1
LEARNERS GUIDE
Manual for learners
And
Reference book for professional drivers
MARSHALL KM BOBOBEE
2
BY:
MARSHALL KM BOBOBEE
ADVANCED DRIVING INSTRUCTOR (ADI)
Hno.LQ 6, LYBIA QUARTERS
MADINA – ACCRA
GHANA
Tel: +233(0)54 29 59 249
+233(0)27 51 19 594
E-mail: marshallbobobee@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a vehicle such as a car, carriage, bus and trucks. Learning to drive is
an exciting experience. As with getting to learn with any new skill, you may be nervous and it may be challenging when
you first seat behind the wheels. But before long, you’ll be ready to take the step towards getting your full license and
enjoying the freedom that comes with it.
There are all types of drivers on the road, from teenagers to the elderly. Everyone on the road is supposed to be licensed.
Unfortunately, a driver's license does not always ensure common sense and responsibility on the road. Safe driving is
crucial because things can happen behind the wheel in a split second. Hence a sound knowledge and understanding of
driving theory will help you reach that stage and give you meaning to what you do as well as carry on improving right
through your driving life
Understanding and practice come together in a safe and responsible driver, so my advice is to always drive with safety in
mind and not how long you have been driving nor how good your car is. And you’ll be glad on the day of your driving test
and in your driving life!
The goal of this book is to provide the framework for uniformity in the teaching and learning of driving skills for learners
and professional drivers that will help them progress to acceptable standards.
The contents are based on the new curriculum introduced by DVLA.
This book covers the basics of driving, including basic driver safety, advanced driving techniques, and relevant vehicle
maintenance topics.
I wish you safe motoring for life.
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CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Topic
Page
Defensive Driving ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Fitness To Drive …………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Driver Attitude ……………………………………………………………………………………. 6
The Vehicle, Vehicle Controls And Gauges ………………………………………….. 7
Routine Checks …………………………………………………………………………………… 8
Introduction To Manual & Automatic Transmission ……………………………. 9
How To Start The Car (Taking Off) ,Entering And Leaving Traffic ………… 11
Steering Positions And Methods ………………………………………………………… 12
Maneuvers ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Roundabout Management …………………………………………………………………. 13
Road Junctions …………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Reversing ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Emergencies ………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Riding Your Bike …………………………………………………………………………………… 18
Motorcycle Instrumentation ……………………………………………………………….. 19
Motorcycle Pre-Operational Checks (POC) …………………………………………… 19
Motorcycle Periodic Maintenance ……………………………………………………….. 20
How To Take-Off With Your Bike ………………………………………………………….. 21
Road Signs ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
Road Markings …………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
Pedestrian Crossings ……………………………………………………………………………. 29
Traffic Light Signals ………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Hazard Management …………………………………………………………………………... 30
Road And Weather Conditions …………………………………………………………….. 31
Road ………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 33
Road Accidents …………………………………………………………………………………… 35
First Aid ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Firefighting …………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
The Law And Driving/Driving Regulations …………………………………………… 39
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Motor Insurance ………………………………………………………………………….…….. 43
The Highway Code ……………………………………………………………………………… 44
Vehicle Parts/Components And Functions ………………………………………….. 46
Servicing/Maintenance Of Vehicles …………………………………………………… 48
Log Book And Record Keeping ……………………………………………………………. 49
Tyre Care ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
Trouble Shooting ………………………………………………………………………………. 52
Driving Theories …………………………………………………………………………………. 53
Driving Terminologies ………………………………………………………………………… 55
Vehicle Instrumentation ……………………………………………………………………. 57
Useful Safety Requirements And Tools ……………………………………………… 60
42. Handling Traffic Stress ………………………………………………………………………. 61
43. Drinking And Driving/Driving Under Influence (DUI) …………………………. 62
44. DVLA And You ……………………………………………………………………………………. 62
45. Preparation For Driving Test ……………………………………………………………… 63
46. The Spot Fines( Ref: The Road Traffic Regulation Li 2180 Of 2012) ……. 64
47. Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………. 66
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DEFENSIVE DRIVING
Defensive driving is driving to save lives, time, and money, in spite of the conditions around you and the actions of others
road users anticipating for possible potential hazards and adjusting your driving to suit road environments.
Defensive driving does not require a high degree of special training. The characteristics of a defensive driver are the same
characteristics that apply to many aspects of our lives. Let’s look at the five most important requirements for defensive
driving.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DEFENSIVE DRIVER
KNOWLEDGE; Defensive drivers take time to educate themselves about safe driving techniques. This knowledge helps
them know how to act correctly and quickly in traffic situations.
ALERTNESS; Defensive drivers are alert, both to traffic conditions and to how their own mental and physical conditions
may affect their driving. They give all their attention to the task of driving.
FORESIGHT; Defensive drivers know that their worst enemy is the unexpected. They never assume the other driver will
do the right thing. In this way they are able to prepare for hazards rather than simply react to them. They practice longrange foresight by keeping their vehicles well-maintained, by checking them before driving, and by always wearing a
safety belt.
JUDGMENT; Good drivers use clear thinking and knowledge to make decisions wisely and quickly. They pass only when it
is safe, and always look for the safest, rather than the speediest, alternatives in any traffic situation. They are courteous,
even when other drivers are not.
SKILL; Defensive drivers develop the skills necessary to operate a vehicle properly and safely. They can “listen” to their
cars for signs of engine trouble, and they can perform simple emergency repairs, such as changing a tire. Defensive
driving is simply a matter of clear thinking, education and a safe attitude on the road.
Do this by anticipating dangerous scenarios, which could range from bad weather to erring motorists. Be prepared for the
unexpected!
FITNESS TO DRIVE
FITNESS: is defined as the general state of health and well-being of an individual.
Much of being a safe driver is being fit to drive in the first place, and knowing when this is the case. When we discuss
driver fitness we tend to refer to sobriety, fatigue and eyesight;- all those conditions that might impact on the ability to
see, think, and move well enough to safely operate a vehicle
The individual’s make up, the process of aging, chronic illness, or disability can impose serious or severe limitations on
the driver and his/her driving skills. There is however the need to take permanent conditions into account as one makes
choices in respect of sitting behind the wheel.
REQUIEMENTS
 Minimum Age: 18years. Your birth certificate may be required as a proof of the legal age requirement.
 Candidates must not suffer from any physical or mental disabilities. i.e. Epileptic, fits or sudden attack
of dizziness or fainting.
 Good Eyesight: The eyesight (with glasses or contact lenses) should be up to the required standard.
The applicant must be able to read at a distance of 25meters away. This must be certified by an Eye
Specialist.
 Educational Background: Minimum of BECE/Adult Education. A pass in an aptitude test to be
conducted by the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority for the issuance of a Learner’s Driving Licence.
Driving a vehicle is a physical activity, and a driver who gets no physical exercise may not have the required
strength, flexibility, or coordination to control and operate a vehicle safely. A driver must;



See and hear clearly
Synthesize different types of information right away
Act quickly and decisively
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DRIVER ATTITUDE
Attitude: is the manner, disposition, and feeling with regard to a person or orientation, especially of the mind.
Safe driving is all about developing the correct attitude and approach to road safety, together with a sound knowledge of
driving techniques. However modern, fast or expensive your vehicle, it’s you, the driver, who determines how safe it is.
Most people often believe that driving skills and knowledge about driving are all that is needed for them to be safe on
the roads. However, one of the most important influences on driving ability is their attitude towards driving and the
resultant behavior on the road.
Here are some of the attitudinal components you should adopt when driving;

SHOWING CONSIDERATION AND CURTSEY TO OTHER ROAD USERS
As a car driver, you’ll share the road with many other road users. Some of these are more vulnerable than you, because
of their; Inexperience or lack of judgment, Size and Speed.
Remember to treat all road users with courtesy and consideration. It’s particularly important to be patient when there
are children, older or disabled people using the road. The most vulnerable drivers and riders are those who are still
C.O.A.T
C – Concentration
A - Anticipation
O – Observation
T - Tolerance
Concentration: this means focusing 100% attention on the vehicle when driving. If you allow your mind go on other
things that are not part of driving even for a brief moment, the risk/ danger of making mistake is increase. Repeated
mistakes usually lead to road accidents.
Observation: you must be in such a position that you can exercise proper control over your vehicle and retain a full view
of the road and traffic ahead. You need to observe speed limits in the road and obey all traffic signs and signals.
Anticipation: always plan well ahead of your journey for possible hazards and acting quickly to deal with the changes on
the road.
Tolerance: you must accept other road user’s conduct to ensure safety on the road. Always try to ignore the error of
other road users and stay calm.

AGGRESSIVE DRIVING
This refers to driving without due care and attention or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the
road.
Aggressive driving is often demonstrated by drivers who take their anger, resentment and frustration with them behind
the wheel. These attitudes can lead to crashes and nasty confrontations. Many instances of this aggressive behavior
involve drivers who cut you off, make unsafe lane changes, speed, follow too closely, run red lights, and disobey traffic
signs and signals.
Avoid insults and fighting on the road, rather stay calm and anytime, if you are provoked on the road, take a moment
stop at a safe place and take a deep breath before you continue your journey.

GIVING PRIORITY TO EMERGENCY VEHICLES AND PEDESTRIANS.
Emergency vehicles include ambulance, fire service, and national security.
Always pull in safely to the right side of the road and leave a gap large enough for emergency vehicles to pass. Be aware
of pedestrians, cyclist and other vehicles around you.
*Never join a convoy if you are not a part of it.
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Give precedence to pedestrians on the carriageway within the limits of an uncontrolled zebra crossing.
 Respect for other drivers – don’t tail gate other cars, allow cars to merge in front of you .
 Awareness – use your mirrors and always be aware of where cars are in relation to your vehicle and
scan the road ahead for possible hazards
 Never take driving for granted – road conditions change from moment to moment, so even if you
drive down a street every day, always be alert for new hazards
 Adopt the attitude, “ I can make a difference to road safety by being a responsible driver”
 Drive to conditions, not the posted speed limits.

FOLLOW SAFELY
Always maintain a safe following distance between your vehicle and the lead vehicle using the ‘’2 seconds rule.’’
The 2 seconds rule is a theory used to maintain a safe following distance at any speed on a good dry road surface at a
minimum timing gab of two seconds. Count two seconds from when the car in front of you passes a fixed object such as a
tree, until you drive pass the same fixed object. Instead of counting, you can also use the sentence “It’s only a fool who
does not obey the two seconds rule” Below is a diagram to illustrate the 2 seconds rule. This should be doubled to four
seconds on wet roads since it takes a longer time to stop on wet roads. In following safely always apply the WAAA system
(W-watch, A-anticipate, A-adapt, A-act).
The Two Seconds Rule
THE VEHICLE
Vehicle is any means in or by which someone travels or something is carried or a means of conveyance. In order to be
able to operate your vehicle safely, you must know the functions and locations of all the interior mechanisms of your car.
VEHICLE CONTROLS
Wiper and washer fluid control switch:it is used to operate the wipers and the washer fluid to clean the windscreen.
Exterior lights control switch:It is used to switch on the lights.
Horn:It is used to alert other road users and drivers of your presence.
Emergency flasher or hazard lights switch:It is used to warn other road users when you have a breakdown or when you
are involved in an accident and also to indicate to following traffic about a hazard ahead.
Ignition switch: This is where the ignition key is inserted to start the vehicle. There are four positions on the ignition
switch namely; 1. “LOCK” The steering wheel is locked and the key can be removed. (The key can be removed only when
the shift lever is in P for automatic cars.)2. “ACC” Some electrical components such as the audio system can be used.3.
“ON” All electrical components can be used.4. “START” For starting the engine.
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Driving mirrors: They are used to see things from behind without having to turn your head.
1. Rear/ interior mirror
2. Side mirror
Steering wheel: It is used to control the direction of the vehicle.
Parking brake: It applies brake to hold the vehicle from moving when parked. It can be a pedal, a lever or a console
between the front seats. It’s also known as handbrake or emergency brake.
Gear lever: It is used to select a forward gear, reverse position or remain in neutral.
Manual
Automatic
Accelerator (gas) pedal (A): it controls the amount of speed within the speed range of a gear.
C
B
A
Clutch pedal (C): it helps you to engage and disengage the transmission power from the engine to the drive wheels.
Footbrake pedal (B): it causes the vehicle to slow down or stop.
Automatic
Demister switch: it activates wires (heaters) that remove mist from the windshield of a car. Your rear window will have
wires in it through which a low power current is passed to heat up the back windscreen.
GAUGES
Speedometer: It shows your speed in miles per hour or kilometers per hour.
Tachometer: It indicates the working speed of the engine in revolutions per minute.
Odometer: It measures the total distance that the vehicle has travel since it was manufactured in miles or kilometers.
Fuel gauge: It helps you to know how much fuel is in the fuel tank.
Temperature gauge: It tells you whether your engine is cold, normal or hot (overheated).
Oil gauge: The oil pressure gauge is the instrument on your dashboard used to report the pressure of the oil inside the
car's engine.
ROUTINE CHECKS/ DAILY ROUTINE CHECKS (DRC)
These are the daily checks you must do on your vehicle to maintain it in a good working condition. This is also known as
DIY(Di It Yourself)as it does not require the services of a mechanic but yourself. Before you drive, check the following;

Brake fluid level; always ensure you have sufficient brake fluid in the brake pot to avoid any failure in the
system.

Engine oil level; the basic function of the engine oil is to lubricate the moving parts of the engine, so if the level
is low in the sump it may cause tear and wear in the engine parts. This can also cause excess heat in the engine.
Dipstick is the instrument used to check the engine oil level.
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
Engine coolant level; engine coolants are to drive away excess heat in the engine, so always ensure there is enough
in the reservoir to avoid overheating of the engine. Expects advice we use premix coolants over water, as water
may not be very efficient and also cause rust in the radiator blocks.

Lights; regularly check all your lights. Don’t wait until night to check only to find out that one of headlights is not
working.

Wipers; ensure that your wipers are in good working condition at all times. Don’t wait until it’s raining only to
detect that your wiper blades are damaged which will damage your windscreen.

Tyres; your tyres are the only point of contact to the roadway and must be given due attention at all times. Go
round the vehicle and check all the tyre conditions and the pressure regularly including the spare tyre.

Fan belt; always check for damages on the fan-belt, if you detect any crack on the belt, contact your mechanic to
replace it for you immediately.

Power steering fluid level; regularly check the level of the power steering fluid to avoid any failure in the steering
system.

Windscreen washer fluid level; ensure you have sufficient washer fluid to help in washing the windscreen
especially on dusty roads.

