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+1
Ntjpapay;
vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd
gFg;gha;T
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jpU.ng.ehuhazrhkp>M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,
KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>
P.H.N.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> fhkhl;rpGuk;;.
jpU.vd;.rPdpthrd;>M.Sc., M.Ed., M.Phil.,
KJepiy Ntjpapay; Mrphpah;>
Sri.V.V.Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> ntq;flhryGuk;.
Njdp khtl;lk;.
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nghUslf;fk;
thpir
vz;
cg;gpd; ngah;
gf;fk;
1.
nyl; iel;Nul;
3
2.
fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
5
3.
fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
7
4.
nghpf; FNshiuL
9
mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;
11
6.
mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;
13
7.
[pq;f; ry;Ngl;
15
8.
[pq;f; ry;igL
17
9.
fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;
19
10.
Nghpak; FNshiuL
21
11.
nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;
23
12.
nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;
25
13.
nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;
27
14.
mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL
29
15.
mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL
31
5.
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2
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+1-Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 1 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nyl; iel;Nul;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
1.
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
2.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;
3.
4.
5.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
ntsp tUfpwJ.
iel;Nul; ,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl +
ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
eidj;j jhis
gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
mkpyk; fye;j
ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
eidj;j jhis
gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
eidj;j jhis gOg;G
epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;.
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; +
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
FNshiuL> GNuhikL
ry;igL ,y;iy.
2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; +
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
3
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3 Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
4
5
6
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll;Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhfpwJ.
iel;Nul;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;.
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
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g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH.
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid.
nyl; (njhFjp I )
njhFjp I tPo;gbT + eP;H + ntg;gk; +
2 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL fiury;.
KbT
kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbT>
#lhd ePhpy; fiuj;J
Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ
kpd;Dk; jq;f
epwj; Jfs;fshf
Njhd;WfpwJ.
nyl;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G iel;Nul;
fhu cWg;G nyl;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nyl; iel;Nul;
4
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 2 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
1.
2.
fhz;gd
mwptd
ePy epwk;.
fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
3.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePyk; fye;j gr;ir
epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
4.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL> ,y;iy.
6.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
7.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
5.
8.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
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9.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO 4 + ntg;gk;.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
1.
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
,y;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
2.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
3.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
mjpf msT
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
fiufpwJ.
ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
ePh;j;j H2SO4 y;
fiutjpy;iy.
ry;Ngl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahfcs;sJ.
5
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
6.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH.
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
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njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
2
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
fhg;gh;
(njhFjp II )
njhFjp II tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk; +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH +
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; ngh;Nuh raidL
fiury;.
KbT
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
fhg;gh;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;
6
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 3 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
1.
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
2.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.
4.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
5.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;.
6.
7.
8.
mwptd
gr;ir epwk;.
fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
ePyk; fye;j gr;ir
epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
fhg;gh;
cs;sJ.
epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA>
njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu
ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ.
fhh;gNdl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
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9.
1.
2.
3.
fhz;gd
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
,y;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
7
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
6.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf; fiury;
jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH.
cg;Gf;fiury;.
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
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njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
2
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
fhg;gh; (njhFjp (II)
njhFjp II tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HNO3 + ntg;gk +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp CH3COOH +
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; ngh;Nuh raidL
fiury;.
KbT
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
fhg;gh;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G fhh;gNdl;
fhu cWg;G fhg;gh;;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhg;gh; fhh;gNdl;
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 4 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nghpf; FNshiuL)
t.v
z;
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
1.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
2.
3.
4.
5.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
6.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
7.
8.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
fhz;gd
Mwptd
gOg;G epwk.;
nghpf; FNshiuL
,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;>
ry;igL ,y;iy.
epwkw;w thA>
NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA>
];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis
ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
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9.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA>
nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld;
kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit
jUfpwJ.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
1.
2.
3.
