NOTE: We are happy to answer questions related specifically to this webinar and its content. However, we reserve the right to not answer questions that we determine are outside the scope of the webinar's content. MBE Favorites In this webinar, we will cover MBE questions that illustrate how the Examiners like to test some of their favorite issues. Getting familiar with the MBE favorites is an excellent way to maximize your chances of success on the MBE. Remember that the MBE subjects are tested equally. Each subject is apportioned 25 questions. Those seven subjects are: 1. Civil Procedure 2. Constitutional Law 3. Contracts & Sales 4. Criminal Law & Procedure 5. Evidence 6. Real Property 7. Torts 1 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com However, the topics within those subjects are not treated equally! MBE Frequency Chart—Part 1 JD Advising Subject Percent No. of Tested Questions Jurisdiction and venue 22.2% 5–6 Pretrial procedures 22.2% 5–6 Motions 22.2% 5–6 8.3% 2–3 Jury trials 8.3% 2–3 Verdicts and judgments 8.3% 2–3 Appealability and review 8.3% 2–3 Subtopic CIVIL PROCEDURE Law applied by federal courts Total scored questions for Civil Procedure Individual rights The nature of judicial CONSTITUTIONAL LAW review The separation of powers 25 50% 12–13 16.7% 4–5 16.7% 4–5 16.7% 4–5 The relation of nation and states in a federal system (federalism) Total scored questions for Constitutional Law 25 Formation of contracts 25% 6–7 25% 6–7 12.5% 3–4 12.5% 3–4 Remedies 12.5% 3–4 Third-party rights 12.5% 3–4 Performance, breach, and discharge CONTRACTS Defenses to enforceability Contract content and meaning Total scored questions for Contracts Note: about ¼ of the questions cover UCC Articles 1 and 2 2 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com 25 MBE Frequency Chart—Part 2 JD Advising Subject Percent No. of Tested Questions 50% 12–13 Homicide 12.5% 3–4 Other crimes 12.5% 3–4 Inchoate crimes, parties 12.5% 3–4 12.5% 3–4 Subtopic Constitutional protection of accused Persons CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE General principles of Criminal Law Total scored questions for Criminal Law and Procedure Relevancy and reasons for excluding relevant evidence Hearsay and circumstances of its admissibility EVIDENCE Presentation of evidence Privileges and other policy exclusions Writings, recordings, and photographs 33.3% 8–9 25% 6–7 25% 6–7 8.3% 2 8.3% 2 Total scored questions for Evidence REAL PROPERTY 20% 5–6 Rights in real property 20% 5–6 Real estate contracts 20% 5–6 Mortgages/security devices 20% 5–6 Titles 20% 5–6 50% 12–13 Intentional torts 16.7% 4–5 16.7% 4–5 16.7% 4–5 Strict liability and products Other torts Total scored questions for Torts | © JD Advising 25 Negligence liability 3 25 Ownership of real property Total scored questions for Real Property TORTS 25 www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com 25 Civil Procedure MBE favorite: final judgment rule A restaurant owner sued a city official who condemned her building, arguing that the official wanted the land for his own personal profit. The restaurant owner filed a request for a preliminary injunction to prevent the destruction of her building until the case could be resolved at trial. The court granted this request. The city official asserted a claim of immunity, arguing that he did not have to stand trial. He also filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The court denied both of the city official’s requests. The official wanted to immediately appeal all three decisions before trial and sought the advice of his attorney. Which of the following is the best and most accurate piece of advice the attorney could give? (A) None of these decisions are appealable until the case is completed to the end. (B) All three of these decisions are immediately appealable as they are all either of grave importance or could resolve the case then and there. (C) Only the granting of the preliminary injunction is immediately appealable as an interlocutory order. (D) Both the granting of the preliminary injunction and the denial of immunity are immediately appealable. 4 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Civil Procedure Answer (D) is the correct answer. While generally only final judgments are appealable, there are exceptions. The granting or denial of a preliminary injunction is appealable before trial, as these usually involve the risk of irreparable harm. The denial of a request for immunity is considered a collateral order that is immediately appealable, as forcing the defendant to stand trial before appealing would defeat the purpose of being granted immunity. (A) is incorrect because it is incorrect that none of the decisions are immediately appealable, as explained above. (B) is incorrect because the denial of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is not immediately appealable. It is not a final order and does not fall into any exception. (C) is incorrect because it does not recognize that the denial of immunity is also immediately appealable. 5 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Constitutional Law MBE favorite: standards of review A state passed a statute that conditioned holding a classroom teacher position in all K-12 public schools in the state on being a citizen of the United States. A group of teachers that were denied employment on the basis of their citizenship challenged the constitutionality of this statute in state court. Assuming there are no issues in terms of standing, what is the most likely outcome of their challenge? (A) The statute will be deemed constitutional as it is rationally related to a legitimate government interest. (B) The statute will be deemed constitutional as it is substantially related to an important government interest. (C) The statute will be deemed unconstitutional as it is not narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest. (D) The statute will be deemed unconstitutional as it infringes on a legislative area that is exclusively reserved for the United States Congress. 