Battery; (check that the terminals are tightly fixed and the battery condition is good). In most batteries there are
indicators on the top of the battery which is visible through a transparent cap on top of the battery. A green colour
indicates GOOD, a black colour indicates the battery needs CHARGING, and a white colour indicates you must
REPLACE the battery.
INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL & AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
Manual
1
Automatic
3
5
N
2
4
R
P
R
N
D
H
L
Automatic transmission: this system changes gears by itself as you increase and decrease speed without having to
change/ shift the gears manually.
P – Park: this gear restricts the vehicle from moving when you park.
N – Neutral: this position frees/ disengages the engine power from the road wheels.
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D- Drive: this position allows forward movement and the gears change automatically as you accelerate.
R – Reverse: this position allows you to drive backwards.
L – this position limits the transmission to only the first gear.
H– this position limits the transmission to gear one and two.
This gear arrangements/lettering can change depending on the car model. In some automatic cars the lettering ‘’L’’ can
be represented by (D1, - or 1) and the lettering ‘’H’’ can also be represented by (+, 2 or D2)...
L, 1, 2, 3 etc…; these are modes that will lock your automatic transmission into using a particular gear. Or it limits you to
the speed and strength of the selected gears. This is very helpful when driving on a hill/mountain, on the muddy road
etc…
Changing From A Lower Gear To A Higher Gear And Vice Versa Relative To Speed
Gear
Speed (mph or km/h)
Range (km/h)
Torque (Nm)
1
Lowest
0-20
Highest
2
>1
20-40
<1
3
>2
40-60
<2
4
>3
60-100
<3
5
Highest
100-180…
Lowest
How To Change Gear In A Manual Vehicle

Release the accelerator pedal and engage the clutch pedal fully down.

Select the next gear.

Release the clutch pedal and simultaneously apply the accelerator pedal.
Note: Your speed should always be relative to the gear.
Neutral
135
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Neutral is a position where no gear is selected. During driving lessons and the driving test, ensure the handbrake is
applied and the gear lever is in neutral before starting the engine.
135
1st gear
1st gear should always be used for moving off from a stationary position unless on a downhill gradient where
2nd gear may be appropriate. 1st gear is also often used with a combination of clutch control in slow moving
traffic and maneuvers when driving.
From neutral, cup your hand around the gear lever. Push the gear lever as far left until you hit the left corner bar/wall
and push up till it stops. This way you ensure you have selected 1st gear.
135
2nd gear
2nd gear will allow you to move faster, or if moving slowly in traffic, will2be4 more economical than 1st gear.
Can also be an ideal gear to move off from a stationary position downhill.
Learners frequently select 4th gear when they intended 2nd. From 1st gear, cup your hand around the top of the lever
facing away from you, pushing the gear lever to the left corner bar/wall and pull down, or move back to neutral then
push the gear lever to hit the left corner bar/wall and push down till it stops. This eliminates the possibility of accidently
selecting 4th gear.
3rd gear
1 3 5
2 4
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3rd for some cars can be an appropriate gear for travelling around towns. Learners can select 1st gear by
mistake whilst driving instead of 3rd. This is dangerous if you lift the clutch as it will quickly make your car
decrease speed without any brake lights illuminated.
To ensure you select 3rd from 2nd, as you push the lever up from 2nd into neutral, the gear levers natural position is to
sit between 3rd and 4th, so by releasing your hand from the lever briefly when in neutral, the lever will sit directly
between 3rd and 4th. Then simply push the lever up straight into 3rd.
1 3 5
4th gear
Another ideal gear for travelling around towns and cities. It will be a2far4more economical choice than 3rd. If
on a faster road driving in 5th gear, selecting 4th will provide more power and speed to the engine if you need
to overtake another vehicle.
From 3rd, cup your hand around the gear lever and simply pull straight down.
1 3 5
5th gear
5th gear is to be used on highways and motorways.
2 neutral
4
From 4th, cup your hand around the lever and push up into neutral. Once in
push the gear lever to the
right corner wall/bar and then push straight up.
1 3 5
Reverse gear
2
Reverse gear is used for driving the vehicle backwards.
4
From neutral position, cup your hand around the gear lever and push it to the right corner bar then push straight down.
Note: the gear positions/arrangements may change depending on the vehicle model.
HOW TO START THE CAR (TAKING OFF), ENTERING AND LEAVING TRAFFIC
Step 1: before starting
Cockpit drill: is the term used by advanced motorists to define a set of preliminary checks (DRC & SMB) which will ensure
that the primary vehicle controls and ancillaries are functioning correctly.
•
Step 2: before take-off/moving, choose a take-off
method; *(C&B) or (C&A)
Using C&A(Clutch and Accelerator pedals) to
take-off
Using C&B; (Clutch and Footbrake pedals)
•
Fully press/engage Brake(B) and
Clutch(C)pedals down
•
Move the gear lever to neutral
•
On the ignition briefly
•
Start the engine
•
Check the instrumentation for safety
•
Select 1stGear /Reverse
•
Gradually release foot from the clutch till you
begin feel a little vibration or change in engine
sound (Bite Point/Half Clutch), then pause.
•
Observe MSM; Mirror, Signal, Maneuver
•
Release parking brake, remove foot from
footbrake pedal
Accelerate gradually and release clutch
simultaneously.
•
Fully press/engage Clutch(C)pedals down and
disengage accelerator
•
Move the gear lever to neutral
•
On the ignition briefly
•
Start the engine
•
Check the instrumentation for safety
•
Select 1stGear /Reverse
•
Gradually release foot from the clutch and
gradually engage accelerator till you begin feel a
little vibration or the car attempts moving then
pause.
•
Observe MSM; Mirror, Signal, Maneuver
•
Release parking brake
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•
Accelerate gradually and release clutch
simultaneously.
Take off using automatic transmission








DRC – Daily, Routine, Checks.
SMB –Seat, Mirror, Belt.
MSM – Mirror, Signal, Maneuver.
PSL – Position, Speed/Stop, Look/Limit; this must
always be observed in your maneuvering.
Step 3: before stopping
•
MSM
•
Release foot from the accelerator pedal
•
Apply foot brake smoothly (gentle)
•
Press down the clutch pedal full and stop.
•
Apply parking brake
•
Select neutral gear
•
Release foot from the clutch and brake pedals
Note: select gear one and off the ignition when you are
parking.
Engage footbrake pedal
Leave/maintain the gear lever in parking(P)
On and start the ignition
Check instrument panel for safety
Select a gear e.i D,1,2,or R
MSM
Release parking brake and the footbrake
Accelerate gradually
Stopping/Parking the Automatic car
•
MSM
•
Look through the mirrors
•
Give signal
•
Release foot from the accelerator pedal
•
Apply foot brake smoothly (gentle) to a stop
•
Apply parking brake
•
Select neutral gear
•
Release foot from the brake pedals
Note: select parking gear (P) and off the ignition
when you are parking.
STEERING POSITIONS AND METHODS
Steer Position: The proper grip of the steering wheel when driving. There are two correct hand positions on
a steering wheel: 10 and 2 and 9 and 3. The steering wheel is been compared to the analog clock, so the positions you
hold on the steering wheel reflects the position of the numbers on the clock.
1.
9&3/9&15/3&45/15&45(Quarter to three)
2.10&2
STEERING METHOD:
There are two steering methods:
1) Pull-push method
2) Hand-over-hand method
The pull-push method is preferable. The hand-over-hand method can be used in case of sudden changes of directions and
when driving slowly.
The pull-push method
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One hand pulls the steering wheel into the other hand. The right hand stays on the right half of the steering wheel; the
left hand stays on the left half. The advantages of this method are:
Your hands stay on the wheel and cannot become entwined.
You are able to handle the automobile with the right amount of steering.
You are able to steer very precisely. Disadvantage is not being able to steer very quickly.
The hand-over-hand method
The hands are continuously crossing over on top of the steering wheel. This way you are able to steer quickly, which is
very useful when going into a skid, when carrying out special maneuvers or taking a sharp turn. Advantage of the handover-hand method is the possibility to steer quickly and continuously, if needed. Disadvantage is not being able to steer
precisely and not having two hands on the steering wheel.
MANEUVERS
This refers to a controlled change in movement or direction of a moving vehicle.
Conner cutting: Cutting corners is generally considered the simplest, quickest, or cheapest way of doing something.
When it comes to the rules of the road, however, cutting corners can be expensive and deadly. The ‘‘devil-may-care’’
driver will take every opportunity to cut a few seconds off a trip even if that opportunity endangers everyone. Always
keep to the right lane and if you plan a left turn at a junction, keep right until you get to the junction and turn onto the
right lane if it is safe to do so. Avoid cutting Conner.
U- Turn: A U-turn in driving refers to performing a 180° rotation to reverse the direction of travel.
3 Point turning: three-point turn is the standard method of turning a vehicle around to face the opposite direction using
forward and reverse gears in a limited space.
ROUNDABOUT MANAGEMENT
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Roundabouts are a type of intersection at which all traffic circulates in a counterclockwise direction, to the right of a
central island. All entering vehicles must yield (give way) to traffic already in the roundabout.
Rules for roundabouts










Slow down as you approach the roundabout. Keep to the right of the Splitter Island.
Use the correct lane for your intended destination.
Pay special attention to pedestrians who may be crossing the roadway.
Watch for vehicles already in the roundabout, including cyclists.
Traffic in the roundabout always has the right-of-way. Entering vehicles must always yield.
Enter the roundabout when there is an adequate gap in the circulating traffic.
In the roundabout, keep to the right of the Central Island and travel in a Counterclockwise direction.
Do not stop, pass large vehicles or change lanes within the roundabout.
Use your right-turn signal when exiting the roundabout.
If you miss your exit, continue around the roundabout again and exit.
Large Vehicles
Large vehicles may need to use more than one lane when approaching, within and exiting the roundabout. Within the
roundabout, large vehicles may also need to use the Truck Apron. Give large vehicles plenty of room to navigate
within the roundabout.
Pedestrians
Never cross to the Central Island of the roundabout. The Splitter Islands will allow you to cross one direction of traffic
at a time. Pedestrians should always wait for gaps in the traffic and only cross when it is safe to do so.
Cyclists
Experienced cyclists may ride through the roundabout as if they were any other vehicle. Before entering the
roundabout, cyclists should carefully move into the center of the appropriate travel lane. They should stay in the
middle of the lane until they are clear of the roundabout. Less experienced cyclists should dismount and walk their
bicycles, following the same rules that apply to pedestrians.
Emergency Vehicles
If you have not yet entered the roundabout, pull over to the right if possible and allow the emergency vehicle to pass
you. If you are in the roundabout, take your intended exit and proceed beyond the Splitter Island before pulling over
to the right to allow the emergency vehicle to pass you. Never stop inside the roundabout.
ROAD JUNCTIONS
A junction is where two or more roads meet. Give way signs, road markings, stop signs and traffic lights indicate
priorities. On an uncontrolled junction, where there are no signs or markings indicating priority all vehicles have equal
priority. If you encounter an uncontrolled junction you should slow down, look for traffic in all directions and be prepared
to stop and give way if necessary.
Rules for junctions;
Approaching a junction;

Use the MSM and PSL routines effectively and in
good time

Brake gently and in good time

Position your vehicle correctly

Look for pedestrians, obstacles and traffic

Read road signs correctly

Assess the speed of traffic.
As you approach a junction you need to assess what type
of junction it is, and plan how you intend to deal with it.
To help you do this look for the following:






the amount of traffic at the junction
warning signs
road markings
direction signs
'Give way' and 'Stop' signs
traffic lights
14
Open Junctions
An open junction allows you to see clearly in both directions as you approach it. Such junctions are actually quite rare.
They will have a Give Way sign and road marking. As you approach, if you see that the road is clear you don't have to
stop, just slow down to such a speed that you can emerge safely from the junction.
Closed Junctions
Most junctions are closed junctions. They offer a limited view in one or both directions as you approach them. Again they
will have a Give Way or Stop Sign and road marking.
Blind Junctions
These give a restricted view even when at the Stop Line. They have a Stop sign and road marking, so you must come to a
stop before emerging from the junction. To safely negotiate them, inch your way forward until you can see the road to be
clear. If another vehicle approaches you should stop and wait for a clear gap.
Lane Discipline At Junctions
Where there are two lanes, or room for two lanes that are not marked, unless road markings or signs show otherwise,
when intending to:



turn left - keep to the left-hand lane
follow the road ahead - keep to the left-hand lane
turn right - move to the right-hand lane in good time.
Where there are three lanes, unless road signs and markings show otherwise, when intending to:



