loudly
Mad
madly
Natural
naturally
Nice
nicely
Pain
painfully
One
once
Office
officially
Pure
purely
Quick
quickly
Rare
rarely
Simple
simply
Success
successfully
True
truly
Wise
wisely
29
Chapter 34 - Exercise 1
Form adverbs from each of the following words.
1. Fool
_______________
11. Glory
__________________
2. Busy
_______________
12. Beauty __________________
3. Art
_______________
13. True
4. Describe
_______________
14. Forget __________________
5. Accident
_______________
15. Prosper __________________
6. Mystery
_______________
16. Will
7. Ready
_______________
17. Compare__________________
8. Sleep
_______________
18. Day
9. Imagine
_______________
19. Double __________________
10. History
_______________
20. One
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
30
Chapter 34 - Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the suitable adverbs formed from the words
in brackets.
1.
She welcomed me ____________________ (warm) into her house.
2.
The dog jumped up at his owner _________________ (play).
3.
She washes her hair _________________ (day).
4.
Kamal and his friends walked ____________________ (leisure) around
the park.
5.
He waited ____________________ (patient) even though I was only
seven minutes late.
6.
Mr. Zikri walked ________________________ (confident) into the
room for the interview.
7.
He shouted ___________________ (fury) at the careless driver.
8.
She wept ___________________ (bitter) when she received the bad
news.
31
CHAPTER 35 ≈
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Adverbial Clause has the same function as a adverb, in
which it adds more to the meaning of verbs.
[Cite your source here.]
It is introduced in a sentence by a conjunction (‘when’, ‘where’, ‘if’, etc).
Eg.
1. Anna cried when we said goodbye.
2. He asked me where I was going.
3. I will visit her if I have the time.
(i)
Adverbial Clauses of Time
• Tells us when an action was or is carried out. It can be introduced by
any of these conjunctions: ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘after’, ‘since’ and ‘until’
Eg.
1. You cannot leave the hospital until your condition improves.
2. Mr.Chan came while you were out.
3. You may play after you complete your school work.
32
(ii)
Adverbial Clauses of Place
• Tells us where an action was or is carried out. This clause can be
introduced by the conjunction ‘where’.
Eg.
1. You must hide in a place where no one will ever think of
looking.
2. I am moving to a place where there are many high-rise
buildings.
(iii)
Adverbial Clauses of Reason
• Tells us why an action was or is carried out. It can be introduced by
conjunctions ‘because’, ‘as’, ‘since’, etc.
Eg.
1. I want to stop work because I am tired.
2. She stayed home since it was raining.
3. As it was very cold, I put on my jacket.
(iv)
Adverbial Clauses of Result
• Tell us the result of an action. It can be introduced by the
conjunctions ‘so’, ‘so…….that’ and ‘such……..that’.
Eg.
1. I was upset, so I didn’t go to the party.
2. I was so bitter that I refused to eat any more of it.
33
(v)
Adverbial Clauses of Purpose
• Can be introduced by the conjunction ‘so that’
Eg.
1. I bought a story book so that I have something to read during
the trip.
2. Pavitra went to the cinema so that she could see the movie for
herself.
(vi)
Adverbial Clauses of Concession
• Can be introduced by the conjunctions ‘though’, ‘although’ and ‘even
though’.
Eg.
1. Though Tom has hurt Farah many times, she still forgives him.
2. Although the train was delayed, we made it to Pulau Langkawi
before 7 p.m.
(v)
Adverbial Clauses of Condition
• Can be introduced by the conjunctions ‘if’ and ‘unless’.
Eg.
1. I will only go if she goes.
2. Mrs Florence will punish you unless you have a good excuse for
being late.
34
Chapter 35 - Exercise 1
Rewrite the sentences to form Adverbial Clauses using the words
in brackets.
1. I did not cook, so I went eat at the shop. (because)
2. She had a toothache, so she went to see dentist. (because)
3. We were walking in the wrong direction, so we decided to retrace our
steps. (because)
4. He will forgive you if you apologize. (unless – not)
5. I shall tell her about it if she asks. (unless- not)
6. She can do the jobs if you give her a chance. (unless- not)
7. I can make this cake if I know the recipe. (unless- not)
35
CHAPTER 36 ≈
CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word which is used to join words,
phrases and sentences
(i)
Conjunction ‘And’
It can be used to join two related words, phrases or sentences
Eg. 1.
She went to the basin. She washed her face.
She went to the basin and washed her face.
