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What tumor suppressor gene does the E6 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::p53}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What tumor suppressor does the E7 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Rb (specifically p105-Rb)}}</div>"<i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Conveniently, E6 inhibits p53, E7 inhibits Rb. 6 before 7; P before R</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
A&nbsp;{{c1::sinonasal papilloma}} is a <u>benign tumor</u> of the <b>squamous mucosa of the sinuses</b> that is thought to be due to HPV infectionLolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::<b>Laryngeal papillomas</b>}} are benign <b>papillary</b>&nbsp;squamous proliferations commonly found on the <b>{{c1::true}} vocal cords</b>, associated with <u>HPV</u>{{c2::-<u>6</u>}} and <u>HPV</u>{{c2::-<u>11</u>}}"<div><br></div><div>True vocal cords are made of <b>stratified squamous epithelium</b> - recall that HPV has a predilectation to SSE</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-21586505630272.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::<b>Koilocytes</b>}} have characteristic {{c2::<b>perinuclear</b>}} <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b>{{c3::HPV}}</b> infections"<div><br></div><img src=""paste-11768210391221.jpg""><div><div><img src=""paste-42979737731225.jpg""></div></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the most common cause of Condyloma acuminata?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV6; HPV11}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::Condyloma Acuminatum}} is a type of Condyloma that is caused by HPV, typically types 6 and 11"<div><br></div><img src=""paste-27908697489985.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::Koilocytes}} are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and are a hallmark of HPV infection"<i><br></i><div><i style=""""><b>Raisin-like nuclei, with perinuclear halos</b>; v</i><i>ery apparent in Condyloma Acuminatum</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-38805029519363.jpg""><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-93793495810464.jpg""><img src=""paste-43301860278559.jpg""></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the carcinoma risk associated with HPV 6 and HPV 11?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Low}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What types of HPV are the cause of HPV-related vulvar carcinoma?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::High Risk HPVs (16, 18, 31, 33)}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></i>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which type of Vulvar Carcinoma is typically seen in women of reproductive age?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::HPV}}-related</div>Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the most common cause of <b>Vaginal</b> Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::High-risk HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33)}}</div>"<i>16, 18 account for 70%</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which area of the <u>cervix</u> is especially targeted by <b>HPV</b>?<div><br>{{c1::Transformation zone}}</div>"<i>Columnar epithelium (endoderm) to Straified Squamous epithelium (ectoderm)</i><div><i><br></i><div><i><img src=""untitled1364872030570.png""></i></div></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 16?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::High}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 18?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::High}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23716809408963.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 31?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::High}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 33?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::High}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 6?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Low}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"">&nbsp;"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 11?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Low}}</div>"<div><i>HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 are high risk</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"">&nbsp;<i><br></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which protein from high-risk HPV strains binds to p53?<div><br />{{c1::E6}}</div>"<i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i><div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg""><br></div><div><img src=""paste-37787122270211 (1).jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::E6}} is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to {{c2::p53}}"<br><div><i>""6 before 7, P before R""</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::E7}} is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to&nbsp;{{c2::Rb}}"<div><br></div>Specifically p105-Rb<div><br><div><i>""6 before 7, P before R""</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which protein from high-risk HPV binds to <b>Rb</b> (specifically <b>p105-Rb</b>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::E7}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::<b>Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)</b>}} is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b>{{c2::p53}}</b> and <b>{{c2::Rb}}</b> following {{c3::HPV}} infection"<div><br></div><div>Recall that high risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33) encode proteins E6 and E7, which knock out p53 and Rb, respectively<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What are the most common types of high-risk HPV? (2)<div><br></div><div>{{c1::HPV 16; HPV 18}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What are the most common types of low-risk HPV? (2)<div><br></div><div>{{c1::HPV6; HPV11}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the key risk factor for Cervical Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::High-risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33)}}</div>"<div><i>HPV 16 and 18 account for more than 70% of all Cervical Carcinoma</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the <u>most common</u> type of <b>Cervical Carcinoma</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Squamous Cell Carcinoma (80%)}}</div>"<div><i>Adenocarcinoma is 15% of cases; both are related to HPV</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the gold standard procedure for screening for Cervical Carcinoma?<div><div><br></div><div>{{c1::Pap Smear}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""paste-3715146711394.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which subtypes of HPV are covered by the current quadrivalent vaccine?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::HPV 6, 11, 16, 18}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31516470018627.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the most common cause of CIN and Cervical Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 (high risk HPV)}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></i>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cancer risk associated with HPV42-44?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Low}}</div>Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What 2 urogenital disorders are associated with low-risk HPV subtypes?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Condylomas and warts}}</div>"<i>HPV 1-4 = verruca vulgaris (cutaneous warts)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>HPV 6,11 = condyloma accuminata (anogenital warts)</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-26328149525064.jpg""></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::Koilocytes}} are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and involve a nucleus with a '<b>raisin-like</b>' shape"<div><br></div><img src=""paste-5265629905230.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-93797790777760.jpg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What strains of HPV cause Condylomata Acuminatum?<div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV6; HPV11}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-6532645257480.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6562710028496.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the most common risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?<div><br /></div><div><div>{{c1::High-risk HPV [16, 18, 31, 33] (66% of cases)}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""paste-28162100560450.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-7413113553274.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Besides high-risk HPV, what is the second most major risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lack of circumcision and poorly maintained foreskin}}</div>Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
{{c1::Verruca (Warts)}} are soft, flesh-coloured, <b>cauliflower-like papules</b> that appear on the skin due to <b>HPV infection</b> of <u>keratinocytes</u>"<div><i><br></i></div><i>On the genitals it is called <b>Condyloma acuminatum</b></i><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-21955872817443.jpg"">&nbsp;<i><br></i><div><i><img src=""paste-12292196401378.jpg""><img src=""paste-12313671237855.jpg""></i></div></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What is the cause of Verruca (Warts)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV}} infection of {{c1::Keratinocytes}}</div>"<div>HPV 1-4</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-21955872817443.jpg"">&nbsp;"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which cell cycle checkpoint is blocked by p53?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::G1 to S}}</div>"<div><br></div><i>Hence a mutation can cause uncontrolled cell division.</i><div><i>Also blocked by hypophosphorylated Rb&nbsp;<br></i><div><img src=""paste-661424963871.jpg""></div></div>"A_MASTER biochemistry cellular_biochemistry general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Which cell cycle checkpoint is blocked by hypophosphorylated Rb?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::G1 to S}}</div>"<div><br /></div><i>Hence a mutation can cause uncontrolled cell division.</i><br /><div><img src=""paste-661424963871.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER biochemistry cellular_biochemistry general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Why doesn't <i>Rickettsia</i>&nbsp;gram stain well?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Intracellular parasite}}</div>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
Which stain is used to best visualize <i>Chlamydia</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa stain}}</div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" />"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology
Which stain is used to best visualize <i>Borrelia</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30588757082371.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology
Which stain is best used to visualize<i>&nbsp;</i>Rickettsiae?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology
Which stain is used to visualize Trypanosomes?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology
Which stain is used to visualize <i>Plasmodium</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology
Which stain is used to visualize <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::India ink}}</div><br /><div><i>Mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red.</i></div>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans Microbiology
Which <u>special</u> culture media/agar is used to <i>isolate</i> <i><b>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</b></i>&nbsp;or <i><b>Neisseria meningitidis</b></i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Thayer-Martin (VPN) media::... aka ...}}</div>"<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-2903397892452.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2942052598113.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-1095216660625.jpg"" /></div>"1402177515133
{{c1::Lowenstein-Jensen agar::Which special culture media/agar}} is used to isolate&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>}}<div><br /></div>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Microbiology
{{c1::<b>Eaton agar</b>::Which special culture media/agar}}&nbsp;is used to isolate <i>{{c2::Mycoplasma pneumoniae}}</i>, as it contains&nbsp;{{c3::<u>cholesterol</u>}} necessary for growth<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements Microbiology
{{c1::<b>Sabouraud agar</b>::Which special culture media/agar}} is used to isolate&nbsp;{{c2::<u>fungi</u>}}<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><i><b>Sab</b>&nbsp;is a <b>fun-guy</b>!</i></div>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Microbiology
{{c1::<i>Rickettsia spp.</i>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Chlamydia spp.</i>}} are <b>obligate intracellular</b>, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their own ATP."<br /><div><img src=""paste-2452426326172.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
{{c1::<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>}} is a species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that is <b>encapsulated</b>.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-6360846565829.jpg"" />"1402347679561A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
What is the <b>urease</b> expression of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive}}</div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-6107443495341.jpg"" />"1402352728938A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus Microbiology sketchymicro
What is the <b>urease</b> expression of <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Positive}}</div>"<img src=""paste-6111738462637.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-4565550235767.jpg"" /></div>"1402352742276
What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Resistant}}</div>"<div><i><b>""NO S</b>t<b>RES</b>s""</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-4891967750576.jpg"" /><br /></i><div><img src=""paste-17252883628284.jpg"" /></div></div>"1402441976942A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus Microbiology sketchymicro
What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sensitive}}</div>"<div><br /></div><i>""<b>NO</b>&nbsp;<b>S</b>t<b>RES</b>s""</i><div><i><img src=""paste-4647154614703.jpg"" /><br /></i><div><img src=""paste-17248588660988.jpg"" /></div></div>"1402442693838A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<u>Preformed</u>&nbsp;<b>enterotoxins</b>::Which&nbsp;<u>exotoxin</u>}}&nbsp;from <i>{{c2::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i>&nbsp;causes <b><u>{{c3::rapid::rapid or slow}}</u>-onset food poisoning</b><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><i>Incubation period is very short (2-6 hrs) due to the toxins being pre-formed. The enterotoxin is heat stable and hence is not destroyed by cooking.</i></div><div><i>Also seen with Bacillus cereus and reheated rice</i></div>1402456236692A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus Microbiology sketchymicro
Which <i>Staphylococcus </i>species is the <b>2nd most common</b>&nbsp;cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><i>Escherichia coli is the most common.</i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 5.58.51 PM.png"" /></div>"1402457468984A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus Microbiology sketchymicro
Which <u>bacteria</u> is the most common cause of <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /><div><div>{{c1::<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>}}</div></div></div>"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">C-MOPS</font>!<br /></i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-25396141621449.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26530012987655.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins Microbiology
Where in the body are Group D Streptococci (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>&nbsp;and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>) normally found?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Colon (GI) and urogenital (GU)}}</div>"<br /><div><i>Group D streptococci include:</i></div><div><i>Enterococcal</i></div><div><i>Non-enterococcal (Streptococcus bovis)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">t</font><font color=""#ffff00"">herefore in instrumental procedures that involve the GI/GU tract, infection can occur</font></i></div>"1402524036532A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<b>Subacute endocarditis</b>}} is a cardiac complication caused by<div>{{c3::Group D Streptococci (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>)}}&nbsp;following {{c2::<b>GI</b>}}/{{c2::<b>GU</b>}} procedures.<div><br /></div></div>"<div>U-World ?: ""The patient's medical history is most likely to include which of the following?"": cystoscopy (scoping of the genitourinary system)</div><div>-Subacute endocarditis with enterococcus is common after GI/GU procedures (normal flora of colon and urogenital tract)</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.23.02 PM.png"" />"1402524179050A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus Microbiology sketchymicro
Which toxin from <i>Clostridium tetani</i>&nbsp;causes <b>Tetanus</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetanospasmin}}</div><br /><div><i>Remember, tetanospasmin travels <u>retrograde</u>&nbsp;through the motor neuron,&nbsp;cleaving SNARE proteins involved in neurotransmission. It prevents the release of GABA and Glycine, 2 inhibitory neurotransmitters, thereby causing <b>spastic paralysis</b>, trismus and risus sardonicus.</i></div>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani Microbiology
<b>{{c1::Granulomatosis Infantiseptica}}</b> is a complication of <i>{{c2::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i>&nbsp;infection in <b>neonates</b> that involves the formation of <b>pyogenic granulomas</b> distributed over the whole body.1402540822790A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<b>Pott Disease</b>}} is a possible complication of <b>extrapulmonary Tuberculosis</b> that involves spread of infection to <u>{{c2::vertebral bodies}}</u>."<br /><div><img src=""paste-48052094108001.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-48064979010087.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB Microbiology
What color colonies do <b>lactose</b>-fermenting enteric bacteria yield on <u>MacConkey agar</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pink}}</div>"<br /><div><i><b>""</b>Ma<b>C</b>on<b>KEE</b>'<b>S</b>""</i></div><div><i><b>- C</b>itrobacter</i></div><div><i>- <b>K</b>lebsiella</i></div><div><i>- <b>E</b>nterobacter</i></div><div><i>- <b>E</b>scherichia</i></div><div><i>- <b>S</b>erratia (weak fermenter)</i></div>"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::5.1_klebsiella,_enterobacter,_serratia Microbiology
Which species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;ferments glucose <b>and</b>&nbsp;maltose?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-7481833029991.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7494717931648.jpg"" /></div>"1402675610097A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<b>IgA Protease</b>}} is a <u>protein secreted by</u> <i>Neisseria spp.</i>&nbsp;that functions to <u>cleave</u> secreted host <b>Ig{{c2::A}}</b> at its <b>{{c2::hinge}} region</b>.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-4767413698915.jpg""><div>Allows colonization of mucosal surfaces</div>"1402675655473A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<i>Neisseria gonorrheae</i>::Which species of&nbsp;<i>Neisseria</i>}}&nbsp;is often found <u>intracellularly</u> in {{c2::<b>neutrophils (PMNs)</b>}}<div><br /></div>"<div>diplococci in a polynucleated cell</div><img src=""paste-14972255994214.jpg""><img src=""paste-1022202216727.jpg"">"1402676290201A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>::Which species of&nbsp;<i>Neisseria</i>}}&nbsp;has a <b>polysaccharide capsule</b>, which <u>inhibits</u>&nbsp;{{c2::phagocytosis}}<div><br></div><div><br></div>"<div><font color=""#ffff00"">Vaccine</font> against polysaccharide capsule</div><div><img src=""paste-8465380540769.jpg"" /></div>"1402676332023A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>}} is a species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that has <u>no {{c3::vaccine}}</u> due to rapid <i>antigenic variation</i> of <b>{{c2::pilus}} proteins.</b><div><br /></div>"<div>Aka fimbriae</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.47.35 PM.png"">"1402676915794A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview Microbiology sketchymicro
Which serotype of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>&nbsp;lacks a <b>vaccine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Type B}}</div>"<div>most infections in the U.S. and other developed countries are caused by the type B strain; <b>UWorld says that vaccines for type B have recently been introduced!</b></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-8808977924449.jpg"" />"1402676951058A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
<i>Neisseria {{c2::meningitidis}} </i>is&nbsp;transmitted via {{c1::<u>Respiratory</u>}} and {{c1::<u>Oral</u>}} <b>secretions</b><div><b><br /></b></div>"<div>spreads easily through college dorms (college aged kid with meningitis)</div><img src=""paste-8388071129539.jpg"" />"1402677908050A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
"{{c1::<b>Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome</b>}} is a rare complication of <u>{{c3::pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)}}</u>&nbsp;that involves inflammation of the <b>{{c2::liver}} capsule</b> and formation of ""<b>violin-string</b>"" adhesions.<div><br /></div>""<img src=""paste-17325898072422.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16952235917668.jpg"" />"1402677924333A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro
<u>{{c1::Neonatal Conjunctivitis}}</u> is an <b>early ({{c3::2}}-{{c3::5}} days)&nbsp;</b>ocular infection seen in neonates due to&nbsp;<i>{{c2::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}}</i>&nbsp;infection during childbirth."<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">First 2-5 days, vs. 1-2 weeks for chlamydia</font></i></div><img src=""paste-18678812770662.jpg"" />"1402678005051A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro
{{c1::<b>Septic Arthritis</b>}}, most commonly of the {{c1::<b>knee</b>}}&nbsp;is a <u>musculoskeletal complication</u> of <i>Neisseria {{c2::gonorrhoeae}}</i>&nbsp;infection.<div><br /></div>"<div>joint-tap will show purulent synovial fluid that does <u>not</u>&nbsp;gram stain (bc infection is intracellular - PMNs)</div><img src=""paste-18154826760551.jpg"" />"1402678070433A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro
What is the etiology of meningococcemia?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>}}</div>1402678102937A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
What is the treatment for <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftriaxone}} or {{c2::Penicillin G}}</div>"<div>Firefighter w/ 3 axes (cef-""tri-axe""-one)</div><img src=""paste-12292196401564.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-54421530607943.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12335146074564.jpg"" />"1402678661954A_MASTER basic_bacteriology clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides Microbiology sketchymicro
What is the etiology of <b>Relapsing Fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Borrelia recurrentis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-38306813313077.jpg"" />"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV Microbiology zoonotics
How is <b>Relapsing Fever</b> (<i>Borrelia recurrentis</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Louse}}</div>"<img src=""paste-38302518345781.jpg"" />"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV Microbiology zoonotics
Which <u>pet animals</u> are associated with <i>Campylobacter</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br />{{c1::Puppies}}</div>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) Microbiology UWorld_step1 zoonotics
What is the etiology of <b>Endemic</b>&nbsp;Typhus?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia typhi</i>}}</div>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics
What is the treatment for all disorders caused by <i>Rickettsia spp</i>.?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
"{{c1::Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever}} is a zoonotic infection caused by <i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>&nbsp;that presents with a rash that typically starts at the <b>wrists and ankles</b>&nbsp;and then spreads to the <b>trunk, palms and soles</b>.<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13151189860772.jpg"" /></div>""<br /><div><img src=""paste-14160507175097.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics
{{c1::Q Fever}} is a Rickettsial disease that can be obtained via aerosolized spores released from tick feces or cattle placenta.A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics
{{c1::Q Fever}} is a Rickettsial disorder caused by <i>Coxiella burnetti</i>&nbsp;that presents as pneumonia."<br /><div><img src=""paste-15302968475811.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics
Which serotypes of&nbsp;<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;are associated with Neonatal Conjunctivitis?<div><br />{{c1::D-K}}</div><br /><div><i>Neonatal disease is typically acquired during childbirth through the birthing canal.</i></div>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia Microbiology zoonotics
{{c1::Mucormycosis}} is an opportunistic yeast infection that is mostly seen in ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients.<div><br /></div><i>The fungi proliferate in the blood vessel wall when there is an excess of ketones and glucose. From there they penetrate the cribiform plate and enter the brain.</i><br /><div><i>Typically caused by Mucor sp. and Rhizopus spp.</i></div>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology
{{c1::Mucormycosis}} is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with <b>rhinocerebral</b>&nbsp;and <b>frontal lobe abscesses</b>.A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology
"{{c1::Mucormycosis}} is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with <b>headache</b>, <b>facial pain</b>, and a <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">black necrotic eschar on the face</u>.""<br /><div><i>There may be cranial nerve involvement as well.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-6030134083835.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6043018985737.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology
{{c1::<i>Mucor spp.</i>}} is a species of opportunistic fungus that presents as<b>&nbsp;nonseptate hyphae</b>&nbsp;branching at <u>wide angles</u>.A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology
What is the treatment (2) for <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::TMP-SMX}} or {{c1::Pentamidine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-36dd7e1d04ac94d74c620e37452de31a515d7ea2.jpg""><br><div><img src=""paste-f89daa00cdb72f75876523a68d442b0461deef43.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX Microbiology mycology
{{c1::<b>Toxoplasmosis</b>}} is a CNS protozoal infection that presents with <b>brain abscesses</b>&nbsp;in {{c2::HIV}} patients; seen as <u>ring-enhancing</u> brain lesions on CT/MRI."<div>Toxoplasmosis presents w/ <u>multiple lesions</u>; primary CNS lymphoma presents with a solitary lesion</div><div><img src=""paste-11016591114345.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-10642928959971.jpg"" />"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.1_toxoplasmosis Microbiology parasitology protozoa
Which subspecies of <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;is from <b>East</b>&nbsp;Africa?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><i>Rhod<b>esia</b> was located in south<b>east</b>&nbsp;Africa. Can't say I didn't try</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-16823386898914.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.2_Trypanosoma_brucei Microbiology parasitology protozoa
Which subspecies of&nbsp;<i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;is from <b>West</b>&nbsp;Africa?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><i>The <b>G</b>'s are all from the <b>West</b>&nbsp;side.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-16823386898914.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.2_Trypanosoma_brucei Microbiology parasitology protozoa
{{c1::African Sleeping Sickness}} is a CNS protozoal infection caused by <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;subspecies that is diagnosed by a <b>blood smear</b>.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div>will see <b>Trypomastigotes </b>on blood smear</div><img src=""paste-4771708666084.jpg"">"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.2_Trypanosoma_brucei Microbiology parasitology protozoa
{{c1::<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>}}&nbsp;is the etiology of <b>{{c2::Chagas Disease}}</b>"<img src=""paste-8942121910501.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20980915241125.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-27560805138916.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa
{{c1::<b>Chagas</b> <b>Disease</b>}} is a visceral <u>protozoal infection</u> that presents with <b>{{c2::dilated}} cardiomyopathy</b>, <b>mega-{{c3::colon}}</b>&nbsp;and <b>mega-{{c3::esophagus}}</b>"<img src=""paste-21698174779806.jpg"" />"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa
Where does <b>Chagas Disease</b> predominantly occur?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::South America}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa
"How is <b>Chagas Disease</b> (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Reduviid bug (aka the ""kissing bug"") <u>feces</u>}}</div>""<br /><div><i>The bug bite is <b>painless</b>.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-27595164877279.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-20985210208421.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa
{{c1::<b>Chagas Disease</b>}} is a <b>visceral</b>&nbsp;protozoal infection that is diagnosed by the visualization of <i>{{c2::Trypanosoma cruzi}}</i>&nbsp;on a peripheral {{c3::blood smear}}.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-11536282157510.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28806345654756.jpg"" />"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa
What is the most common etiology of Mononucleosis?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::EBV}}</div><div><br /></div><i>complication of EBV infection that presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy</i>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