turn left - keep to the left-hand lane
follow the road ahead - keep to the left-hand or middle lane
turn right - move to the right-hand lane in good time.
Eg; two-lane junctions
Uncontrolled intersections
Uncontrolled intersections have no signs or traffic lights. They are usually found in areas where there is not much traffic.
Be extra careful around these intersections. If two vehicles come to an uncontrolled intersection from different roads at
the same time, the driver on the left must let the driver on the right go first. This is called yielding the right-of-way.
Controlled intersections
Controlled intersections have traffic lights, yield signs or stop signs to control traffic.
At a controlled intersection where you face a green light, drive carefully through the intersection at a steady speed. If the
light has been green for a while, be prepared to stop. Stop when it turns yellow, however if you are already so close that
you cannot stop safely, drive through the intersection with caution. Where you face a red light, come to a complete stop
and wait until the light turns green.
15
REVERSING
This refers to the backwards movement of a vehicle. Vehicles are made to move backwards if necessary. Most drivers fail
to look both ways behind them when reversing. Use your mirrors and also look over your shoulder if necessary. Always
reverse slowly.
1. Get out of the car if possible and physically inspect the area behind the vehicle before you back up. This can reveal
hazards or dangers that you would not notice from the car.
2. Press the brake pedal firmly and hold it there while you put the vehicle in reverse gear.
3. Check all your mirrors, but also look over your shoulder to give yourself the best view possible behind the vehicle.
4. Slowly release the brake pedal while keeping an eye out for obstacles. Keep in mind that as the vehicle moves in
reverse, moving of the steering wheel will have the opposite effect on the front of the vehicle as when you are moving
forward. That is, turning the steering wheel to the right will move the front of the vehicle to the left but the back will
move in the direction of the steering wheel.
5. Go slowly whenever you are driving in reverse. Often you will only need to accelerate a little and in some cases not
accelerator at all, instead simply use half-clutch.
Never reverse from a side road into a main road.
EMERGENCIES
An emergency is a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or environment. Most emergencies
require urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation.
At one time or another, most drivers encounter some sort of emergency involving a malfunction of their vehicle or a
situation requiring emergency driving techniques. If these emergencies are not handled properly, the result can be
accident, injury or even death.
In an emergency, panic is the real enemy. Emergency plans, like the ones described here, can help prevent panic and
possibly save lives. Below are some emergency situations;
Loss of steering
Loss of steering can occur suddenly and without warning. Something in the steering mechanism or its related
components may break, fall off, or jam, leaving the driver with no control of the vehicle's direction.
In such situations, there is little you can do except to apply the brakes to come to a stop as quickly as possible. While
applying the brakes, some warning to other motorists and pedestrians may be possible by turning on your emergency
flashers, using your headlights, blowing your horn, and using hand signals.
Fires(Under the hood or under the dashboard)
Fires are generally caused by a fault in the electrical system or by leakage in the fuel system. When such a fire develops,
pull off the roadway just as soon as it is safe to do so. Turn off the ignition, and get out of the vehicle in a safe manner.
Every vehicle should have a fire extinguisher for emergencies. If you don't have an extinguisher, fires in the engine
compartment can sometimes be put out by throwing dirt on them. You can also try smothering the fire by using a heavy
cloth. Be careful when raising the hood to get at such a fire-use a rag to protect your hand when releasing the hood latch
and turn your head aside as the hood is released to prevent facial burns from flashing flames.
Consider the severity of the fire and the risk involved before trying to put it out. If the fire is a major one or is a fuelfed fire, stand clear of the vehicle and wait for the fire department.
In the rear of the vehicle
Fires in the rear of the vehicle are potentially the most hazardous since most vehicles have their fuel/gas tanks in the
rear. The biggest danger here is explosion of the gas tank.
16
If you notice smoke or flames coming from the rear of your vehicle, immediately pull off the road to a safe spot. Get all
passengers out of the vehicle and remain at a great distance from it. Warn motorists and passersby of the danger, and
have someone call the nearest fire service/department.
Brake failure
If your brake pedal suddenly sinks to the floor, pump it to build pressure. If it does not work, shift to a lower gear to slow
down and use your parking brake to stop the vehicle.
Stuck accelerator pedal
If your accelerator pedal gets stuck, hook your toe under it to free it. If it does not become free, shift to neutral position
and brake slowly. If your vehicle has power steering, a locking steering wheel and power brakes, do not turn off the
ignition because you will lose either your ability to steer or brake.
Engine overheating
If your engine overheats, you should stop at a safe place and let the engine cool down. Be careful when you open the
bonnet to investigate the cause. If you need to top up your coolant, with the radiator cap cool, use a duster to cover your
hand and slowly unscrew it. Steam is likely to gush out so be careful. Once opened, carefully pour in the coolant.
Tyre burst
A thumping sound may be a warning of a tyre burst. If it happens do not panic. Ease your foot off the accelerator pedal
and keep a firm grasp of the steering wheel. Do not brake suddenly, allow the vehicle to slow down by itself. Pull off the
road and check your tyres. Always keep a spare tyre.
Emergency vehicles; vehicles that are designated and authorized to respond to an emergency. Emergency vehicles
include ambulance, fire service, and national security.
Always pull in safely to the right side of the road and leave a gap large enough for emergency vehicles to pass. Be aware
of pedestrians, cyclist and other vehicles around you.
*Never join a convoy if you are not a part of it. Call (Toll free) 112 for all emergencies in Ghana.
Ambulance
Fire service vehicle
Security vehicles (police and other security forces)
17
RIDING YOUR BIKE
MOTORCYCLE SWITCHES AND CONTROLS
1. Clutch lever
2. Left handlebar switches
3. Main switch/steering lock
4. Multi-function meter unit
5. Right handlebar switches
6. Brake lever
7. Throttle grip
USEFUL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND TOOLS.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Protective Gear
Eye protection
Pants
Boots
Helmet
Jackets
Gloves
18
MOTORCYCLE INSTRUMENTATION
The warning lights and indicators on the instrument cluster informs the driver of the status of the vehicle’s various
systems….
PRE-OPERATIONAL CHECKS(POC) / DAILY ROUTINE CHECKS(DRC)
These are the basic maintenance checks you must do on your bike daily before you take off.
19
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE / SEVERCING
ITEM
ROUTINE
PERIOD
Spark plugs
Check condition and replace
8000mi/12000km/12months
Oil and filters
Change oil
4000mi/6000km/6months
Cooling system &
other fluids
Change
16000mi/24000km/24months
Brake hoses
Replace
Every 4 years
Tires
Replace
Every 4 years
Drive chain
Adjust & lubricate with O-ring chain
lubricant
Every 500mi/800km and after washing
motorcycle or riding in rain.
Bearings
Repack and grease
12000mi/19000km Etc…
20
HOW TO TAKE-OFF, ENTERING AND LEAVING TRAFFIC (TAKE-OFF)
Step 1: before starting - motorcycle
•
Cockpit drill;
DRC(Daily Routine Checks) & RG(Riding Gears)
STEP 2: BEFORE TAKE-OFF/MOVING , CHOOSE A TAKE-OFF METHOD; *(C&B) OR (C&A) - MANUAL
MOTORCYCLE
Using C&B; Clutch and Front brake lever.
 Check the instrumentation for safety
 Fully engage Brake(B) and Clutch(C) lever
 Select 1stGear
 Move the shift pedal to neutral
 Start the engine
 Gradually release the clutch lever and
gradually engage throttle grip till you begin
feel a little vibration or the bike attempts
moving then pause.
 Check the instrumentation for safety
 Observe MSM rule; Mirror, Signal, Maneuver
 Select 1stGear
 Release footbrake/rear brake
 Gradually release the clutch lever till you
begin feel a little vibration or change in
engine sound (Bite Point), then pause.
 Accelerate gradually and release clutch lever
simultaneously.
 On the ignition briefly
 Observe MSM rule; Mirror, Signal, Maneuver
 Release foot/rear brake & release frontbrake
lever
 Accelerate gradually and release clutch
simultaneously.
Using C&A To Take-off
 Fully engage Clutch(C) lever and disengage
throttle grip(A)
Step 3: before stopping
 MSM rule
 Release throttle grip
 Use both brakes every time you slow or stop
 Apply the front brake slightly before the
back/rear
 Engage the clutch lever fully and stop.
 Apply the stand
 Move the shift pedal to neutral
 Select neutral gear
 On the ignition briefly
 Release the clutch lever and brakes
 Start the engine
Note: select gear one and off the ignition when you
are parking.
21
Take off using automatic transmission
Stopping/Parking the Automatic motorcycle
 Engage the brakes
 MSM rule
 On and start the ignition
 Release the throttle grip
 Check instrument panel for safety
 Apply brakes smoothly (gentle) to a stop
 Observe MSM rule
 Apply the stand
 Release brakes
 Release brakes
 Accelerate gradually
Note: off the ignition when you are parking.
Notes
22
ROAD SIGNS
Road signs: are symbols/signs erected by the side or along the road to provide information to road users. The purpose of the
road signs are;




To warn
To regulate
To direct
To inform
CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD SIGNS
Road signs are classified into four ‘4’ types, namely;
1) Warning signs
2) Regulatory signs
3) Informatory signs and
4) Miscellaneous signs
HOW TO IDENTIFY ROAD SIGNS
The following will help us to identify a particular traffic sign and the type or class it belongs to.
 Shape
 Colour
 Image or Picture
WARNING SIGNS
These signs indicate a potential obstacle, hazard, or a condition ahead that requires special attention.
They are usually red triangle, black image with white backgrounds.
REGULATORY SIGNS
These signs inform you about the law and therefore they must be obeyed. Regulatory signs are divided into two; prohibitory
and Mandatory.
 Prohibitory signs: these are signs that give instructions to drivers and other road users as to what they must not
do under a given set of circumstances. They are usually presented in a circular shape with red
boarders/boundaries.
 Mandatory signs: these signs are used to set the obligation for all traffic which uses a specific area of the road.
INFORMATORY SIGNS
These signs give information about a location, direction, or distance to be covered before reaching destinations. They are
usually rectangular in shape with blue, green, and white backgrounds.
MISCELLANEOUS& TEMPORARY SIGNS
These signs are usually used at accident scenes, road works, or police checks.
23
WARNING SIGNS
2
1
Sharp curve (to the right)
Sharp curve (to the left)
Bend right
7
6
4
3
5
Sharp reverse curve
8
Reverse curve
9
10
1
Winding road
Road narrows
11
12
Narrow bridge
13
Steep hill downwards Steep hill upwards
17
18
Y - Junction
T - Junction
Two way traffic
Zebra crossing
26
Road works
Level crossing
Unguarded
31
32
Falling rocks
36
Two way traffic across
41
Tunnel
Under bridge
46
Animal crossing
(Domestic)
47
Pedestrian crossing
ahead
Cattle
30
29
Overhead bridge
Low flying aircraft
34
Cross wind
Traffic signal Lights ahead
38
Lane reduction (right) Staggered intersection
42
25
Blind people
33
37
Round about
24
Dual carriageway ends
Quayside or river bank
20
Play ground
28
Level crossing
Guarded
Y - Junction
19
Children
27
15
Major road ahead
23
22
Rough road
14
Major road ahead
16
21
Slippery road
43
Side road ahead
48
Animal crossing
(Wild)
39
Elderly people
44
Tunnel
49
Horse crossing
35
Other danger
40
Cross road ahead
45
Lane reduction (left)
50
Cross road
24
51
52
Side road
(Merges from right)
Side road
(Merges from left)
55
54
53
Loose gravels
Bend left
Ramp
REGULATORY - (I) PROHIBITORY SIGNS
2
1
3
5
4
2
No left turn
No right turn
No U-Turn
No entry
Vehicle weight limit
Vehicle width limit
Vehicle height limit
12
13
14
11
No stopping
17
16
Stop police
Closed to all vehicles
both direction
21
No entry for
Mopeds
26
No entry for
Hand carts
Maximum speed limit
Stop customs
22
End of speed limit
No entry for
Motor cycles
No entry for
Power driven
vehicles
No hooting
15
No waiting
20
No entry for
Cycles
24
23
No entry for
No entry for any power driven
No entry for
Pedestrians
Vehicles drawing trailer other
Goods vehicles
Than a semi-trailer or a single axle trailer
29
28
27
No entry for
Power driven
agricultural vehicles
10
19
18
No entry for any power driven
Vehicles except two wheeled
motors cycles without side cars
No parking
9
8
7
6
No overtaking
25
No entry for animal
Drawn vehicles
30
No entry for Power
No entry for vehicles or
driven vehicles or
Combination of vehicles
Animal driven vehicles Exceeding 30 feet length
25
REGULATORY: MANDATORY SIGNS
31
Give way
Stop
Turn right
At junction
Keep right
37
36
34
33
32
Turn right
Keep left
38
39
40
End of prohibitory
Or restriction
Compulsory roundabout
Go straight or
Turn left
35
Priority to vehicle from
The opposite direction
45
41
42
44
43
One way
Sharp deviation of route
Priority over the vehicle
From opposite direction
Priority road
49
47
46
End of priority road
50
48
Motorway
Level crossing 60 meters ahead
Level crossing 30 meters ahead
(200 feet ahead)
Level crossing 90 meters ahead
(100 feet ahead)
(300 feet ahead)
End of Motorway
Or Express way
INFORMATORY SIGNS
Apam
1
2
Tema
1
Dome
Legon
MARSHALL
CITY
Advance direction for
Single junction
PUMO 3KMS
Direction sign
Place name
IN
13
Out
9
10
Parking place
No through road
8
In
12
No entry
6
5
4
No exit
3
Advance direction for
Side turning
Advance direction for
Junction
Advance direction for
Roundabout junction
7
Accra
AIRPORT
RESIDENCIAL
AREA
14
Hospital
15
No through road
(Advance sign)
11
Telephone
16
Fuel pump
26
MISCELLANEOUS & TEMPORARY SIGNS
ROAD
DIVERSION
SLOW
TEMPORARY
SURFACE
1
Road diversion
POLICE
SLOW
2
Road closed
Slow temporary surface
POLICE
ACCIDENT
5
Police slow
STOP
Police accident
9
Stop (used on road works)
6
REDUCE
SPEED NOW
Reduce speed now
10
GO
Go (used on road works)
4
ROAD
CLEAR
3
ROAD
CLOSED
Road clear
7
8
FOR 2 KMS
Plate giving distance for use
with warning signs
8hrs – 18hrs
11
Plate giving period and direction (for
use with warnings restriction signs)
ROAD MARKINGS
Roadway markings are indicators on the roadway which directs, instruct, order, and inform drivers and other traffics of the
‘‘Do’s and Do Not’s’’ on the road.
Types of roadway markings
Stop line
•Markings Across the carriageway
•Markings along the middle of the carriageway
•Markings along the edge of the carriageway
•Other markings (Arrows)
Markings across the carriageway
Give way line
•Give way
• -Give way at roundabout
No crossing
Solid line
• -Give way on major road
• -Stop line at police or signal control
• -Stop lines at stop signs.
Markings along the middle of the carriageway
•-No crossing
No crossing
Hazard line
•-No crossing solid line
•-Do not enter marked area
•-Line marking
Center line
•-Centre line
•-Hazard line
27
Markings along the edge of the carriageway
•Junctions with give way lines
•Other junctions and lay-bys for discharging passengers or allow vehicles.
Other markings (arrows)
•-Turn left
•-turn right
•-ahead only
Broken lines: They are markings or indicators that separate lanes of traffic moving in the same or opposite direction. Broken
lines are permissive in character and allows crossing when changing lanes, turning or overtaking provided it is safe and not
interfere with other traffic.
Solid lines: Solid lines are restrictive in character and does not allow crossing except for entry or exit from a side road or
premises or to avoid a stationary obstruction. Double solid lines indicate severity in restrictions and should not be crossed
except in case of emergency. There can also be a combination of solid and broken lines. In such a case, a solid line may be
crossed with discretion, if the broken line of the combination is nearer to the direction of travel. Vehicles from the opposite
directions are not permitted to cross the line.
Center line: This marking divides two-way traffic or single carriageway. Crossing of the line is allowed when safe to do so.
Lane line: This marking divides or separate traffic lanes on the carriageways, mostly on dual or multiple carriageways. This
markings aid the driver in selecting and maintaining lane.
Hazard line: This marking divides traffic lanes on the carriageway near hazards. You need to be cautious and observant upon
seeing this marking. Examples of the hazards ahead of these lines are; Curves, Roundabout, Junctions, Traffic signal lights
etc…
Arrow: This marking indicates the lanes the driver must use when approaching a junction.
1
3
2
4
28
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
10
11
13
PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS
Pedestrian crossing refers to traffic signals for pedestrians located on road junctions to stop vehicles and allow people on foot
to cross safely.

Zebra crossing: An uncontrolled crossing at vantage points of the road. Zebra crossings are marked by black
and white painted strips across the road. Zebra crossings are marked by black and white painted strips
across the road. Motorists 'MUST give way when someone has moved onto a crossing'. However,
pedestrians should remain on the curbside for safety's sake until approaching vehicles have stopped.

Pelican crossing: pelican crossings have red/amber/green signals facing drivers, and red man/green man
signal heads on the opposite side of the road to the pedestrians waiting to cross. A pedestrian push button
unit operates these. When the red man is lit pedestrians should not cross.
29

Toucan crossing: A push button crossing for both cyclist and pedestrians.

Pegasus: crossings are similar to Toucan crossings but have a red/green horse symbol and higher mounted
push buttons to allow horse riders to cross. This type of crossing is only used where many crossing
movements are made across a busy main road.