2.
Kelvin is wearing sandals. Peter is wearing sandals.
Kelvin and Peter are wearing sandals.
(ii) Conjunction ‘But’
It is used to join two contrasting words, phrases or sentences.
Eg. 1.
He ran very fast. He did not win in the race.
He ran very fast but he did not win in the race.
2.
She is poor. She is contented.
She is poor but contented.
36
(iii) Conjunction ‘Or’
It can be used to join two choices.
Eg. 1.
You must use an umbrella. You will be drenched.
You must use an umbrella or you will be drenched.
2.
Shall I buy the red skirt? Shall I buy the black skirt?
Shall I buy the red or black skirt?
(iv) Conjunction ‘Because’, ‘Since’ and ‘As’.
They are used to join sentences and explain why certain actions are done.
They introduce Adverbial Clauses of Reason.
Eg.
1.
He came to my house. He wanted to borrow my book.
He came to my house because he wanted to borrow my book.
Since he wanted to borrow my book, he came to my house.
As he wanted to borrow my book, he came to my house.
(v) Conjunctions ‘So’, ‘So…..that’ and ‘Such…..that’
They are used to join sentences and give the result of actions. They introduce
Adverbial Clauses of Result.
Eg. 1.
He came to my house. He wanted to borrow my book.
He wanted to borrow my book, so he came to my house.
2.
She was so hungry that she raided the refrigerator for all the food she
could find.
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(vi) Conjunction ‘If’ and ‘Unless’
They are used to join the sentences. One of the sentences must be a condition.
‘If’ introduces Adverbial Clauses of Condition.
‘Unless’ used to mention action must be followed by an opposite condition.
Eg. 1.
He will eat. He is hungry.
He will eat if he is hungry.
2.
He will not eat. He is hungry.
He will not eat unless he is hungry.
(vii) Conjunction ‘Although’
It is used to join two sentences when the action was done in spite of the
condition.
Eg. 1.
He played with firecrackers. He knew it was dangerous.
He played with firecrackers although he knew it was dangerous.
(viii) Conjunctions ‘When’, ‘While’, ‘Before’, ‘After’ and ‘Until’
These conjunctions join two sentences with two actions which are related to
each other through time.
Eg. 1.
The little girl cried. She fell down.
The little girl cried when she fell down.
2.
Peter kept walking. His legs ached.
Peter kept walking until his legs ached.
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(ix) Conjunction in Pairs
Conjunction in pairs are ‘either…or’, ‘neither…or’, ‘so….that’, ‘such….that’ and
‘not only….but also’
Eg. 1.
Melissa will speak to the teacher. Patty will speak to the teacher.
Either Melissa or Patty will speak to the teacher.
2.
Bob does not want to go to the party. Armstrong does not want to go
to the party.
Neither Bob nor Dan wants to go to the party.
3.
Magnolia left in a hurry. She forgot her wallet.
Magnolia left in such a hurry that she forgot her wallet.
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Chapter 36 - Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘before’, ‘after’ or ‘until‘.
1.
Samuel ran off _____________________ I could talk to him.
2.
We left the station___________________ waving goodbye to her.
3.
You must sweep the floor __________________ you mop it.
4.
Please brush your teeth ____________________ your meal.
5.
Jackson was very upset ______________________ he failed in the test.
6.
Karina forgot to turn off the gas-stove _____________________ she left her
house.
7.
The thieves broke into his house _________________________ he was
sleeping.
8.
Please wear your shoes _____________________ you have put on your
socks.
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Chapter 36 - Exercise 2
Join the following pairs of sentences using the words in the
bracket.
1. You must feed the baby. He will cry. (or)
2. The beggar is poor. The beggar is weak. (and)
3. This boy is slow. He is cautious. (but)
4. We were late for the meeting. The bus we took broke down. (so)
5. There was a tear in the shirt. She mended the shirt. (since)
6. The shops are brightly lit and nicely decorated. It is the Christmas season.
(because)
7. These shoes are very big. They will not fit me. (as)
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CHAPTER 37 ≈
PRESPOSITION
A preposition is a word or group of words which shows
the relationship between the noun and pronoun used
after it and some other words in the sentences.
.
It is used to indicate one of the following; position, place,
direction, time, etc.
Eg.
(i)
1.
She is sitting at the table.
2.
She stays in Johor.
3.
Farid is going to the airport.
Preposition Indicating Positions
Eg.