{{c1::Mononucleosis}} is a complication of <b>EBV infection&nbsp;</b>that presents with<div><u>fever</u>, <u>hepatosplenomegaly</u>, <u>pharyngitis</u> and <u>lymphadenopathy</u>.</div>"<br /><div><i>Lymphadenopathy is especially seen at the <font color=""#ffff00"">posterior cervical nodes</font>.</i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
"{{c1::Mononucleosis}} is a disease caused by EBV that is also commonly<div>referred to as ""<b>kissing disease</b>"" as it is often seen in teens and young adults.</div>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Where is EBV latent?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::B cells}}</div><br /><div><i>EBV infects B cells.</i></div>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Which receptor does EBV use to enter B cells?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CD21 (C3d; CR2)}}</div>"<br /><div><i>""You must <b>B</b>e <b>21</b>&nbsp;to drink at the <b>Epstein-Barr</b>""</i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-05 at 11.37.48 AM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
{{c1::EBV}} is a Herpesvirus that can give rise to <b>atypical lymphocytes (Downey Cells) </b>on a peripheral blood smear.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<br /><div><i>The atypical cells are not B cells. <b>They are reactive cytotoxic T cells</b>.</i></div><div><img src=""paste-9152575308110.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Which diagnostic test is used to detect EBV infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Monospot Test}}</div><div><br /></div><i>Heterophile antibodies are detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs.</i><br /><div><i>Positive result = results in agglutination = EBV infection.</i></div>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
The&nbsp;{{c1::Monospot Test}} is a diagnostic test that detects the <b>heterophile antibodies</b>&nbsp;seen in EBV infection via agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs.A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
Which Herpesvirus is associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::EBV}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Which Herpesvirus is associated with <b>endemic Burkitt Lymphoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::EBV}}</div><i>also known as <u>african</u> burkitt lymphoma</i>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Which Herpesvirus is associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?<div><br />{{c1::EBV}}</div>"<i>especially in east-<font color=""#ffff00"">asian</font> populations</i>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a <b>negative Monospot test</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<div><i>lack of heterophile antibody production - therefore no agglutination of sheep/horse blood</i></div><i><img src=""paste-25327422144865.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
Which Herpesvirus is associated with causing <b>retinitis</b> in immunocompromised patients?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<br /><div><i>""Sight""-o-megalovirus</i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
Which Herpesvirus is associated with characteristic <b>Owl's Eye inclusions</b>&nbsp;in infected cells?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div><i>**not to be confused with the Owl's-eye binuclei seen in Reed-sternberg cells of hodgkins lymphoma (assoc. with EBV)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-10479720202575.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
{{c1::CMV}} is a Herpesvirus that is latent in mononuclear cells.<i>whereas EBV is latent <u>just</u>&nbsp;in B-cells</i>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
"The&nbsp;{{c1::Tzanck smear}} is a diagnostic test used to identify <b>HSV</b>&nbsp;or <b>VZV&nbsp;</b>through a smear of an opened skin vesicle.<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-11192684773794.jpg"" /></div>""<br /><div><i>A positive tzanck smear will show <b>multinucleated giant cells.</b></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""tzanck.png"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) Microbiology UWorld_step1 virology
Which serological antigen from <b>EBV</b> is produced if the infection is <u>active</u> and <u>productive</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA)}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
Which serological antigen from <b>EBV</b> is seen in <u>latent</u> infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)}}</div><i>assoc. with Hodgkin's and Burkitt's lymphomas</i>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
{{c1::Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)}} is a <b>serological antigen</b><div>from <b>EBV</b> that <i>contributes</i> to <u>Hodgkin's</u> or <u>Burkitt's Lymphoma</u>.</div>"<i>found in <font color=""#ffff00"">latent</font> cells</i>"A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
{{c1::<b>Hairy Leukoplakia</b>}} is a dermatological infection caused by<br><div>{{c2::<b>EBV</b>}} in that commonly presents on the <b>lateral tongue</b>.</div>"<div><br></div><img src=""paste-8774618185990.jpg"">"A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
{{c1::<b>CMV</b>}} is a Herpesvirus that causes <b>retinitis</b> in HIV patients that presents with <b>cotton-wool spots</b>&nbsp;on fundoscopy."<br /><div><i>May present with esophagitis.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-23278722744675.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
{{c1::<b>Esophagitis</b>}} and {{c2::<b>Colitis</b>}} are a GI complications that are often seen alongside <u>CMV Retinitis</u> in <b>immunosuppressed</b> patients."<img src=""paste-23592255357281.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23948737642853.jpg"" />"A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
What CD4+ cell count is associated with CMV retinitis in HIV patients?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::&lt; 50 cells/mm³}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
{{c1::Primary B-cell CNS Lymphoma}} is a Lymphoma often associated with <b>EBV</b>&nbsp;that<div>can present as <u>focal or multiple lesions</u>, thereby differentiating it from Toxoplasmosis.</div>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology
{{c1::Squamous Cell Carcinoma}} is a cancer caused by HPV in HIV patients that often presents at the anus (in MSM's) or the cervix.<i>most common type of cancer in HPV patients (80%)</i>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Microbiology virology
{{c1::CMV}} is a Herpesvirus that causes <b>interstitial pneumonia</b> in <u>HIV patients</u>.<br /><div><i>Associated with owl eye inclusions.</i></div>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology
Where on the body is <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis </i>found?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Skin}}</div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 5.53.58 PM.png"" />"1403297162366A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus Microbiology sketchymicro systemic_microbiology
What <b>food source</b> is associated with <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i><u>food poisoning</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Meats; Mayonnaise; Custard (meats and cream based food)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-37894496453029.jpg"" /><br /><div><i>Involves preformed enterotoxins</i></div>"1403301422588A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus Microbiology sketchymicro systemic_microbiology
{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>::Which strains of bacteria (2)}}&nbsp;are associated with <u>{{c2::Osteomyelitis}}</u> in patients that have received a <b>prosthetic joint replacement</b><div><br /><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-2241972928944.jpg"" />"1403381846562A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus Microbiology sketchymicro systemic_microbiology
<i>{{c1::Streptococcus agalactiae}}</i>,&nbsp;<i>{{c2::Escherichia coli}}</i>, and&nbsp;<i>{{c3::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.<i>in order GBS &gt; E. coli &gt; Listeria</i>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria Microbiology systemic_microbiology
How is CMV transmitted?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sexual contact}};&nbsp;{{c2::Organ transplant}};&nbsp;{{c3::Vertically through placenta}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology
"{{c1::Rubella}} and&nbsp;{{c2::CMV}} are 2&nbsp;ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a <b>""blueberry muffin</b>"" rash."A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology
"{{c1::CMV}} is a&nbsp;ToRCHeS infection that presents with <b>hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash</b>&nbsp;and a <b>""blueberry muffin"" rash.</b>"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology
Which HPV strains cause Condyloma Acuminata?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV6; HPV11}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31920196944443.jpg"" />"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology
{{c1::Condyloma Acuminata}} is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b>{{c2::anogenital warts}}</b>&nbsp;and <b>{{c3::koilocytes::what cellular pathology}}</b>."<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.40.49 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.41.35 AM.png"" /><div><img src=""paste-42618960478315.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-43301860278559.jpg"" /></div>"1403398790620A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology
"<i>{{c1::Neisseria gonorrheae}} </i><u>STI</u>&nbsp;that presents with <b>urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis</b>&nbsp;and a <b><u>white,&nbsp;</u></b><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">creamy purulent discharge</u>.<div><br /></div>""<img src=""paste-16101832393060.jpg"" />"1403399191015A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro STD systemic_microbiology
What is the etiology of Syphilis?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<i>Treponema pallidum</i>}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology
Which 2 bacteria are the most common causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?<div><br></div><div><i>{{c1::Chlamydia tranchomatis}}&nbsp;</i>(subacute; often undiagnosed);<i> {{c2::Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>}} (acute)</div><div><br></div>"<div>&nbsp;- aka&nbsp;<font color=""#ffff00"">salpingo-oophoritis</font></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-23 at 9.57.39 PM.png"" />"1403399869171A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro STD systemic_microbiology
Which bacteria often causes <b>subacute</b>&nbsp;Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and hence often goes <u>undiagnosed</u>?<div><br />{{c1::<i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-5325759447435.jpg"" />"A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology
Which bacteria often causes <b>acute</b>&nbsp;Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?<div><br />{{c1::<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>}}</div><div><br /></div>"<div>which can cause scarring - this scarring can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies</div><div><br></div><div>Compared to chylamydia which causes <u>subacute</u>&nbsp;PID</div><img src=""paste-16037407883621.jpg""><div>uterus shaped chandelier with inflammation (candles) in the fallopian tubes</div>"1403402982827A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro STD systemic_microbiology
{{c1::Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)}} is a genitourinary disorder caused by <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;and <i>Neisseria gonorrheae</i>&nbsp;that presents with <b>purulent cervical discharge</b>.<div><br /></div>"<div>&nbsp;- aka&nbsp;<font color=""#ffff00"">salpingo-oophoritis</font></div><img src=""paste-24803436134755.jpg"" /><div>Gonorrhea is acute</div><div>Chlamydia is subacute</div>"1403404030220A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology sketchymicro STD systemic_microbiology
{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}} is a gram-negative nocosomial bacterial infection that has <b>respiratory therapy equipment</b>&nbsp;as a risk factor."<br /><div><i>Think of Pseudomonas ""</i><u style=""font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; "">air</u><span style=""font-style: italic"">""-uginosa when <b>air</b>&nbsp;or <b>burns</b>&nbsp;are involved.</span></div>"1403404584966A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas Microbiology sketchymicro STD systemic_microbiology
Which Herpesvirus is associated with infecting an organ transplant recipient?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology
{{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a GI complication of <b>ampicillin use</b><div>that results from overgrowth of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;in the GI tract.</div>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile Microbiology pharmacology
Which 3rd generation Cephalosporin is used to treat <b>meningitis</b>&nbsp;and <b>gonorrhea</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftriaxone}}</div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-14285061226956.jpg"" />"1403469569805A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology pharmacology sketchymicro
How do <b>Cephalosporin</b> antibiotics influence the <u>nephrotoxicity</u> of <b>Aminoglycosides</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Increase}}</div>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides Microbiology pharmacology
Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by <b>Chloramphenicol</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::50S}}</div>"<i>inhibiting peptidyltransferase</i><br /><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology
Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by <b>Linezolid</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::50S}}</div>"<i>inhibiting the formation of the <u>initiation complex</u></i><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid Microbiology pharmacology
What is the primary clinical use of Tetracycline antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Borrelia burgdorferi; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; </i>Intracellular bugs such as <i>Rickettsia</i>&nbsp;and <i>Chlamydiae</i>}}</div><br /><div><i>Also used to treat acne</i></div>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::Tetracyclines}} are a class of <b>protein synthesis inhibiting</b>&nbsp;antibiotics that are effective against intracellular organisms by virtue of their ability to accumulate intracellularly.<br /><div><i>e.g. Rickettsia spp., Chlamydiae spp.</i></div>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology pharmacology
What is the MOA of <b>Chloramphenicol</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Blocks peptidyltransferase at the 50S ribosomal subunit}}</div>"<img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" />"A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::Anaemia and Aplastic Anaemia}} are <b>dose-dependent</b>&nbsp;<u>hematological</u> complications (2) of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> use."<div><img src=""paste-5497558139287.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5879810228632.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::<b>Gray Baby Syndrome</b>}} is a complication of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> use in premature infants as they lack hepatic <b>{{c2::UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase}}</b>."<img src=""paste-5939939770770.jpg"" />"A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology
What is the mechanism of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> resistance?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Plasmid-encoded acetyltransferases that inactivate the drug}}</div>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::Clindamycin}} is a <b>protein synthesis inhibiting</b>&nbsp;antibiotic that is known to treat anaerobic infections above the diaphragm (e.g. aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, oral infections).<br /><div><i>- <b>Bacteroides spp.</b></i></div><div><i>- <b>Clostridium perfringens</b></i></div>1403561346128A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials bacteriology basic_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens Microbiology pharmacology sketchymicro
{{c1::Pseudomembranous colitis}} is a possible complication of <b>Clindamycin</b> use due to resultant <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;overgrowth.<br /><div><i>Also causes fever and diarrhea.</i></div>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}} are a class of antibiotics that can possibly cause <b>leg cramps</b>&nbsp;and <b>myalgias</b>&nbsp;along with cartilage damage.A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones Microbiology pharmacology
The treatment for <i>Neisseria gonorrhea</i> is&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Ceftriaxone</b>}} +&nbsp;<b>{{c2::azithromycin}}</b> <i>or</i>&nbsp;{{c3::<b>doxycycline</b>}} for possible <u>chlamydia infection</u><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-13696650707398.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-18962280612197.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18872086298975.jpg"" /></div>"1403576844804A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea Microbiology pharmacology sketchymicro
What is the treatment (2) for <b>Chagas Disease</b> (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nifurtimox}},&nbsp;{{c2::Benznidazole}}</div>"<img src=""paste-29523605193180.jpg"" />"A_MASTER antimicrobials antiprotozoals general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology pharmacology
Which viral enzyme <u>monophosphorylates</u> <b>Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir</b>, thereby activating it?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Thymidine kinase}}</div>"<div>Rate-limiting step</div><img src=""paste-55319178772906.jpg"">"A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology
What is the mechanism of <u>resistance</u> to <b>Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mutated/Absent Thymidine Kinase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-57720065491366.jpg"" />"A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::<b>Foscarnet</b>}} is an antiviral agent that acts as a <b>viral {{c3::DNA polymerase}} inhibitor</b> by binding to the<b> {{c2::pyrophosphate}}-binding site</b>&nbsp;of the enzyme."forscarnet is a pyrophospahte analog<br><div><img src=""paste-1275605287686.jpg""><img src=""paste-60013578027428.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology
What is the treatment for <u>CMV retinitis</u> in immunocompromised patients when <b>Ganciclovir</b> fails?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet or Cidofovir}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-1275605287686.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology
What is the treatment for <b>Acyclovir-resistant HSV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet or Cidofovir}}</div>"<div><i><img src=""paste-59777354826156.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-58055072940482.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology
What is the MOA of <b>Cidofovir</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Preferential <u>direct</u> inhibition of viral DNA polymerase}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-1275605287686.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-60576218743211.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology
{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}} are a class of antibiotics that are avoided in pregnancy as they cause <b>cartilage damage</b>."<br /><div><img src=""paste-9307194130833.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones Microbiology pharmacology
"{{c1::Chloramphenicol}} is an antibiotic that is avoided in pregnancy as it causes <b>""Gray Baby"" Syndrome</b>.""<br /><div><img src=""paste-7352984011068.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology
Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>C5b-C9</u> (terminal complement deficiency - membrane attack complex)}}</div><div><br /></div>"<div><i><font color=""#000080"">Neisseria have </font><font color=""#ffff00"">thin cell walls</font><font color=""#000080""> thus are susceptible to </font><font color=""#ffff00"">MAC attack</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.46.42 PM.png"" />"1404183158836A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Inflammation Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview pathology primary_immunodeficiency sketchymicro
Which strains of HPV are associated with cervical dysplasia or carcinoma <i>in situ</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV16; HPV18}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV pathology reproductive
What viruses fall under Papilloma viruses: {{c1::HPV}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2016-12-25 at 12.47.10 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Parvo
HPV 1-4 causes {{c1::verruca vulgaris (cutaneous common wart)::what symptom}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-03 at 1.21.31 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Cutaneous common wart (verruca vulgaris) are caused by what strains of HPV?&nbsp;{{c1::HPV 1-4}}<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-03 at 1.39.09 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Laryngeal papillomatosis and condyloma acuminata are caused by what strains of HPV?&nbsp;{{c1::HPV 6, HPV 11}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.07.01 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
E6 encoded by HPV promotes proteolysis of&nbsp;{{c1::p53}}.<div><br /></div>"<div>6 before 7, P before R (E6 E7 P53 Rb)</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.11.31 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
E7 encoded by HPV promotes proteolysis of {{c1::Rb}}.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.09.26 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Buzz word for <b>HPV</b> {{c2::<b>cervical</b>}} <b>cancer</b>: {{c1::<u>post-coital bleeding</u>}}A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
HPV encodes E6 and E7 which promotes proteolysis of {{c1::p53}} and {{c1::Rb}}.<div><br /></div>"<div>6 before 7, p before r</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.39.05 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.39.11 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Pathological change seen in invasive carcinoma of the cervix: {{c1::koilocytic change}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2016-12-25 at 1.51.08 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Guardasil HPV vaccine protects against what strains of HPV?&nbsp;{{c1::6, 11, 16, 18}}<div><br /></div>"<div><i>Note: cervarix, female age 10-15</i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.01.53 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Guardasil HPV vaccine is what type of vaccine? {{c1::Subunit}}<div><br /></div>"<div><i>Note: cervarix, female age 10-15</i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 5.58.46 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis are associated with what DNA viruses?&nbsp;{{c1::HPV 16, 18, 31, 33}}<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 5.56.40 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Starry sky appearance on histology, large jaw lesion and swelling<div>Assoc. with EBV</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Endemic</u>&nbsp;(african) Burkitt Lymphoma}}</div>"<div><br /></div><i><font color=""#000080"">Remember, </font><b><font color=""#ffff00"">sporadic (non-endemic)</font></b><font color=""#000080"">&nbsp;form is most </font><font color=""#ffff00"">commonly seen in</font><font color=""#000080""> the </font><font color=""#ffff00"">abdomen</font><font color=""#000080""> (had a U-world question on this; pt. had mass around the intestines, high mitotic index, etc.)</font></i><br /><div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2016-12-29 at 8.45.29 AM (10).png"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Which&nbsp;<u>three</u> drugs are used to treat&nbsp;<b>acute gout?</b><div><br></div><div>{{c1::NSAIDs (do not use salicylates), glucocorticoids, and colchicine}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-22110491640291.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2) MSK pharmacology
What type of vaccine is used for HBV? {{c1::Subunit (recombinant HBsAg)}}"<br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Only two subunit vaccines are HPV (6, 11, 16, 18) and HBV (HBsAg)</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.39.40 AM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
All <u>RNA viruses</u> replicate in the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>cytoplasm::cytoplasm or nucleus</b>}} except for:&nbsp;{{c2::<b>influenza and retroviruses</b>}}.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-08 at 6.03.35 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>Spe{{c1::A}} and {{c1::C}}</b>&nbsp;of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes&nbsp;</i>are considered <u>superantigens</u>"<br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Spe = Strep pyogenes exotoxin</font></i></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
What is the function of GAS M-protein?&nbsp;{{c1::Antiphagocytic, inhibits activation of complement}}"<div>Binds cellular fibrinogen and then complement control proteins, inhibiting opsonization and ultimately complement activation</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-14 at 2.43.43 PM.png"">"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
Antiphagocytic virulence factor for GAS:&nbsp;{{c1::M-protein, capsule}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-14 at 2.43.43 PM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-14 at 2.52.24 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
What GAS virulence factor can be given to patients with clots?&nbsp;{{c1::Streptokinase: converts plasminogen to plasmin, which is fibrinolytic}}A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
Streptokinase is a virulence factor for what Gram + species?&nbsp;{{c1::GAS}}Streptococcus pyogenesA_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
Scarlet fever is associated with what toxin?&nbsp;{{c1::Erythrogenic exotoxin (SPE)}}"SPE = streptococcus pyogenes exotoxin<br><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.45.24 PM.png""></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
Patient with sore-throat has red-rash that begins on the trunk and neck, then spreads to the extremities before eventually desquamating<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Scarlet Fever}}</div>"<div><i><font color=""#000080""><b>GAS</b></font></i></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">FYI: Sketchy says it spares the face, other sources say otherwise</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.45.24 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
"What clinical syndrome is associated with ""beefy-red tongue"" concurrent with pharyngitis?&nbsp;{{c1::Scarlet Fever}}""<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.47.35 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
Toxic Shock Like Syndrome is caused by what organism?&nbsp;{{c1::GAS (S. pyogenes)}}<div><br></div>"<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.32.30 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
Infection caused by <i>Strep pyogenes</i>&nbsp;that presents with erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat:&nbsp;{{c1::Scarlet Fever}}A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
{{c1::Erysipelas}} is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics caused by <b>GAS</b>, and presents with a well-defined demarcation between infected and normal skin."<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.54.45 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
"{{c2::<u>Cellulitis</u>::what skin pathology}} characterized by an infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues<div>is caused {{c1::<b style=""font-style: italic; "">Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes</b>::by what (2) organisms?}}</div>""<div><img src=""paste-57067230462006.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<b>{{c1::Necrotizing fasciitis}}</b> is caused by GAS and enters through trauma openings causing infection and ultimately necrotic skin with large bullae.&nbsp;"<div><i>associated with SpeB</i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.58.37 PM.png"">"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
{{c1::Rheumatic fever}} is a type II HR that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis.&nbsp;<div><br></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.31.30 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
{{c1::Post-strep Glomerulonephritis}} is a <u>type III HS</u> that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis or skin infection.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.21.47 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::M-protein}}</div>"<br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Molecular mimicry</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.22.33 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
{{c1::PSGN (post strep glomerulonephritis)}} is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with <b>hematuria (cola-colored urine) and facial swelling.</b>"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 10.05.21 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
<u>GAS erythrogenic toxin</u> genes are encoded in a <b>{{c1::lysogenic::lytic or lysogenic}} phage</b> through <i>specialized</i> transduction."<div><br></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 10.08.04 PM.png"">"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>&nbsp;shows what kind of <b>hemolysis pattern</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::B-hemolytic}}"<img src=""paste-32061930865059.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-32173600014517.jpg"" /><div>kind of looks like glowing light on a red backdrop</div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
{{c1::<i>Staph aureus</i>}} is the <u>only Staph organism</u> that is <b>coagulase {{c2::+}}.</b>&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-31997506355621.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Which bacteria turns <b>bright yellow </b>on <u>mannitol salt agar</u>:&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>}}"<div>salt selects for staphylococcus, can ferment mannitol so it is staph aureus</div><div><img src=""paste-32461362823597.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4574140170724.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<i>Staphylcoccus aureus</i> will turn <u>what agar</u> <b>bright yellow</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::Mannitol}}"<div>as it can ferment mannitol</div><img src=""paste-32461362823597.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Where does <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>normally colonize?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nares}}</div>"<div>nose of sphinx is missing</div><img src=""paste-33706903339414.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Which <i>S. aureus</i> toxin <b>nonspecifically</b> binds <b>MHC-II </b>(on APCs)<b> </b>and<b> </b>the<b> T-cell receptor</b><div><u>producing cytokine storm</u> and <u>toxic shock</u>: {{c1::TSST-1 superantigen}}</div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-37245956391313.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<b>Scalded skin syndrome</b> is caused by what organism?&nbsp;{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}"<img src=""paste-36180804501921.jpg"" /><div>exofoliative exotoxin destroys the keratinocyte attachments in the stratum granulosum, resulting in the skin sloughing off</div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