Puffin: crossings differ from Pelican crossings as they do not have a flashing green man/flashing amber
signal. The overall crossing time is established each time by on-crossing pedestrian detectors.
TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS
Traffic control signals are devices placed along, beside, or above a roadway to guide, warn, and regulate the flow of traffic,
which includes motor vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, pedestrians, and other road users.
Red: means stop. Wait behind the stop line on the carriageway.
Amber (yellow): means stop at the stop line. You may only go on if the amber appears after you have crossed the stop line or
are so close to it that to pull up might cause an accident.
Green: means you may go on if the way is clear. Take special care if you mean to turn left or right and give way to pedestrians
who are crossing.
Flashing amber: means proceed with caution. This usually occurs at night till down.
Traffic signal black out: means the traffic signal lights at an intersection are not working due to electrical power failure.
HAZARD MANAGEMENT
A hazard is a situation that may require you, as a driver, to respond by taking action, such as changing speed, changing
direction or to stop.
Hazards can be …Static, such as parked cars, junctions or roundabouts. Moving, such as pedestrians, cyclists or drivers. Road
and weather conditions and You, if you aren’t alert and fit to drive.

Static hazards
• Traffic lights.
There are many types of static hazard, including
All of these may require you to respond in some way, so
• Bends
• Be aware that they’re there, Slow down and be ready to
stop if necessary.
• Junctions
• Roundabouts
Parked vehicles
• Parked vehicles and obstructions in the road
30
In busy areas, parked cars can cause a hazard – especially
if they’re parked illegally, for example an area near a
pedestrian crossing. Watch out for
• Emerging from a junction
• Children running out from between vehicles
• Changing lanes or moving out to overtake.

• Vehicle doors opening
• Vehicles moving away.

• Turning into a road on your right
Moving hazards
Moving hazards tend to be hazards caused by other types
of road user.
Pedestrians If you see pedestrians in the road, be patient
and wait for them to finish crossing. On some roads there
may be no pavement, so look out for pedestrians in the
road. They may be walking towards you on your side of
the road.
Cyclists Be aware of cyclists and give them plenty of
room. When travelling in slow traffic, before you turn,
check for cyclists before turning.
Road and weather condition hazards
Double your following distance if the road and weather
condition changes. Allow more time for your journey and
avoid speeding. Use lower gears in this type of weather.
Make sure your wipers and demisters are also in good
working condition.
 You, if you aren’t alert and fit to drive.
 If you are tired.
 If you are drunk.
 If you are ill.
Ensure you execute SIPDE at all times in order to avoid
road crashes. Where SIPDE means;
S-Search
I-Identify
P-Predict
Motorcyclists Look out for motorcyclists, especially when
you’re
D-Decide
E-Execute
ROAD AND WEATHER CONDITIONS
Different types of weather – rain, fog and even bright sunlight – can create extra hazards by making it harder for you to see
the road or affecting your control of the vehicle.
Change the way you drive to suit the weather conditions, and be aware of the added dangers/hazards.
Rain and wet conditions
When it’s raining or the road is wet, leave at least double the normal stopping distance between you and the vehicle in front.
If you’re following a vehicle at a safe distance and another vehicle pulls into the gap you’ve left, drop back until you’re at a
safe distance again.
• Use a low gear
• Drive through slowly
• Test your brakes afterwards: wet brakes are less effective.
•
Turn on your wipers
•
Switch on your headlights.
31
Fog
Fog is another hazard drivers face: it can rapidly reduce a driver's vision, making for hazardous conditions in an
instant. To help navigate when driving in heavy fog - or in any situation with reduced visibility - you can use the
right edge of the road or painted road markings as a guide.
A good rule to follow is whenever you turn on your windshield wipers, turn on your lights, as you'll be more visible to other
motorists. Keep your headlights on low beam, especially in the case of fog, as the additional light reflects of the water
droplets in the air, actually making it harder to see. When visibility is seriously reduced, you MUST use fog lights.
Windy weather
Windy weather can affect all vehicles, but high-sided vehicles, cyclists, motorcyclists and cars towing caravans are likely to be
the worst affected: Slow down; look out for cyclist as they can be easily blown into your way.
Driving at night
When you’re driving at night, you need to think about how clearly you can see and be seen, as well as how your lights might
affect other road users.
There are no bad cars, only bad drivers. It's up to the operator to stay alert, especially at night, when road dangers alertness
wanes. One problem is vision. Almost 90% of a driver's reaction depends on it.
Sun glare
Also beware of sun glare at daytime. Driving towards the sun can impair your visibility and this is referred to as
sun glare. Sun visor or dark glasses can be used to correct this effect.
Driving on a beautiful sunny day can provide stunning scenery, but it can also create a hazard if the driver’s view is
compromised by a glaring sun.
Just after sunrise and before sunset the sun can shine directly into drivers’ eyes, leaving many motorists driving
with a glare. This glare can make it much harder to see the road ahead and potential hazards creating an added
risk to drivers. When sun glare is an issue slow down and use extra caution especially while driving through school
zones.
Traffic calming
Traffic calming is used to slow traffic and make the roads safer for vulnerable road users, especially pedestrians. One of the
most common measures is road humps (sometimes called speed humps). Make sure that you stay within the speed limit and
don’t overtake other moving vehicles within traffic-calmed areas.
Passing parked vehicles
In busy areas, parked cars can cause a hazard – especially if they’re parked illegally.
Watch out for;
• Children running out from between vehicles
• Vehicle doors opening
• Vehicles moving away
32
Motorway driving: Motorways are designed to help traffic travel at constant, higher speeds than single carriageways. Due to
the traffic’s speed, situations on motorways can change more quickly than on other roads, so you need to be especially alert
at all times.
Check your vehicle thoroughly before starting a long motorway journey. Driving at high speeds for long periods of time may
increase the risk of your vehicle breaking down.
As a learner you can’t drive a car or ride a motorcycle on the motorway but you can drive or ride on dual carriageways.
Driving up and down hills
You can use your vehicle’s engine to help control your speed: for example, if you select a lower gear when you’re driving
down a steep hill, the engine will act as a brake. This helps avoid your brakes overheating and becoming less effective.
When you’re driving up a steep hill, the engine has to work harder. If you take your foot off the accelerator to reduce speed,
you’ll slow down sooner than usual.
Changing down to a lower gear will help prevent the engine struggling as it delivers the power needed to climb the hill.
SPEED AND ROAD ENVIRONMENT
You need to change the way you drive to suit the road environment. Beware of the added hazards in these areas; Junctions,
Roundabouts, Pedestrian crossings, Built up areas.
Driving in these areas presents challenges, but they are not impossible. Here's a simple rule to remember: increased speed
increases the risks. Brake earlier and more gradually than you would normally. Plan to drive at a slower pace when in these
areas and remember traffic is more likely to be moving slower as well. By being aware of the road conditions, reducing speed
and preparing for challenging situations you'll greatly reduce the likelihood of a road accident.
ROAD
Road is a line of commuting from one place to another. Or a length of way for public access.
ROAD TYPES
 Motorway/Express way: it is more or less a dual carriage way made for fast moving vehicles linking two cities. It is
usually made up of concrete and has no; U-turn, pedestrian crossing, speed ramps, bus stops, traffic light signals and
railroad crossing. The speed limit is 100km/h and a minimum speed of 50km/h
The following can’t use on a motorway
• Bicycles
• Animal drawn vehicles
• Learner drivers
• Mobility scooters
• Motorcycles under 50 cc
• Most powered wheelchairs
• Agricultural vehicles
• Some slow-moving vehicles.
33
 Urban/City Roads: they are roads found in the cities.
The speed limit on this type of road is 50km/h
 Highway: is a passageway made to link one city to another or two important destinations and usually constructed to
permit bulky vehicles to pass each other without problem.
It is usually constructed with ‘‘ASPHALT’’. The speed limit is 80km/h.
 Feeder Roads: they are generally untarred roads in our towns and villages. It is usually uneven, rough, and without
road signs and markings.
 One-Way Roads: they are roads with one direction moving. One-way roads usually have No Entry Signs at their exit.
TYPES OF CARRIAGE WAYS
Single carriage way/(two way traffic): this road allows single vehicular movement on both directions.
Dual carriage way: this road allows two vehicular movements on both directions.
Multiple carriage way: this road allows multiple(more than two) vehicular movement on both directions.
ROAD LABEL
Inner lane
Kerb/Curb
Middle
lane
Outer lane
Central
reserve
34
ROAD ACCIDENTS
Accident is unexpected event or happening, which do occur unaware which may result in injury or loss of lives or damage to
property.
Road accident occurs as a result of the failure in the road transport system. The system is made up of the Road/Environment,
the Road User and the Vehicle. Research shows that the road user/the driver is the greatest contributor to road accidents.
Accident statistics
•Someone is injured every 18 seconds
•Over 2 million injuries annually
•A person dies in a crash every 11 minutes
•Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of death
•1 in 4 fatal work injuries involves a vehicle accident
Statistics available from the National Road Safety Commission (NRSC) indicates pedestrians and passengers represent the
most vulnerable road users in Ghana. Together, they account for almost 67% of all road traffic deaths. 23% of road crash
victims are occupants of public service buses (passengers) whereas 42% are pedestrians who get knocked down while
crossing the road. About six (6) people die daily on Ghanaian roads due to road accidents.
Causes of road accident
•
Tiredness
•
Lack of anticipation
•
Ill health
•
Lack of concentration
•
Poor eyesight
•
Drunkenness
•
Carelessness
•
Over speeding
•
Poor condition of vehicle
•
Poor road condition
•
Bad weather
•
Wrong placement of pedestrian crossing
According to the Road Safety Management Services Ltd.
(RSMSL), Ghana;
The first major cause of road accidents in Ghana is
poor driving skills.
Drivers talking on mobile phones while driving have
caused several road accidents
Gross indiscipline is the cause in most cases amongst
Ghanaians.
Most accidents are caused by broken down vehicles
on our roads.
It appears in Ghana there is a leeway for drivers to
drive on worn/second hand tyres.
The unworthiness of some cars on our roads also
invariably leads to road accidents.
Over-loading of vehicles beyond their expected gross
weights is a known cause of accidents.
Fatigue driving is a known cause of road accidents
by long-distance drivers.
10% of road accidents in Ghana are caused by drunk
driving.
Over-speeding constitutes about 50% of road
accidents in the country.
35
The poor nature of some of our roads has also often
been cited as a cause for some vehicular accidents in
the country.
Disregard for traffic regulations by most drivers also
leads to accidents on our roads.
Non-existent road markings and signs.
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT REPORTING PROCEDURES
How to prevent road accident
•
•
•
•
•
•
Continues education and Defensive driving skills
training
Be alert all the time when driving.
Be physically fit/healthy.
Be a good anticipator.
Have good concentration when driving.
Have good eyesight.
•
Don’t drive under the influence of drug/alcohol
•
Wear your seatbelt always
•
Regularly maintain your vehicle
•
Put on your COAT always when driving
•
agencies who may so required
•
First report to the police
•
The police will then send a formal request to
DVLA through an appointed investigator for a
technical officer to go and inspect the vehicle
•
Inspection could be done at the scene of
accident, police station, or at the premises of
DVLA
•
The technical officer interviews the driver for a
brief on how the accident occurred
•
The technical officer undertakes examination to
ascertain the cause and effect of the accident
•
The technical officer then writes a report to the
investigator for the appropriate procedures to be
carried out
•
Copies of the accident report are retained by the
authority for statistical records and advice to
governmental
FIRST AID
First aid; is the initial temporal care of the ill or an accident victim before the arrival of a doctor or the transportation of the
patient to the hospital or clinic.
Aims Of First Aid
 Promote human dignity
 Promote a safe environment
 To prevent excess loss of blood
 Save life
 Prevent injury or illness from becoming worse

Help promote speedy recovery
Who Is A First Aider?
A first aider is a person who has been trained to acquire the skills of giving first aid and putting the skill into practice.
Qualities Of The First Aider



Courageous and brave
Calm and confident
Resourceful



Gentle

Observant and tactful
Intelligent

Patient
Sympathetic

Able to solicit help from by standers
36
First Aid Kits
A
-
Airway

Bandages
B
-
Breathing

Blade
C
-
Circulation

Methylated spirit

Gauze
Danger

Gentian violet

Check for danger, such as approaching traffic, before you
move towards the casualty.
Scissors

Safety pins

Plaster
Ask the casualty questions and gently shake the shoulders
to check for a response.

Cotton wool
Airway

Disposable gloves etc.…
Check if the airway is clear and retrieve any foreign
objects such as sand, weed etc.
Response
*Never include any drug in your kit
HELPING OTHERS AND GIVING FIRST AID
When you approach a scene of accident or emergency,
always follow the DR ABC action plan.
D
-
Danger
R
-
Response
Breathing
Check if the chest is rising and falling and listen for the
sound of breathing
Circulation
Feel the pulse (heart beat) at the wrist or in front of the
ears.
IF THE CASUALTY ISN’T BREATHING, CONSIDER GIVING KISS OF LIFE (MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION).
Check and, if necessary, clear their mouth and airway.
Gently tilt their head back as far as possible.
Pinch their nostrils together.
Place your mouth over theirs. Give two breaths, each lasting one second. Continue with two breaths until medical help
arrives.
Only stop when they can breathe without help. If the casualty is a small child, breathe very gently. Once the casualty is
breathing normally, place them in the recovery position and check the airway to make sure it’s clear. Keep checking them,
and don’t leave them alone.
Rules Of First Aid
You must not declare anybody dead
You must not become a second victim
You must not pour water on casualty
You should not stop giving first aid until help arrives
You must not give anything to casualty to drink or eat
You must not rush into action
Recovery position
37
FRACTURE
A fracture is a break, crack or bend bone. A fracture can
be complicated by injury to organs, nerves, blood vessels
and muscles.
Signs and symptoms
 Severe pain at the affected part
 Swelling which may appear reddish
 Deformity of the affected part when compared
with a corresponding part of the body
 Difficulty in movement of the affected part
 Tenderness (casualty tries to protect the affected
part) when touched
 A coarse of grating sound
MANAGEMENT
 Do not move the affected part(s)
 Control bleeding and cover all wounds
 Immobilize the fracture by splinting or using arm
sling
 Ensure adequate circulation
 Manage shock if necessary
 Support the injured part in a position of
maximum comfort
 Apply compress to reduce the swelling and pain
 Apply padding, bandaging and splinting of
affected part
 Seek medical attention
BLEEDING
Bleeding is the escape or flow of blood from blood
vessels in the body either internally or externally.
Bleeding occurs whenever there is a wound. The
amount of bleeding depends on the location, size and
depth of the wound.
How can you identify internal bleeding.
 Blood can be seen through body opening, such as
nose, ears etc.
SIGNSANDSYMPTOMSOFBLEEDING
 (internal and external)
 Cold, clammy skin
 Anxious, drawn face
 Rapid, fast pulse

Grey or blueness of lips and gums (cyanosis)
Control of external bleeding
 Using a sterile pad (or any clean material), apply
direct pressure over the wound.
 Raise the affected part above the level of the
heart (elevation)
 If it’s difficult controlling bleeding, apply arterial
pressure
 Guard against shock
 Seek medical help
SHOCK
Shock is a condition in which the circulatory system fail to
supply adequate blood for sufficient blood for transport
or oxygen to the vital organs.
Causes; Bleeding, Loss of body fluids, Severe
burns, Severe allergy, Electrocution, Fear, Severe
pain, Head injury, Accidents.
Signs and symptoms; Dry mouth





Restlessness
Weak pulse
Unconsciousness
Shallow breathing
Cold clammy skin
Prevention






Apply ABC of first aid.
Remove casualty from possible source of shock
and give first aid
Keep the casualty warm and comfortable
Control any bleeding
Elevates legs if no spinal injury is suspected to
enable blood to flow into the brain
Don’t give drink or food to casualty and Seek
medical help(call the ambulance)
FIRE FIGHTING
Fire; is the chemical combination of fuel, oxygen and heat. Fuel can be solid, liquid or gas.
Cars can catch fire for many reasons. Mechanical or electrical issues are the most common cause. A car can also catch fire as
the result of a bad crash. If you see smoke or flames or smell burning rubber or plastic, respond immediately.
What To Do If Your Car Is On Fire

Pull over as quickly as it is safe to do so, be sure to use your signal as you make your way to a safe location off the road such
as the breakdown lane.