6 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Constitutional Law Answer (A) is the correct answer. An equal protection issue is present when the government treats two classes of people differently. The Equal Protection Clause applies to the federal government through the Fifth Amendment and to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment. The level of scrutiny used to analyze the action depends on the type of class discriminated against plus the type of right the law is related to. Strict scrutiny will apply to fundamental rights and classifications based on alienage (by the state), race, or ethnicity. If the federal government is the one discriminating on the basis of alienage, rational basis review will apply. Further, if the state is discriminating on the basis of alienage when restricting who can perform government functions, rational basis review will apply (the political function exception). These laws will only be deemed unconstitutional if the plaintiff can show that the law bears no rational relation to a legitimate government interest. In this case, the state is the one passing a law that discriminates on the basis of alienage. Thus, an equal protection challenge is present, and strict scrutiny will apply unless 7 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com the law relates to the performance of a political function. Here, this law is restricting those who are not United States citizens from holding positions as public school teachers. The United States Supreme Court has already deemed public school teachers to be performing political functions. Ambach v. Norwick, 441 U.S. 68 (1979). Thus, a state government does not need to meet strict scrutiny in order to pass a law restricting noncitizens from becoming public school teachers. Rational basis review will apply. Since the Supreme Court has already decided this issue, it’s highly likely that the law in question will be deemed constitutional. Bar Exam Tip: If you want to see your Constitutional Law MBE score improve, it’s helpful to practice a large quantity of Constitutional Law questions. Many of the Constitutional Law MBE questions, including this one, are based on Supreme Court holdings. Thus, the questions are slightly more predictable than questions in other subject areas. (B) is incorrect, as it implies that the standard used is intermediate scrutiny, and this is not the proper standard. (C) is incorrect because not only does it reach the incorrect conclusion regarding constitutionality, but it applies a strict scrutiny standard which is not appropriate since the political function exception applies. (D) is incorrect because while the issue of immigration itself is considered reserved for the federal government, the states are still free to make statutes that create classifications based on alienage as long as the statute can withstand the requisite level of scrutiny. 8 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Contracts & Sales MBE favorite: contract formation On January 1, a man offered to sell his neighbor his lawn mower for $400. The neighbor was considering whether to purchase the lawn mower. The neighbor said to the man, “I cannot decide whether I want to buy your lawn mower. If I pay you $10.00 will you leave the offer open until January 5?” The man agreed to leave the offer open until January 5, and the neighbor paid the man $10.00. On January 2, the neighbor told the man, “I reject your offer.” The man did not take any steps in reliance on the neighbor’s rejection. On January 3, the neighbor told the man, “I accept your offer.” Is there a contract between the neighbor and the man? (A) No, because the January 3 statement constituted a counteroffer. (B) No, because $10.00 is not considered adequate consideration to hold open an offer. (C) Yes, because the man did not take any steps in reliance on the neighbor’s January 2 rejection and the neighbor accepted the offer prior to the January 5 deadline. (D) Yes, because an option contract can always be accepted during the time period that the offer is held open. 9 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Contracts & Sales Answer (C) is the correct answer. The general rule is that once an offer is rejected, it cannot be accepted. However, there is an exception for option contracts. An option contract is created when there is a promise to hold an offer open and consideration to support that promise. The rule for option contracts is that the offer can be accepted during the time the offer is held open even if there is a rejection first. The only exception to this is if the offeror takes steps in reliance on the offeree’s rejection prior to the acceptance. In this case, there was a valid option contract for $10.00 to hold open the offer. Ten dollars is not considered too “nominal” to hold open an offer. So, the option contract is valid. Next, the neighbor rejected the offer on January 2. (Normally this would prevent the neighbor from accepting the offer later; however, option contracts have special rules and state the offer can still be accepted so long as there is not reliance on the rejection.) The facts state that the “man did not take any steps in reliance” on the rejection. Thus, the January 3 acceptance was effective as it took place within the option deadline. (A) is incorrect because while it would be true if an option contract were not at issue, in this case the man paid to have the offer “open” and he can (generally) accept it within that time frame. (B) is incorrect as $10.00 is sufficient consideration to hold open an offer. (D) is incorrect simply because it is too broad. It uses the word “always” (which you should look out for!). It is not true that an option contract can always be accepted during the time that the offer is held open. In fact, if the man had relied on the neighbor’s rejection, the neighbor would not have been able to accept the offer. 