What kind of toxin produces <b>scalded-skin syndrome</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::Exfoliative toxin A and B}}"<div>staphylococcus aureus; cleaves desmoglein in the stratum granulosum</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.27.58 PM.png"">"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
What is the MOA of <b>exfoliative</b> <b>toxin</b> in Scalded-Skin Syndrome?&nbsp;<i>destroys</i> {{c1::<u>keratinocyte}}</u> attachments in <u>statum {{c2::granulosum}}</u>, causing <u>skin to slough off</u><div><br /></div>"<div>staphylococcus aureus</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.26.24 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
{{c2::<u>Enterotoxin</u>}} is a <b>pre-formed&nbsp;heat stable </b>exotoxin found in&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i>&nbsp;that causes <u>food poisoning</u> from eating<b> meat, cream-based foods</b>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-37739877630368.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-37795712205220.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Rash that occurs in neonates; will have + Nikolsky sign:&nbsp;{{c1::Scalded-Skin Syndrome}}"<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Nikolsky sign: minor pressure induces skin seperation</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.29.38 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<b>{{c2::Protein A}}</b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> of<i> {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i><div><br /></div>"<div>binds the Fc region of the antibody, preventing IgG from phagocytosing the bug (recall that the Fc region would bind to a macrophage/other phagocyte, acting as an opsonin and enhacing phagocytosis)</div><img src=""paste-33371895890303.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33389075759397.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33350421053650.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Function of <b>Protein A</b>:&nbsp;{{c1::<u>binds IgG Fc region</u>, preventing <u>opsonization</u>&nbsp;and ultimately&nbsp;<u>phagocytosis</u>}}"<div>virulence factor (exotoxin) of Staph aureus</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.39.28 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<i>S. aureus</i> <b>pneumonia</b> is most common after&nbsp;{{c1::Influenza infection}} (post-{{c1::viral}})"<div>superimposed (bacterial) pneumonia</div><div><img src=""paste-34394098106789.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<i>{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i>&nbsp;is the most common cause of <b>{{c2::septic}} arthritis</b>&nbsp;in adults"<img src=""paste-34475702485404.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<b><u>Septic arthritis</u></b> is an invasion of the synovial membrane which produces a yellow, turbid synovial fluid with high neutrophils. This is most commonly found with infection by {{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}."<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.42.09 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Which <i>bug</i>&nbsp;is the most common cause of <b>skin abscesses</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>}}"<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Collection of pus in walled-off infection within deeper layers of skin</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.13.01 PM.png"" /><img src=""paste-47777216201130.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<b>Furuncles</b> and <b>carbuncles</b> are associated with what <u>coagulase + organism</u>?&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Staph aureus</i>}}"<img src=""paste-39204461478323.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-48082158879104.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<u>{{c2::Acute::Acute or Subacute}}</u>&nbsp;<b>{{c3::bacterial&nbsp;endocarditis::cardiovascular pathology}}</b> is most commonly caused by&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i>"<div><b>subacute</b> = Strep viridans</div><div><img src=""paste-34677565948322.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Most common etiology of <u>endocarditis</u> from S. aureus:&nbsp;{{c1::IVDU}}"<br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Hence it will be most commonly on tricuspid valve</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.43.59 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<u>Which valve</u> is most commonly affected with <b>S. aureus endocarditis</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::Tricuspid}}"<img src=""paste-48533130445183.jpg""><img src=""paste-48644799594817.jpg""><div>as the tricuspid is the first encountered by venous blood, most commonly arises from IVDU</div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Which <i>bug</i> is the most common cause of <b>osteomyelitis</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.45.24 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
<b>{{c2::Lactational mastitis}}</b> occurs from breast-feeding and is most commonly associated with {{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>::which bug}}"<img src=""paste-51578262257712.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Common etiologies of Toxic shock syndrome?&nbsp;{{c1::Leaving gauze, sutures, or tampons in for too long}}A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
What are implicated foods in <i>S. aureus </i>gastroenteritis?&nbsp;{{c1::Meats, cream-based foods}}"<br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Think custard, mayo with <b>short-onset</b></font></i></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
How does <b>MRSA</b> obtain <u>methicillin&nbsp;resistance</u>?&nbsp;{{c1::Alters PBP (penicillin-binding proteins)}}"<div>methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus</div><img src=""paste-38147899523480.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Alteration of&nbsp;<b>{{c2::penicillin-binding proteins</b> (PBP)<b>}}</b> allows <u>{{c2::methicillin}} resistance</u> in&nbsp;{{c1::MRSA}}."<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-38135014621597.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38147899523480.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Treatment for <i><b>Staph aureus</b></i> infections (not MRSA):&nbsp;{{c1::Nafcillin}}"<img src=""paste-38482906972585.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-89893665505607.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Treatment for <b>MRSA </b>(methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)?&nbsp;{{c1::Vancomycin}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-38418482463135.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
Group <u>B</u> Strep (<i>S. agalactiae</i>) hydrolyzes <b>sodium</b> {{c1::hippurate}}.<div><br /></div>"<i><img src=""paste-1636382540133.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro
<i>Group B Strep (S. galactiae)</i> has a <b>positive</b>&nbsp;{{c1::CAMP}} <b>test</b>, meaning it enhances the zone of hemolysis when plated with <i>S. aureus</i>."<div>will have an ""<font color=""#ffff00"">arrowhead zone</font>"" of hemolysis</div><div><img src=""paste-3981434683742.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro
What is the <i>most</i> <i>common</i> cause of <b>meningitis</b> in <u>neonates</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Group B Strep (<i>Streptococcus agalactiae)</i>}}</div>"<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Will not present with classic signs (stiff neck, etc.)</font></i></div><img src=""paste-3470333575522.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (GBS) produces what <u>neonatal</u> <b>respiratory</b> complication?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neonatal pneumonia}}</div>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro
What age demographic is typically affected with <i>Strep agalactiae (GBS)</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neonates}}</div>Group <b>B</b> strep<br /><div><i><b>B </b>for <b>Babys </b>and <b>B-hemolytic</b></i></div>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro
What risk factor leads to <i>Pseudomonas</i> infection of the cornea, causing <b>corneal ulcers/keratitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Contact lens wearers}}</div>"<img src=""paste-125473174585883.jpg"" />"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas sketchymicro
<i>Strep pneumoniae</i> is&nbsp;{{c1::encapsulated}} and thus will present a problem in<b> sickle cell/asplenic patients</b>.&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<i><img src=""paste-8946416877923.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
<i>Strep pneumoniae</i> <b>polysaccharide </b>vaccine in {{c1::<b>adults</b>}} produces an Ig{{c1::M}} response.&nbsp;"as it is <u>not</u> conjugated to a protein<div><br /></div><div><font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>onjugate vaccine for <font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>hildren<br /><div><img src=""paste-13773960118625.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
<i>Strep pneumonia</i> <b>conjugate</b> vaccine for {{c1::<b>children</b>}} produces an Ig{{c1::G}} response."<div>as it <u>is</u>&nbsp;conjugated to a protein</div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>onjugate vaccine for <font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>hildren</div><img src=""paste-13778255085921.jpg"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
<i>Strep pneumonia</i> contains {{c1::IgA protease}}, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize the <b>mucous membranes</b>.<div><br /></div>"<div><font color=""#ffff00"">S</font>HiN</div><img src=""paste-11725260718433.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-4282082394169.jpg"" /><br /><div><br /></div></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
<i>Strep pneumonia</i> shares the same virulence factor as&nbsp;{{c1::H. influenza type b}} and {{c1::Neisseria}}."<div><font color=""#ffff00"">SHiN</font></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">Cleaves IgA, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize mucous membranes</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-30 at 3.33.18 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
What <u>gram positive</u> organisms (3) commonly colonize&nbsp;<b>previously damaged</b> heart valves?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Streptococcus viridans; Enterococcus spp.; Strep bovis</i>}}</div>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
"What organism is formed on dental plaques?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>S. viridans (<font color=""#ffff00"">mutans</font> and <font color=""#ffff00"">sanguinis</font>)</i>}}</div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro
{{c1::Vancomycin}} resistance occurs in <b><i>Enterococcus spp. (VRE)</i></b> via amino acid modification of D-Ala-D-{{c2::Ala}} to D-Ala-D-{{c2::Lac}}.<div><br /></div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-31 at 1.27.19 PM.png"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus sketchymicro
<b>{{c2::VanA}} gene</b> from <u>vancomycin-resistant</u> <i>Enterococcus</i> to <i>S. aureus</i> is an example of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>transposition</b>}}.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-31 at 1.29.31 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro
"<i>Neisseria&nbsp;</i>{{c1::<i>gonorrhea</i>}}<i>&nbsp;</i><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">does not</u>&nbsp;have polysaccharide capsule<div><br /></div>""<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">Meningitidis is capsulated</font></i></div><img src=""paste-15629385990501.jpg"" />"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea sketchymicro
There is no <i>N. gonorrhea </i>vaccine due to&nbsp;{{c1::antigenic variation}} of the <b>pilus proteins</b>.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.47.35 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview sketchymicro
What kind of discharge is seen with <i>Gonorrhea</i>?&nbsp;{{c1::Creamy, white, purulent discharge}}"<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Chlamydia is thin and watery</font></i></div><img src=""paste-16106127360356.jpg"" />"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea sketchymicro
In addition to <u>Ceftriaxone</u> for <i>Gonorrhea</i>, what other possible <b>co-infection</b> should you treat?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chlamydia}}</div>"<div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin/Doxycycline</font></i></div><img src=""paste-18962280612197.jpg"" />"A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea sketchymicro
Two distinct etiologies of oral cancer<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tobacco/Alcohol use; HPV (human papilloma virus)}}</div><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>Recall that HPV infects stratified squamous epithelium</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
What infection is associated with cancer of the tonsil, base of the tongue and oropharynx?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HPV}}</div><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>laryngeal papillomatosis (<b><u>HPV 6, 11</u></b>) can turn into laryngeal carcinoma</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Reversible inhibition of growth<div><br /></div><div>Bacterio-{{c1::static}}</div>Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(2)-Inhibitors_of_Bacterial_Protein_Synthesis::2.1-Tetracyclines
Irreversible inhibition of growth<div><br /></div><div>Bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}</div>Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(2)-Inhibitors_of_Bacterial_Protein_Synthesis::2.1-Tetracyclines
Lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents visible growth of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)}}</div>"<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.35.25 PM.png""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(2)-Inhibitors_of_Bacterial_Protein_Synthesis::2.1-Tetracyclines
<b>Penicillins</b> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::β-lactams}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.50.54 PM.png""><img src=""paste-49770081026127.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
<b>Cephalosporins</b> are what class of antibiotic?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::β-lactam}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 9.31.47 AM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
<b>Carbapenems</b> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::β-lactams}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 9.32.35 AM.png"">"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
<u>Monobactams</u> such as <i>Aztreonam</i> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::β-lactams}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 9.32.35 AM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
What <u>bacterial enzyme</u>&nbsp;hydrolyzes the <b>β-lactam ring</b> of certain&nbsp;<i>penicillins</i> and <i>cephalosporins</i> (β-lactams), <u>rendering them inactive?</u><div><div>&nbsp;</div><div>{{c1::β-lactamase}}</div></div>"<div>O=C --- N bond is the weakest bond, thus it is the site of resistance for many&nbsp;β-lactamase producing bacteria</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-429320635940867.jpg"" /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.50.54 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
All&nbsp;β-lactam antibiotics are&nbsp;{{c1::bactericidal}}, as cell walls of bacteria are essential for growth and development"<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-83537113907300.jpg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
<b>β-lactam antibiotics</b> <u>inhibit what family of enzymes</u> involved in <i>cell wall synthesis</i>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillin binding protein transpeptidases}}</div>"<div><i>PBP's are enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis leads to activation of <b>autolytic </b>system</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-464273079795715.jpg"" /></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
What gram staining group have porins in their wall?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gram negative, and thus can downregulate porins in β-lactam resistance}}</div>"<div>Aminopenicillins and antipseudomonal penicillins are effective against&nbsp;gram (-) bacteria because they are able to enter through these pores</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.54.38 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
Gram-{{c1::positive}} bacteria have a cell wall that is easily crossed by&nbsp;<b>β-lactams</b> and does not require presence of porins"<div><br /></div><div>Therefore, gram positive bacteria are commonly sensitive to beta-lactams</div><br /><div>Gram - have porins that can be altered, thus increasing B-lactam resistance</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.54.38 PM.png"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
{{c1::Penicillinase}} is a type of&nbsp;β-lactamase that cleaves penicillinsLolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
{{c1::Cephalosporinase}} is a type of&nbsp;β-lactamase that cleaves cephalosporinsLolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
<b>Peptigoglycan</b> <u>cell walls</u> have repeating&nbsp;{{c1::D-alanyl-D-alanine}} oligopeptides"<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>P</i><i>enicillin-binding proteins then pop off a D-ala in order to cross link the peptidoglycan</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""screenshot1582935369@1X.png""><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-61508226646364.jpg""></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
Penicillin {{c2::<b>V</b>}} is {{c1::acid <u>stable</u>}}, meaning it can be given {{c3::<b>orally</b>}}"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Can survive the acid of the stomach</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Only indicated in minor infections because of its poor bioavailability</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>***Also known as penicillin VK</i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00""><br /></font></i></div><img src=""paste-48683454300537.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
{{c1::Penicillin-binding proteins}} are <b>bacterial</b> <b>enzymes</b> involved in cell wall synthesis that are the <b>target</b> <b>site</b> for<b> β</b>-<b>lactam</b> <b>antibiotics</b>"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>PBPs cross-link peptidoglycan D-ala-D-ala on the cell wall, forming D-ala-D-lys&nbsp;</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Penicillins mimic the structure of D-ala, binding to PBPs and inhibiting cell wall formation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 12.12.51 PM.png"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
{{c1::<i>Staph aureus</i>}}&nbsp;is a <u>β-lactamase producing</u> bacteria <b>resistant to penicillin</b>"<div><br /></div><div>Therefore use anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin) that have bulky R-groups, protecting them from beta-lactamase enzymes</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 12.46.57 PM.png"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
{{c1::<b>Anti-staph penicillins</b>}} are anti-bacterials that have {{c2::<u>bulky-R groups</u>}} that <i>block access of β-lactam ring</i>, making them {{c3::<b>penicillinase/beta-lactamase</b>}} <i>resistant</i>"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Therefore they are effective against penicillinase producing Staph aureus (just not MRSA)</i></div><div><br /></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-63647120359743.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-63720134803638.jpg"" /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-103809359544671.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
<div><b>Anti-staph penicillins</b> <u>penicillinase</u> susceptibility?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Resistant (bulky R-groups block access)}}</div>"<div>S. aureus penicillinase is <b>ineffective</b> against anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, methcillin)</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 1.04.26 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
<u>Anti-staph penicillins</u> have activity against what organism?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Staph aureus </i>(except MRSA)}}</div>"<div><i>***Have a narrower spectrum - bulky R-group protects them from penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-65167538782519.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" /></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
<u>Anti-staph penicillins</u> are <i>ineffective</i> against what bug and why?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::MRSA <u>due to altered PBP target site</u>}}</div>"<div><div><div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by staph aureus</i></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-66254165508405.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
{{c1::MRSA}} has an <b>altered PBP target site</b> and is thus <u>resistant to anti-Staph penicillins</u>"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-66258460475701.jpg"" /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors used in the treatment of <i>S. aureus </i><b>folliculitis</b>, <b>abscesses </b>(2)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin etc.); 1st gen cephalosporins}}&nbsp;</div>"<div><div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><img src=""paste-65764539236674.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-70643622085081.jpg""><br><div><img src=""paste-89893665505607.jpg""></div></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
Treatment of MSSA&nbsp;<i>S. aureus</i> osteomyelitis?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin)}}</div>"<div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by staph aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><img src=""paste-65983582568772.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
Treatment of <i>Staph aureus </i>right-sided endocarditis?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin)}}</div>"<div>R<i>ecall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-65906273157434.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-89897960472903.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.2-Nafcillin,Oxacillin,Methicillin,Dicloxacillin
Amoxicillin, ampicillin (<b>aminopenicillins</b>) <u>β-lactamase susceptibility</u>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sensitive}}</div>"<div><i><img src=""paste-74015171412284.jpg""></i></div><div><img src=""paste-67448166416544.jpg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
Spectrum of amoxicillin, ampicillin (<b>aminopenicillins</b>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Broad spectrum}}</div>"<div><i>Can enter the pores of gram negative bacteria</i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00""><br /></font></i></div><i><img src=""paste-68165425955140.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-67357972103497.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-68792491180148.jpg"" /></i><div></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Aminopenicillins</b> that work against <i>H. influenzae?</i><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin, ampicillin}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 1.52.21 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Beta-lactam</b> used to treat <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> <u>meningitis</u><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ampicillin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-73426760892734.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-91422673862659.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
{{c1::<b>Ampicillin</b>}} is an&nbsp;<b>aminopenicillin</b> that can be used to treat <i>Enterococcus</i> infection (<i>E. faecalis, E. faecium</i>)"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-72584947302720.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
What <b>aminopenicillin</b> has a <u>long oral bioavailability</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-69015829479739.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
{{c1::<b>Amoxicillin</b>}} is an <b>aminopenicillin</b> that should be used to treat <b>Lyme disease</b> in <u>pregnant women</u> and <u>children</u>"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Doxycycline is normally first-line - contraindicated in pregnancy and young children</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Can also use 3rd gen cephalosporin <b>Ceftriaxone</b></i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><i><img src=""paste-71597104824644.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
Treatment for <i>Strep pneumoniae,&nbsp;H. influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis</i>&nbsp;<b>otitis media and sinusitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-70592082477388.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Aminopenicillin</b> used as part of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> <u>triple therapy</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div>"<div><i>Due to its <u>long oral bioavailability</u></i></div><div><i><u><br /></u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-71335111819585.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Ampicillin</b> treats <u>meningitis</u> produced by<i>&nbsp;{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-73422465925438.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-91422673862659.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Aminopenicillins </b>(amoxicillin and ampicillin) can treat <u>pneumonia</u> caused by {{c1::<i>Strep pneumoniae</i>}}&nbsp;and {{c2::<i>H. influenzae</i>}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-71086003716410.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-71219147702595.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Aminopenicillins (amoxicillin)</b> can be used with <b>clavulanic acid/clavulanate</b>, a&nbsp;{{c2::<u>β-lactamase</u> inhibitor::drug class?}}"<i><br /></i><div><i>Recall aminopenicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin) are <b>penicillinase-sensitive</b>, so using with β-lactamase inhibitors extend their spectrum</i></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-74453258076486.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
{{c1::<b>Sulbactam</b>}} and {{c2::<b>tazobactam</b>}} are <b>{{c3::β-lactamase inhibitors}}</b> that can be added with <u>ampicillin</u> or <u>piperacillin</u> to extend their activity"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Extends the activities of the penicillins so they are not cleaved and inactivated by the bacteria</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-75179107549503.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<u>Anti-{{c4::pseudomonal}}</u> <b>penicillins</b> include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>piperacillin</b>}}, {{c2::<b>ticarcillin</b>}}, and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>carbenicillin</b>}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-78486232367417.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-78202764525753.jpg"" /><div><br /></div></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Piperacillin</b> and <b>ticarcillin</b> are <u>antipseudomonal penicillins</u> that are used with {{c1::β-lactamase inhibitors}} to extend their activity"<div><br></div><div>Clavulunate: piperacillin, amoxicillin</div><div>Sulbactam, tazobactam: piperacillin, ampicillin</div><br><div><img src=""paste-78486232367417.jpg""><img src=""paste-78572131713328.jpg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
Prophylaxis antibiotic against <u>encapsulated bacteria</u> (<i>S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae</i>)&nbsp;in <b>asplenic patients</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-75484050227513.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
{{c1::<b>Aminopenicillins</b>}} are a <b>group of penicillins</b> that can cause {{c2::<u>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</u>}},<div>a reaction that produce bullae formation, fever, and <b>sloughing of the skin</b> at the dermal-epidermal junction</div>"<div><img src=""paste-76566381986115.jpg""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 2.58.34 PM.png""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 2.58.20 PM.png""></div><img src=""paste-86586540687601.jpg"">"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
Prophylaxis before <b>dental procedures</b> in patients at <u>high risk for endocarditis</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-76231374537016.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
{{c1::<b>Ampicillin</b>}} is an <b>aminopenicillin</b> that can produce <u>pseudomembranous colitis</u>"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Poor oral bioavailability means it sits in the gut, allowing ultimately for C. Diff growth</i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><b>Amp </b>up the diarrhea - C. difficile</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-89099096555805.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><span style=""font-style: italic""><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 3.01.01 PM.png"" /></span></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>Ampicillin</b> is oral and poorly absorbed (so it can be found in high concentrations in the gut) which&nbsp;predisposes to infection by what organism?<div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Clostridium difficile}}</div></div>"<div><i>Although it is clindamycin that classically results in pseudomembranous colitis</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><img src=""paste-89103391523101.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 3.01.01 PM.png"" /></div><div><br /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<b>{{c3::Aminopenicillins::What drug class?}}</b> can cause a {{c2::maculopapillary&nbsp;<b>rash</b>}} if&nbsp;given in the setting of <u>viral illnesses</u>, such as&nbsp;{{c1::<i>EBV infectious mononucleosis</i>}}"<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Often mistaken for S. pharyngitis, so if you suspect Strep and give amoxicillin/ampicillin and rash develops -&gt; <b>EBV</b></i><br></div><i><br></i><div><i><img src=""paste-77854872174917.jpg""><img src=""paste-85723252261188.jpg""></i></div><div></div><div></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