Once you have stopped, TURN OFF the engine. Usually the fire would start small so apply your fire extinguisher, but this
should be done with care.

GET everyone out of the car. Never return to a burning car for anything.

MOVE everyone at least 100 feet from the burning car and well away from traffic. CALL the fire service.
38
The Triangle Of Fire
Causes Of Fire
o
o
o
o
o
Oxygen
Fuel
Ignorant
Carelessness
Natural
Deliberate
Abuse of electricity
Heat
* Vehicle fires are caused by fuel, cooling system and electrical faults.
Note* The most appropriate fire extinguisher for petrol and electrical fire is Dry powder extinguisher.
Extinction Methods

Smothering/Blanketing: this is a method of fighting fire by not allowing any oxygen to the fire.eg. Using wet blanket
to cover the fire.

Cooling: this is a method of fighting fire by introducing low /sprinkling flow of water.

Starvation: this is a method of fighting fire by taking away fuel from the fire’s way as it is said that fire will only
continue to burn if it meets fuel on its way.
Operation Of Extinguishers – (PASS)
P
-
Pull out safety pin/locker
A
-
Aim at the base of fire
S
-
Squeeze the trigger or strike
S
-
Sweep all the flame
Fire Prevention
•
Always keep a fire extinguisher in your vehicle
•
Switch off your engine at fuel filling stations
•
Regularly check your electrical system
•
Obey all directives by the fire service
•
Always check for leakages…
THE LAW AND DRIVING/DRIVING REGULATIONS
Regulation: is an official rule or law that says how something should be done.
The objectives of the road regulation are to ensure that all users of the road behave appropriately on the road so as to avoid
chaos, delays, and accidents.
This is in cognizance of the fact that the road is a public facility and like all public facilities, one is required to act responsibly
and exercise utmost discipline.
39
In Ghana, the Motor Traffic and Transport Department (MTTD) of the Ghana Police Service is responsible for the enforcement
of all traffic regulations in the country.
Road Traffic Act 683 Section 53-Driving…
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this Act,
a person shall not drive a motor vehicle
of any description or class on a road
unless that person is a holder of a
driving licence authorizing the person to
drive a motor vehicle of that description
or class.
(1) (2) A person who contravenes a
provision of this section commits an
offence and is liable on summary
conviction to a fine not exceeding 250
penalty units or to a term of
imprisonment not exceeding 12 months
or to both.
Licensing
In pursuance of Regulation 26 (5) d of the LI
2180, all persons applying to obtain driving
Licence shall satisfy the licensing authority that
he/she has been certified by a registered driver
training institution. Applicant should be 18years
of age or more, be physically fit and mentally
sound, should be able to see/read a plate at a
minimum distance of 25meters and should be a
holder of BECE or Adult Education(able to read
and write English).
o
You must always be accompanied by a licensed
instructor or a qualified driver of not less than 3years
continues driving experience
o
You must not drive under the influence of alcohol &
drugs
o
The learners license is subjected to renewals every
3months
Conditions for Grant of Driver’s License – Regulations
28 Of LI 2180 Of 2012
(1)the licensing authority shall issue a driver’s license
to an applicant if the applicant has passed; (a) a
medical examination prescribed by the licensing
authority, (b) a theory and a practical driving test, (c)
in-traffic test and (d) any other test prescribed by the
licensing authority.
CLASSES OF LICENCE AND THEIR VEHICLES
CLASS
You must not drive above 50km/h
o
You must not drive on the motorway
o
You must not carry passengers(only your instructor)
o
You must not practice with an unregistered vehicle
o
You must always carry your learner license on you
o
You must not drive alone
o
You must not drive between the hours of 7pm and
5am
o
You must always display your learner plates on the
vehicle
CATEGORIES(IN
KGS)/CC
A
Mopeds, with or without side
cars.
50 – 250cc and
above.
B
Cars and 4x4 cross country
vehicles
Cars not
exceeding 3000kg
C
Goods carrying vehicles and
buses/coaches.
Vehicles of
3000kg – 5500kg
(1 – 33
passengers)
D
Goods carrying vehicles and
buses/coaches.
Vehicles not
exceeding 8000kg
E
Graders, loaders, forklifts,
tractors, bulldozers, dumpers
and rollers.
special
F
Goods carrying vehicles and
buses/coaches and heavy
articulator vehicles
Vehicles over
8000kg
RULES OF THE LEARNER DRIVER
o
DESCRIPTION/CLASS
40
Road Worthiness
The vehicle road worthiness test (VRT) is a test designed to periodically examine some important safety and emissions
aspects of your vehicle to ensure it meets the safety standards.
The examination shall be conducted every six months in respect of commercial vehicles and once every year in respect of
private vehicles.
 Primary features to which a vehicle must satisfy in order to obtain a pass

Brakes

Seat belts

Steering systems

Windscreen

Tyres

Driving Mirrors

Wipers

Wheels

Suspension system

Emission Test

Lights

Gauges

Horn

Body

Engine
Major Driving Offences
Note: One penalty unit is currently equivalent to 12
Ghana cedis

Dangerous driving – sect. 1 of Act 683
(1) A person who drives a motor vehicle dangerously
on a road commits an offence and is liable on
summary conviction
(a) where
(i) no bodily injury; or
(ii) a minor bodily injury
occurs to any person other than the driver, to a
fine not less than 100 penalty units and not
exceeding 200 penalty units or to a term of
imprisonment not exceeding 9 months or to
both;
(b) where bodily injury of an aggravated nature
occurs to any person other than the driver, to a
minimum fine of 250 penalty units and not
exceeding 500 penalty units or to a term of
imprisonment of not less than 12 months and
not exceeding 2 years or to both; or
(c) where death occurs, to imprisonment for a
term of not less than 3 years;
(d) where there is damage to state property, to a
fine not less than 100 penalty units and payment
41
for the damage caused in an amount determined
by the court.
(2) The court may upon the conviction of any
person under subsection (1),
(a) order the payment of compensation as the
court may consider appropriate to an injured
person or to the estate of the person; or

Driving under influence of alcohol or drugs –
sect. 4(1) of Act 683
(1) A person who, while driving or attempting to drive a
motor vehicle on a road, is under the influence of alcohol
or drugs to such a degree as to be incapable of having
proper control of the vehicle commits an offence and is
liable on summary conviction
(a) where
(b) order the withdrawal of the licence for a
period of not less than 3 years and not more
than 5 years.
(i) no bodily injury; or
(ii) a minor bodily injury
Section 2-Meaning of Dangerous Driving
(2) (1) For the purposes of section 1, a person drives
dangerously if
(a) the way that person drives falls below what is
expected of a competent and careful driver, or
(b) it is obvious to a competent and careful driver
that it would be dangerous driving the vehicle
(i) in that manner, or
(ii) in its current state.
(2) In determining what is expected of, or
obvious to, a competent and careful driver in any
particular case, regard shall be had to
(a) the circumstances of which the accused could
be expected to be aware,
(b) any circumstances shown to have been within
the knowledge of the accused, and
(c) the conditions of the road at the relevant
time.
occurs to any person other than the driver, to a fine not
exceeding 100 penalty units or to a term of imprisonment
not exceeding 6 months or to both;
(b) where bodily injury of an aggravated nature occurs to
any person other than the driver, to a minimum fine of
250 penalty units and not exceeding 500 penalty units or
to a term of imprisonment of not less than 1 year and not
exceeding 2 years or to both; or
(c) where death occurs, to a fine of not less than 1000
penalty units and not exceeding 2000 penalty units or to
imprisonment for a term not less than 3 years and not
exceeding 5 years or to both.
(2) A person shall be taken to be under the influence of
alcohol where the alcohol concentration in that person's
blood or breath as shown by any competent medical
evidence or any other competent evidence, is 0.08
percent or more when measured within two hours of the
time of operating or attempting to operate the motor
vehicle.
(3) The Court may upon conviction of any person under
this section order the payment of such compensation as
the Court may consider appropriate to an injured person
or to the estate of the person.
(3) in determining for the purpose of subsection
(1) the state of a motor vehicle, regard may be
had to anything attached to or carried on or in it
and the manner in which it is attached or carried.

Careless, and inconsiderate driving – sect. 3 of
Act 683
A person who drives a motor vehicle on a road without
due care and attention, or without reasonable
consideration for other persons using the road commits
an offence and is liable on summary conviction to a fine
not exceeding 2000 penalty units or to a term of
imprisonment not exceeding 5 years or to both.
42
MOTOR INSURANCE
INSURANCE: is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another in exchange for payment. Or A promise
of compensation for specific potential future losses in exchange for a periodic payment
Note *Motor insurance is not transferable
*Insurance is paid on negligent party policy.
*Insurance doesn’t take care of mechanical damage.
* Motor insurance doesn’t cover the driver
*Every motor insurance last for one year
Motor insurance has one main objective which is to provide compensation for loss or damage to one's motor vehicle.
There are other uses of motor insurance which are:
(I) Providing compensation for injury or death to third parties arising from vehicular accidents.
(ii) Providing compensation to the car owner in the event of loss arising out of theft of the vehicle or loss from damage
caused by fire.
Will all the above benefits in (i) above apply in all circumstances?
No. The type of motor insurance cover taken will determine which benefits will avail the policy holder or third parties.
Motor insurance covers
1.
Act only: bodily injury and death to third parties.
2.
Third party only: 1+third party property damage limit.
3.
Third party fire and theft: 2+fire+theft.
4.
Comprehensive: 3+accident damage.
The legal minimum motor insurance cover in Ghana is third party only.
Do I have to take motor insurance?
Yes. You have to principally take one because the Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) Act, 1958 (as amended) demands
that whoever uses a vehicle on any public road must take insurance to cover his liabilities to others arising out of the use of
the vehicle.
Common things to note about Motor Insurance