10 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Criminal Law & Procedure MBE favorite: Miranda A man was arrested as the main suspect in a murder investigation. He was brought into an interrogation room but was not read his Miranda rights. A police officer asked the man, “Where were you on the night of May 2?” The man proceeded to confess to the murder. He also told the officer where to find the murder weapon. The officer immediately left the room, and he then realized that he accidentally forgot to read the man his Miranda rights. He reported his mistake to the chief, who decided to place the man in a holding cell while they searched for the weapon. The weapon was recovered. Two days later, the man was brought back into the interrogation room where he was questioned by a different officer. Prior to questioning, this officer properly read the man his Miranda rights. The man stated that he understood his rights and repeated his confession, although he left out any discussion of the murder weapon. At his trial, the man admitted that both of his statements were voluntarily made, but argued that they should each be suppressed, along with the weapon, because it all was fruit of a Miranda violation. Which, if any, piece(s) of evidence should be suppressed? (A) Both confessions and the weapon should be suppressed. (B) The first confession and the weapon should be suppressed, but the second confession should be admitted. (C) The first confession should be suppressed, but the weapon and the second confession should be admitted. (D) Both confessions should be suppressed, but the weapon should be admitted. 11 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Criminal Law & Procedure Answer (C) is the correct answer. The Supreme Court has held that officers are required to read a suspect his Miranda rights before the suspect is subject to a custodial interrogation. If the Miranda rights are not given, any incriminating statements made during the interrogation will not be admissible. However, physical evidence obtained as a result of an inadmissible confession will be admissible, so long as the confession is voluntary. Thus, the weapon will be admitted into evidence. Further, as long as the police did not engage in any nefarious conduct, a subsequent administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has given a voluntary but unwarned statement ordinarily should suffice to remove the conditions that precluded admission of the earlier statement. A suspect is not precluded from waiving his Miranda rights knowingly and intelligently if he has previously given an unwarned confession. If Miranda rights are read to the suspect after an unwarned confession and a subsequent confession is completely knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, it will be admitted. The “taint” of an earlier 12 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com unwarned confession is not transferred to a subsequent voluntary confession made after properly waiving Miranda rights. The totality of the circumstances should be examined. In this case, it is clear that the man’s first confession was obtained in violation of Miranda as he was not read his rights prior to being subject to a custodial interrogation. This confession will thus be suppressed. The man admitted that he made this confession voluntarily, and there is no evidence of improper conduct by the police. The officer accidentally made a mistake (as opposed to designing a scheme to elicit a confession without warnings, then administering warnings and forcing the man to confess again). As a result of this voluntary confession, the weapon will not be considered fruit of a constitutional violation, as the man’s constitutional rights were not violated. The second confession will also be admitted, as it was made voluntarily after a knowing and intelligent waiver of the man’s Miranda rights. As stated, there was no scheme crafted by the police to elicit a double confession out of the man. The man admitted his confession was voluntary, and there are no indications of any coercion or that his waiver was anything but knowing and intelligent. Therefore, the man’s second confession should be admitted. (A) is incorrect because it does not recognize that the weapon is not fruit of the poisonous tree and that the taint of the first confession does not apply to the second. (B) is incorrect because it does not recognize that the weapon is not fruit of the poisonous tree. (D) is incorrect because it does not recognize that the taint of the first confession does not apply to the second. 13 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Evidence MBE favorite: character evidence One snowy day, a woman drives her car into her neighbor’s mailbox. The neighbor sues the woman for negligence. The woman wants to offer evidence into the record that she is an extremely careful person. The neighbor objects. How will the court rule on the neighbor’s objection? (A) It will be overruled because the defendant may open the door to character evidence. (B) It will be overruled because habit evidence may be offered in a civil case. (C) It will be sustained because it is impermissible character evidence. (D) It will be sustained because it is prejudicial to the neighbor’s case. 14 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Evidence Answer (C) is the correct answer. Character evidence may permissibly be admitted into evidence in three ways: First, it may be admitted