If a patient suspected of having <i>GAS pharyngitis is&nbsp;</i>given amoxicillin/ampicillin, and develops a rash, what would this most likely be due to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Patient is infected with <u>EBV (infectious mono)</u>, not Strep}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 3.03.08 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
<u>Extended-spectrum penicillins</u> used to treat <i>Pseudomonas aeurginosa</i> infections? (3)<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Piperacillin, ticarcillin, carbenicllin}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-79113297592628.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-91753386344588.jpg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.3-Ampicillin,Amoxicillin,Piperacillin,Ticaracillin
What <u>generation of cephalosporins</u> can be used to treat <b>UTI's</b> caused by <b>gram negative bacteria</b> (<b>PEcK</b>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::1st generation cephalosporins}}</div>"<div>2nd gen also cover these organisms</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-3521873183143.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
1st generation cephalosporins can treat UTIs caused by what bacteria?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella -&nbsp;<b>PEcK</b>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-3517578215847.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2340757176614.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
{{c1::Cefazolin}} is a <b>cephalosporin</b> that can be used for <u>surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis</u> to prevent <i>S. aureus </i>wound infections"<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>1st generation</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-3886945403301.jpg""></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
What cephalosporin has a long half-life, making it useful for surgical prophylaxis?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cefazolin}}</div>"<div><i>First gen</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.05.31 PM.png"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
<u>1st generation cephalosporins</u> that can be used to treat <b>skin</b> and <b>soft tissue infections</b> by <i>Staph</i> and <i>Strep?</i><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cephalexin, Cefazolin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2869038154172.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
What <b>gram negative species</b> are covered by <u>2nd generation cephalosporins</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Serratia marcescens</i>&nbsp;(HENS) + PEcK}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-4634269712825.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-4436701217030.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4647154614562.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
DOC for <u>ampicillin-resistant</u> <i>H. influenzae?</i><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftriaxone}}</div>"<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.21.37 PM.png"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
What <u>cephalosporin</u> is used as prophylaxis before <b>abdominal surgery</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cefoxitin (cephamycin group)}}</div>"<i>2nd generation&nbsp;</i><div><i><br></i><div><i><img src=""paste-4891967750399.jpg""></i></div></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
DOC for gonorrhea?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftriaxone}}</div>"<div><i>3rd generation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.27.43 PM.png"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
<b>Ceftriaxone</b> is the DOC for what <u>STD</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gonorrhea}}&nbsp;</div>"<i>First line!</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-22183506084252.jpg"" /></i></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
<div><u>Cephalosporin</u> that can be used to treat <i>disseminated</i> <b>Lyme disease</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftriaxone}}</div>"<div><i>3rd generation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.28.42 PM.png"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
{{c1::<b>Amoxicillin</b>}} and {{c1::<b>ceftriaxone</b>}} can be used to treat <u>Lyme disease</u> in children and pregnant women (beta-lactams)"<div><br /></div><div><b>Doxycycline</b> is 1st choice but contraindicated in these patient populations</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.30.04 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
What cephalosporins are <u>first line</u> for<i> empiric treatment </i>of <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Ceftriaxone</u>, <u>Cefotaxime</u> (3rd gen. cephalosporins)}}</div>"<div><i>Vancomycin is used for more gram-positive coverage; ampicillin can be added to cover Listeria</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-6322191860139.jpg"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
"{{c1::<b>Ceftriaxone</b>}} is a <u>cephalosporin</u> that can be used to treat <b>endocarditis</b> by <i>{{c2::S. viridans}} </i>and ""{{c3::HACEK}}""<b> </b>organisms""<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>3rd generation</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i></i><i>HACEK =&nbsp;Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><img src=""paste-21225728377263.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-12777527705956.jpg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
Cephalosporin β-lactamase susceptibility ?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Resistant}}</div>"<div><i>If the bacteria produces specific cephalosporinases, however, then cephalosporins are sensitive</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.41.28 PM.png"" /></i>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
<u>{{c2::4th generation cephalosporins</u><u>}}</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>cefepime</b>}}"<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-22462678958503.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22376779612248.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
Which&nbsp;<u>generations of cephalosporins</u> have the largest spectrum of activity?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::4th (cefepime) and 5th (ceftaroline)}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-23076859281823.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23429046600114.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
What non-3rd generation group of cephalosporins can be used to treat <b>bacterial meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::4th gen. <u>Cefepime</u>}}</div>"<div><i>3rd generation is 1st line empiric treatment</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-23283017712040.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
{{c2::<u>5th generation cephalosporins</u>}} include {{c1::<b>Ceftaroline</b>}}&nbsp;"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-23794118820261.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23755464114481.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
What <u>cephalosporin</u> can bind the <i>altered PBPs</i> of&nbsp;<b>MRSA</b>?&nbsp;<div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftaroline}}</div></div>"<div><i>5th generation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-24086176596386.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
<u>Disulfiram-like reaction</u> is an adverse effect of what <b>β-lactam antibiotics</b>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cephalosporins}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-25507810771206.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.4-Cephalosporins
Why should <b>tetracyclines</b>, <b>fluoroquinolones</b> be <u>avoided with milk</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Divalent cations will <u>chelate</u> the drug, <i>decreasing absorption</i>}}</div>"<div>Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺</div><div>^<br></div><img src=""paste-26663156973943.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-4a03cbc2fe74e4df6a3f896846e75321d78d6998.jpg""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(4)-Other_Antibiotics::4.2-Fluoroquinolones
Linezolid is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can treat <b>nosocomial pneumonia</b> caused by {{c2::MRSA infections}}"<div><br></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-15 at 6.03.37 PM.png""><br></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(2)-Inhibitors_of_Bacterial_Protein_Synthesis::2.5-Linezolid
<b>Trimethoprim</b> can produce what <u>teratogenic</u> defects?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neural tube defects}}</div>"<div>Due to its inhibition of folate metabolism (dihydrofolate reductase)<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-5352c9a37df1758d076a763cd1694fe8c73ad1f4.jpg""><br>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(4)-Other_Antibiotics::4.1-Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
Which urinary <b>antiseptic</b> is used for <u>uncomplicated UTI's</u> in <b>pregnancy</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Nitrofurantoin}}</div>"<div>2 things to know:</div><div><br /></div><div>Used for UTIs in pregnancy and can trigger hemolysis in G6PD</div><div><br /></div><div>TMP-SMX, quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.02.16 PM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.03.17 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(4)-Other_Antibiotics::4.1-Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
{{c1::<b>Nitrofurantoin</b>}} is a <u>urinary antiseptic</u> that can trigger <b>hemolysis</b> in {{c2::<b>G6PD deficiency</b> patients}}"<div><br></div><div>2 things to know:</div><div><br></div><div>Used for UTIs in pregnancy and can trigger hemolysis in G6PD</div><div><br></div><div>TMP-SMX, quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.02.16 PM.png""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.03.17 PM.png""></div>"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(4)-Other_Antibiotics::4.1-Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming gram + bacilli that can be treated by what <b>cell wall synthesis</b> inhibitor?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillin}}</div><div><br /></div><div>What other drug is used in the primary treatment of Clostridium perfringens?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Clindamycin}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 12.24.47 PM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-19 at 4.12.25 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials::(1)-Cell_Wall_&_Membrane_Active::1.1-Penicillin
"What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-52381421142019.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Candida albicans </i>(germ tubes)}}</div>"yeast stage"What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-58016418234371.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c2::<i>Blastomyces</i> <i>dermatitidis</i>}}</div>""<div>broad based budding</div><div><br /></div>Contrast with Cryptococcus below -- which shows significant variation in size and narrow budding<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-89378269429763.jpg"" /></div>""What fungus is shown below?<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-60932701028355.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>{{c3::<i>Aspergillus</i> <i>fumigatus</i>}}</div>""Note the septate hyphae that branch at 45-degree angles<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-116745801039875.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""Xnip2018-03-84_12-22-19.jpg"" /></div>""What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-106717052403715.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c4::<i>Candida albicans</i>}}</div>"Note the budding yeast with pseudo-hyphae"What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-74242804678659.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c5::<i>Coccidioides immitis</i>}}</div>"Note the spherules (round encapsulated structure containing many endospores)"What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-77236396883971.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c6::<i>Histoplasma</i>}}&nbsp;</div>""Note the small size and that they are in MΦ<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-119507465011203.jpg"" /></div>""What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-81716047773699.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c7::<i>Rhizopus</i>}}</div>""Note the broad ribbon-like hyphae with rare septations<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-113107963740163.jpg"" /></div>""What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-86178518794243.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c8::<i>Cryptococcus </i>-- in India ink}}</div>""<img src=""paste-89373974462467.jpg"" />""What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-27599459844097 (1).jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c9::<i>Malasezzia furfur</i>}}</div>""Note the ""spaghetti and meatballs"" appearance"109"#qBank::UW::Subject::Microbiology #qBank::UW::System::Infectious_Diseases A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) Step-1/COMLEX-1 UWorld_step1"
<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>coagulase&nbsp;</b>{{c1::negative}}"<div><br /></div><div>Along with&nbsp;<i>saprophyticus </i>and in contrast to <i>aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-6528350290354.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6644314407342.jpg"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::(01)-Gram_(+)_Cocci::1.2-Staph_Epidermidis
{{c1::<i>Staph epidermidis</i>}} is normal flora of the skin and thus can contaminate blood cultures"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 5.56.47 PM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::(01)-Gram_(+)_Cocci::1.2-Staph_Epidermidis
Characteristic petechial rash in meningococcemia indicates&nbsp;{{c1::thrombocytopenia}} (platelet levels)"<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-22 at 11.02.04 AM.png"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::(04)-Gram_(-)_Cocci::4.2-Neisseria_meningitidis
<b>IgA protease</b>&nbsp;is a virulence factor used by <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that allows <b>bacteria to colonize and adhere</b> to&nbsp;<u>{{c1::mucous membranes}}</u>"<div><br /></div>SHiN -&nbsp;Strep pneumo, H. influenza Type B and Neisseria<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13284333846531.jpg"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::(04)-Gram_(-)_Cocci::4.2-Neisseria_meningitidis
What is the etiology of laryngeal papillomatosis?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::HPV 6 and 11}}</div>"<div>Can lead to laryngeal carcinoma</div><div><br></div><div><div><i>Generally a result of fetuses born to a mother with condyloma acuminata</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Due to the fact that HPV infects&nbsp;<b>stratified squamous epithelium -&nbsp;</b>true vocal cords contain SSE</i></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.43.01 AM.png"">"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
HPV has a predilection for what for what type of epithelium?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Stratified squamous epithelium}}</div>"<div>Questions may ask about ""patient with verrucous lesions"" or some way to describe HPV and they will expect you to know what other areas it can affect</div><div><br></div><div>E.g. stratified squamous of the true vocal cords --&gt; laryngeal papillomatosis</div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
Which part of the respiratory epithelium can HPV infect? Results in what?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::True vocal cords (producing laryngeal papillomatosis)}}</div>"<div>Sort of deviating from micro here, but recall that HPV has a tropism for stratified squamous; this question can then be turned to test your understanding of basic histology, like of the upper respiratory tract</div><div><br></div><div>The true vocal cords are the only part of the URT with <b>stratified squamous epithelium</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.46.58 AM.png""><div><img src=""IMG_5694.JPG.jpeg""></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Viruses::(3)-DNA_Viruses::3.08-Papillomavirus
What are 4 characteristics of HPV itself?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Non-enveloped (naked), icosahedral, circular, dsDNA virus}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-38847979192416.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Naked with blue overtones on each side of the table</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-14306536063469.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Which type of genome do <b>papilloma</b> viruses have?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Circular::linear or circular}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-38847979192416.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-14658723381706.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Treatment for Cutaneous Warts?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Salicyclic acid/Liquid Nitrogen}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14817637171884.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
Cervical cancer malignancies in HPV are more common with <b>what other disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HIV/AIDS}}</div><div><i>Immunosuppressed state allows virus to thrive and leads more readily to cancers</i></div><br><div><i>Recall that HPV can be cleared by the immune system in immunocompetent hosts</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
What do the vaccines for <b>HPV</b> 6, 11, 16, 18, target?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Capsid proteins}} of the virus</div>"<img src=""paste-15393162789397.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
{{c1::<i>Staph epidermidis</i>}} is a coagulase-negative <i>Staph </i>that has the ability to <b><u>synthesize extracellular polysaccharide matrix (biofilm).</u></b><br /><div>Seen with foreign body infections (i.e. kid with ventriculoperitoneal shunt develops infection)</div>A_MASTER gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus Microbiology Uworld
What types of HPV encode for the proteins E6 and E7?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::High Risk (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33)}}</div><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>bind p53 and Rb, respectively - inability to inhibit cell cycle - tumorgenesis</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV
<b><i>S. bovis</i></b> can produce subacute {{c1::endocarditis}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-19 at 8.22.03 AM.png"" />"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::(01)-Gram_(+)_Cocci::1.6-Enterococcus
What procedure should be performed with <i>S. bovis </i>infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Colonoscopy (suspect colon cancer)}}</div>"<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-19 at 8.22.03 AM.png"" /></div>"Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::(01)-Gram_(+)_Cocci::1.6-Enterococcus
<b>{{c1::Neoplasia}}</b> is new tissue growth that is&nbsp;<u>unregulated</u>,&nbsp;<u>irreversible</u>, and&nbsp;<u>monoclonal</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade) pathology::Neoplasia
In contrast to <u>hyperplasia</u>, which is {{c2::<b>polyclonal</b>}}, <u>neoplasia</u> is&nbsp;{{c1::<b>monoclonal</b>}}.&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Clonality</b> can also be determined by&nbsp;{{c1::androgen receptor}} isoforms (besides G6PD), which are also present on the <b>X chromosome</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Clonality</b> of&nbsp;{{c1::<u>B lymphocytes</u>}} is determined by immunoglobulin <b>{{c2::light chain}}</b> <b>phenotype</b>Either kappa or lambdaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
In <b>lymphoma</b>, which is <u>monoclonal</u>, the kappa:lambda light chain ratio&nbsp;{{c1::<b>increases</b> to <u>&gt; 6:1</u>}} or is&nbsp;{{c2::<b>inverted</b>}}&nbsp;(e.g. kappa:lambda ratio = 1:3)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;{{c1::<b>adenomas</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>adenocarcinomas</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;"<u><font color=""#ffff00"">glandular</font></u>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;{{c1::<b>papillomas</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>papillary carcinomas</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;"papillary <font color=""#ffff00"">finger-like</font> structures (have epithelium overlying, will have blood vessel in center)<div><img src=""paste-52544629899398.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Mesenchymal tissue</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;give rise to&nbsp;{{c1::<b>lipomas</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>liposarcomas</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;mesenchyme is the soft tissue of the body (fat, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, etc)<div><br /></div><div>another example: osteoma and osteosarcoma</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Lymphocytic neoplasia</b>&nbsp;gives rise to&nbsp;{{c1::lymphomas/leukemias}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<u>Melanocytes</u>}} give rise to&nbsp;{{c2::<b>nevi</b>&nbsp;(mole)}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>melanomas</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Pap smears</b> are used to detect cervical&nbsp;{{c2::<u>dysplasia</u>&nbsp;(CIN)}} <i>before</i> it becomes <b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;all screening procedures look to catch <b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes <b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect <b>carcinoma </b>before clinical symptoms ariseA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Mammography</u> is used to detect {{c1::<b>in situ</b>}} breast cancer <u>before it invades</u> or <b>invasive carcinoma</b> before it becomes <b>clinically {{c2::palpable}}</b>all screening procedures look to catch&nbsp;<b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect&nbsp;<b>carcinoma&nbsp;</b>before clinical symptoms arise<div><br /></div><div>detected size on physical exam - <b>2cm</b></div><div>detected size on mammography - <b>1cm</b></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Prostate specific antigen (PSA)</b>}} and <b>{{c2::digital rectal}} exam</b> are used to detect <u>prostate carcinoma</u> before it spreadsregular exams after age 50A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Hemoccult test</b>}} and {{c2::<b>colonoscopy</b>}} are used to detect <b>colonic adenoma</b> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>colonic carcinoma</b> or <b>colonic carcinoma</b> before it <u>spreads</u>all screening procedures look to catch&nbsp;<b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect&nbsp;<b>carcinoma&nbsp;</b>before clinical symptoms ariseA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
During carcinogenesis, {{c1::DNA}} <u>mutations</u> eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for <b>tumor</b> <b>promotion</b> and <b>progression</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Aflatoxins</b>}} (carcinogen from <i>{{c3::Aspergillus}}</i>) are associated with&nbsp;{{c2::<b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b>}} (type of cancer)&nbsp;contaminate stored grainsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Alkylating agents</b>}} are associated with&nbsp;{{c2::<b>leukemia/lymphoma</b>}} (side effect of <u>chemotherapy</u>)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Alcohol</b>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;{{c3::<b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b>}} of the liver (cancer)Alcohol -&gt; cirrhosis -&gt; HCCA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Aflatoxins</b> are derived from&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus</i>, which can contaminate&nbsp;{{c2::stored rice and grains}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Arsenic</b>}} (carcinogen) is associated with <b>squamous cell carcinoma </b>of <u>skin</u>,&nbsp;{{c3::<b>lung cancer</b>}}, and <b>angiosarcoma</b> of the <u>liver</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Asbestos</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::lung carcinoma}} and {{c2::mesothelioma}}&nbsp;more likely to develop lung cancer than mesotheliomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Exposure to <b>asbestos</b> is <u>more</u> likely to lead to {{c2::lung cancer}} than {{c2::mesothelioma}}&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div>{{c6::<u>kidney</u>}}, {{c7::<u>bladder</u>}}, and {{c8::<u>pancreas</u>}}</div></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Cigarette smoke</b>}} is the <u>most common</u> <b>carcinogen</b> <i>worldwide</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Nitrosamines</b>}} are found in <u>smoked foods</u> and are associated with&nbsp;<b>{{c2::stomach (gastric)}} carcinoma</b><br><div><br></div><div>specifically, the <b>intestinal type</b></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Nitrosamines</b> are found in {{c2::<b>smoked</b>}}<b> foods</b>responsible for the high rate of <b>gastric carcinoma (intestinal type)</b> in <u>Japan</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Vinyl chloride</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::angiosarcoma of the liver}} (type of cancer)&nbsp;<div><br /></div><br /><div>Occupational exposure. Used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use in pipes</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Nickel</b> exposure is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::lung}} carcinoma<br /><div>Occupational exposure</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>HHV-8</b>}} (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Kaposi sarcoma</b>}} (type of cancer)&nbsp;<br /><div>Common in Eastern European males, AIDS patients, and transplant patients</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::H<b>B</b>V}} and {{c3::H<b>C</b>V}} are associated with <u>hepatocellular carcinoma</u>HBV = hepadnavirus (DNA)<div>HCV = falvivirus (RNA)</div><div><br></div><div>*according to FA so is H<b>D</b>V</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>HTLV-1</b>}} (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::<b>adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</b>}} (type of cancer)&nbsp;<br><div>Stands for Human T lymphotropic virus</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
High-risk <b>HPV</b> (16, 18, 31, 33) is associated with <b>{{c3::adenocarcinoma}}</b> of the <u>cervix</u> and <b>{{c2::squamous cell carcinoma}}</b> of the <u>vulva</u>, <u>vagina</u>, <u>anus</u>, and <u>cervix</u>*HPV can cause SCC or adenocarcinoma of the cervix, <b>squamous cell is more common</b>&nbsp;(at transformation zone)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>{{c4::Nonionizing}} radiation</b> is associated with {{c1::basal cell}} carcinoma, {{c2::squamous cell}} carcinoma, and {{c3::melanoma}} of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><br /><div>UVB sunlight is the most common source of nonionizing radiation&nbsp;</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>{{c2::Nonionizing}} radiation</b> results in formation of <u>{{c1::pyrimidine dimers}}</u> in DNA, which are normally excised by <b>restriction endonuclease</b>commonly from <b>UVB sunlight</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Proto-oncogenes</b> are essential for {{c1::cell growth}} and differentiation"Growth factor, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear receptor and cell cycle regulators<div><br /><div><b>Mutations</b> of proto-oncogenes form <u>oncogenes</u> that lead to <b>unregulated</b> cellular growth&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-84731114815826.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div>{{c1::1) Growth factors}}</div><div>{{c2::2) Growth factor receptors}}</div><div>{{c3::3) Signal transducers}}</div><div>{{c4::4) Nuclear regulators}}</div><div>{{c5::5) Cell cycle regulators}}</div><div><br></div>"<img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Growth factors</b> induce <u>cellular&nbsp;{{c1::growth}}</u>"<div>type of proto-oncogene</div><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Signal transducers</b> relay receptor activation to the {{c1::nucleus}} (<i>e.g., </i>ras)"type of proto-oncogene<div><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Cyclins</b>}} and {{c2::cyclin-dependent kinases <b>(CDKs)</b>}} form a complex which <u>phosphorylates</u> proteins that drive the cell through the <b>cell cycle</b>.&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<u>p53</u>}} and {{c2::<u>Rb</u> (retinoblastoma)}} are classic examples of <b>tumor suppressor genes</b><div><br /></div><br /><div>Regulate cell growth. Decrease (or suppress) the risk of tumor formation.&nbsp;</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>p53</b> regulates progression of the cell cycle from {{c1::G1}} to {{c1::S}} phase&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-34643206209882.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
In response to DNA damage, <b>p53</b> <u>slows</u> the cell cycle and <u>upregulates</u> {{c3::DNA repair}} <b>enzymes</b>if DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces BAX (apoptosis pathway)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
If DNA repair is <i>not possible</i>, <b>p53</b> induces&nbsp;{{c1::apoptosis}} via BAX upregulation"upregulates BAX which disrupts Bcl-2<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-115139483271444.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>p53</b> induces apoptosis by <u>upregulating</u> {{c1::<b>BAX</b>}}, which <i>disrupts</i> {{c2::<b>Bcl2</b>}}"if DNA repair is not possible, p53 will induce apoptosis<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-115143778238740.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Activation of <u>apoptosis</u> occurs when {{c1::<b>cytochrome c</b>}} leaks from the {{c2::<b>mitochondria</b>}} due to disruption of <b>Bcl2</b>recall that p53 activates BAX which disrupts Bcl2 -&gt; cytochrome c leakes out and <b><u>activates caspases</u></b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