Do not drink and drive.
Maintain and check your car/vehicle regularly.
Do not over speed and also respect speed limits on the road.
Do not carry more persons than allowed by licensing authorities.
Do not sell or buy your car / vehicle together with Insurance Certificates as it is not transferable.
Anytime a vehicle changes hands, the validity of the insurance on it ceases with the change.
Check your tyre pressure regularly.
If you or your relation is involved in an accident and the vehicle is not insured or the insurance is defective, direct your
claim to the National Insurance Commission (NIC).
If a vehicle knocks you or your relation down and runs away, direct your insurance claim to the NIC.
In the event of dispute or misunderstanding between you or your insurance company, refer the matter to the NIC.
43
THE HIGHWAY CODE
The Highway Code is a standard of behavior and source of guidance to all road users. It is the code of rules that governs the
use of public roads.
 Road Users; Drivers, Motorcyclist, Riders, Animals, Pedestrians.
The Highway Code is essential reading for everyone because its rules apply to all road users: pedestrians, horse riders and
cyclists, as well as motorcyclists and drivers. It contains the road signs and markings and sets the standard of behavior for all
road users.
DRIVERS
*Before driving, make sure that;
Your vehicle is properly licensed
Your use of the vehicle is properly insured and that there are no restrictions in the relevant insurance policy (eg.as to who
drive) which will make your use of the vehicle illegal
You have a driving license valid for the class of vehicle which you intend to drive, that is not out of date, and that you have
signed it
*When driving you must;
Be in such a position that you can exercise proper control over your vehicle and retain a full view of the road and traffic
ahead
Give precedence to a pedestrian who is on an uncontrolled zebra crossing
Observe speed limits
Observe traffic signs and signals and the direction of a police officer controlling traffic
See that your side and tail lamps are alight at night.
*You must not;
Drive recklessly or at a speed or in a manner which is dangerous to the public
Drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Drive a vehicle which emits excessive fumes and smoke
Sound your horn at night (7:00pm to 6:00am) in a built-up area
Park your vehicle contrary to waiting restrictions
Sound your horn while stationary
*When you stop you must;
Stop the engine and set brake before you leave the vehicle
Switch off your headlamps at night, but leave your side and tail lamps (parking light) on unless unlit parking is allowed
44
When required by the police, produce your driving licence, certificate of insurance and your road worthiness certificate for
examination
*If you are involved in an accident ;( which causes damage or injury to any other person, or other vehicle)
You must
Stop, Give your own and the vehicle owner’s name and address and the registration mark of the vehicle to anyone having
reasonable grounds for requiring them
If you do not give your name and address to any such person at the time, report the accident to the police
MOTORCYCLIST
Most of the requirements of the law relating to drivers including those relating to pedestrian crossings apply to you
*You must not
Carry more than one passenger on a two-wheeled machine, and the passenger must sit astride the cycle on a proper seat
securely fitted behind the driver’s seat and with proper rests for the feet
Ride without wearing a crash helmet
DRIVER AND MOTORCYCLISTS
*You must not
Use the motorway if you are a learner driver, Reverse on the carriageways, Stop on the carriageways, Stop on the verges
except in emergency, Stop on the central reserve.
RIDERS/PEDAL CYCLIST
Before cycling, make sure that;
Your cycle has efficient brakes
*You must
Observe traffic signs and signals and the direction of a police officer controlling traffic
Give precedence to pedestrians on uncontrolled zebra crossing and on a push button controlled crossing when an amber light
is flashing
At night see that your front and rear lamps are alight and that your cycle has an efficient reflector
*You must not
Stop your cycle within the limits of a pedestrian crossing except in circumstance beyond your control when is necessary to do
so to avoid an accident
Ride recklessly or at a speed or in a manner which is dangerous to the public
Ride under the influence of drink or a drug
By negligence or misbehavior interrupt the free passage of any road user or vehicle
Leave your cycle where waiting is prohibited
45
Carry a passenger on a bicycle not constructed or adapted to carry more than one person
Hold on to a motor vehicle or trailer in motion on any road
PEDESTRIANS
You have the precedence when you are on the carriageway within limits of an uncontrolled zebra crossing and on a pushbutton controlled crossing when the signal to cross is illuminated.
*You must not
Loiter on any type of pedestrian crossing
Willfully obstruct the free passage along a highway
Proceed along or across the carriageway when given a direction to stop by a police officer engaged in controlling traffic
Without lawful authority or reasonable cause, hold on to or get on a motor vehicle or trailer in motion
Be drunk in any highway or public place
ANIMALS/DOG OWNERS
*You must not
Allow your dog to be off its lead on a road which has been designated as one where dogs must be kept on a lead, unless your
dog is kept for tending sheep or cattle or is under proper control for sporting purposes
VEHICLE PARTS/COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS
Engine: the engine is the source of power, controlled by
the clutch to the gear box, to the shafts, to the axles and
to the road wheels
Gear box: the gear box contains ranges of speed. It has a
neutral point, reverse position and multiplication of
torque.
Carburetor: the carburetor is to regulate the fuel and air
completely atomized, or break up the fuel into a fine
spray, so that it mixes thorough with the air in the correct
proportions and supply mixture strength suitable for good
combustion under all possible varying climate, road and
load conditions
Spark plug: the spark plug is to ignite the combustible
charge or mixture
Fan: the fan is to induce a flow of air through the radiator
blocks in cooling the radiator content.
Rear axle: the rear axle carry the rear portion of the
vehicle’s weight, to transmit the drive through right
angles to the road wheels and at the same time provide
free rolling and the necessary traction for the movement
of the vehicle.
Suspension system: is the system of springs, shock
absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its
wheels and allows relative motion between the two.
Exhaust: An exhaust system carries waste gases and other
combustion products away from an automobile engine. It
allows the vehicle to operate with minimal noise, smoke
and pollution transmitted to the environment. A properly
maintained exhaust system is essential to the clean and
efficient operation of the car.
46
Alternator: The alternator's job is converting alternating
electrical current from mechanical energy. The alternator
serves the function of supplying the electrical energy
needs of the vehicle. All of the electrical accessories are
run from the alternator while the engine is in operation.
Battery recharging is also a function of the alternator.
Dipstick: this is the instrument used to check the engine
oil level in the sump.
Battery: the battery gives the car the initial power to start
Distilled water is put in the battery. The water should be
just above the cell plates. The right procedure in fixing the
battery terminals is positive first before the negative.
Fuel pump: the fuel pump is to raise the fuel from the fuel
tank to the carburetor injection pump.
Oil filter: the oil filter is to remove dirt or foreign
materials in the oil.
Roof rack: this is a metal frame that is fixed on top of a
vehicle and used for carrying large objects. Remove it if
not in use otherwise, you will burn more fuel.
Fuel filter: is to remove dirt or foreign materials in the
fuel.
Air filter: the air filter is to filter or remove dirt or foreign
materials in the air.
Shock absorber (a.k.a. "damper" or springs) is a
mechanical or hydraulic device designed to absorb
and damp shock impulses. It does this by converting
thekinetic energy of the shock into another form of
energy (typically heat) which is then dissipated.
Starter motor: the starter motor is to rotate the engine at
a certain minimum speed in order for the engine to
commence running.
Propeller shaft and U-joints: the propeller shaft and
universal joints transmit drive through an angle from the
gear box to the rear axle. The universal joints allow the
propeller shaft to be flexible, while constantly
transmitting power.
The rim is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire". It
makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which
the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such
as automobiles.
Radiator; it contains the coolant which drives away excess
heat in the engine.
Immobilizer: This device deters theft of your vehicle
Sump: this is where the engine oil goes to settle in the
engine.
Brake pot: for holding brake fluid.
Fan belt/drive belt; is a flexible belt that connects the fan
to the alternator by turning the fan for drawing cooling air
through the radiator as well as connecting the crankshaft
pulley.
Fuse; the primary function of a vehicle’s fuse is to protect
the wiring and electrical equipments for the vehicle
47
SERVICING/MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES.
Maintenance is the act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly. Conducting periodic
maintenance will ensure the performance capabilities and life of your vehicle.
In modern traffic conditions, a badly maintained vehicle is a danger to all.
Regular maintenance will aid;
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Reduce mechanical failure
Prevent road crashes
Good fuel economy
Long vehicle life
Driving enjoyment
f)
g)
h)
i)
Safety
Reliability
Warranty cover
Compliance with Government regulations
Maintaining your car
 Change engine oil, oil filter, fuel filter and spark plugs after 5000km drive or every (3) three months whichever
comes first.
 Replace air filter after 36000km drive when the road is in good condition
 If you park your vehicle unused for 3months, you must change oil and fuel. Even if you have full tank, empty it, clean
the system and refill.
 Warm your engine at least 5minutes everyday
 Check your tyre pressure weekly
 Change your tyre four(4) years after production.
 Change your coolant and fluids yearly. They lose their efficacy after 1year
 Add engine flasher to your engine oil anytime you change oil to reduce carbon deposits in the pipes
 In replacing your spark plugs, make sure the numbers on it are the same
 Immediately replace your fan belt upon seeing cracks on it
 If you have no leakage but your brake fluid level is low, it means the brake pads have worn out
 If the brake master cylinder is faulty, the floor at the driver position will be wet
 If the brake fluid is leaking, the inner sides of your wheels will be wet
 Change your brake fluid yearly
 Wash your car regularly
Car washing
debris from the streets can all hit your car while
you’re driving, or even when it’s parked. Having a
Besides helping keep your car looking nice and
routine car wash every week is essential to
clean, getting a regular car wash is also an
making sure that this debris gets off your car. Not
important part of car maintenance and can also
to mention, when it rains, mud can get on your
help to protect the exterior and interior of your
tires and then get on the paint, or get splashed
car from the damage that dirt, oil and debris can
on your car. One of the worst things for a car is
cause to your car. While many people choose to
bird droppings. Some people let it sit there and
use a professional car wash service to get their
wait till its goes away with rain. However, this is
cars clean, others may choose to do it
not good and a car wash is needed. After 24
themselves with the right products and tools.
hours, the acid seeps in and can mess up the
The roads we drive on are not perfect. Because
paint on your car. Overall, a car wash can help
of this, your car will get dirty, and it will show
keep your car looking squeaky clean, as well as
more so on colors like white. Dirt, rocks and
maintain its value.
48
How to clean and degrease your car’s engine (dos and don’ts)
One vital reason to wash your car engine is to remove grease and grime from the engine. Your engine will obviously work
better and last longer if it wasn’t carrying a load…of grease and grime. In addition, grease and grime can keep your car hotter
than it has to be. Therefore, cleaning your car’s engine will help keep it running cooler. Also, grease and grime makes it
harder to identify leaks and other forms of wear and tear. Cleaning the engine will immediately pin point those areas in need
of maintenance.
1.
Cool. Make sure the engine is cool and off.
2.
Cover. Cover sensitive spots with foil or plastic (electronic components, carburetor & air intake systems).
3.
Seal. Seal PCV valves and vacuum lines.
4.
Spray. Spray Automotive Engine Degreaser. Avoid spraying on car paint.
5.
Brush & Soak. Brush any thick residue. Let it soak for 10-15 minutes.
6.
Rinse. NEVER START ENGINE UNTIL IT’S COMPLETELY RINSED.
7.
Run. Let your engine run idle for 15mins.
LOG BOOK AND RECORD KEEPING
The best evidence to support the use of a vehicle is an accurate logbook of business travel maintained for the entire year,
showing for each business trip, the destination, the reason for the trip and the distance covered.
LOG BOOK SAMPLE
Vehicle no.: ………………
Driver: ………………………
Date
Journey
Odometer reading
Distance
Km
Km
from
to
out
in
Madina
Accra
20133
20155
‘’
Accra
Teshie
20155
08/01/15
Teshie
Tema
20300
06/01/15
Time
Driver’s
SIGN
FUEL (ltr)
out
in
petrol
22
9:20
9:35
45
20300
145
10:00
11:05
20321
21
11:45
1:12
oil
If 4.5litr s= 1gallon
Calculating the distance (km) travel per gallon(KMPG)
45ltrs = x
Total distance = 22+145+21 =188km
x = 10
Quantity of fuel = 45litres
Therefore KMPG = 188/10
NB: 4.5Litres=1gallon
= 18.8km/g.
49
This means that your car’s fuel consumption is 1gallon: 18.8km drive, or you spend 1gallon of fuel after every 18.8km drive.
TYRE CARE
The validity period of tyre is 4years, whether used or unused. Tyres are the vehicle’s only point of contact with the road.
Check your tyre pressure and spare tyre weekly. Incorrect tyre pressure may adversely affect tyre life and vehicle handling.
Check tyre pressure when the tyre is cold.
Ensure the valve caps are in place and that there is no evidence of cracking or damage to the valve stem.
Also ensure that wheel nuts are securely fixed.
TYRE LABEL
TYRE LETTERING
*Eg.DOT ILMXAX36 2603 185/65R14 L
•
DOT ILMXAX36 - This is the tyre identification number(TIN)or the tyre serial number.
•
2603 - This is the tyre manufacture date
•
185/65R14-185 - This is the width or the tyre in mm
•
65 - Is the aspect ratio of the tyre or the tyre profile
•
R - Is the type of tyre – Radial type
•
14 - Is the size of the rim in inches
•
L - Is the tyre speed rating(speed limit)
SYMBOL
AREA
A
Hot area
B
Normal weather
C
Cold area
TYRE TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
These letters ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ indicates a tyre’s resistance to heat.
TYRE TRACTION
These letters AA, A, B, or C indicates the tyre’s ability to stop in a wet road.
A higher graded tyre should allow you to stop your car on wet roads in a shorter distance than a tyre with a lower grade.
*Below are the grades from high to low
‘AA’, ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’
50
TABLE FOR TYRE SPEED RATING CODE
SPEED SYMBOL
SPEED(KM/H)
L
120
M
130
N
140
P
150
Q
160
R
170
S
180
T
190
U
200
H
210
V
240
Z
Over 240
W
270
Y
300
WIDTH CONVERTING TABLE
LETTERING MARKING
WIDTH IN MM
D
195
E
205
F
215
G
225
H
235
I
245
Tyre changing: if you have a tyre puncture or a tyre burst, do not panic stay calm, don’t slam on the brake. Ease your foot
from the accelerator and allow the car to slow down by itself. Always drive with a spare tyre, warning triangle, wheel
spanner, jack, plier, fire extinguisher and first aid box.
Tyre changing process
51