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
AgNO3 Nrhjid
japh; Nghd;w
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
ntz;
zpw tPo;gbT>
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf mkpyk;
,y;iy.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury;+
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
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njhFjpg; gphpg;G
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
2
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
gOg;G epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf; cs;sJ.
1
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
nghpf; (njhFjp III )
njhFjp III tPo;gbT + 1 kpyp Nrhbak;
nguhf;irL + 1 kpyp HCl + ntg;gk; +
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; ngh;Nuh raidL
fiury;.
ePy epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
nghpf;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G FNshiuL
fhu cWg;G nghpf;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nghpf; FNshiuL
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 5 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
1.
2.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
3.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
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FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
1.
2.
3.
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
,y;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
mjpfmsT
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
fiufpwJ.
ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
ePh;j;j H2SO4 y;
fiutjpy;iy.
ry;Ngl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahfcs;sJ.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
6.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
1
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cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
2
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
gir Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
mYkpdpak; cs;sJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
mYkpdpak; (njhFjp III )
njhFjp III tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; nguhf;irL +
ntg;gk; + 1 kyp ePh;j;j HCl
KbT
gir Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
mYkpdpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 6 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
1.
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
2.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl +
ntg;gk;.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G +MnO2 +mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
ntsp tUfpwJ.
iel;Nul;
,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
eidj;j jhis
gOg;G epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
mkpyk; fye;j ngu];
ry;Ngl;by; eidj;j jhis
gr;ir epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
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fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
<ukhd ngu]; ry;Ngl;by;
eidj;j jhis gOg;G
epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
iel;Nul; cs;sJ.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk; + Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
,y;
i
y.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; +
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy
13
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhfpwJ.
iel;Nul;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
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cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
2
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
gir Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
mYkpdpak; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
mYkpdpak; (njhFjp III )
gir Nghd;w
njhFjp III tPo;gbT +
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
1 kpyp Nrhbak; nguhf;irL +
cz;lhfpwJ.
ntg;gk; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G iel;Nul;
fhu cWg;G mYkpdpak;
mYkpdpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mYkpdpak; iel;Nul;
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 7 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(rpq;f; ry;Ngl;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
1.
2.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
3.
4.
5.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
6.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
7.
8.
fhz;gd
mwptd
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
epwkw;wJ.
#lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j
epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
[pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL> ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
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9.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh;; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit
1.
+ 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
,y;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
2.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
3.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
mjpfmsT
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
fiufpwJ.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
ePh;j;j H2SO4 y;
fiutjpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
ry;Ngl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahfcs;sJ.
15
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury.;
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
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cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
2
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
[pq;f; (njhFjp IV )
njhFjp IV tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk; +
1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;
KbT
njspthd fiury;
cz;lhfpwJ.
[pq;f;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G [pq;f;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;Ngl;
16
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 8 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(rpq;f; ry;igL)
t.v
z;
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
1.
2.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.
fhz;gd
epwkw;wJ.
#lhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ
kQ;rs; epwkhfTk;> Fsph;e;j
epiyapy; ntz;ikahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mwptd
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
[pq;f; ,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
epwkw;w> mOfpa
Kl;ilapd; ehw;wj;Jld;
$ba thA> nyl;
mrpl;Nll;by; eidj;j
jhis fUg;ghf khw;WfpwJ
ry;igL
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahfcs;sJ.
4.
ePh;j;j HC l cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
5.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
6.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4+ ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
7.
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fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;.
8.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
9.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
1.
2.
3.
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
AgNO3 Nrhjid
fUik epw
ry;igL cs;sJ.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhfpwJ.
ry;igL cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
cg;Gf;fiury;.
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
2
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
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njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy
mOf;F ntz;zpw
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; cs;sJ.
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
[pq;f; (njhFjp IV )
njhFjp IV tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk; +
1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
KbT
njspthd fiury;
cz;lhfpwJ.
[pq;f;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;igL
fhu cWg;G [pq;f;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G [pq;f; ry;igL
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 9 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v
z;
1.