In the {{c1::<b>Knudson two-hit</b>}} hypothesis, <u>both copies</u> of a <b>{{c2::tumor suppressor}} gene</b> must be knocked out for <b>tumor formation</b>ie: both copies of p53 or both copies of Rb<div><br /></div><div>loss of the copies can be from <u>germline</u>&nbsp;(inherited) or <u>somatic</u>&nbsp;(spontaneous) mutations</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Loss of p53</b> is seen in {{c1::&gt; 50%}} of cancers (frequency)&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-115594749804640.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Germline p53 mutation</b> results in {{c2::Li-Fraumeni syndrome}} (second hit is somatic), characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of <u>carcinomas</u> and <u>sarcomas</u>&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-117063628619873.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Rb</b>&nbsp;(retinoblastoma)&nbsp;regulates progression of the cell cycle from {{c1::G1}} to {{c1::S}} phase"<img src=""paste-34643206209882.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b>Rb</b> ""holds"" the {{c1::E2F}} transcription factor, which is <i>necessary</i> for transition to the <b>S phase&nbsp;</b>""<div>phosphorylation of Rb by CDKs releases E2F, allowing progression</div><img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>E2F</b>}} is released when {{c2::<b>Rb</b>}} is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the {{c3::<u>cyclinD/CDK4</u> complex}}"<img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Rb mutation</b> results in constitutively free {{c2::E2F}}, allowing progression through the cell cycle and <u>uncontrolled</u><b> cellular growth</b>"<img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>{{c1::Sporadic}}</u> <b>Rb mutation</b> (<i>i.e., </i>both hits are somatic) is characterized by {{c2::<u>unilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b>}}"<div>mutations occur <b>solely</b>&nbsp;in the retinal cells</div><img src=""paste-119361436123492.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>{{c1::Germline}}</u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in {{c2::<b>familial</b> retinoblastoma}} (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by {{c3::<u>bilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b>}} and {{c3::<b>osteosarcoma</b>}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Bcl2}} normally <u>stabilizes</u> the <b>mitochondrial membrane</b>, blocking <i>release</i> of <b>cytochrome c</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> allows {{c2::<b>cytochrome c</b>}} to leave the <u>mitochondria</u> and <b>activate {{c1::caspases}}</b> and thusly apoptosis&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Bcl2</b> is an <u>anti-apoptotic molecule</u> that is a overexpressed in&nbsp;{{c1::<b>follicular lymphoma</b>}} and <b>{{c2::diffuse large B-cell lymphoma}}</b>Follicular lymphoma can progress to DLBCLA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Angiogenic factors</b>&nbsp;commonly produced by&nbsp;<u>tumor cells</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>fibroblast growth factor (FGF)</b>}}&nbsp;and {{c1::<b>vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)</b>}}<div><br /></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Kerratin</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with {{c2::<b>epithelium</b>}} (tissue type)&nbsp;hence, carcinomas will be keratin + (carcinomas are <u>epithelial</u>&nbsp;tumors)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Vimentin</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with {{c2::<b>mesenchyme</b>}} (tissue type)&nbsp;hence, sarcomas will be vimentin + (sarcomas are&nbsp;<u>mesenchymal</u>&nbsp;tumors)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Desmin</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with {{c2::<b>muscle</b>}} (tissue type)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>GFAP</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with {{c2::<b>neuroglia</b>}} (tissue type)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Neurofilament</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with {{c2::<b>neurons</b>}} (tissue type)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>PSA</b> (prostate specific antigen)}} (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with {{c2::<b>prostatic epithelium</b>}} (tissue type)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>ER</b> (estrogen receptor) (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with {{c2::breast epithelium}} (tissue type)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Thyroglobulin</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with {{c2::<b>thyroid follicular</b> cells}} (tissue type)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Chromogranin</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with {{c2::<b>neuroendocrine</b> cells}} (tissue type)&nbsp;<i>e.g.,&nbsp;</i>small cell carcinoma of the lung, carcinoid tumorsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>S-100</b>}} (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <b>melanoma</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Serum tumor markers</u> are useful for screening, monitoring <b>response to {{c1::treatment}}</b>, and <b>{{c1::recurrence}}</b>&nbsp;of tumors**a diagnosis of cancer cannot be made w/o <u>tissue biopsy</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Elevated</u> levels of <b>serum tumor markers</b>&nbsp;require {{c1::tissue biopsy}} for definitive diagnosisA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Grading</b>}} is the microscopic assessment of {{c2::<b>differentiation</b>}} in a cancer"asks the question: ""Does the tumor look like the tissue in which it is growing"""A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Well}} differentiated ({{c1::low}} grade) cancers <b>resemble</b> normal parent tissue&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Poorly}} differentiated ({{c1::high}} grade) cancers <b>do not resemble</b> normal parent tissue&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Well</b>-differentiated cancers have a better {{c1::prognosis}} than <b>poorly</b>-differentiated cancers<br /><div>tumor <b>grading</b> is <u>less important</u> than tumor <b>staging</b> in prognosis, however</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::<b>Staging</b>}} is the assessment of the {{c2::<b>size and spread</b>}} of a cancer"<img src=""paste-167177307029626.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Tumor staging</b> is a {{c1::more}} important <u>prognostic factor</u> than <b>tumor</b>&nbsp;<b>grading</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Staging</b> of a cancer is determined after final {{c1::surgical resection}} of the tumorA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: {{c1::<u>T</u>umor size and/or depth of invasion}}</div><div>N: {{c2::Spread to regional lymph <u>n</u>odes}}</div><div>M: {{c3::<u>M</u>etastasis}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Spread to regional lymph nodes (N)}} is the <u>second most</u> important <b>prognostic</b> factor for a <b>cancer</b>&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Metastasis (M)}} is the single <u>most</u> important <b>prognostic</b> factor for a <b>cancer</b>"<img src=""paste-167177307029626.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: Hematology and Oncology</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><b>Rasburicase </b>is&nbsp;a recombinant <b>Uricase</b>&nbsp;that metabolizes {{c1::uric acid}} to {{c1::allantoin}}; indicated for the treatment of {{c2::<b>Tumor Lysis Syndrome</b>}}<div><br></div>"<div><i>same MOA as <b><font color=""#ffff00"">pegloticase</font></b></i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-39135742001153.jpg"" />"A_MASTER InflamImmunoPharm Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2) NeoplasiaPharmacology
<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div><br /></div><b>Colchicine</b> is indicated for the treatment of {{c1::<b>Familial Mediterranean Fever</b>}}, an autoinflammatory disease related to a mutated protein of the {{c2::<b>inflammasome</b>}} called&nbsp;pyrin, in which the mutation leads to massive upregulation of <b>neutrophil activity</b><div><br /></div>"<i><b>Pyrin</b>&nbsp;normally negatively regulates the inflammsome, and when knocked out allows for unregulated activation of the inflammasome leading to excess IL-1B in your system, which&nbsp;<br /></i><div><b><i></i></b><b><i><img src=""Fig-1-Protein-interactions-in-the-cryopyrin-ASC-caspase-1-and-IL-1-pathways-in.png"" /></i></b></div>"A_MASTER InflamImmunoPharm Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
"<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b></b>Along with {{c2::<b>anakinra</b>}}, {{c1::<b>colchicine</b>}} is indicated for <b>Behcet's Disease</b><div><b><br /></b></div>""<div><i style=""font-weight: bold; "">Behcets Disease&nbsp;</i><i>is a small vessel vasculitis with a triad of Arthritis, Uveitis, and Painful Apthous Ulcers</i></div>"A_MASTER InflamImmunoPharm Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: MSK</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>The most prolific hematological side effect of <b>Colchicine </b>is {{c1::<b>Agranulocytosis</b>}}<div><br /></div>"<div><i>recall that <u>colchicine inhibits neutrophil</u> migration into tissue</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-97839355002881.jpg"" />"A_MASTER InflamImmunoPharm Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
"<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: MSK</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><i><br /></i></div><b>Colchicine</b>&nbsp;can affect the muscle, resulting in a {{c1::<b>myopathy</b>}}<div><br /></div>""<img src=""paste-100016903421953.jpg"" />"A_MASTER InflamImmunoPharm Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
What is the route of <b><u>giardia</u></b> transmission?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fecal-oral}}</div>"individuals (typically ""world travelers"") become infected when they visit a region indigenous to giardia and drink unfiltered water - water is typically infected with animal, or human, feces<div><img src=""paste-19958713024964.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-19975892894124.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
When individuals consume water filled with {{c1::cysts}} of <b><u>Giardia</u></b>, infection occurs"<br /><div><img src=""paste-19975892894124.jpg"" /></div><div>cysts of giardia are transmitted fecal-orally</div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What parasite is commonly associated with individuals who go <b>camping</b> and <i>do not</i>&nbsp;purify their <b>water</b> before consumption?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giardia}}</div>"<img src=""paste-20521353740747.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20534238642630.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b><u>Giardia</u></b> is a parasite commonly transmitted through <i>consumption</i> of <u>poorly purified</u>&nbsp;{{c1::water}}"<img src=""paste-20534238642630.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b><u>Giardia</u></b> (parasite) commonly presents with <b>bloating</b>, {{c1::flatulence}} and <i>foul</i>-<i>smelling</i> {{c1::diarrhea}}"<b>Steatorrhea</b><br><div><img src=""paste-20791936680409.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a {{c2::Giardia::what parasite's}} infection is due to&nbsp;{{c1::steatorrhea* (fatty diarrhea)}}"<div>*buzzword!</div><img src=""paste-20933670601143.jpg""><div>fatty, yellow stools - due to fat malabsorption</div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
The <b>steatorrhea</b> in <u><b>Giardia</b></u> is <i>hypothesized</i> to stem from excess&nbsp;{{c1::mucus}} production that <i>impairs</i> <b>fat absorption</b> in the&nbsp;{{c1::intestines}}"<img src=""paste-21191368638861.jpg"" /><div>fatty, yellow, foul-smelling stools</div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What vitamin deficiencies can occur with a <b><u>Giardia</u></b> infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fat Soluble (ADEK)}}</div>excess mucus production impairs fat absorption in the intestines, results in steatorrheaA_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Weight&nbsp;{{c1::loss::gain or loss}} is commonly seen in <b><u>Giardia</u></b> infectionsexcess mucus production inhibits fat absorption in the intestines, leading to steatorrheaA_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<u>Giardia</u> is <i>ingested</i> in the {{c2::<b>cyst</b>}} form. After ingestion, it <i>differentiates</i> into the {{c1::<b>trophozoite</b>}} form."Trophozoite - multiplying stage of protozoa<div><img src=""paste-21560735826358.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>notice that in this form has <b>flagella</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-21586505630122.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Does the <b>trophozoite</b> form of <b>Giardia </b><i>invade</i> the <u>intestinal wall</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No, just attaches}}</div>therefore, there is <b>no</b> bloody diarrhea (dysentery)A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Does the <b>trophozoite</b> form of <b>Giardia</b> present with <u>bloody diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>attaches but does not invade the intestinal wallA_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<div>{{c1::Trophozoites}} in {{c1::stool}}&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>diagnostic</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><u>Giardia</u></b>&nbsp;infection</div>"<img src=""paste-21865678504340.jpg"" /><div>recall that trophozoites of giardia attach to the intestinal walls</div><div><img src=""paste-21994527523205.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What diagnostic <b><u>test(s)</u></b>&nbsp;is/are run to test for <b>Giardia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites); ELISA stool antigen}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22183506084250.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22239340659098.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
The <b>Giardia trophozoites</b> in stool turn into {{c1::cysts}}, thereby allowing them to <u>infect other people</u>A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What is an ELISA looking for when testing for <b><u>Giardia</u></b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stool antigens}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22243635626394.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
How is <b><u>Giardiasis</u></b> treated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Metronidazole}}</div>"<i>- Since it causes watery diarrhea, also remember to rehydrate patients</i><div><i>- Tell patients to avoid alcohol (disulfiram like reaction)<br /></i><div><img src=""paste-23587960390047.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Does the&nbsp;<b>trophozoite</b>&nbsp;form of&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>&nbsp;present with&nbsp;<u>bloody diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28724741276058.jpg""><div>Amoebiasis = amoebic dysentery</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
How many <u>life-cycle stages</u> does&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> have?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::2}}</div>As is common in parasites (cyst and trophozoite)A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Which form of <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> is infectious when ingested?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyst form}}</div>"<img src=""paste-25546465477023.jpg""><div>Typically via contaminated water</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Which <u>intestinal parasite(s)</u> is/are ingested via <i>contaminated water</i> in the <b>cyst</b> form?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giardia; Entamoeba histolytica; Cryptosporidium}}</div>"<img src=""paste-19975892894124.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25765508809114.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36451387441562.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What <u>demographic</u> is <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::MSMs (men who have sex w/ men)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26268019982745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What <u>transmission</u> is <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anal-oral transmission}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26268019982745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
The <i>{{c1::cyst}}</i> form of <b><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i></b> resides in the <u>{{c2::small intestines}}</u>,<div>while differentation to the <i>{{c1::trophozoite}}</i> form occurs in the <u>{{c2::colon}}</u></div>A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Differentiation of&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>&nbsp;to the <i>trophozoite</i> form in the <u>colon</u> allows the parasite to enter the {{c1::portal}} circulation and, eventually, the {{c1::liver}}Specifically, the right lobeA_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Which lobe of the liver is most commonly involved with <b>amoebic liver abscesses</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c2::Right lobe}}</div>"<div>Via entamoeba histolytica</div><img src=""paste-26920855011729.jpg""><div>70-80% of lesions are solitary</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Patients with <b>amoebic liver abscesses</b> complain of&nbsp;<u>{{c1::right upper}} quadrant pain</u>&nbsp;with <i>hepatomegaly</i>"<img src=""paste-26920855011729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-27255862460825.jpg"" /><div>70-80% of lesions are solitary</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"{{c3::<u>Entamoeba histolytica</u>}}&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;{{c1::<b>amoebic</b>&nbsp;<b>liver abscesses</b>}}, which are described as having ""{{c2::<b>anchovy paste</b>}}"" consistency""<img src=""paste-27676769255839.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c4::<u>Entamoeba histolytica</u>::which parasite}}&nbsp;can cause {{c1::<b>intestinal amebiasis</b>}}, with <b>{{c2::ulcerations}}</b> along the walls of the <b>{{c2::colon::where (be specific)}} </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;{{c3::diarrhea}}</b>"<img src=""paste-27960237097376.jpg""><div>The ulcerations have a <b>flask shaped </b>appearance</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"What <i>shape</i> do the <u>lesions</u>&nbsp;present as in&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br /></div><div>""{{c1::Flask-shaped}}""</div>""<img src=""paste-30773440676248.jpg"" /><div>seen with the man drinking from an erlenmeyer flask</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)}}; {{c2::ELISA stool+serum antigen test}}; {{c3::Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28960964477339.jpg"" /><div>looks for cysts and trophozites in stool</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<u>{{c3::Trophozoites}}</u> that contain endocytosed {{c2::<b>RBCs</b>}} are diagnostic of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>}}"<img src=""paste-29304561861001.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29317446762904.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What&nbsp;<i>tests&nbsp;</i>(3)&nbsp;are used to diagnose&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)}}; {{c1::ELISA stool+serum antigen test}}; {{c1::Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies}}</div>A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<u>Intestinal biopsy</u> with <b>flask-shaped lesions</b> is diagnostic of&nbsp;{{c1::Entamoeba histolytica}}"<img src=""paste-30769145708952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
What is the first-line treatment for <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Metronidazole}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31125627994514.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Metronidazole is used as treatment for which <b><i>intestinal</i>&nbsp;parasites?</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>{{c1::Giardia; Entamoeba histolytica}}</b></div>"<img src=""paste-510121c98d3657649238657bf8743c6d34888de9.jpg""><img src=""paste-31129922961810.jpg"">"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Which two drugs <i>eliminate</i> <b>cysts</b> of <u>Entamoeba histolytica</u> in the <b>lumen</b>&nbsp;of the <b>intestine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paromomycin; Iodoquinol}}</div>"Considered <b>luminal agents</b><div><b><img src=""paste-31855772434844.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-31894427140500.jpg"" /></b></div><div><b>pair of mice running into the tunnel; queen iodo's head in the dig site</b></div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c1::Echinococcus::Entamoeba histolytica or Echinococcus}} presents as a <u>mass in the liver</u> that is treated <b>surgically</b>Entameoeba is treated with antimicrobials (metronidazole +/- iodoquinol or paromomycin)A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c1::Entamoeba histolytica::Entamoeba histolytica or Echinococcus}} presents as a <u>mass in the liver</u> that is treated <b>pharmacologically</b>you do not drain the liver abscesses of Entamoeba histolytica, instead <b>treat with metronidazole + paromomycin/iodoquinol</b>A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c1::<u>Cyptosporidium</u>}} is a <u>parasite</u> that causes {{c2::<b>diarrhea</b>}} in <b>{{c3::immunocompromised/suppressed}} </b>(ie: {{c3::HIV/AIDS}})&nbsp;patients"<div>most common organism identified in HIV+ patients who have unrelenting diarrhea</div><img src=""paste-35338990911900.jpg"" /><div>in individuals who are immunocompetent, crytosporidium causes mild, watery diarrhea</div>"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b>Cryptosporidia</b> are {{c1::uni}}-cellular, partially {{c1::acid-fast}} staining organisms"<img src=""paste-35875861823894.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38177964294548.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<div><i>{{c2::Cryptosporidium}}</i><b> oocysts</b> can be visualized with an {{c1::<u>Acid-Fast</u>&nbsp;(Ziehl-Nielsen)}} stain</div>"<img src=""paste-35875861823894.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38182259261844.jpg"" /><div>***only parasite we learn about through sketchy that stains acid fast</div>"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b>Cryptosporidium</b> is passed via <i>infectious</i> {{c1::cysts}} present in <u>stool</u>"<img src=""paste-36451387441562.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"The cysts of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Cryptosporidium</b>::which parasite}} consist of {{c2::4::#}} motile {{c2::<b>sporozoites</b>}}""<img src=""paste-38328288149914.jpg"">"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c1::Sporozoites}} of <b>cryptosporidium</b> <u>attach</u> to the <u>intestinal wall</u>, causing <i>{{c2::diarrhea::what symptom}}</i> and <i>{{c2::small}} intestine damage</i>"<div>cryptosporidium is associated with the <b>small intestine</b></div><img src=""paste-38470022070675.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>{{c2::Oocysts}}</i>&nbsp;that stain <b>acid-fast</b> on Stool O&amp;P are indicative of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Cryptosporidium</b>}}"<img src=""paste-39054137622866.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c2::<b>Nitazoxanide</b>}} is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b>{{c1::immunocompetent}}</b> hosts to treat&nbsp;{{c3::<b><i>Cryptosporidium</i></b>}}"<img src=""paste-39767102194056.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b><u>Cryptosporidium</u></b> is highly resistant to <i>chlorination</i>, therefore {{c1::filtration}} is used to remove the parasite from <u>water</u>"<img src=""paste-39930310951291.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c2::<b>Cryptosporidium</b>::<b>which parasite</b>}} can be treated with the <u>macrolide antibiotic</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>spiramycin</b>}}"<img src=""paste-40003325395359.jpg"" /><div>***not FDA approved in the US</div>"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b>Giardia (parasite)</b>&nbsp;is transmitted through passage of the {{c1::<u>cyst</u>}} <u>form</u> in the <i>intestinal tract</i>&nbsp;and out as <b>stool</b>A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Which <u>parasite</u> causes <b>amoebiasis</b> (amoebic dysentery)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Entamoeba Histolytica}}<br></div>A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b>Bloody diarrhea</b> is known as {{c1::dysentery}}A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<b>Protozoa</b> are {{c1::eukaryotes::prokaryotes or eukaryotes}}"<img src=""paste-21934397980908.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
"Which form of <i>protozoa</i> develops <u>inside the body</u>, is known as the ""<b>feeding form</b>""?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Trophozoite}}</div>""<img src=""paste-22174916149479.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
Which form of <i>protozoa</i>&nbsp;is found in <u>feces of animals</u>, penetrating the <u>water supply</u> and allowing for new infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyst}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22174916149479.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
All <i>GI protozoa</i> have a&nbsp;{{c1::fecal-oral}} transmission"<div>Giardia, entamoeba histolytica, cryptosporidium</div><img src=""paste-22484153794778.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
{{c4::<b><u>Metronidazole</u></b>}} is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giardia}}</div><div>{{c2::Entamoeba Histolytica}}</div><div>{{c3::Trichomonas}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22737556865325.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
<b>Iodoquinol</b> and <b>Paromomycin</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::Entamoeba Histolytica::which protozoa?}}"<div>along with Metronidazole</div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
<b>Nitazoxanide</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Cryptosporidium</b>::which protozoa?}}"<div>along with spiramycin</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""><img src=""paste-7e520872a3348b14ea3e3203df1c4b2191a5b70a.jpg""></div><div>Knitted socks</div><div><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
<b>{{c2::Suramin and Melarsoprol::which drugs (2)}}</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Trypanosoma brucei</b>::which protozoa?}}"<div>aka african sleeping sickness</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
<b>{{c2::Atovaquone::which drug}}</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Babesia</b>"<div>mild to moderate cases- atovaquone + azithromycin</div><div>Severe - clindamycin + quinine</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
<b>{{c2::Nifurtimox::which drug}}</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Chagas disease</b>::which protozoa?}}"<div>or <u>benznidazole</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
<b>{{c2::Sodium stibogluconate::which drug}}</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Leishmaniasis</b>"<div>used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis; visceral leishmaniasis requires amphotericin</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Protozoa_B&B
Most often, <u>severe</u>&nbsp;<i>fungal</i> infections occur in&nbsp;{{c1::immunocompromised/suppressed}} patientsA_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
What fungus causes <b><u>histoplasmosis</u></b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Histoplasma Capsulatum</i>}}</div>A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