to prove a witness’s bad character for truthfulness only to impeach the witness. (This is an impeachment category. This is not applicable because the woman is not trying to impeach herself.) Second, in a civil case, character can only be used when it is an essential element of the case. This comes up in three scenarios: (i) negligent entrustment or hiring, (ii) defamation, and (iii) child custody. That is it. There are many reasons for this. Some scholars think allowing character evidence in a civil case would distract from the main issue of a case and permit the trier of fact to reward the good man and punish the bad, despite what the evidence says. Other scholars say it would substantially increase the amount of mental examinations if character evidence were expanded into areas of psychiatric evaluation and testing. It would also significantly extend the length of trial. So, remember character evidence is only allowed in very limited circumstances in a civil case. Third, in a criminal case, if character evidence is used it has to be offered by the defendant using reputation or opinion. The prosecution can then rebut with reputation, opinion, or impeach the defendant’s character witness with specific acts. So, in a criminal case, the defendant must “open the door.” The Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) allows the defendant 15 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com to “open the door” in criminal cases if he or she so chooses because the defendant has so much at stake. Indeed, he has his life and liberty at stake (unlike a civil case where only money is at stake). Here, the character evidence is not being used for impeachment so it does not fall into the first category. It’s not a criminal case so it does not fall into the third category. This is a civil case and the character evidence does not fall into one of the three scenarios above (negligent entrustment or hiring, defamation, or child custody) so it cannot be used. (A) is incorrect because this is not a criminal case. (B) is incorrect because this is not habit evidence. (Habit evidence is a regular response to a particular set of circumstances—e.g., “Mary takes the stairs two at a time.”) Here, she is trying to describe her driving habits generally. (D) is incorrect because it would otherwise be considered relevant evidence that is not overly prejudicial. However, character evidence is excluded from civil cases. 16 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Real Property MBE favorite: recording acts A local bartender owns Blackacre, which is an undeveloped piece of property next to his bar. On March 1, the bartender conveyed Blackacre to an investor who paid value and wanted to build an apartment complex on the property. The investor did not immediately record his interest. On April 1, the bartender sold the still undeveloped Blackacre to his son. The son did not know about the conveyance to the investor. The son immediately recorded the deed. On May 1, the investor recorded the deed and had a construction company start digging on the site. On June 1, the son sold Blackacre to his friend. On July 1, the bartender died. His will left Blackacre to his brother, who immediately recorded the deed. On August 1, the friend recorded his deed. The jurisdiction has a race-notice recording statute. In an action to quiet title, who will have priority rights to Blackacre? (A) The investor. (B) The son. (C) The friend. (D) The brother. 17 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Real Property Answer (C) is the correct answer. When faced with a priority battle for ownership of land, the common law rule is first-in-time first-in-right. State-enacted recording statutes have the power to change that result. A race-notice recording statute protects subsequent bona fide purchasers for value who take without notice and are the first to record. There are three types of notice: actual (the grantee has actual knowledge of a prior interest, resulting from, for example, someone telling him about it), inquiry (circumstances are such that the grantee should have investigated whether there was another interest in the land), and record (a prior interest is recorded in the chain of title). The shelter rule protects grantees that take from those protected by the recording statute, even if they themselves would not be protected. If you get to a question with complicated facts like this, it is helpful to jot them down: • 3/1 B → I (BFP. No rec.) • 4/1 B → S (BFP. Rec.) • 5/1 I rec. • 6/1 S → F (BFP. No rec.) • 7/1 B → Brother (Not BFP. Rec.) • 8/1 F rec. In this case, the investor was the first to receive a conveyance. However, he did not record immediately. The son was next to receive the property. The son took for value, there are no indications in the facts that he had any notice of the prior conveyance, and he recorded before the investor. Therefore, the son holds priority over the investor. The son then conveyed his interest to his friend. The friend did at least have inquiry notice of the investor’s interest, as the property was undergoing construction. Although the friend had notice, he is still protected under the shelter rule, as he took from someone who was 18 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com protected by the recording statute. Therefore, the friend holds priority over the investor. Note: the investor recorded outside of the chain of title so the friend would not have record notice of the investor's deed. Bar Exam Tip: If you see someone’s act of recording (“rec.”) out of place (e.g., it is not by the conveyance to him—it is after the B → S transaction) then it is outside the chain of title! If you struggle with the shelter rule, remember the purpose of it. The purpose is not to protect the friend in this case. The purpose