Pull over to a safe place after warning other road users with your emergency flasher/hazard lights.
Make sure you park on a level ground
Apply the parking brake, parking gear and chock the tyres as well.
Reach out for your wheel spanner, your jack and your spare tyre.
Loosen the wheel nuts. If there is a wheel cap blocking the wheel nuts remove that first using your flat screw driver.
Use the jack to raise/lift the vehicle up, but position the jack near the tyre to be replaced and let it hold a solid bar
under the vehicle.
Once the tyre is off the ground, you can remove it holding it horizontally or 9 and 3 position.
Replace with the spare tyre and tighten the wheel nuts
Remove the jack and put your tools back to the trunk.
Remember to remove the chock before taking-off.
Tyre rotation: this is done by changing the positions of the tyres to maintain a balanced tread wear.
NB: the minimum tread wear of tyres should not be less than 1.6mm.
TYRES SAFETY TIPS
1.
Do check your tyre pressures when they are cold. Don’t bleed the tyres (let the pressure out) when they are hot.
2.
Do have an accurate tyre pressure gauge. Don’t rely on the gauge at the service station – a lot of them are inaccurate.
3.
Do have tyres inspected if you notice regular pressure loss. Don’t just re-inflate the tyre and hope that it will be alright.
4.
Do use the Vehicle manufacturers recommended tyre pressures.
5.
Do check tyre pressure before going on a long trip, and reset to the recommended pressures for the full load. After the trip,
reduce to those recommended for normal driving conditions.
6.
Do use valve caps to protect the valve core.
7.
Do have wheel alignment checked in line with the manufacturers specifications – don’t just have the front wheels aligned.
8.
Do have the alignment checked if you know that you have hit a ‘pot hole’ or the curb. Don’t climb curbs to park the car – this
is one of the greatest causes of putting the wheel alignment out on a vehicle
9.
Do have the wheels balanced when you feel the slightest sign of vibration on the steering. Don’t just balance the fronts –
balance all of them.
10. Do inspect for remaining tread on a tyre.. Don’t drive on tyres where the tread depth is below the legal limit.
TROUBLE SHOOTING
Trouble shooting: it refers to finding out what is wrong with your vehicle by, smell, look and sound.
Knowing what to do if your car develops fault will help keep you and your
Passengers safe, and avoid creating problems for other road users. The last step of becoming a successful defensive driver is
knowing how to handle the unexpected. Trouble shooting is part of driving and you must be prepared to handle them. The
single most important principle in any trouble shoot/ \emergency is not to panic. You have a better chance of handling the
emergency safely if you do not let fear engulf you.
Trouble shooting may come in the form of a warning light on the instrumentation or emergency situations as listed below;
Tyre burst
A thumping sound may be a warning of a tyre burst. If it happens do not panic. Ease your foot off the accelerator pedal and
keep a firm grasp of the steering wheel. Do not brake suddenly, allow the vehicle to slow down by itself. Pull off the road and
check your tyres. Always keep a spare tyre.
52
Engine overheating
If your engine overheats, you should stop at a safe place and let the engine cool down. Be careful when you open the bonnet
to investigate the cause. If you need to top up your coolant, with the radiator cap cool, use a duster to cover your hand and
slowly unscrew it. Steam is likely to gush out so be careful. Once opened, carefully pour in the coolant.
If you have to use water, make sure it is not too cold because adding cold water to a hot engine can cause it to crack. Only
drive on when the temperature has return to normal
Brake failure
If your brake pedal suddenly sinks to the floor, pump it to build pressure. If it does not work, shift to a lower gear to slow
down and use your parking brake to stop the vehicle.
Stuck accelerator pedal
If your accelerator pedal gets stuck, hook your toe under it to free it. If it does not become free, shift to neutral position and
brake slowly. If your vehicle has power steering, a locking steering wheel and power brakes, do not turn off the ignition
because you will lose either your ability to steer or brake.
Headlight failure
If your headlight fail suddenly, on your emergency flashers and pull off the road.
Stalling
If you stall the vehicle, try and keep calm. This is not usually considered a serious fault. However if you panic, restarting the
engine to drive off you might forget to check your mirrors and blind spots which is very dangerous.
Engine catches fire
If your engine catches fire while you’re driving, pull up as quickly and safely as possible. Get yourself and any passengers out
and away from the vehicle. Then call the fire service. Don’t open the bonnet, as this will make the fire worse.
Skidding
Skidding refers to the sliding of the vehicle when the tyres loose traction. It’s usually caused by speeding. If your car starts to
skid, resist the natural instinct to slam on the brakes, which could lock your wheels and make the situation worse and
eliminate any control you have over your vehicle. Instead ease your foot from the accelerator pedal and allow the car to slow
down by itself.
Aquaplaning
Aquaplaning or hydroplaning refers to loss of steering or braking control when a layer of water prevents direct contact
between tires and the road. If you feel the car starting to hydroplane, where all 4 wheels lose contact between the tire and
the road, don't brake abruptly or turn the wheel. Instead, release the gas pedal slowly and steer straight until the car regains
traction. If you must brake, lightly apply pressure to the brake pedal.
Blocked vision
If for any reason your vision becomes blocked, roll down the side window to see. Brake slowly, turn on your emergency
flashers and then pull off the road.
Steering failure
If you suddenly have no control of the steering wheel, ease your foot off the accelerator pedal. Brake slowly to prevent your
vehicle from spinning. Allow your vehicle to come to a slow stop.
DRIVING THEORIES
Driving theories: are principles applied on the road to prevent confusion, accident, energy and time waste. Some
of them are;
Right of way, Overtaking and change of lane, Following
distance (Two second rule), Signaling, Maneuver, Parking
Right of way
It’s a privilege that enables a motorist to have immediate
use of the road.
Reasons:
 Consideration to other motorist or users
Situations for Giving Right of Way
 Roundabout
 Pedestrian crossing
 Being overtaking
 Physically challenged about to cross the road
 Being a responsible and defensive driver
 Emergency vehicles
 Avoid accident
 Presidential motorcade or Protocol vehicles
 Courtesy to other users
 When pedestrian steps on the crossing
 Demand by the traffic law
 At junctions
53
Overtaking
Overtaking/passing by another vehicle have a defined way of going about it. The first step to overtaking is to draw back/allow
space between you and the lead vehicle. This will enable you to have a broad and clear view of what is happening ahead.
Check your mirrors and signal your intention to other road users. Alert the lead vehicle by the use of your horn or flash light
and move diagonal with increased speed if safe. In changing lanes, the theory is to always observe MSM(Mirror, Signal,
Maneuver).
Following distance
Always make it a habit to follow other road users safely leaving a safe gab at all times which will enable you to
react in an emergency. The theory/principle is to always leave a timing gab of not less than two seconds between
your vehicle and the lead vehicle. Literally consider the speed at which you drive follow other drivers and ask
yourself if you can be able to stop safely behind should a hazard pop up. Even in slow moving traffic or in traffic
jam, consider how close you are following a lead vehicle and ask yourself should this car breaks down will I be able
to escape or should there be a brake failure, how do I escape. By so doing you will be leaving a safe gab that will
enable you to react in an emergency.
Signaling
This is often considered as an means of communication to other road users. There are three major forms of signaling in
driving;
Sound signaling. Eg; horn, siren
Light signaling. Eg; traffic indicator lights, brake lights, the emergency flasher/hazard lights etc…
Arm signaling. Arm signals are often used to lay emphasis on the traffic indicator lights or temporary use when you
encounter traffic indicator failure.
The traffic indicator lights among other signals are to be used to inform other road users about our intention to turn left or
right. But most drivers don’t apply this theory bringing about confusion and sometimes accident. Always give an advanced
signal about 50mters ahead of your turning. Having talked about the need for signaling and obeying them, it is important we
also consider the users who have Left-Right conflict. This is a disorder that makes one mistakes his/her left for right and right
for left. To be able to overcome this condition and avoid road crashes you are advised to always observe the body movement
of other vehicles to guide you know/confirm their intention about change in direction. Never always presume a left/right
signal from another vehicle is always correct.
Maneuver simply refers to the change in direction of a moving vehicle. The theory in maneuvering is to always apply MSM
routine.
Parking is leaving your vehicle un attended to. In most parking places there are parking lot or markings well demarcated to
park in. Always ensure you apply your parking brake and your parking gear. Remember to remove your ignition key even for a
short parking. If you are parking up-hill steer away from the kerb and if you parking down-hill steer towards the kerb.
ARM SIGNALS BY AUTHORISED PERSONS
Signaling vehicles from front to stop
Stop vehicles from behind
Stop vehicles from front and behind
54
DRIVING TERMINOLOGIES
Coasting: driving in neutral or with the clutch pedal pressed down.
Skidding: is the sliding of your vehicle when the tyres lose traction. It is mostly caused by speeding.
Blind spot: The section of road behind the driver that cannot be seen in any mirror. To see the blind spot, you should look
over your shoulder before moving off or overtaking.
Hazard: is anything that could cause a driver to change speed, direction or to stop.
Cockpit drill: it is the preparations you have to do before you take off.
Take off: is moving your vehicle from stationary
Traffic signal blackout: is when traffic signal lights are not working at an intersection due to an electrical power failure.
Traffic warden: they are trained officials who direct traffic.
Trouble shooting: its finding out what is wrong with your vehicle by, smell, look and sound.
Road furniture: it encompasses all roadside objects used for safety.
Breading: it is a term used to describe the removal of air from the braking system.
Engine brake: using a lower gear to reduce speed of your vehicle
Dry steering: turning the steering wheel when the vehicle is not moving.
Steering lock: turning the steering wheel to the maximum angle
Stopping distance is thinking distance (distance travelled in the time it takes to react to a situation) and Braking distance
(distance travelled from when you start to use the brakes to when your car completely stops)
SPEED
THINKING DISTANCE
BRAKING DISTANCE
OVERALL STOPPING DISTANCE
Km/h
m/h
meter
feet
meter
feet
meter
feet
32
20
6
20
6
20
12
40
48
30
9
30
14
45
23
75
64
40
12
40
24
80
36
120
81
50
15
50
38
125
53
175
97
60
18
60
55
180
73
240
113
70
21
70
75
245
96
315
55
Kick-down: is a mechanism that gives quick acceleration when needed; for example, to overtake. Excessive use of this will
burn more fuel.
Brake fade: is when the brakes become less effective because of overheating. It may happen if you use them continuously,
such as on a long, steep downhill stretch of road. In this situation, use a lower gear to help you Control the vehicle’s speed.
Overheating: this occurs when the temperature of the engine rises above normal
Stalling: it is a term used to describe to the engine going off at a junction unintentionally.
Stuck accelerator pedal: if your accelerator pedal gets stuck, hook your toe under it to free it. If it does not become free, shift
to neutral position and brake slowly.
Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS): This is a system fitted to most modern cars that prevents the wheels from locking when braking in an
emergency.
Brow of a Hill: The highest point of a hill.
Carriageway: One side of a road or motorway.
Catalytic Converter: A gadget fitted to the exhaust system that reduces pollution by turning harmful gases into less harmful
ones.
Chassis: The structure that acts as a mounting to the major car parts i.e. suspension system, frame, wheels and body.
Chicane: A sharp double bend used as a traffic calming measure - to slow traffic down.
Clearway: A road where no stopping is allowed at any time. The sign for a clearway is a red cross in a red circle on a blue
background.
Engine Coolant: Liquid in the radiator that removes heat from the engine.
Exhaust Emissions: Gasses that are expelled from the exhaust pipe.
Four-Wheel Drive (4WD): On a 4WD vehicle, power in sent to all four wheels. This allows for better grip and traction.
Fuel Consumption: The amount of petrol or diesel that your vehicle uses.
Hard Shoulder: The lane at the side of a motorway that can be used in an emergency or when road signs give permission.
Hazard Warning Lights: Flashing amber lights on a vehicle that can be used to warn other drivers that you have broken down,
or to warn other drivers on a motorway that there is a hazard ahead.
Jump Leads/Cable: An electric cable that can connect a flat battery to a working one enabling the flat battery to be charged.
Manual Gearbox: Where the driver physically selects the gears themselves.
MOT: A test to check that your car is safe to drive.
Power Steering: Makes turning the wheels a lot easier. Means the car has a separate power source that helps turn the
wheels.
Priority: The vehicle or other road user that is allowed by law to go first is the one who has priority.
Road Hump/Ramp: A low bump built into the road designed to slow traffic down.
Rumble Strips: Raised strips across the road near a roundabout or junction that changes the sound the tyres make and warn
drivers to slow down. They are also used on motorways to separate the main carriageway from the hard shoulder.
56
Torque: Torque is a measurement used to quantify the force of the rotational force produced by the engine. It is another way
to measure the power of a car.
Road Rage:Aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile. Such behavior might include rude gestures, verbal
insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats.
Tailgating: Practice of driving on a road too close to the vehicle in front, at a distance which does not guarantee that stopping
to avoid collision is possible. Approximately one third of rear-end collisions involve tailgating.
VEHICLE INSTRUMENTATION
Vehicle instrument is referred to as instrument that measures some parameters in the vehicle, often found on its control
panel or dashboard.
The warning lights and indicators on the instrument cluster inform the driver of the status of the vehicle’s various systems.
These lights will normally go off when the engine is started and run for a few seconds. If any of this lights fail to go off means
there is a fault with the system it represents.
WARNING SYSTEM LIGHTS
Warning lights are lights on the instrument panel/dashboard of a vehicle that alert the driver when something is wrong. It is
normal for the lights to illuminate briefly when the vehicle is started, but if they stay on or begin to flash, you should take the
vehicle into a repair shop to get it checked out. You should never ignore a warning light. Some of them indicate serious
problems with your vehicle that could render it unsafe to drive.
Modern cars are filled with electronics and packed with sensors to monitor both how your vehicle is behaving and to make
our motoring life easier.
But when something does go wrong, it can be a difficult task trying to work out exactly what that warning light flashing away
on your dashboard is trying to tell you.
It’s important to know what the car dashboard warning lights actually mean.
Here are the most important warning lights you should watch out for:
Brake system warning lights / brake fluid warning light
Your vehicle’s brakes are arguably the most important feature on your car, so if there’s a warning light flashing on your dash
highlighting there’s something wrong with the braking system, it’s best to get it checked out right away. Any of of these lights
warns you about the braking system
Charging system warning light / Battery charge warning light
You should see your battery charge warning light when you first turn your car on, but if it doesn’t go out a few seconds after
the engine starts, there could be a problem with your car’s electrical system.
This could be to do with a faulty alternator, faulty battery, a bad connection or damaged cabling somewhere in the engine
bay. If your car isn’t charging its battery when moving (the job of the alternator), then you could eventually run out of
electrical power and grind to a halt.
At worst, the light could be on due to an alternator drive belt braking. Other systems also use this belt – such as the engine
coolant pump, or power steering – so the affects of a failure here could be compounded.
57
Power steering system warning light
The power steering warning light will illuminate if your fluid levels are low or if there is a fault within the system. Check
power steering fluid levels and top-up if necessary. If fluid levels continuously fall, there may be a leak in the system. Steering
is possible without the aid of power steering although may become difficult at low speeds. If power steering dashboard
warning light remains illuminated after replenishing levels, contact your dealer.
Supplemental/Secure Restraint System (SRS)/Airbag warning light
The airbag warning light or SRS (Supplemental Restraint Systems) light will illuminate if one or all of the cars airbags have
been deactivated. Check vehicle manual for any checks that can be performed. Vehicle can still be driven. If light remains on,
specialist diagnostic equipment will need to be used to diagnose faults and to extinguish the warning light.
Seat belt reminder/warning light
Seat belt reminder dashboard warning light will remain active if the vehicle ignition is on and may flash when the vehicle
begins to move if the seat belt remains unfastened. An audible alarm may sound if the vehicle is moving and the seat belt is
unfastened. Fastening the seat belt will extinguish the light and cease an audible alarm (if applicable).
Open door warning light
This warning light alerts you that a door is opened or not well closed
Water in fuel warning light
This warning light comes to warn you if water is detected in the fuel and it must be given immediate attention
Oil pressure warning light
The oil pressure warning light will illuminate upon switching the cars ignition on and will extinguish once the engine has
started. If the light remains on when the engine has started or illuminates whilst driving, stop the car and turn the engine off
as soon as possible. Check engine oil levels are sufficient. Driving with insufficient oil in the engine can cause fatal engine
damage. If engine oil is correct, do not start engine and seek assistance.
Overheating warning light
The engine overheating symbol will illuminate if your car engine becomes dangerously hot. An overheating engine can seize
causing fatal damage. If light illuminates whilst driving, pull over and turn engine off as soon as possible. Wait for the engine
to cool down before checking coolant. Possible reasons could be blocked or leaking within the engine coolant system, or
simply insufficient coolant.
Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) warning light
The Anti-Lock Braking System or ABS warning light is an automated system which unlocks the braking system when it gets
lock in an emergency. It will illuminate during normal driving if there is a problem with the anti-lock braking system. The ABS
warning light will illuminate briefly when the ignition is switched on when the car is started to confirm the ABS system is
functional. If light is illuminated, normal braking is maintained although the anti-lock system will be defective.
Low fuel level warning light
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Your fuel level could be low or the fuel system pressure is too low. Check your fuel level and ensure the filler cap is securely
fastened or replaced. If the fuel filler cap is not closed correctly or the fuel system is leaking this light will be illuminated.
Tyre pressure warning light
The tyre pressure warning light will become illuminated when the tyre pressure monitoring system detects a tyres pressure is
reduced by 25% or more. This dashboard warning light is more frequently illuminated during cold winter months when
outdoor temperatures are reduced and lowering the tyre pressures.
Slip indicator warning light/ESC or ESP Light
Electronic Stability Control (previously known as ESP, Electronic Stability Program) is deactivated. ESC will not stabilize the
vehicle if it starts to skid or if a wheel starts to spin.
Most vehicles have an ESC on/off button. If this icon should appear, then ESC or traction control has intervened because
there is a risk of skidding or at least one wheel has started to spin. Cruise control, if engaged, will be deactivated.
Traction Off Light
The ESC (or ESP) system has been deactivated.
ESC will not stabilize the vehicle if it starts to skid or if a wheel starts to spin. Some vehicles are equipped with an ESP on/off
button. Try to reactivate the system or bring to a dealership.
Check engine light
There may be a malfunction in the engine management system, the fuel injection system, the exhaust system, the ignition
system, or the fuel system. The emission values may have been exceeded and the engine may be breaking into emergency
mode.
Windscreen washer fluid low indicator
This warni9ng light indicates to you that you have insufficient washer fluid level.
REAR WINDOW DEMISTER / DEFOGGER/ DEFROST DASHBOARD LIGHT
The rear windscreen demister light may illuminate on the dashboard or on the demister button itself. Light symbol only
illuminates when button is manually activated. The window demister system can consume a large proportion of the batteries
energy if activated for long periods. Turn off once window is clear to save battery energy, which in turn saves fuel.
Glow Plug
Diesel engines require heat in the cylinders to operate, which is supplied by glow plugs when the engine is cold. This light will
be illuminated when the ignition is turned on until the plugs are heated sufficiently to start the engine. The image will look
like a coil or loops in amber or yellow.
INDICATORS
These symbols represents the exterior lights in the vehicle, if illuminated it informs you that the light is on.
Turn signal indicator/ Traffic indicator lights (Traficator); they are amber in colour and can be located at the front, the rear
and sometimes at the side of the car on both the left and right hand sides. You use your indicators to show an intended
change of direction, whether turning left or right or moving out into traffic.
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Headlight high beam indicator; You should be at least within 200 meters of the vehicle ahead or an oncoming one to have
your headlights on high beam. You are allowed to use your high beam to warn other drivers when overtaking or when
approaching junctions. If you are dazzled, look at the right of the road, slow down and stop if necessary until your eyes
recover.
Headlight indicator; Headlights enable you to see the roadway in front of your vehicle when visibility is poor, as well as
making your vehicle visible to others.
Parking /tail light indicator; Parking lights are automotive lamps designed to increase the visibility of a car when parked at
poorly lit areas.
Fog light indicator; They are regular headlights that can reflect off fog, snow, or dust particles in the air, causing glare and
confusing the eyes of drivers so that they cannot see the road adequately.
Brake light; these lights come on automatically when the footbrake pedal is pressed down and it’s located at the vehicle’s
rear. They warn following traffic that you are slowing down or stopping.
Reverse light; just like the brake lights these lights also come on automatically when you select the reverse gear. These lights
aid you to see the rear when backing up, and also alert other traffic that you are reversing.
USEFUL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND TOOLS
Safety requirements and tools
Restrain systems: these are safety systems/devices installed in a vehicle to cushion you in an emergency/collision. Make
sure your vehicle restrain systems are in good working condition at all times. Find below some restrain systems;
• Seat belt: Always wear your seat belt and make sure your passengers wear theirs.
•
Head rest: a properly adjusted head rest will help prevent neck injury(whiplash).
•
Air bag (SRS): An airbag is a vehicle safety device that reduces the risk of injury in crashes. Ensure that your air bag is
working at all times.