2.
3.
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
nrq;fy; rptg;G
epwr;Rlh; cz;lhfpwJ.
fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.
epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA>
njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu
ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ.
fhh;gNdl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahfcs;sJ.
4.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
5.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
6.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G +MnO2 +mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
7.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
8.
9.
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NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1.
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
ry;igL ,y;iy.
2.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
3.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp + NaOH
cg;Gf;fiury;.
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
2
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
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4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy.
5
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak; my;yJ
fhy;rpak; cs;sJ.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
fhy;rpak;
(njhFjp V )
njhFjp V tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntg;gk; +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl; fiury;.
ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
,t; tPo;gbit
mlh; HCl cld;
girahf;fp>fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpapy; giria
vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nrq;fy; rptg;G epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
fhy;rpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G fhh;gNdl;
fhu cWg;G fhy;rpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;
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1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 10 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(Nghpak; FNshiuL)
t.v
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
6.
7.
8.
nra;td
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Mg;gps; gr;ir epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
Nghpak; cs;sJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
epwkw;w thA>
NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
gr;ir kQ;rs; epw thA>
];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis
ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
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9.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA>
nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld;
kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit
jUfpwJ.
FNshiuL
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1.
2.
3.
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury.;
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rh + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
japh; Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiy tbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
2
3
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4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
5
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
cs;sJ.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
Nghpak;
( njhFjp V )
njhFjp V tPo;gbT +
1 kpyp mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + ntg;gk; +
1 kpyp nghl;lhrpak; FNuhNkl; fiury;.
KbT
kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
,t; tPo;gbit
mlh; HCl cld;
girahf;fp>fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpapy; giria
vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gr;ir epwr;Rlh;
cz;lhfpwJ.
Nghpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G FNshiuL
fhu cWg;G Nghpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G Nghpak; FNshiuL
22
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 11 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;)
t.v
z;
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL ,y;iy.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
1.
8.
fhz;gd
nra;td
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FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1.
2.
3.
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
mjpf msT
mk;Nkhdpak; mrpl;Nll;by;
fiufpwJ.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
ePh;j;j H2SO4 y;
fiutjpy;iy.
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
ry;igL ,y;iy.
ry;Ngl; cs;sJ.
ry;Ngl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahfcs;sJ.
23
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury;.
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
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4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy
5
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy.
6
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak;
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.
2
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI )
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp nkf;drhd;
tpidnghUs;.
KbT
ePy epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
nkf;dPrpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G ry;Ngl;
fhu cWg;G nkf;dPrpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl;
24
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 12 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;)
t.v
z;
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;
1.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
2.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
3.
4.
5.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
6.
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G +1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
7.
8.
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
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9.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1.
2.
3.
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;;hpf; mkpyk;
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
ry;igL ,y;iy.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
25
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
5.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
6.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
gh];Ngl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
cg;Gf;fiury.;
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
2
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3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
5
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak;
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.
1
6
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI)
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp
tpidnghUs;.
KbT
nkf;drhd;
ePy epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
nkf;dPrpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G gh];Ngl;
fhu cWg;G nkf;dPrpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; gh];Ngl;
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 13 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;)
t.v
z;
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
1.
2.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
3.
4.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
5.
6.
7.
8.
nra;td
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;
.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh; H2SO4
+ ntg;gk;.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
fhz;gd
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
[pq;f;> mk;Nkhdpak;
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
epwkw;w> nebaw;w thA>
njspe;j Rz;zhk;G ePiu
ghy; Nghy; khw;WfpwJ.
fhh;gNdl;
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
iel;Nul;> FNshiuL
GNuhikL ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>
GNuhikL ,y;iy
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
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9.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
epwkw;w> neba kzKila
thA cz;lhftpy;iy.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1.
AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf; mkpyk;
+ 1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
FNshiuL>GNuhikL
ry;igL ,y;iy.
2.
nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
3.
Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
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4. gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
6.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + 3 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
cg;Gf;fiury;.
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
2
3
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4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
5
6
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak;
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhfpwJ.
njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
nkf;dPrpak; cs;sJ.
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
nkf;dPrpak; (njhFjp VI )
nkf;dPrpak;
ePy epw tPo;gbT
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp
nkf;drhd;
cz;lhfpwJ.
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
tpidnghUs;.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G fhh;gNdl;
fhu cWg;G nkf;dPrpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 14 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL)
t.v
z;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
fhz;gd
epwkw;wJ.
epwkw;w nebAs;s thA>
rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy
epwkhfTk;>mlh; HCl y;
eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
epwkw;w thA>
NH3 y; eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
gr;ir kQ;rs; epwthA>
MnO2 Nrhjid
];lhh;r; mNahilL jhis
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh;H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
ePy epwkhf khw;WfpwJ.
mwptd
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,Uf;fyhk;.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy..
iel;Nul;> fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL> ,y;iy.
FNshiuL cs;sJ
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
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fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; + mlh;
H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
8.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
9.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
epwkw;w neba kzKila
thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j
fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh;
ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA>
nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiurYld;
kQ;rs; epw tPo;gbit
jUfpwJ.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
mk;Nkhdpak;
cs;sJ.
FNshiuL
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; +
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk; +
1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
japh; Nghd;w
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT>
NH4OH y; fiufpwJ.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL cs;sJ.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
29
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Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;.
gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
4. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury; +
mlh; HNO3
6.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
g+[;[paj; njhFj;pf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
cg;Gf;fiury;
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak;
cs;sJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
cg;Gf;fiury + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy.
2
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3
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
5
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
6
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak;
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy.
njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
nkf;dPrpak; ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
mk;Nkhdpak; (g+[;[paj;njhFjp)
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp
1 kpyp NaOH.
ne];yh;fuzp +
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
KbT
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G FNshiuL
fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL
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+1 - Ntjpapay;
cg;G vz; : 15 vspa cg;gpw;fhd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
(mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL)
t.v
z;
1.
nra;td
Muk;g epiyr; Nrhjidfs;
epwk;.
ntg;gr; Nrhjid
cg;G + ntg;gk;.
3.
Rlh; Nrhjid
rpw;wfypy; rpwpJ cg;G + mlh; HCl
girahf;fp> fz;zhbf; Fr;rpapy;
giria vLj;J Gd;rd; Rlhpy;
fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ePh;j;j HCl cld; tpid
cg;G + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl + ntg;gk;.
mlh; H2SO4 cld; tpid
cg;G + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
mwptd
epwkw;wJ.
fhg;gh;> ,Uk;G
cg;Gfs; ,y;iy.
epwkw;w nebAs;s thA>
rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy
epwkhfTk;> mlh; HCl y;
eidj;j fz;zhbf;
Fr;rpAld; mlh; ntz;
Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
2.
4.
fhz;gd
MnO2 Nrhjid
cg;G + MnO2 + mlh; H2SO4 +
ntg;gk;.
fhg;gh; JUty; Nrhjid
cg;G + fhg;gh; JUty; +
mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
mk;Nkhdpak;
,Uf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epwr;Rlh;
,y;iy.
fhg;gh;>
fhy;rpak;> Nghpak;;
,y;iy.
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk;
,y;iy.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
<ukhd GNshnu];rpd;
jhis gr;ir epwkhf
khw;WfpwJ.
nrk;gOg;G epw thA>
<ukhd GNshnu];rpd;
jhis rptg;G epwkhf
khw;WfpwJ.
iel;Nul;>fhh;gNdl;
ry;igL ,y;iy.
GNuhikL
cs;sJ.
GNuhikL
cs;sJ.
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nrk;gOg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
NaOH Nrhjid
cg;G + 1 kpyp NaOH + ntg;gk;.
epwkw;w neba kzKila
thA> mlh; HCl y; eidj;j
fz;zhbf; Fr;rpAld; mlh;
ntz; Gifiaj; jUfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak;
cs;sJ.
FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjid
cg;G + jpz;k nghl;lhrpak; ilf;
FNuhNkl; + mlh; H2SO4 + ntg;gk;.
MuQ;R rptg;G epw thA
cz;lhftpy;iy.
FNshiuL ,y;iy.
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW jahhpj;jy;
Kfit + 1 fp cg;G + 3 fp Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; + 20 kpyp thiy tbePh; +
rpy epkplq;fs; nfhjpj;jy; & Fsph;tpj;jy; + tbfl;ly;
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; rhW (tbePh;).
1 AgNO3 Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j iel;hpf;mkpyk; +
1 kpyp AgNO3 fiury;.
2 nyl; mrpl;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
+1 kpyp nyl; mrpl;Nll; fiury;.
ntspwpa kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT> NH4OH y;
Fiwthf fiufpwJ.
GNuhikL
mkpy cWg;G
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
31
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Nghpak; FNshiuL Nrhjid
3 Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HCl +
1 kpyp BaCl2 fiury;
gOg;G tisar; Nrhjid
4. Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j H2SO4 +
Gjpa ngh;u]; ry;Ngl; fiury; +
mlh; H2SO4 Jspj;Jspahf Fohapd;
cs;Rth; topNa Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + ePh;j;j HNO3 +
1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak; khypg;Nll; fiury;
+ mlh; HNO3
5.
Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL Nrhjid
Na2CO3 rhW + 1 kpyp NH4OH fiury; +
1 kpyp Nrhbak; iel;Nuh GUirL fiury;.
6.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;Ngl; ,y;iy.
gOg;G epw tisak;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
iel;Nul; ,y;iy.
fhdhp kQ;rs; epw
tPo;gbT ,y;iy.
gh];Ngl; ,y;iy.
Cjh epw fiury;
cz;lhftpy;iy.
ry;igL ,y;iy.
fhu cWg;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;
cg;Gf;fiury; jahhpj;jy;
cg;G + thiytbePh; + ntg;gk;
g+[;[paj; njhFjpf;fhd Nrhjid
cg;Gf;fiury; + ne];yh; fuzp+ NaOH
cg;Gf;fiury.;
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak;
cs;sJ.
njhFjpg; gphpg;G
1
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp ePh;j;j HCl
2
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njhFjp I fiury; + H2S thA
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
fUik epw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
4
njhFjp III fiury; + H2S thA
mOf;F ntz;zpw
tPo;gbT cz;lhftpy;iy.
5
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp (NH4)2CO3.
3
6
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp NH4Cl +
1 kpyp NH4OH + 1 kpyp mk;Nkhdpak;
il i`l;u[d; gh];Ngl;;
njhFjp I fhucWg;G
nyl; ,y;iy.
njhFjp II fhucWg;G
fhg;gh; ,y;iy.
njhFjp III fhucWg;G
nghpf;> mYkpdpak;
,y;iy
njhFjp IV fhucWg;G
[pq;f; ,y;iy.
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp V fhucWg;G
Nghpak;> fhy;rpak;
,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
cz;lhftpy;iy.
njhFjp VI fhucWg;G
nkf;dPrpak; ,y;iy.
ntz;zpw tPo;gbT
fhu cWg;Gf;fhd cWjpr;Nrhjid
mk;Nkhdpak;
(g+[;[paj;njhFjp)
cg;Gf;fiury; + 1 kpyp
1 kpyp NaOH.
KbT
ne];yh;fuzp +
nrk;gOg;G epw
tPo;gbT cz;lhfpwJ.
mk;Nkhdpak;
cWjpahf cs;sJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;gpy; cs;s mkpy cWg;G GNuhikL
fhu cWg;G mk;Nkhdpak;
vdNt nfhLf;fg;gl;l cg;G mk;Nkhdpak; GNuhikL.
32
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