"{{c1::<i>Histoplasma Capsulatum</i>::what fungus}} is associated with&nbsp;<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::bat}} </b>and<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b><b>{{c2::bird}}</b>&nbsp;droppings, therefore <u>spelunkers</u> who explore <b>caves</b> are at risk, or <u>farmers</u> with <b>chicken coops</b>.""<img src=""paste-27410481283521.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c2::<b>Histoplasma</b>::what fungus}} is endemic to the {{c1::<b>central</b>}} and {{c1::<b>midwestern</b>}} United States"along the <b><u>mississippi and ohio river valleys</u></b><div><img src=""paste-27650999452089.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Transmission of <i>Histoplasma</i> occurs through the&nbsp;{{c1::respiratory}} tract"<div>along with the rest of systemic fungi</div><div>spores in bird and bat droppings are inhaled and enter the lungs, where they are ingested by macrophages (resulting in oval bodies)</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-27698244092317.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>{{c2::Histoplasma::which fungus}}</i>&nbsp;will characteristically present on <u>histology</u> as {{c1::<b>macrophages</b>}} with <b>{{c1::oval}} bodies</b>"<div>after staining with KOH prep</div><div><img src=""paste-f970169699696ade4a50faa1b11ffb336db6c476.gif""><br></div><img src=""paste-28097676050854.jpg""><img src=""paste-28522877813080.jpg""><div>symbolizes what macrophages with ovoid bodies filled with histoplasma look like</div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c1::<b>Serum</b>}} and {{c1::<b>Urine</b>}} <u>rapid antigen tests</u> can also be used to detect&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Histoplasma</i>::which fungus}}&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-28467043238310.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Histoplasma</i> are&nbsp;{{c1::smaller than::larger than/smaller than/the same size as}}&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>"Since we see many histoplasmas inside a macrophage, this should make sense, since a macrophage is only slightly larger than a RBC<div><img src=""paste-38517266710928.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Histoplasma</i> is {{c1::dimorphic}}, meaning the <u>temperature</u> of its surroundings determines the <b>form of the fungus</b>"another feature shared amongst <b>all systemic fungi</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>mold in the cold (soil), yeast in the heat (body, 37 C)</b></div><div><b><img src=""paste-28999619183026.jpg"" /></b></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Histoplasma, Blastomycosis and most* other systemic fungi</i>&nbsp;are found in the {{c1::mold}} form in <u>soil</u> and the {{c1::yeast*}} form in the <u>body</u>"<div>all systemic fungi are <b>dimorphic</b></div><div><b>**Coccidioidomycosis </b>is found in a <b>spherules of endospores</b>&nbsp;in the body</div><div><img src=""paste-28995324215730.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i><b>Chronic</b></i> {{c1::<b><i>Histoplasmosis</i></b>::fungal infection}} can look similar to {{c2::<b>TB</b>}}, with <u>cavitary lesions</u> in the <i>upper</i> lobes of the lungs and {{c2::<b>calcified</b>}} nodules with fibrotic scarring"in general, <b>systemic fungi are asymptomatic - </b>severe infections (for instance, those in immunocompromised patients) result in major symptoms<div><b><br /></b></div><div>calcifications common in the <b>hilar regions</b><br /><div><b><img src=""paste-29437705847199.jpg"" /></b></div></div><div><b><img src=""paste-29459180683546.jpg"" /></b></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Histoplasmosis</i> can also cause {{c1::erythema nodosum}}, characterized by <b>painful red nodules</b>, typically on the shins"<div>Cocci is more associated than histo, but use the regions of the U.S. to distinguish b/t the two</div><img src=""paste-29648159244703.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Dissemination of&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Histoplasmosis</i>::what fungus}}&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;{{c3::<u>liver</u>}}&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c3::<u>spleen</u>}}&nbsp;results in&nbsp;{{c1::<b>hepatosplenomegaly</b>}}, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;{{c1::<b>calcifications</b>}}"<img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c2::<i>Histoplasmosis</i>::which fungus}}&nbsp;targets the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>reticuloendothelial</b>}} system, ultimately resulting in dissemination to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u>"<div>gross presentation may reveal <b>calcifications</b>&nbsp;in these organs</div><img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Dissemination</b> of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u> occurs in&nbsp;{{c1::immunocompromised}} patients"<img src=""paste-30288109371802.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Local</b>, <b>mild</b> infections of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::-azole::what suffix}} drugs, ie:&nbsp;{{c1::fluconazole}}, {{c1::ketoconazole}}"<div>pinecones for ""<b>cone</b>-azoles""</div><img src=""paste-30730491003297.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Systemic </b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::Amphotericin B}}"reserved only for potentially life-threatening infections due to side-effect profile<div><img src=""paste-30880814858652.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30893699760442.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Histoplasmosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Great lakes</b> and <b>Ohio river valley</b> are buzzwords for which <u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<i>Blastomycosis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-32066225832323.jpg""><div>As well as along the <b>east coast</b></div>"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Mississippi river valley</b>&nbsp;and <b>Ohio river valley</b> are buzzwords for which <u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<i>Histoplasmosis</i>}}</div>Central and midwestern USA_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c2::<b>Blastomycosis</b>::what fungus}}&nbsp;can also appear on the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>east</b>}} coast"<img src=""paste-31615254266239.jpg""><div>Along with the <b>great lakes and ohio river valley</b></div>"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Blastomycosis</i> is a&nbsp;{{c1::dimorphic}} fungus that changes form with different temperatures"mold in the cold (soil), yeast in the heat (body)<div><br /></div><div>inhale mold in the soil, once it colonizes lungs and reaches body temperature, turns to yeast<br /><div><img src=""paste-32521492365702.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Transmission of <i>Blastomycosis</i> occurs via {{c1::inhalation}} of {{c1::aerosol}}-<b>ized</b> <b>spores</b>"<div>inhalation of soil mold spores, where it colonizes the lungs, reaches body temperature, and changes to yeast (dimorphic)</div><img src=""paste-32744830665096.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Once inside the body, <i>{{c2::blastomycosis::what fungus}}</i> in the&nbsp;{{c3::<u>yeast</u>}}<u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;{{c1::<b>broad</b>}}&nbsp;{{c1::<b>based</b>}} {{c1::<b>budding</b>}}"<div><b>b</b>lastomycosis exhibits <b>b</b>road <b>b</b>ased <b>b</b>udding (alliteration at its finest)</div><img src=""paste-32899449487749.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-33178622362011.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-33221572034786.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;{{c1::the same size as::larger than/smaller than/the same size as}}&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>"<img src=""paste-38517266710928.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
A {{c2::<u>patchy alveolar</u>}}<u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Blastomycosis</i>::what fungus}} on CXR, along with {{c3::<b>lesions</b>}} or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs"<div>""haziness""</div><img src=""paste-34071975559559.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-34140695036120.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Dissemination of <i>blastomycosis</i> commonly occurs in&nbsp;{{c1::immunocompromised}} patientswhen in the lungs, is considered a <b>local</b> infectionA_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Blastomycosis</i> commonly occurs near the <u>Great Lakes</u> yes, but also in the <u>eastern</u> and {{c1::<u>southern</u>}} US as well"<div>hence the statue of Robert E. Lee</div><img src=""paste-34548716929368.jpg"">"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c1::Systemic}} <b>effects</b> of&nbsp;<i>blastomycosis</i> typically occur when patients are in an <u>immunocompromised</u> state"dissemination occurs in an immunocompromised state, local lung infection otherwise<div><img src=""paste-34690450850165.jpg"" /></div><div>(cane)</div>"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<u>Dissemination</u> of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Blastomycosis</i>::what fungal infection}} from the lungs is most likely to occur in the <b>{{c2::skin}} and {{c2::bone}}</b>"<img src=""paste-35317516075365.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Chronic</i>&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Blastomycosis</i>::which fungus}}&nbsp;may cause {{c1::<b>Osteomyelitis</b>::what&nbsp;<u>bone pathology</u>}}"<div>dissemination from lungs commonly occurs to skin and bone</div><img src=""paste-34995393528202.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Besides <i>histoplasmosis</i>, which other <u>fungus</u> can be detected through <b>urine antigen testing?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Blastomycosis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-35437775159662.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::-azole::what suffix}} drugs, ie:&nbsp;{{c1::Itraconazole}}"<img src=""paste-35764192674167.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::Amphotericin B}}"<img src=""paste-35931696398723.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>{{c2::Coccidioidomycosis::what fungus}}</i> is found in the {{c1::<b>Southwestern</b>}} United States"<img src=""paste-36777804956073.jpg"" /><div><i>San Jaoquin Valley Fever</i></div>"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
The route of transmission of {{c1::<i>coccidioidomycosis</i>::what fungus}} is through <u>inhalation of spores</u> in <b>dust</b>"<div>ie: dust storms, earthquakes in the san joaquin valley of california - hence coccidioidomycosis is also known as&nbsp;<b>san joaquin valley fever</b></div><img src=""paste-37009733190059.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-37696927957141.jpg""></div><div>coccidioido = ""presidio"" san joaquin</div>"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c1::<u><b>Earthquakes</b></u>}} are a risk factor for the spread of&nbsp;{{c2::<i>coccidoidomycosis</i>}}&nbsp;infection due to their ability to <b>kick up dust</b> and their high prevalence in the Southwestern U.S. due to the San Andreas Fault"<img src=""paste-37735582663076.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i> is a&nbsp;{{c1::dimorphic}} fungus, as its form changes based on the <u>temperature</u> of its environment"<div>does <b>NOT</b>&nbsp;follow the adage ""mold in cold, yeast in heat""</div><div>mold in cold, spherule of endospores in the heat, which rupture and release their endospores</div><img src=""paste-38126424687016.jpg""><img src=""paste-38147899523341.jpg"">"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>{{c2::Coccidioidomycosis::which fungus}}</i> is {{c1::<b>mold</b>}} in the <u>soil</u> and {{c1::<b>spherules of endospores</b>}} in the <u>body</u>, which can <i>rupture</i> and <i>spread</i> throughout the <u>lungs and rest of the body</u>"<div>""<b>thick walled</b> <b>spherules</b> filled with <b>endospores</b>"" (larger than surrounding RBCs)</div><div><img src=""coccidio.png"" /></div><img src=""paste-38147899523341.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><img src=""paste-38126424687016.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Coccidioidomycosis </i><u>spherules of endospores</u>&nbsp;are&nbsp;{{c1::larger than::larger than/smaller than/the same size as}}&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>"<img src=""paste-38521561678224.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38886633898212.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6107443495399.jpg"" /><div><b>Coccidioides spherule containing endospores.</b></div>"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
The clinical manifestation of <i>{{c3::Coccidioidomycosis::what fungal infection}}</i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; {{c2::<b>cough</b>}}, {{c2::<b>fever</b>}} and {{c1::<b>arthralgias</b>}}"<img src=""paste-38951058407842.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
A {{c3::<u><b>clear</b></u>}} CXR&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>possible</i>&nbsp;{{c3::<b>lesions</b>}} or&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;in the lungs is characteristic of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>::what fungus}}"<img src=""paste-39393440039334.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;can also cause {{c1::erythema nodosum}}, characterized by&nbsp;<b>painful red nodules</b>, typically on the shins"<div>Cocci is more associated than histo, but use the regions of the U.S. to distinguish b/t the two</div><img src=""paste-39848706572692.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c1::<b>Erythema Nodosum</b>}} symbolizes a <u>robust immune response</u>, therefore this <b>symptom</b> of&nbsp;{{c2::<i>coccidioidomycosis</i> and <i>histoplasmosis</i>::which two fungal infections}}&nbsp;typically occurs in <u>otherwise healthy patients</u>"<img src=""paste-40140764348816.jpg""><div>Typically occurs more often in cocci, but use region of country to differentiate b/t cocci and histo</div>"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;{{c3::<i>coccidioidomycosis</i>::which fungus}}&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>skin</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c1::<b>lungs</b>}}, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;{{c2::<b>bone</b>}} and <b>meninges</b>"<div><img src=""paste-40467181863336.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-40613210751370.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-40454296961446.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
Which <u>fungal infection</u> can, when disseminated, infect the <b>meninges</b> and cause <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>}}</div>"<div>results in the classic headache and stiff neck</div><img src=""paste-40853728919973.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
A {{c1::<b>KOH</b>}} stain or {{c2::<b>culture</b>}} gives physicians a definitive diagnosis in <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis (fungal infections)</i>A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
"Serology with Ig<u style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::M}}</u>&nbsp;antibodies to <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis </i>(systemic fungi)&nbsp;signifies <u><b>recent</b></u> infection"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<b>Systemic </b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::Amphotericin B}}"<img src=""paste-41476499177894.jpg"" />"A_MASTER coccidioidomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c1::<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>::which fungus}} has a geographical distribution localized to {{c2::<b>South America</b>}}"referred to as the ""Brazillian Blastomycoses""<div><img src=""paste-41815801594275.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-42520176230566.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
Which fungal infection is characterized by a <b>yeast</b> form with <b>multiple buds</b>&nbsp;that <i>radiate out</i>&nbsp;from a <u>central vacuole</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>}}</div>"yeast form in the <b>lungs</b><div><img src=""paste-42047729828214.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""1024px-Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;{{c1::dimorphic}} fungus that changes form with different temperatures"mold in cold (environment), yeast in heat (body)<div><img src=""paste-43099996815786.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;{{c1::larger than::larger than/smaller than/the same size as}}&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>"<img src=""paste-43138651521407.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
Transmission of <i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i> occurs via&nbsp;{{c1::respiratory droplets}}"<img src=""paste-43495133807011.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<b>Dissemination</b> of {{c2::<i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i>::which fungus}} can result in&nbsp;<u>cervical</u>, <u>axillary</u>, and&nbsp;<u>inguinal</u> {{c1::<b>lymphadenopathy</b>}}"<img src=""paste-43963285242278.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
Progression of&nbsp;{{c2::<i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i>::which fungal infection}}&nbsp;can result in spreading from <u>cervical lymph nodes</u> to the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>lungs</b>}}, causing&nbsp;{{c1::<b>granulomas</b>}}"<div>""granulomatous nature"" to paracoccidioidomycosis</div><img src=""paste-44109314130343.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b>{{c2::ulcers}} </b>in the <u>upper {{c3::respiratory}} tract</u> and {{c3::<u>mouth</u>}} is characteristic of {{c1::<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>::which fungal infection?}}"gums of mouth - have ragged borders with small spots of hemorrhage<div><img src=""paste-44306882625958.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-44470091383053.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<b>Mucocutaneous lesions</b> and <b>lymphadenopathy</b> should point you towards which <u>fungal infection</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-44650480009617.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::-azole::what suffix}} drugs, ie:&nbsp;{{c1::Itraconazole}}"<img src=""paste-44938242818471.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of <i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::Amphotericin B}}"<img src=""paste-44933947851175.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses paracoccidioidomycosis
"<b>San Joaquin Valley fever</b>&nbsp;are buzzwords for which&nbsp;<u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div>
<div>{{c1::<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>}}</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi
<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of <i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::-azole::what suffix}} drugs, ie:&nbsp;{{c1::ketoconazole}}&nbsp;<br>"<img src=""paste-fc0b92d6961346effeb3b20a8c3dfa7da8231766.jpg""><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi
Rickettsia is a&nbsp;{{c1::obligate intracellular::intracellular/extracellular obligate/facultative}} organism."<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.10.19 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
Ricketssia is technically a gram&nbsp;{{c1::negative organism}}, however&nbsp;{{c2::it doesn't gram stain well at all}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.12.40 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
Rickettsia organisms are unable to produce&nbsp;{{c1::CoA}} and&nbsp;{{c2::NAD⁺}}"This is why the organism is obligate intracellular, because it needs to get these from the host.<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.14.20 AM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
Rickettsia are described as having a&nbsp;{{c1::coccobacilliary shape ::shape}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.15.49 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
The&nbsp;{{c1::weil-felix test}} is an agglutination test used to diagnose&nbsp;{{c2::rickettsial infection}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.17.19 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The weil-felix test tests the cross reactivity of rickettsia and {{c1::proteus vulgaris}}.The test is not sensitive or specific.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The general prodromal symptoms with a rickettsial infection are&nbsp;{{c1::headache and fever}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.19.33 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
A unique symptom of rickettsia species is&nbsp;{{c1::vasculitis with rash}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.21.00 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.20.28 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The treatment for rickettsia species is&nbsp;{{c1::doxycycline}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.22.04 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The rash associated with Rickettsia prowazekii&nbsp;{{c1::starts at the trunk and spreads towards the extremities::(rash pattern)}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.25.27 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The rash from rickettsia prowazekii spares the&nbsp;{{c1::hands, feet, and head}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.26.03 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
In which situations are outbreaks of rickettsia prowazekii seen?&nbsp;{{c1::Military camp recruits and prisoners of war}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.27.50 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The natural life cycle of rickettsia prowazekii generally involves a vertebrate (usually squirrel) and an invertebrate host {{c1::human body louse}}"<div>The louse defacates near feeding sites, you scratch this site allowing the larvae to get into your blood.</div><div><br /></div>Side note R. prowazekii also appears to be the closest free-living relative to mitochondria.<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.33.05 AM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The name of the illness caused by Rickettsia prowazekii is known as&nbsp;{{c1::epidemic typhus}}"Epidemic meaning this is a widespread rampant infection..<div><br /></div><div>NOTE: This is different from endemic typhus (from Rickettsia typhi)</div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.35.28 AM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
The symptoms of epidemic typhus include&nbsp;{{c1::arthralgias, pneumonia, encephalitis, and the rash}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.39.54 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.39.41 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.39.21 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
Rickettsia rickettsia is transmitted through&nbsp;{{c1::direct biting}} from the&nbsp;{{c2::dermacentor tick}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.43.34 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The incubation period for rickettsia rickettsii is somewhere between&nbsp;{{c1::2-14}} days"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.45.21 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The rash from Rickettsia rickettsii is distinctly different from that of rickettsia prowazekii in that&nbsp;{{c1::this rash begins at the extremities and moves towards the trunk}}"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.47.34 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology
The fungus {{c1::<b><i>Malassezia furfur</i></b>}} causes {{c2::<b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b>}}"malice seezia, pity rye asis<div><img src=""paste-1404454306016.jpg"" /></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
"Which <i>fungus</i> has a ""<b>spaghetti and meatball</b>"" appearance on <u>KOH prep</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Malassezia furfur</i>}}</div>""<div><img src=""paste-2564095475927.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2589865279731.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-1524713390489.jpg"" />"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
<i>{{c3::Malassezia furfur}}</i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;{{c1::<b>skin</b>}} flora, thriving in&nbsp;{{c2::<b>hot</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>humid</b>}} conditions"<div>humidity allows M. furfur to convert to its disease form</div><img src=""paste-1662152343971.jpg"" />"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
<b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b> is characterized by <u>hyper</u> or <u>hypo{{c1::pigmented}}</u> <u>patches</u> on a patient's <b>skin</b>"Malassezia furfur results in pityriasis versicolor in <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">healthy</u>&nbsp;individuals<div><img src=""paste-2345052144038.jpg"" /></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
<i>Hyper/hypopigmented patches</i> of <b><u>Pityriasis Versicolor</u></b> on the skin commonly occur on the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>chest</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c1::<b>back</b>}}, especially in individuals who spend a lot of time in the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>sun</b>}}"<div><img src=""paste-4093103833474.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4118873637038.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2349347111334.jpg"" />"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
<u>{{c1::Lipid}}</u> <i>degradation</i> produces <b>acid</b>&nbsp;that damages <u>{{c1::melanocytes}}</u>&nbsp;in <b>{{c2::Pityriasis Versicolor::what M. furfur manifestation}} </b>(results in hypo/hyperpigmentation)"<div>caused my <i>M. furfur</i></div><div><img src=""paste-2628519985561.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2345052144038.jpg"" />"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
{{c1::<i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>::Which fungus}} produces <b>melanocyte damaging</b>&nbsp;acids via <u>lipid degradation</u>"results in the hypo/hyperpigmentation seen in <b><u>pityriasis versicolor</u></b><div><img src=""paste-2838973383066.jpg"" /></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
Which <u>layer of the skin</u> does the fungus <i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>&nbsp;reside?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stratum Corneum}}</div>"most <b>superficial layer - </b>makes sense - M. furfur sits on top of the skin, therefore infects the top layer (corn sprinkled on top layer of lasagna)<div><b><img src=""paste-2985002271144.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2997887172777.jpg"" /></b></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
<i>Malassezia furfur</i> can cause many more problems, other than just <b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b>, in&nbsp;{{c1::immunocompromised}} patients/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
{{c1::<i>Malassezia furfur</i>::Which fungus}}&nbsp;can infect the <u>blood</u>&nbsp;(<u>fungicemia</u>)&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>{{c2::neonates}}</b> receiving <u>TPN</u>, causing <b>severe</b>&nbsp;symptoms"due to lipids in the TPN (<b>M. furfur is lipophilic</b>) - can infect adults, but symptoms are NOT as severe<div><img src=""paste-3388729196967.jpg"" /></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
What <i>characteristic</i> of <i>Malassezia furfur</i> makes it problematic for <b>neonates</b> receiving <u>TPN</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lipophilic}}</div>"due to lipids in the TPN (<b>M. furfur is lipophilic</b>) - can infect line that is infusing TPN into blood, resulting in <b>fungisemia</b> - can infect adults, but symptoms are NOT as severe<div><img src=""paste-3388729196967.jpg""></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
What is the treatment of choice for <i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Selenium sulfide (selsun blue)}}</div>"promotes shedding of the stratum corneum, which is where M. furfur infects the skin<div><img src=""paste-3908420239788.jpg""><img src=""paste-10093ba40d6cc112cec885bd7c344cb433691bbc.jpg""></div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
<u>Selenium Sulfide (Selsun Blue)</u> is used as treatment for <b><i>{{c2::M. furfur::which fungus}}</i></b> due to it promoting shedding of the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>stratum corneum</b>}}"<img src=""paste-3904125272492.jpg""><div>M. Fufur infects the stratum corneum</div>"/ A_MASTER furfur Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses Malassezia Pityriasis Versicolor
"{{c1::<i>Dermatophytes</i>::What cutaneous fungi}}&nbsp;are responsible for rashes known as <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::Tinea}}</u>""Dermatophytes colonize the skin, Tinea is the disease it causes - multiple types of each<div><img src=""paste-4750233829801.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
Where do the fungi <i>Dermatophytes</i>&nbsp;reside in the body?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Skin}}</div>"cutaneous fungi - dermatophyte in greek means ""skin plant""<div>therefore they implant themselves on the skin and rarely ever invade<br /><div><img src=""paste-4784593568150.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
The <u>3</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<b><i>dermatophytes</i></b>}} are:<div>1. {{c5::<i>Trichophyton</i>}}</div><div>2. {{c3::<i>Epidermophyton</i>}}</div><div>3. {{c2::<i>Microsporum</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4771708666282.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
"<b>Tinea</b> is commonly referred to as ""{{c1::<u>ringworm</u>}}""""caused by <b>dermatophytes</b><div><b><img src=""paste-5205500363178.jpg"" /></b></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>capitis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;{{c1::head}} and {{c1::scalp}}"<img src=""paste-5342939316643.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>corporis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;{{c1::body}}"<img src=""paste-5437428597164.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>cruris</b></u> affects the&nbsp;{{c1::groin}}"<div>a.k.a ""jock itch""</div><img src=""paste-5471788335524.jpg"" /><div>Recall that <b>crura</b> attaches the base of the penis to the ischiopubic rami</div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>pedis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;{{c1::foot}}"<div>a.k.a athlete's foot</div><img src=""paste-5669356831142.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
What demographic of people are at risk for <b><u>Tinea</u></b> (ringworm) infections?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Athletes}}</div>"swimmers that walk barefoot, wrestlers that have body contact with mats<div><img src=""paste-5703716569520.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
{{c1::Animals/pets}} can be a source of <i><b>dermatophytes</b></i>&nbsp;and, therefore,&nbsp;<b>Tinea infection</b>, especially in <u>younger</u>&nbsp;individuals"<img src=""paste-5858335392169.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<i>Dermatophytes</i> cause <b>Tinea</b> lesions that are often&nbsp;{{c1::pruritic (itchy)::what symptom}}"<img src=""paste-5965709574564.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
{{c2::<u>Hyphae</u>}} of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to {{c3::<i>dermatophytes</i>}} are seen with&nbsp;{{c1::<u>KOH</u>}} prep of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>skin</b>}} scrapings"<img src=""paste-6090263626162.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6120328397028.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6158983102691.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6171868004575.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
The dermatophyte {{c2::<b><i>Microsporum</i></b>}}&nbsp;can be indentified via&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Wood's lamp</b>}}"Wood's lamp can <b>only</b>&nbsp;identify microsporum<div><img src=""paste-6369436500395.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-6335076761858.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6347961663742.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
What is the mainstay treatment for <i>dermatophytes</i>/<b>Tinea</b> infections?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Topical -azoles (clotrimazole)}}</div>"<div>clotrimazole = lotrimin</div><img src=""paste-6627134538157.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<u>{{c2::Onychomycosis}}</u> describes&nbsp;{{c1::<i>dermatophyte</i>}} infection of the {{c1::<b>nails</b>}}"<div>Onychomycosis is also known as&nbsp;<b><u>Tinea unguium</u></b></div><div>""-oneycomb"" mycosis</div><img src=""paste-6764573491611.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
The <i>oral antifungal</i>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Terbinafine</b>}} is used to treat {{c2::<b>onychomycosis</b> (<i>dermatophyte</i> infection of nails)::what <i>dermatophyte</i> infection}}"<div><u>terbin</u>afine turbin</div><div>""oneycomb""-mycosis&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-6807523164576.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
For more <i>severe</i>&nbsp;<b>Tinea infections</b> or <i>persistant&nbsp;</i><b>Onychomycosis</b> (manifestations of <i><u>dermatophytes</u></i>), <b>oral</b>&nbsp;{{c1::Griseofulvin}} is used"deposits in keratin containing tissues (ie: skin and nails)<div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
{{c1::<b>Griseofulvin</b>::what drug}} deposits in {{c2::<b>keratin</b>}}-containing tissues, such as {{c2::<b>skin</b>}} and {{c2::<b>nails</b>}}, and is therefore used for <u>severe</u> <i><u>dermatophyte</u></i> infections"severe Tinea (ringworm) or persistant onychomycosis<br /><div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<b><u>Griseofulvin</u></b> is associated with {{c1::GI}} side-effects"if you eat a lot of ""<b>griseo</b>"" greasy food, you will have an upset stomach<br /><div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
A&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>}} infection is called {{c2::<b>Sporotrichosis</b>}}"<img src=""paste-9440338116854.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
{{c1::<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>}} is classically contracted via <u>cuts</u> from {{c2::<b>rose thorns</b>}}, as well as <u>tree bark</u>, <u>bushes</u>, and <u>plants</u>"<div>aka <b>rose-gardener's disease</b></div><img src=""paste-9925669421476.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10638633992490.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is {{c1::dimorphic}}, meaning it assumes different forms depending on the&nbsp;<u>temperature&nbsp;of its environment</u>"<img src=""paste-9955734192558.jpg""><div>Mold in the cold (soil) yeast in the heat (body)</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<u>Branching hyphae</u> of <i><b>Sporothrix schenckii</b></i> can be grown at {{c1::25}} degrees celcius"Rose-bushes&nbsp;<div><img src=""paste-10093173146004.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10106058047728.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