Wear suitable shoes so that you can keep control of the pedals.
The driver is responsible for making sure that children under 18 wear a suitable restraint.
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Children under 3 years of age MUST use a suitable Child seat. Never fit a baby seat in a seat protected by an active airbag.
You must always carry two red warning triangles in your vehicle. This should be used to alert other drivers that your car has
developed a mechanical fault or involved in an accident or when you are obstructing traffic flow. It’s also used to warn
moving traffics of a hazard ahead.
The warning sign should be placed at least 46meters/50yards before and after the obstruction.
Fire extinguisher: always carry in your vehicle a fire extinguisher (Dry Powder Extinguisher is most appropriate)
First aid box: your first aid box should contain basic kits like; cotton, blade, scissors, spirit, bandage, gloves, etc… Don’t
include drugs/pain killers.
Other safety tools needed in the vehicle are;
Wheel spanner, Jack, Pliers, Screw driver, Duster, Reflective verse, Torch light etc…
HANDLING TRAFFIC STRESS
Stress is the feeling of being under too much mental or emotional pressure.
Since everyone has a unique response to stress, there are no ‘’one size fits all’’ solutions to manage it. Intense or prolonged
traffic stress can affects our mood, impair our ability to experience pleasure and harm the body. By getting specific and
pinpointing the stressors in your life, you’re one step closer to getting organized and taking action.
Here are some ways to deal with traffic stress, using the four (4) ‘A s’.
1.
2.
Avoid the stressor; It’s not healthy to avoid a situation that needs to be addressed but you have to know
your limits and stick to them. Taking on more than you can handle is a surefire recipe for stress. Possibly
scan for another route, it may be longer but its better off than to be stacked in a traffic jam for a very long
time.
Adapt to the stressor; If you can’t change the stressor, change yourself. You can adapt to stressful
situations and regain your sense of control by changing your expectations and attitude. Try to view
stressful situations from a more positive perspective. Rather than fuming about a traffic jam, look at it as
an opportunity to pause and regroup, listen to your favorite radio station, or enjoy some time alone by
admiring the things around etc…
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3.
4.
Alter the stressor; Share your feelings. Talk to a friend or anyone with you in the vehicle. Let go of anger
and resentments and free yourself from negative energy.
Accept the stressor; As the saying goes, ‘’what doesn’t kill us makes us stronger’’ accept the stress as it is.
Acceptance may be difficult. But in the long run, it’s easier than railing against a situation you can’t change.
DRINKING AND DRIVING/DRIVING UNDER INFLUENCE (DUI)
Drunk Driving is one of the biggest threats to Road Safety. Drinking alcohol and driving simply do not go together. The human
brain has to deal with many things and process countless data all the time. Alcohol affects attentiveness and one’s ability to
make quick decisions on the road, react to changes in the environment and execute specific, often difficult maneuvers behind
the wheel. When drinking alcohol, driving becomes dangerous – and is potentially lethal!
Alcohol and drugs impair:
•Ability to determine distances
•Reaction time
•Judgment
•Vision
Remember:
•Only time, not coffee, will sober you up
Medicines and drugs
You must be fit to drive. Some medicines can make you sleepy: check the label or ask your doctor or pharmacist if it’s safe to
drive after taking medication. Driving while under the influence of drink or drugs may even invalidate your insurance.
DVLA AND YOU
The Driver & Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA) is a semi-autonomous public sector organization under the Ministry of
Transportation. It was established by Act 569 of 1999 to be responsible for ensuring safety on our roads. Before the
enactment of the DVLA Act, the Department was called Vehicle Examination & Licensing Division (VELD).
MANDATE
The mandate of the Authority as provided in the DVLA Act is to promote good driving standards in the country, and ensuring
safety of vehicles on roads and to provide for related matters.
FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTHORITY
•
Establish standards and methods for the training and testing of driving instructors and drivers of motor vehicles and
riders of motor cycles
•
Establish standards and methods for the training and testing of vehicle examiners
•
Provide syllabi for driver training and the training of instructors
•
Issue driving licenses
•
Register and license driving schools
•
License driving instructors
•
Inspect, test and register motor vehicles
•
Issue vehicle registration certificates
•
Issue vehicle examination certificates
•
License and regulate private garages to undertake vehicle testing
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•
Maintain registers containing particulars of licensed motor vehicles, driving instructors, driving schools and drivers of
motor vehicles
PREPARATION FOR DVLA TEST
After your theory training at a registered driver training institution as stated in Regulation 26 (5) d 0f the L.I 2180 of 2012, the
next step is to proceed to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA) with a certification/attendance sheet from your
training institution confirming your participation in the training course and the topics treated and an invoice for payment of
the prescribed licensing fee.
You would be required to fill a license application form and captured biometrically. 3 current passport pictures and a national
identity card is required. If you are not a Ghanaian, you would be required to produce residence permit. This same day an eye
test would be conducted. Learner plate, Ghana Highway Code and the Learner Syllabus will be given to you. If the eye test is
passed, your learners’ license will be endorsed for you and you would be schedule for examination at DVLA in three months’
time.
Your Learner’s license permits you to learn on the road under the supervision of an instructor and expires in 3-month. Few
days in lieu of expiring of the learner's license, a computer based exam of 30 questions (objectives) lasting for 40minutes is
conducted of which the would-be driver must score 70% or more to pass. After the written exam, a date is communicated to
the would-be driver to take a test which involves identification and explanation of several road signs.
If the road signs test is passed, the would-be driver is schedule to take the last exam drive (practical/in traffic test) with a
DVLA instructor. An error-free test drive qualifies the driver to a cover note (temporary license), which is returned for the
driver’s License on a said date. You would be required to pay an amount for a probation plate (P-Plate). You shall use the pplate for a continues period of 12months as stated in the Road Traffic Regulations; Regulation 35(2) of the L.I 2180 of 2012.
The practical driving test is designed to see if you:

Check and adjust both exterior and interior
mirrors

Use of giving-way rules

Parking to avoid obstruction

Check instrument panels and controls for safety

Reversing safely to the left or right

Adjustment of driver’s seat and use of seat belt


Starting in neutral gear
can drive safely in different road and
traffic conditions

*Use of clutch and correct gear selection

can do U-turn correctly and safely

Viewing and signaling

can do 3-point turn in a limited space

*Smooth moving and manoeuver


Driving distance/following distance, moving and
manoeuver
know the Highway Code and can show
this through your driving ability

*Steering handling and control

Choice of speed

Lane selection

*Overtaking

Smooth braking

Observing of traffic light

Moving off on gradient

*Stopping on gradient

In-traffic driving

Deciding and timing to turn

Signaling

Turning left or right

Avoid cutting corners
As long as you show the standard required, you’ll
pass your driving test.
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THE SPOT FINES
(REF: THE ROAD TRAFFIC REGULATION LI 2180 OF 2012)
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SPOT FINE
SPOT FINE is the payment one has to make at the time of breaking the law or at the spot/scene of action.
Payment of a Spot Fine for traffic infringement is a conviction levied against a person who commits traffic offence
or acts contrary to the requirements of ACT 683, 2004 and LI 2180.
Spot Fines – Sect. 118 1 (A) Of Act 683
A police officer of the rank of an Inspector or above may impose a spot fine on a person who commits an offence
provided for in Regulations made under this Act where;
(a) the offence is committed in the presence of the police officer; and
(b) the relevant fine for the offence is prescribed by Regulations made under this Act.
(2) Where a person pays a spot fine for the commission of an offence no prosecution shall be brought against that
person in respect of the same offence.
(3) Where a person denies the commission of an offence or fails to pay the spot fine, the case shall be processed
for court.
(4) The Minister may in writing authorize any other person, body or institution to impose and collect the spot fine
provided for under this section, and any person, body or institution so authorized shall account for the fines in
accordance with directives given by the Minister.
(5) Regulations may provide further for matters relating to spot fines.
Justification of spot fines
Reduction of indiscipline on our roads and prevention of minor traffic offences that may lead to accidents.
Will ensure increased compliance with road traffic regulations in the country.
Will facilitate and quicken the administration of justice for traffic offenders regarding minor of-fences.
Reduce the pressure on the police and the courts with respect to the processing and adjudication of minor traffic
offences.
Has enormous non tax revenue potential to supplement governments’ tax revenue.
Minimizing interference.
Reducing the perceived corruption among MTTU officers.
SPOT FINE OFFENCES AND PENALTIES – LI 2180 OF 2012(SEVENTH SCHEDULE)
1. Refusal to renew road use Certificate; Regulation 7; 5-25 penalty units; Ghc 60 –Ghc 300
2. Refusal to register number plates; Regulation 11; 5-25 penalty units; Ghc60 – Ghc300
3. Renewal of registration number plates; Regulation 12; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 – Ghc300
4. False entry in Trade License Log Book; Regulation 24 (6); 10 penalty units; Ghc120
5. Learner driver not accompanied by an experienced driver; Regulation 26; (20) 5 penalty units; Ghc60
6. Failure to renew driving license; Regulation 33; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 –Ghc300
7. Disqualification of under-aged persons; Regulation 37; 10 penalty units; Ghc120
8. Non-conformity to restrictions on Width and Length of vehicle; Regulation 50; 25 penalty units 300
9. Non-conformity to restrictions on vehicle Height; Regulation 51; 25 penalty units; Ghc300
10. Non-conformity to restrictions on carriage of loads; Regulation 52; 10 penalty units; Ghc120
11. Offences and penalties for LPG fitted vehicles Regulation 60; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 –Ghc 300
12. Mirror, Windscreen & Glass; Regulation 66; 5 penalty units; Ghc60
13. Use of unspecified tinted glass; Regulation 67 & Regulation 68; 25-50 10-50 penalty units; Ghc300 – Ghc600 &
Ghc120 – Ghc300
14. Failure to carry Fire Extinguisher; Regulation 69; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 – Ghc300
15. Non-conformity with restrictions on Horns and Sirens; Regulation 74; 25 penalty units; Ghc300
16. Driving motor vehicle without Reflectors (front and back); Regulation 79; 5 penalty units; Ghc60
17. Failure to carry Advance Warning Devices; Regulation 83 25-50 penalty units; Ghc300 – Ghc600
18. Failure to wear reflective clothing and protective helmet Regulation 84 25-50 penalty units Ghc300 –Ghc 600
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19. Non-compliance with regulation on carriage of persons and goods Regulation 100; 50 penalty units; Ghc600
20. Driving on the shoulder of a road; Regulation 106; 10-50 penalty units; Ghc120 - Ghc600
21. Prohibition on use of Communication Device; Regulation 50 penalty units; Ghc600
22. Non-compliance with maxi-mum driving periods; Regulation 118; 25 penalty units; Ghc300
23. Failure to use seat belts; Regulation 119; 10-50 penalty units; Ghc120 -Ghc 600
24. Operating commerce vehicle without commercial vehicle driving permit; Regulation 123; 25 penalty units
Ghc300
25. Prohibition of use of motorcycle or tricycle for commercial passenger services; Regulation 128; 25 penalty
units; Ghc300
26. Non-compliance with regulation on Speed Limiters, log books and tachoraphs; Regulation 135; 25 penalty
units; Ghc300
27. Exceeding the prescribed number of persons to be carried; Regulation 137; 10-25 penalty units;
Ghc120 –Ghc 300
28. Particulars to be written on commercial vehicles; Regulation 147; 5 penalty units Ghc60
29. Failure to comply with regulations on visitors Driving Permit; Regulation 147; 20-25 penalty units;
Ghc240 - Ghc300
30. Use of Foreign Driver’s License; Regulation 148; 25-50 penalty units; Ghc300 –Ghc600
31. Non-compliance with the rules of the road; Regulation 150; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 - Ghc300
32. A person being an excess passenger on a vehicle; Regulation 156; 5 penalty units; Ghc60
33. Non-compliance with regulations on speed limits; Regulation 165; 5 penalty units; Ghc60
34. Obedience to police and fire service officials; Regulation 168; 10 penalty units; Ghc120
35. Obstructing intersections and pedestrian crossings; Regulation 170; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 - Ghc300
36. Disregarding signs and barricades; Regulation 171; 5 penalty units; Ghc60
37. Stopping and parking of buses and taxis regulated; Regulation 181; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 - Ghc300
38. Parking on highway and town road; Regulation 187; 10-25 penalty units; Ghc120 - Ghc300
Who issues spot fines ticket?


A police officer in uniform who believes an offence has been committed.
A police officer of the rank of an inspector or above.
Regulation 157 of LI 2180: (Spot Fines)
A person who commits a road traffic offense specified in the Seventh Schedule is liable to pay a spot fine.
(2) Where a person commits a road traffic offence which attracts a spot fine, a police officer in whose presence
the offence was committed shall:
Issue that person with a spot fine notice; and
Record the offence in the counterpart driver's licence (booklet for recording road violation) of that person.
(3) Where a police officer in uniform believes an offence which attracts a spot fine has been committed by a
person and the vehicle of that person is stationary and unattended the police officer shall affix a spot fine notice
to the windshield of the vehicle.
(4) A person issued with a spot fine notice under sub regulation (2) or (3) shall report to the Spot Fine Office with
the spot fine notice within twenty-four hours.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Ghana highway code(1974)
Road traffic regulations LI. 2180(2012)
Road traffic act 683 (2004)
NVTI instructors manual(Nov.2014)
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Road safety management service ltd web, Ghana
(RSML)
The official DSA theory for car drivers, UK(2013)
UK highway code
Transport Malta theory questions(2013)
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