(ii)
1.
in the room
2.
on the sofa
3.
at the police-station
4.
under the table
5.
in front of the mirror
6.
between the two houses
7.
inside the room
8.
against the wall
9.
above the sea
10.
by the sea
Preposition Indicating Places
‘In’ is used with cities and countries
‘At’ is used with small places.
42
Eg.
(iii)
in Europe
2.
in Japan
3.
in London
4.
in Johor Bharu
5.
at China Town
6.
at Botanic Gardens
7.
at Sentosa Island
Preposition Indicating Directions
Eg.
(iv)
1.
1.
I am going to the market.
2.
We went up by the lift.
3.
He cycled along the bicycle path.
4.
The boy ran across the road.
5.
We walked towards the south.
Preposition Indicating Time
a.
‘In’ is used for a part of the day, a specific period of time,
months, years and seasons.
Eg.
b.
1.
in a few minutes
2.
in half an hour
3.
in a week
4.
in January
5.
in winter
‘On’ is used for days and dates.
Eg.
1.
on Christmas
2.
on Saturday
3.
on National Day
4.
on September 12, 1996
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c.
‘At’ is used for a specific time.
Eg.
d.
at midnight
2.
at dawn
3.
at Easter
4.
at that instant
‘During’ is used to indicate a duration of time.
Eg.
e.
1.
1.
We are going to Alaska during the holidays.
2.
Thomas was badly treated during his childhood.
Other prepositions indicating time are ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘until’,
‘for’, ‘since’ and ‘by’
Eg,
(v)
1.
Sunday is before Monday.
2.
I will wait until he arrives.
3.
It has been raining for two days.
4.
The baby has been awake since 4 a.m.
5.
I will leave the office by three o’clock.
6.
You will be grown taller by next year.
Preposition Indicating Other Meanings
(a)
Preposition Indicating Reason
Eg.
(b)
1.
Tom was given a promotion based on his efficiency.
2.
I am surprised at the way he answered me.
3.
I am punishing you for disobeying me.
Preposition Indicating Purpose
Eg.
1.
Stacy came here to see my new puppy.
2.
Francis has gone to study in England with the hope
getting a law degree.
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(c)
Preposition Indicating Means
Eg.
1.
Sarah travels to school by car.
2.
She takes after her mother, not only in appearance,
but also in mannerisms.
(d)
Preposition Indicating Source
Eg.
1.
I knew that he was not feeling well from the way he
looked.
2.
This letter is from my sister in United Kingdom.
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Chapter 37 - Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable preposition from the box. Use each
preposition only once.
Of
in front
from
over
by
to
between
along
in
on
out of
Mr. Chan was driving ___________________ the Coastal Road
________________
the
__________________
city
when
slowing
he
down.
noticed
He
the
cars
stepped
_________________ the brake pedal __________________ stop
the car. Looking further ahead, he realised that the traffic jam has
been caused ________________ an accident involving three
vehicles. A car was sandwiched ___________________ a bus and a
lorry. Both the front and back bumpers of the car were badly dented
and glass was all ______________________ the ground. The
passengers of the car were helped ___________________ the car
by passers-by. One of them had blood stains on her dress as she was
bleeding __________________ the forehead.
Mr. Chan then heard the siren ___________________ an
ambulance approaching.
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Chapter 37 - Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’ or ‘during’.
1.
She spent a lot ____________________ the festive seasons.
2.
The children received a lot of gifts _____________________ Children Day.
3.
We like to jog ___________________ the early morning.
4.
Sam lost a lot of weight _________________________ his illness.
5.
I will see you again _____________________ 17 April.
6.
The clock struck twelve __________________midnight.
7.
Sandy did not know what to do ____________________ that very moment.
8.
Your car will be ready _____________________ a week.
9.
Wong learnt to be independent _______________________ the years he
spent away from home.
10.
We are going to attend a wedding _____________________ Sunday.
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Chapter 37 - Exercise 3
Fill in each blank with the most suitable preposition chosen from
the brackets
1.
Do not lean __________________ the wall which has just been
painted. (on, beside, against)
2.
Two of the criminals have escaped __________________ prison.
(from, in, to)
3.
The children enjoy eating _____________________ MacDonald’s.
(in, at, near)
4.
He owns a bungalow _________________ the sea. (by, in, at)
5.
The little child fell ___________________ the pond. (into, in, under)
6.
The playground is ____________________ my house. (at, in front of,
in)
7.
The train went ___________________ the tunnel. (in, over, through)
48