"<img src=""paste-10106058047728.jpg""><div><br></div><div>Branching hyphae similar to that of <b>rose bushes</b>&nbsp;are classically seen in&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>::what fungus?}}</div>""culture grown at 25 degrees celcius<div><img src=""paste-10436770529685.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
The <u>yeast</u> of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i>::which fungus}} takes on a {{c2::<b>cigar</b>}} <b>shape</b> under microscope"<div>cigar-shaped rose-buds</div><img src=""paste-10784662880679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10715943403813.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<i>{{c2::Sporothrix schenckii::which fungus}}</i> spreads in an&nbsp;<b>{{c1::ascend}}-ing</b> pattern along the path of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>lymphatic</b>}} <b>drainage</b>"<div>physical trauma (cut from rose thorn) allows infection to enter lymphatic system</div><img src=""paste-11119670329746.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> will result in a <u>local</u>&nbsp;{{c1::pustule}}, or ulcer, at the site of trauma and first entry"<div>ie: thorn from a rose bush pricks the skin</div>then ascending up the lymphatic drainage<div><img src=""paste-3706556776760.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-11463267713446.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<i>Sporotrichosis</i> diagnosis is confirmed via {{c1::culture}} or&nbsp;{{c1::biopsy}}"<img src=""paste-11600706666901.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
A biopsy of a patient with <i>{{c1::sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii)::what fungal infection}}</i> will reveal {{c2::<b>granulomas</b>}} consisting of <u>histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and cigar-shaped budding yeast</u>"<img src=""paste-11759620456710.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11772505359098.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
What is the <b><u>drug</u></b> of choice for treatment of <i>Sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii infection</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Itraconazole}}</div>"<div>itraconazole is used to treat <b>dimorphic</b>&nbsp;fungi</div><img src=""paste-12051678232998.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
What is the <b><u>solution</u></b> of choice for treatment of <i>Sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii infection</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::SSKI (saturated solution of potassium iodide)}}</div>"not really used much anymore<div><img src=""paste-12287901434271.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<u>Ascending&nbsp;{{c1::lymphadenitis}}</u> and&nbsp;<b>{{c1::cigar}}-shaped yeast</b> are classic manifestations of&nbsp;{{c3::<i>Sporothrix schenckii infection/sporotrichosis</i>::what fungal infection}}"<img src=""paste-12330851107224.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
What is the main immune diffense against <i><b>Giardia</b></i>?&nbsp;{{c1::<b>IgA</b>}} produced by {{c2::<b>Peyers Patches</b>}} in the GI"<img src=""paste-219790656405505.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Selective {{c1::<b>IgA</b>}} deficiency is the most common 1* immunodeficiency<div>and increases susceptibility to {{c2::<i>Giardia</i>::which protozoal}} infections</div>"<div>recall that <b>IgA</b> is produced by <b>Peyer's patches</b> of the GI tract, protects against <u>intestinal</u> protozoa such as <b><i>Giardia</i></b></div><img src=""paste-220679714635777.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
{{c1::B::B or T or Granulocyte?}} cell immunodeficiencies generally predispose to GI <i><b>giardiasis</b></i>"<div>B cells are responsible for the production of IgA</div><img src=""paste-221263830188033.jpg"">"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Opportunistic infections with <i>{{c3::Cryptosporidium::what bug}}</i> are seen with {{c1::<b>Hyper-IgM</b>}} syndrome, most commonly caused by a defective {{c2::<b>CD40L</b>}}"- CD40L is found on T helper cells that have been activated in an antigen dependent manner; binding of CD40 on B cells with CD40L (along with cytokine stimulation) allows B cells to class switch<div>- therefore, without class switching, you can only make IgM (and IgD)</div><div><img src=""paste-267400368881665.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>Cryptosporidium</i> {{c2::<u>oocysts</u>::what form}} are often transmitted via&nbsp;<b>infected {{c3::water}}</b><i>Prevent by filtering city water supplies</i>A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>Cryptosporidium spp</i> infections are often found in HIV+ patients with CD4+ cell counts &lt; {{c1::100/mm³}}"<img src=""paste-278756262412289.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>{{c1::Giardia lamblia}}</i> is a <b>{{c2::flagella}}-ted</b> <u>{{c2::intestinal::location}}</u> <i>non-invasive</i> <b>parasite</b> responsible for <u>most</u> flagellated protozoan small intestine colonizations in the U.S."<div><img src=""paste-597000454585.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21586505630122.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"{{c1::10}} to {{c1::25}} <b>cysts</b> (#)&nbsp;are required for <i>Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia)</i>&nbsp;infection."A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>G. lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> are found in contaminated resources like {{c1::day care}} <b>centers</b>, contaminated water from mountain streams during {{c1::camping}}, etc.A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>Giardia lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> become <u>trophozoites</u> in the {{c1::<b>duodenum</b>}} when stimulated by <b>{{c2::gastric acid}}</b> after ingestion.A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Is <i>Giardia lamblia</i> an invasive organism?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>No</u>, therefore no dysentery}}</div>"<img src=""paste-816043786360.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Due to villous atrophy in {{c2::<i>Giardia lamblia</i>::which parasitic infection}}, <u>deficiencies</u> in epithelial <b>brush border enzymes</b> such as {{c1::<u>lactase</u>}} may develop."<img src=""paste-811748819064.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"<i>G. lamblia </i><u>cysts</u> (carrier state) have {{c1::<b>4</b>::#}} nuclei""<img src=""paste-962072674604.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"<i>G. lamblia&nbsp;</i><u>trophozoites</u> (active state) have {{c1::2}} <b>nuclei</b> and {{c1::4}} pairs of <b>flagella</b> (#) and resemble a face looking back at the viewer.""<img src=""paste-996432412982.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Can <i>Giardia lamblia</i> be removed from water through <u>chlorination</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<img src=""paste-1073741824069.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>G. lamblia</i> is not susceptible to <u>chlorination</u> but <i>can</i> be killed by {{c1::boiling}} the water or with {{c1::iodine}}.A_MASTER Giardia Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
"<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> has two stages: an <u>infective</u> {{c1::4::#}}-nuclei <b>cyst</b> stage and a(n) {{c1::invasive::non-invasive/invasive}} <b>trophozoite</b> stage."invasive trophozoites enter the intestinal wall, resulting in intestinal amebiasis (bloody diarrhea)A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
The {{c1::<b>trophozoite</b>}} stage of <i>E. histolytica</i> exhibits {{c1::<u>pseudopods</u>}}, which allow the organism to <i>move along the intestinal wall</i> and take up <u>nutrients</u>."<img src=""paste-6429566042507.jpg"" /><div>recall that the trophozoites of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>&nbsp;will also contain endocytosed RBCs</div>"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is most common in&nbsp;{{c1::developing::developed or developing}} countriesA_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
The most common result of <i>E. histolytica</i> infection is an {{c1::<u>asymptomatic (silent) carrier</u>}}<u> state</u> where the organism is released as <b>cysts in the stool</b>.A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Are cysts of <i>Entamoeba Histolytica </i>able to <u>survive</u>&nbsp;<b>outside</b> of the host?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2173253451842.jpg"" />"A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Treatment for <i>E. histolytica</i> infections includes <b>metronidazole</b> for invasive colitis, followed by <b>paromomycin</b> or <b>iodoquinol</b> to eliminate intra{{c1::luminal}} {{c1::cysts}}.<br><div><br></div><div>therefore, paromomycin and iodoquinol are considered <b>intraluminal agents</b></div>A_MASTER entamoeba histolytica Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
In <b>immuno-</b>{{c1::competent}} individuals, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection causes a <b>self-limiting watery diarrhea</b>.whereas in <b>immunocompromised</b> individuals, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> can result in <u>severe diarrhea</u>A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Compared to <i>Cryptosporidium</i> causing <b>watery diarrhea</b>,&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>::which protozoa}} causes <b>bloody diarrhea</b>A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Compared to <i>Cryptosporidium</i> causing <b>watery diarrhea</b>,&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Giardia lamblia</i>::which protozoa}} causes <b>floating, fatty, foul-smelling steatorrhea</b>A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
Diagnosis of <i>{{c3::Cryptosporidium::which protozoa}}</i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of {{c1::<u>acid-fast</u>::what quality}} <b>{{c2::oocysts}}</b>.</div>"<img src=""paste-2967822402003.jpg"" />"A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
In immuno<u>compromised</u> individuals with <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection, <b>anti-{{c1::retroviral}} therapy</b> should be initiated since {{c2::<u>CD4</u>}} counts greater than {{c2::<u>100</u>}} are associated with complete resolution of symptoms.<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<b>Nitazoxanide</b>}} can be used for immunocompromised patients if {{c2::<u>CD4</u>}} recovery is slow and symptoms are severe.</div>A_MASTER cryptosporidium Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::Chapter_1_-_Protozoa_of_the_Intestinal_Tract
<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is a <u>dimorphic</u>&nbsp;yeast with a <b>cigar</b>-shaped, unequal budding {{c1::yeast}} in <u>human tissue</u>, and a {{c1::mold}} form in <u>plants</u> (commonly <b>rose thorns</b>).A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> lesions are <u>granulomas</u> made of {{c1::histiocytes}} and {{c1::giant}} cellsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses schenckii Sporothrix
<i>{{c2::Dermatophytes::which cutaneous fungi}}</i> contain {{c1::<b>keratinase</b>::enzyme}}, allowing them to subsist off <u>keratin</u>, a protein resistant to most organisms."this is why dermatophytes are commonly found in the skin (tinea - ""ringworm"") and nails (onychomycosis)"A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
<u>Tinea capitis</u> is a <i>dermatophyte</i> infection of the scalp, often caused by <i>Trichophyton spp.</i>, and almost always occurs in {{c1::young children::what demographic}}<u>Adults</u> with tinea capitis are often <b>immunocompromised</b> or <b>immunosuppressed</b>.A_MASTER Dermatophytes Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_2_Cutaneous_Mycoses
Cutaneous involvement in {{c1::<i>blastomycosis</i>::which fungus}} commonly manifests as a <b>verrucous lesion</b> with <i>irregular borders</i> that may <i>mimic</i> <u>{{c2::squamous cell}} carcinoma</u>.<div><br /></div>A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
<i>{{c2::Coccidiomycosis::which fungi}}</i> have a characteristic {{c3::<b>mold</b>}} form containing <b>{{c1::barrel}}-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>."<img src=""paste-5763846111380.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5785320948095.jpg"" />"A_MASTER blastomycosis Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_1_Systemic_Mycoses
{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>::which fungus?}} is the <u>most common</u> cause of <b>opportunistic mycoses</b>"<div>ie: immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, neutropenic patient, diabetics)</div><img src=""paste-12781822673310.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>Candida albicans</i> is&nbsp;{{c1::dimorphic**}}, meaning it assumes different forms depending on the&nbsp;<u>temperature&nbsp;of its environment</u>"goes <i>against</i> the adage, ""mold in the cold, yeast in the heat"", however<div><br /></div><div>forms pseudohyphae and budding yeast at 20 degrees C</div><div>germ tubes (hyphae) at 37 degrees C</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13490492277163.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13232794239369.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>{{c3::Candida albicans::which fungus}}&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div>{{c2::<b>pseudohyphae</b>}} and <b>budding {{c2::yeast}}</b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;{{c1::germ tubes (hyphae)}} at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div>"dimorphic fungus, however does not follow the adage ""mold in the cold, yeast in the heat""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13481902342537.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13494787244459.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>Candida albicans</i> forms {{c1::germ tubes (true hyphae)}} at <u>37 degrees celcius</u>"Mold form<br><div><img src=""paste-13864154431921.jpg""><img src=""paste-13490492277163.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-13889924235657.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>Candida albicans</i> is in the&nbsp;<b>{{c1::yeast}} form</b> with <b>pseudo-{{c1::hyphae}}</b> formation at <u>20 degrees C</u>"<div><img src=""paste-14096082665902.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13490492277163.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13889924235657.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
What fungus is actually a reverse of the <i>dimorphic adage</i>,<div>with <b>yeast</b> in the <u>cold</u>&nbsp;and <b>mold</b> in the <u>heat</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>}}</div></div>"normally: mold in the cold, yeast in the heat<div><br /></div><div><i>Candida albicans</i> is yeast in the cold, with pseudohyphae</div><div>mold in the heat, with germ tubes (true hyphae)</div><div><img src=""paste-13481902342537.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13494787244459.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
Individuals with <b>{{c3::chronic granulomatous}} disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Candida and Aspergillus</i>::which <u>fungi</u>}}<div>colonization due to them both being <u>{{c2::catalase}}-positive</u> organisms</div>"CGD - lack of NADPH oxidase, therefore cannot perform respiratory burst. Immune system uses H2O2 made by bacteria instead, however catalase positive organisms have peroxisomes (with the enzyme catalase) which neutralize their H2O2, therefore we cannot use their H2O2 because it has already been degraded. Therefore, we are susceptible to infection by catalase-positive organisms.<div><img src=""paste-14813342204324.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20701742367138.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>Candida albicans</i> is normal flora of the {{c1::GI}} tract, including the {{c1::oral}} cavity."present in up to 40% of population - no problems in <b>immuno</b><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">competent</u>&nbsp;- can contaminate sputum cultures"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
Which <u>fungus</u> commonly contaminates <b>sputum cultures</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>}}</div>due to it being a part of normal flora of the oral cavity, present in up to 40% of the populationA_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>::which fungus}} causes&nbsp;{{c2::<b>diaper</b>}} <b>rash</b> due to the <u>heat</u> and <u>humidity</u> within a <b>baby's</b> {{c2::<b>diaper</b>}}"<img src=""paste-15247133901216.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<u>{{c3::Oral::which location of the body}}</u> {{c2::<i>candidiasis</i>::fungal infection}} is seen in the <b>immuno-</b>{{c1::<b>compromised</b>}} or those using <b>oral</b> {{c1::<b>steroids</b>}}"<img src=""paste-15479062135210.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15509126906049.jpg"" /><div>blue inhaler in child's hand - important to wash mouth out after using oral steroids to prevent candidiasis</div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>::<i>Candida albicans</i> or Leukoplakia}} results in <b>white patches</b>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<u>oral cavity</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i><b>can</b></i> be scraped away"<img src=""paste-16106127360424.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15960098472118.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::Leukoplakia::<i>Candida albicans</i> or Leukoplakia}} results in <b>white patches</b>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<u>oral cavity</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i><b>cannot</b></i> be scraped away"<font color=""#ffff00"">Precancerous</font><div><img src=""paste-16110422327720.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::KOH}} is used to <u>prep oral scrapings</u> when attempting to diagnose <b>oral <i>candidiasis</i></b>"<img src=""paste-16320875725233.jpg"">"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i><b>Candida albicans</b></i>&nbsp;that extends from the <u>mouth</u> to the <u>esophagus</u><div>is known as {{c1::<b>candidal esophagitis</b>}}, which is an&nbsp;{{c2::<b>AIDS-defining</b>}}&nbsp;<b>illness</b></div>"<img src=""paste-16372415332774.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
What is the <u>CD4+ count threshold</u> for the development of <b>candidal esophagitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::&lt; 100}}</div>"AIDS-defining illness - a CD4+ count less than 100 means the patient is <b>susceptible to development</b>&nbsp;of candidal esophagitis<br /><div><img src=""paste-16660178141598.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16647293239719.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::<b>Diabetes</b>::what endocrine pathology}} <u>predisposes</u> individuals to&nbsp;<i>Candida albicans</i>&nbsp;infection"<img src=""paste-16978005721504.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18313740550557.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::<u>Antibiotics</u> and <u>OCPs (oral contraceptives)</u>::which 2 <u><i>classes</i></u> of medications}} can predispose individuals to <b>vaginal yeast infections</b>"<div>along with <b>SGLT-2 inhibitors</b></div><div><br></div><div>Ie: <i><b>candida albicans</b></i></div><img src=""paste-17149804413344.jpg""><img src=""paste-18313740550557.jpg"">"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<u>Antibiotics</u> <i>kill</i> <b>vaginal microflora</b>, allowing microbes such as&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>::which fungus}} to flourish"results in vaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection)<div><img src=""paste-18318035517853.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c2::<i>Candida albicans</i>::<i>Candida albicans</i> or <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>}}&nbsp;{{c1::<b>does not</b>::does/does not}} change the <u>vaginal pH</u>"<div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18266495910306.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c2::<i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>::<i>Candida albicans</i> or <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>}}&nbsp;{{c1::<b>does</b>::does/does not}} change the <u>vaginal pH</u>"<div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18270790877602.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
In women, <u>vaginal</u> <i>candida</i> infections <u>do not</u> occur when the <b>vaginal pH</b> is <b>{{c2::&gt;::&gt; or &lt;}}</b> {{c1::<b>4</b>}}"<div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>Candidal</i>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>endocarditis</b>::what pathology}} is commonly seen in&nbsp;{{c2::<b>IV</b>&nbsp;<b>drug users</b>::what demographic}}"candida albicans is found growing in certain types of heroin - IV injection can allow candida albicans to seed the heart valves - first valve is encounters is the tricuspid valve<div><img src=""paste-18588618457495.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>::which fungus}} is commonly found growing on <b>heroin</b>.<div><u>IV injection</u> of the drug can therefore lead to&nbsp;{{c2::<b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b>}}</div>"the first valve encountered is the tricuspid<div><img src=""paste-18743237280152.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<u>IV drug users</u> are at an increased risk of causing <b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b>, most commonly of the&nbsp;{{c1::tricuspid}} <b>valve</b>"the first valve encountered w/ IV injection of a drug is the tricuspid (venous blood flow)<div><img src=""paste-18743237280152.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>{{c3::Candida albicans}}</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Amphotericin B</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Capsofungin</b>}}"<img src=""paste-19194208846247.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19911468384670.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Candida albicans </i>(for example, candidal diaper rash)&nbsp;are treated with <u>topical</u> {{c1::-azole::what suffix}} drugs"<div>ie: miconazole, clotrimazole</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-19469086753091.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<u>{{c3::Oral}}</u> and <u>{{c2::Esophageal}}</u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Nystatin</b>}}"<div>liquid; ""swish and spit"" or ""swish and swallow""</div><img src=""paste-19606525706661.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
"<b>Peanuts</b>&nbsp;and <b>Grain crops</b>&nbsp;(ex: wheat) are associated with&nbsp;{{c1::<u>aflatoxins</u>}} produced by&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Aspergillus </i><span style=""font-style: italic"">flavus</span>::which fungus}}""<div>can result in <b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></div><img src=""paste-20834886353315.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21045339750804.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<u><b>Aflatoxins</b></u> are <i>carcinogenic</i>, especially for the developement of&nbsp;{{c1::hepatocellular}} <b>carcinoma</b>"produced by Aspergillus flavus, found in peanuts, grain plants (ex: wheat)<div><img src=""paste-21324512625058.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<i>Aspergillus</i>::which fungus}} has {{c2::<b>acute&nbsp;(&lt;45°)</b>}}-{{c2::<b>angle</b>}} branching hyphae with {{c3::<u>septations</u>}}"<div><img src=""paste-2482491097136.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-21672404976033.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21839908700460.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21685289877920.jpg"" /><div>notice the septations within the branches</div><div><img src=""paste-21865678504351.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-21878563406226.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-21698174779802.jpg"" /></div></div><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<i>Aspergillus</i>::which fungus}} forms <b>{{c2::conidiophores}}</b> with <u>fruiting bodies</u>"<div>released into the air, inhaled by humans</div><img src=""paste-22041772163493.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22466973925780.jpg"" /><div><div><img src=""paste-22454089023891.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22071836934345.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22097606738142.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
How is&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus</i> <b>transmitted</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Inhalation}}</div>"<div><b><u>conidiophores</u></b> are released into the air, inhaled by humans</div><img src=""paste-22466973925780.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22041772163493.jpg"" /><div><div><img src=""paste-22454089023891.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22071836934345.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-22084721836184.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22097606738142.jpg"" /></div></div></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<b>Allergic Bronchopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b>}} is a <b>type {{c2::I}} hypersensitivity reaction</b> caused by&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>"Type I hypersensitivity reaction, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate<div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b>}} is a result<div>&nbsp;of inhalation of the <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> <u>fungus</u> and presents with</div><div>&nbsp; <u>wheezing</u>, <u>fever</u> and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>migratory pulmonary</b>}} <b>infiltrate</b></div>"Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate<div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
Blood tests of patients with <b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis</b> will show <b>{{c1::in}}creased Ig{{c1::E}}</b>"<b><u>Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction</u></b>, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate, associated with <b>asthma and cystic fibrosis</b><div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23197118366101.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<b>{{c1::Aspergillomas}}</b> are <u>solid balls of fungus</u> present in the <b>lungs</b>, result from <i>{{c2::Aspergillus fumigatus}}</i> infection"<div>those with cavities already in their lungs are susceptible to this infection</div><div>ie: those with tuberculosis or klebsiella</div><div><img src=""paste-23347442221474.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23510650978717.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-23523535880608.jpg"" /></div><div>upright chest XR, fungus balls will be at the bottom of the cavity</div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<b>Aspergillomas</b> are associated with {{c1::<i>Tuberculosis</i>}} or&nbsp;<div>{{c2::<i>Klebsiella</i>}}, as both pathologies have pre-existing&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;within the <b>lungs</b></div>"<div><img src=""paste-23510650978717.jpg"" /></div><div>those with cavities already in their lungs are susceptible to this infection</div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
When a patient with <b>Aspergillomas</b> takes an <u>upright chest X-ray</u>,<div>the <u>fungal balls</u> will be in the {{c1::inferior}} <b>lobes</b>, as they are&nbsp;{{c1::gravity}} <b>dependent</b></div>"<div><img src=""paste-23523535880608.jpg"" /></div><div>upright chest XR, fungus balls will fall to the bottom of the cavity</div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<u>{{c1::Angioinvasive aspergillosis}}</u> occurs due to <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>&nbsp;infection in&nbsp;<b>{{c2::immunocompromised}}</b>&nbsp;patients"<div>ie: patients with <b>neutropenia</b>&nbsp;from <b>leukemia</b>&nbsp;or <b>lymphoma</b></div><div><img src=""paste-24215025615267.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b>::Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>}}&nbsp;invades<b> {{c2::blood vessels}}</b>,&nbsp;<u>disseminating</u> rapidly <u>throughout the body</u>"<img src=""paste-24927990186389.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-24653112280436.jpg"" /><div>acute-angled septated hyphae invade the vessels in surrounding tissues</div><div><img src=""paste-24524263261003.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div></div></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b> will present with <u>fever</u>, <u>cough</u> and {{c1::hemoptysis}}"<img src=""paste-25164213387460.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-25177098289566.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b>::Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>}} <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b>{{c2::kidney}} failure</b>"<img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b>::Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>}} <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b>{{c2::endocarditis::what cardiac pathology}}</b>"<img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
{{c1::<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b>::Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>}} <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in <b>{{c2::ring}} enhancing {{c2::brain}} lesions</b>"<div>presents with <u>seizures and focal neuro-deficits</u></div><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<div>Which <i>fungal</i> complication can present with <b>ring enhancing lesions</b>&nbsp;on CT scan?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b>}}</div>"<div>*<b>Toxoplasmosis</b> is a <u>protozoa</u> that causes ring-enhancing lesions, <b>CNS lymphoma</b> can also cause them</div><div><br></div><div>if a patient is presenting with seizures, focal neuro-deficits, has a cough, symptoms of pneumonia, in the past has had TB, may think TB, but also need to keep in mind <b>aspergillosis</b></div><img src=""paste-26010321944993.jpg"">"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
Both&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Mucormycosis and Aspergillus fumigatus</i>::which two fungal infections}} can spread to the&nbsp;<u>{{c2::paranasal}} sinuses</u> and result in <b>necrosis</b> around the {{c2::<u>nose</u>}}"<div>right-angled branching hyphae in mucor</div><div>acute-angled branching hyphae in aspergillus</div><div><img src=""paste-2628519985333.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-26259430048162.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>{{c2::Aspergillus fumigatus::which <u>fungus</u>}}</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::-azole::what suffix}} drugs (ie: {{c1::<u>Voriconazole</u>}})"<img src=""paste-26980984553888.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