is to protect the son, who did everything right under the statute and so should be allowed to do whatever he wants with the land, including selling it to his friend who may have notice of the investor’s interest. The brother was last to receive a conveyance but is not protected by the recording statute for many reasons. The brother did not pay value for the property and had notice of a prior interest. He is not protected by the recording statute. Accordingly, the friend has priority over the brother. (A) is incorrect because the investor did not record before the son. The son is protected under the recording statute, and his conveyance to his friend then makes the friend protected under the shelter rule. (B) is incorrect because the son conveyed his interest away. (D) is incorrect because the brother was not a bona fide purchaser for value who took without notice and is therefore not protected under the recording statute. 19 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Torts MBE favorite: negligence/duty A man owned a house in a suburban neighborhood. One day he discovered that the second step of his front porch was very wobbly. Without the time to fix the step this month, he created a sign to hang on the handrail that leads up the stairs. The sign read, “USE CAUTION – WOBBLY STEP – COULD CAUSE INJURIES.” The sign was properly placed and easily visible. A few days later, the man invited one of his new neighbors, an elderly woman, over for lunch. The neighbor approached the stairs, saw the sign, but decided to use the staircase regardless. When she stepped on the wobbly stair, it caused her to slip. The neighbor was still healing from a recently broken hip, and the resulting fall from this slip caused her hip to re-break. If the neighbor were to sue the man for negligence, who is most likely to win? (A) The neighbor, because the man breached his duty to the neighbor to make the step safe as soon as he learned of its dangers. (B) The neighbor, because the step was the actual and proximate cause of the neighbor’s injury. (C) The man, because he did not breach a duty that he owed to the neighbor. (D) The man, because the neighbor assumed the risk that she may fall. 20 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Torts Answer (C) is the correct answer. To succeed on a claim for negligence, the plaintiff must prove (i) duty, (ii) breach, (iii) causation, and (iv) harm. In a premises liability situation, the duty that is owed to a plaintiff depends on the plaintiff’s status on the land. A licensee is a social guest who has permission to enter the land but does not confer an economic benefit on the possessor of the land. A land possessor has a duty to a licensee to warn or make safe all concealed dangers that the possessor knows of. The duty and breach of duty aspects of negligence are all about acting as a reasonable person would under the circumstances. Thus, any possessor must act as a reasonable person would in warning of or making safe all known dangerous conditions on the land. In this case, the neighbor is a licensee, as she had permission to enter the land but was not there to confer an economic benefit on the man. The man, therefore, had a duty to the neighbor to warn or make safe all concealed dangers that he knew of. The man knew the stair was wobbly and so he created and hung a warning sign, indicating to anyone walking up the stairs that the wobbly stair posed a danger. The text of the sign was in all capital letters and posted in a conspicuous place. This was certainly a reasonably sufficient warning, and the man acted as any reasonable person would when warning of this danger, thus satisfying his duty owed to licensees. (A) is incorrect because the man did not have to make the dangerous condition safe as long as he maintained an adequate warning of it. The duty owed to a licensee is to warn or make safe all concealed dangers that the possessor knows of, and thus the fact that the man did not immediately fix the step does not mean he automatically breached his duty. 21 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com (B) is incorrect. Just because the step caused the neighbor’s injuries does not mean that the man is automatically liable. The neighbor still has to show that the man breached a duty of care owed to her. (D) is incorrect for two reasons. First, it does not recognize that the man did not breach a duty of care. Second, even if the jury did find that the neighbor assumed the risk, under the pure comparative fault scheme applied on the MBE, the man would still be liable if he breached a duty; the neighbor’s damages would merely be reduced by the fault percentage attributed to her. 22 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com Overview of Services Provided by JD Advising Check out our bar exam sale here! Supplemental Classes • MEE Mastery Class: This popular Mastery Class focuses on the highly tested areas of law and issues ripe for testing. We give you the best review of the highly tested topics so you can maximize your MEE score! Prior Mastery Class equivalents covered over 90% of the MEE topics. ($100 off with the sale!) • MBE Mastery Class: This new-style MBE Mastery Class will focus on the examiners’ favorite MBE issues to test. We review 35 actual, official NCBE-released questions together and discuss how to approach them. We include memorable diagrams, charts, and images. 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Check out jdadvising.com/blog! 24 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com E-mail: info@jdadvising.com Phone: 248-228-5547 Website: www.jdadvising.com *Sale prices are only effective as of the date of this webinar (7/5/23). Please check www.jdadvising.com for the most up-to-date prices. 25 | © JD Advising www.jdadvising.com info@jdadvising.com