In <i>addition </i>to medical treatment,&nbsp;{{c1::aspergillomas::which complication of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>}} will need to be <b>surgically removed</b>fungal balls within the lungsA_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<u>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</u>&nbsp;is treated with {{c1::<b>Amphoterecin B</b>}}"<img src=""paste-27238682591648.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
Which <i>fungus</i>&nbsp;is <b>encapsulated</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cryptococcus neoformans}}</div>"<img src=""paste-811748819366.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-1318554960149.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-846108558044.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
A <i>positive</i> <u>germ tube test</u> is strongly indicative of {{c1::<i>Candida albicans</i>::what fungus}}."<img src=""paste-1391569404030.jpg"" /><div>recall that C. albicans forms germ tubes (true hyphae) at <b>37 d celcius</b></div><div><img src=""paste-52381421142019.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<b>Oral thrush</b> of the mouth that appears as a <u>white exudate on mucous membranes</u>&nbsp;is due to&nbsp;{{c1::<i>candida albicans</i>::which fungus}}"<div><i>Chronic thrush implies T-cell / autoimmune deficiency</i></div><img src=""paste-1040344158306305.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<b>Vaginitis</b> that presents with <u>itching</u>, <u>copious secretion</u>, and “<b>cottage cheese</b>” appearing clumps are signs of&nbsp;{{c1::vaginal candidiasis}}"<img src=""paste-1653562409255.jpg"" />"A_MASTER candida_albicans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> is <b>not</b> <u>dimorphic</u> and occurs only as {{c1::molds}}"<img src=""paste-2559800508478.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b> is an <u>IgE-mediate type I hypersensitivity reaction</u> that is most often seen in individuals suffering from {{c1::<b>asthma</b>}} or {{c1::<b>cystic fibrosis</b>}}.A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in {{c3::<b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b>::which manifestation of <i>Aspergillus</i> infection}} leads to <b>{{c1::eosinophilia</b><b>}}</b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and {{c2::<b>mucus</b>}} <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to {{c2::<b>bronchiectasis</b>}}.Bronchiectasis - lung's airways become damaged, leading to lack of mucus clearance<div><br /></div><div>IgE recruits eosinophils (release major basic protein which causes inflammation)</div>A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
<u>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</u> can be treated with {{c1::corticosteroids}} to reduce <b>Ig</b>{{c1::E}} response.A_MASTER Aspergillus Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.2_-_Aspergillus_fumigatus
The <i>Cryptococcus</i>&nbsp;<b>capsule</b> is made up of <u>repeating</u> {{c1::<b>polysaccharide capsular antigens</b>}}"<div><img src=""paste-3311419785638.jpg"" /></div><br />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
The repeating <u>polysaccharide capsular antigens</u> of the <i>Cryptococci </i>capsule are the main <u><b>virulence</b></u>&nbsp;factor of the fungus, making it {{c1::anti-phagocytic}}"<div>similar to the capsule of bacteria!</div><img src=""paste-3311419785638.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<i>{{c2::Cryptococcus::which fungus}}</i> is found mainly in&nbsp;{{c1::<b>pigeon</b>}} <b>droppings</b> and {{c1::<b>soil</b>}}"<img src=""paste-4445291151765.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<i>Cryptococci</i>&nbsp;enter the body via&nbsp;{{c1::inhalation}}, therefore the <u>primary infection</u> resides in the&nbsp;{{c1::lungs}}"<img src=""paste-4471060955547.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5561982648739.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
Which <i>fungus</i> is <b>urease</b>-positive?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>}}</div>"<div>separates crypto from other fungi</div><img src=""paste-4565550236067.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<i>Cryptococcus</i> is an&nbsp;{{c1::opportunistic}} infection, with most symptoms occuring in <u>immuno-compromised</u> patients<div>(ie: {{c1::HIV}}+ patients, those with malignancies, high-dose steroid therapy, etc.)</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-5175435592104.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
{{c2::<i>Cryptococcus</i>}} is the <i>most common</i> cause of <u>fungal</u> {{c1::<b>meningitis</b>}}"can disseminate from the lungs to the <b>CSF</b><div>can present with common symptoms of meningimus (<b>stiff neck</b>)<br /><div><img src=""paste-5596342387107.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
The 3 most common symptoms of {{c1::<i>Cryptococcal</i>::which fungal}} infection are<div><br /></div><div>{{c2::<b>Fever</b>}}</div><div><b>{{c3::Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b>}}</b></div><div>{{c4::<b><u>Meningitis</u></b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-5776731013528.jpg"" /><div>remember that Cryptococcus is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, can present with common symptoms of meningimus (stiff neck)</div>"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<u>{{c2::Bronchopulmonary}} washings</u> can be used to diagnose&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Cryptococcal</i>::which fungal}} infection"<div>recall that the lungs are the primary site of infection (due to inhalation); aka bronchopulmonary <u>lavage</u></div><img src=""paste-6180457939367.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6313601925561.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
The <u>bronchopulmonary washing</u> of tissue samples for diagnosis of <i>{{c3::Cryptococcus::which fungus}}</i><div>utilizes the {{c1::<b>mucicarmine</b>}} ({{c2::red::color}})&nbsp;or {{c1::<b>methanamine</b>}} ({{c2::silver::color}})&nbsp;stains</div>"<img src=""paste-6317896892857.jpg"" /><div><img src=""Xnip2018-04-91_10-33-26.jpg"" /></div><div>mucicarmine stain^; notice how capsule is stained red</div>"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
"{{c1::<u>India ink</u>}} stains and outlines the heavy capsule that surrounds <i>{{c2::Cryptococci}}</i> fungi, giving it a unique ""{{c1::<b>halo</b>}}"" appearance""<img src=""paste-6854767804831.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6953552052449.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6966436954375.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<u>{{c2::Latex agglutination}} test</u> is used to detect the {{c1::<b>polysaccharide</b>}} <b>capsular antigen</b> present in <i>{{c1::Cryptococci::which fungus}}</i>"<img src=""paste-7172595385040.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7297149436325.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
"Gross pathology of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Cryptococcus</i>}} infection appears as <b>""{{c2::soap-bubble}}"" lesions</b> in the <u>{{c2::gray}} matter of the brain</u>""<div>most common cause of <u>fungal</u>&nbsp;meningitis</div><img src=""paste-7451768258983.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8869107466476.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
Treatment of <i><b>Cryptococcal</b></i> <b>meningitis</b> consists of a <u>joint therapy</u> of&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Amphotericin B</b>}} and {{c2::<b>Flucytosine</b>}}&nbsp;<div><br></div><div>followed by <u>maintenence therapy</u> with {{c3::<b>fluconazole</b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7743826035094.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7683696492968.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7765300871587.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<i>{{c1::Cryptococcus neoformans::which fungus}}</i> is 5-10 micrometers in diameter and its morphology can be described as <b>narrow-based, with {{c2::unequal}} budding.</b>"<div>note the unequal budding; board-based budding seen in blastomycosis</div><img src=""paste-8375186227680.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<b><i>Cryptococcal</i> meningoencephalitis</b> has a(n)&nbsp;<u>{{c1::indolent}} course</u> that occurs <i>over a period of one to two weeks</i>. The most common symptoms are <b>fever</b>, <b>malaise</b>, and <b>{{c1::headache}}</b>.A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
<i>Cryptococcus neoformans </i>(along with other <i><b>fungi</b></i>)&nbsp;can be cultured on {{c1::<b>Sabouraud</b>}} <b>agar</b>.<div><i><b>Sab</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<b>fun-guy</b>!</i></div>A_MASTER Cryptococcus_neoformans Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans
{{c2::<u>Mucormycosis</u>}} is caused primarily by {{c1::<i><b>Mucor</b></i>}} sp. and {{c1::<i><b>Rhizopus</b></i>}}"<div>can also be caused by <b>Absidia spp.</b></div><img src=""paste-2010044694934.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
<b></b><b>{{c1::Immuno-compromised</b> (ie: those on <u>glucocorticoids</u>, <u>HIV+/AIDS</u>)<b>}}</b> and {{c2::<b>diabetic</b>}}&nbsp;patients are <u>especially susceptible</u> to <i>Mucormycosis</i> infections"specifically patients with <b>leukemia</b> and <b>neutropenia</b><br /><div><img src=""paste-2272037699975.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2156073583008.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
<i>{{c1::Rhizopus}}</i> is a <b>{{c2::bread}} mold</b>, and is one of the major causes of <i>Mucormycosis</i>"<img src=""paste-2435246457250.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
Transmission of <i>mucormycosis</i> infection is via&nbsp;{{c1::<u>spore inhalation</u>}}"<img src=""paste-2555505541537.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
What is the most common <u>predisposing factor</u> to <i>mucormycosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Diabetic ketoacidosis}}</div>"proliferates in the setting of high blood sugar and high ketones (ie: diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM)<div><img src=""paste-3173980832159.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
After inhalation of <i>{{c3::Mucormycosis}}</i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b>{{c1::blood vessel}} walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;{{c2::<b>glucose</b>}} and {{c2::<b>ketone bodies</b>}}"ie: diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM (high blood sugar and high blood ketones)<div><img src=""paste-3169685864863.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4595615007160.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
{{c1::<i>Mucormycosis</i>::Which fungi's}}&nbsp;<u>hyphae</u> are <b>{{c2::non-septated::septated or non-septated}} </b>with <b>{{c2::wide-angled (90°)}}</b>&nbsp;<b>branching</b>"<div>as opposed to Aspergillus which has acute angle branching with septations</div><img src=""paste-3676492005800.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3753801416950.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3775276253425.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
{{c2::<i>Mucormycosis</i>::which fungus}} will penetrate the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>cribiform plate</b>}} of the skull, entering the {{c1::<b>brain</b>}}"<img src=""paste-4754528797087.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
"After penetrating the <u>cribiform plate</u><b style=""text-decoration: underline; "">,</b>&nbsp;<i>mucormycosis</i> continues to proliferate in the blood vessels, causing&nbsp;{{c1::necrosis}} of tissues""<img src=""paste-4917737554338.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4960687227119.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
<b>Surgical excision</b> of&nbsp;<b>{{c1::necrotic}} tissues</b> is an important step in the treatment of <i>Mucormycosis</i>debridement and then treat with amphotericinA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
"What is the <u>pharmicological</u> treatment of <i style=""font-weight: bold; "">Mucormycosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amphotericin B}}</div>""<div><img src=""paste-21861383536724.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-5321464480160.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
<b>{{c2::Deferoxamine}}</b>, which chelates both {{c2::<u>iron</u>}} and {{c2::<u>aluminum</u>}}, acts as a <b>{{c1::siderophore}}</b> for the species <i>{{c1::Rhizopus}}</i>, enhancing its <u>growth</u> and <u>pathogenicity</u>. This leads to an increased risk for <i>{{c1::Mucormycosis}}</i>."<img src=""paste-5484673237063.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
Patients with&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Mucormycosis</i>::which fungal infection}} can present with {{c3::<b>rhinocerebral</b>}} and <b>{{c2::frontal}} lobe abscesses</b>"<img src=""paste-6030134083835.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6043018985737.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
<u>{{c1::Cavernous}} sinus thrombosis</u> is a serious complication of <i><b>{{c2::Mucormycosis}}</b> </i>fungal infection"<img src=""paste-6193342841310.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis mucormycosis
<i>{{c1::Pneumocystis jiroveci}}</i> is a <b>fungus</b> responsible for causing <u>Pneumocystic {{c2::pneumonia}}</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
<i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;has a&nbsp;{{c1::respiratory}} transmissionA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
<div>What are the symptoms of <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci </i>in the immuno<b>competent</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Asymptomatic - None :)}}</div>"only presents with symptoms in <b>immunocompromised</b><div><b><img src=""paste-7198365188516.jpg"" /></b></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
<u>{{c2::Pneumocystis</u><u>}}&nbsp;pneumonia</u>&nbsp;is an&nbsp;<b>{{c1::AIDS}}-defining illness</b> that presents with a CD4+ count {{c1::<b>&lt; 200</b>}}"<div>due to <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i></div><img src=""paste-7752415969699.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
When should you start <b>prophylaxis</b> for <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci?</i><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CD4+ count &lt; 200}}</div>"to prevent occurance of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - AIDS defining illness<div><img src=""paste-27951647162457.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
<u>Pneumocystis pneumonia</u> is a(n)&nbsp;<b>{{c1::interstitial (atypical)}} pneumonia</b>"<div><b style=""font-weight: bold; "">diffuse - </b>throughout the lungs</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>no productive cough</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)<div><b>no consolidations on chest xray</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)</div><div><img src=""paste-8521215115619.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
Does <i>Pneumocystis pneumonia </i>have a <u>productive cough</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<div>is a interstitial (atypical) pneumonia</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>no productive cough</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)<div><b>no consolidations on chest xray</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
Does&nbsp;<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia </i>show <b>consolidations</b> on <u>chest xray</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<div>is a interstitial (atypical) pneumonia</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>no productive cough</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)<div><b>no consolidations on chest xray</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
"<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i>&nbsp;can present with a ""<b>{{c2::ground-glass}}</b>"" appearance on <u>chest xray</u>""<b><div></div></b><b><img src=""paste-8551279886758.jpg"" /></b><div><b>may not see anything at all</b></div><img src=""paste-8422430867735.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8521215115619.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
<i>{{c1::Pneumocystis pneumonia::which opportunistic infection}}</i> causes<b>&nbsp;interstitial pneumonia</b>&nbsp;with a <b>ground-glass</b>&nbsp;appearance on <u>chest xray</u>"<b><div></div></b><b><img src=""paste-8551279886758.jpg"" /></b><div><b>may not see anything at all</b></div><img src=""paste-8422430867735.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8521215115619.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
{{c1::<i>Bronchoalveolar lavage</i>}}&nbsp;is used to <u>confirm diagnosis</u> of <b>Pneumocystis pneumonia</b>"<b><div></div></b><div>via bronchoscopy</div><img src=""paste-9083855831468.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
The <u>bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample</u> is <i>stained</i> with&nbsp;<u>{{c2::methenamine silver}}</u>&nbsp;to identify the fungus <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;in <b>Pneumocystis Pneumonia</b>"<div><img src=""paste-9440338117023.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-9560597201163.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9573482102962.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
"<u>{{c1::Pneumocystis pneumonia}}</u> can be said to have a ""ground-glass"" <i>or</i>&nbsp;<b>crushed ping-pong ball appearance</b> on chest-xray""<div>due to <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;infection</div><img src=""paste-9736690860436.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
{{c1::Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)}} can be used in <u>prophylaxis and treatment</u> of <b>pneumocystis pneumonia</b>&nbsp;in patients <b>without</b> <u>sulfa drug allergies</u>"<div>recall that prophylaxis begins when a patient's CD4+ count is &lt; 200</div><img src=""paste-9839770075559.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9955734192552.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
{{c1::Pentamidine}} can be used in&nbsp;<u>prophylaxis and treatment</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>pneumocystis pneumonia</b>&nbsp;in patients&nbsp;<b>with</b>&nbsp;<u>sulfa drug allergies</u>"<div>recall that prophylaxis begins when a patient's CD4+ count is &lt; 200</div><div>normal treatment (Bactrim) is combo of Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim</div><img src=""paste-10273561772449.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i>, formerly <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>, is an <u>opportunistic fungi</u> that appears as {{c1::cysts}} containing <b>dark {{c1::oval}} bodies</b> on microscopy."<img src=""paste-10505490006480.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-10518374907967.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.5_-_Pneumocystis_pneumonia Pneumocystis_pneumonia
{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes}} have <u>no</u>&nbsp;<b>nucleus</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>membrane bound</i> <b>organelles</b>"<img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::Eukaryotes::Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes}} have&nbsp;<i>membrane bound</i> <b>organelles</b> and&nbsp;<b>nuclei</b>"<img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::Eukaryotes::Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes}} include <u>plant</u> and <u>animal</u> cells"<img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::Eukaryotes::Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes}} include <u>Protozoa</u>&nbsp;and <u>Fungi</u>"<img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::Prokaryotes::Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes}} include <u>Bacteria</u>"<img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::Pro}}karyotes' <u>nuclear material</u> sits freely within the cytoplasm"<div>whereas <u>eukaryotes</u> have their nuclear material enveloped in a <b>nucleus</b></div><img src=""paste-8126078124289.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
A bacteria's {{c1::cell}} wall can be a target for the <b>immune system and antibiotics</b>"<img src=""paste-9393093476589.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9380208574817.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
"<img src=""paste-9646496547259.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>purple circles are gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive::negative or positive}}</div>""taken up the gram stain due to thick layer of peptidoglycan<div><img src=""paste-12476879995117.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
"<img src=""paste-9646496547259.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>red/pink organisms are gram&nbsp;{{c1::negative::negative or positive}}</div>""have not taken up the gram stain due to thin layer of peptidoglycan<div><img src=""paste-12476879995117.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
What is the <i>difference</i> between <b>Gram Positive</b> and <b>Gram Negative</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Their Cell Walls}}</div>"<div>Gram positives have a thick cell wall that holds the crystal violet stain</div><img src=""paste-10131827851542.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Gram {{c1::positive}} bacteria have a <u>much thicker</u> <b>cell wall</b>"<div>thicker due to more peptidoglycan</div><img src=""paste-10488310137369.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-12476879995117.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12244951761478.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<u>{{c2::Lipoteichoic}} Acids</u>&nbsp;are present in <b>Gram {{c1::Positive}} Bacteria's</b> <u>cell walls</u>"<img src=""paste-10488310137369.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>Gram&nbsp;{{c1::Negative}} Bacteria</b> have&nbsp;<i>thinner</i><b> cell walls</b>&nbsp;with an <u>{{c2::outer membrane}}</u> surrounding it"<div>thinner due to less peptidoglycan</div><img src=""paste-14813342204277.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12481174962413.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::<u>Peptidoglycan</u>}} is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;{{c2::<b>N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</b>}}"<img src=""paste-11068130721963.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11351598563576.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>{{c2::Peptides}}</b> attach to&nbsp;{{c1::<u>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</u>::which sugar}} of the <b>Peptidoglycan</b> on a <u>Bacterium's cell wall,</u>&nbsp;connecting the sugars together"<img src=""paste-11347303596280.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12240656794182.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<i>{{c1::Mycoplasma::which bacteria}}</i>&nbsp;<b>does not {{c3::gram}} stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;{{c2::<b>sterols</b>}} for stability.</div>"<div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<i>{{c1::Mycobacteria::which bacteria}}</i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b>{{c2::<u>myco</u>lic}}&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special {{c3::<u>Ziehl-Neelsen</u>&nbsp;(acid-fast)}} stain is used to visualize them"<div><b><u>cannot</u></b> stain with <b>gram stain</b></div><div><br /></div><div>includes the mycobacteria that cause TB and leprosy</div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<i>{{c1::Chlamydia::which bacteria}}</i> lacks&nbsp;<b>{{c2::muramic}} acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor {{c3::gram}} staining</u>."<div>is also <b>intracellular</b></div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<u>Electron Transport</u> and <u>Oxidative Phosphorylation</u> occur on the&nbsp;{{c1::Cell membrane}} of <b>Bacteria</b>"<img src=""paste-13511967113424.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-13670880903330.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
What <i>molecule</i> present on the surface of <u>Gram Positive bacteria</u> drives <b>immune response</b> to the organism?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lipoteichoic Acid}}</div>"<img src=""paste-13864154431841.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>Gram&nbsp;{{c1::Negative}} Bacteria</b> contain a&nbsp;{{c2::<b>periplasm</b>}}, which is a <i>space</i> between the <u>cell membrane</u> and <u>outer membrane</u>"<img src=""paste-14139032338633.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14126147436933.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>Gram negative bacteria</b> have {{c1::<u>enzymes</u>}} within their <b>periplasm</b> that allow them to resist {{c1::<u>antibiotic</u>}} <i>treatment</i>"<div>ex: Beta-lactamase inactivates Beta-lactam antibiotics</div><img src=""paste-14139032338633.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14126147436933.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
What&nbsp;<i>molecule</i>&nbsp;present on the surface of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative bacteria</u>&nbsp;drives&nbsp;<b>immune response</b>&nbsp;to the organism?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lipopolysaccharide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14894946582712.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15156939587940.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::<b>Lipopolysaccharide</b>}} is contained on the&nbsp;{{c2::<u>Outer membrane</u>}} of <b>Gram&nbsp;{{c3::Negative}} Bacteria</b>"<div>trigger a vigorous immune response</div><div><img src=""paste-14890651615416.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15152644620644.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. {{c1::Polysaccharide}}</div><div>2. {{c2::Lipid A}}</div><div>3. {{c3::O antigen}}</div>"<img src=""paste-15251428868429.jpg"" /><div>responsible for the immune response to Gram (-) bacteria</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Which part of <u>Lipopolysaccharide</u> is <i>highly toxic</i> and triggers <u><b>cytokine</b></u> release?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Lipid A}}</div><div>therefore, a patient with Gram (-) infection is extremely sick due to the <b>Lipid A</b>&nbsp;portion of LPS</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Which part of <u>Lipopolysaccharide</u> is a <i>target</i> for <b>antibodies</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::O antigen}}</div><div>when the body tries to fight off the infection</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>Bacteria</b> sometimes <i>secrete</i>&nbsp;a&nbsp;{{c1::capsule}}, which is a <u>sticky, gelatinous layer</u> that <i>assists</i> the bacteria in <b>attaching to host cells</b>"<img src=""paste-16045997818124.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16076062589230.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c2::<b>Capsules</b>}}<b>&nbsp;of bacteria</b> are typically <u>water</u> and <u>polysaccharide</u>, <i>protecting against</i>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>phagocytosis</b>}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>}} has a <b>peptide&nbsp;{{c2::capsule}}</b>&nbsp;made of&nbsp;<b>d-</b>{{c2::<b>glutamate</b>}} that allows for <u>increased virulence</u> due to <b>unimpeded growth</b>"<div><u>usually</u>&nbsp;<b>capsules</b> are just water and polysaccharide</div><img src=""paste-16565688860993.jpg"">"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The <u>Quellung Reaction</u> is used to test for <b>bacteria</b> who have a {{c1::capsule}}"<img src=""paste-16870631539058.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>{{c1::B}}-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig{{c2::G}})</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u>{{c3::<u>capsule</u>}}"<img src=""paste-16956530884850.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Ig{{c1::G}} antibodies bind to the <b>bacteria's capsule</b>, resulting in either <u>{{c2::phagocytosis}} (Fc receptors)</u> or binding of {{c2::<u>complement</u>}}"<img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Lack of <b>B-cells</b>, <b>antibodies</b>, or <b>complement</b> can result in <i>recurrent</i> <u>{{c1::encapsulated}} bacterial infections</u>"<div><img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>Asplenia</b>&nbsp;can result in an<i> increased risk of sepsis </i>from <b>{{c1::encapsulated}} bacteria</b> due to loss of <u>splenic phagocytes</u>"<div>SHiN</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" /><div>ie: spleen removal, sickle cell patients, etc</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<u>Bacterial {{c1::capsular}} polysaccharides</u> are the basis for many&nbsp;{{c2::<b>vaccines</b>}}"<div>SHiN</div><img src=""paste-18262200942922.jpg"">"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<div><b>Bacteria</b> with irregular, slimy fuzz layer have a&nbsp;{{c1::glycocalyx}}</div>"<img src=""paste-18524193947856.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<div><b>Bacteria</b> with distinct, firmly attached gelatinous layer</div><div>have a {{c1::capsule}}</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Some <b>bacteria</b> secrete a {{c1::glycocalyx}}, allowing the bacteria to <u>stick to a surface</u>ie: Staph epidermidis creating a biofilm on a catheter<div><br></div><div>Whereas a capsule allows the bacteria to adhere to <b>host cells</b></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Bacterial {{c1::pili}} and {{c1::fimbria}} allow bacteria to <u>adhere to surfaces</u> and <i>attach to other bacteria</i> for <b>conjugation</b> (exchange genetic information - sex)ordinary pili and sex piliA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The {{c1::pili/fimbria}} in <i><b>E. coli</b></i> allow for attachment to the <u>urinary tract</u>causing UTIs and pyelonephritisA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The <b>pili</b> in&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Neisseria Gonorrhea::which bacteria}}</i>&nbsp;allow for <u>antigenic variation</u>the bacteria can change the proteins within the pili, thereby changing the antigens that the immune system has made antibodies towards<div><br /></div><div>therefore, individuals who have a gonorrhea infection are susceptible to more, as these pili may change the bug so that the immune system no longer recognizes it</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>Small DNA</b> <i>within</i> the <u>cells of bacteria</u>&nbsp;that <b>replicate independently</b>&nbsp;are known as&nbsp;{{c1::plasmids}}"can contain genes for <u>antibiotic resistance</u>&nbsp;or <u>toxins</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div>can be transferred from one bacteria to another</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-19958713024746.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The {{c1::flagellum}} of a <b>bacterium</b> is a <i>long protein arm</i> <u>used for motility</u>plural: flagellaA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The <u>two ribosomal subunits</u> in <b>bacteria/</b><b>prokaryotes</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;{{c1::50}}S and&nbsp;{{c1::30}}S making&nbsp;{{c1::70}}S"Bacteria are <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">odd</u>&nbsp;organisms"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The <u>two ribosomal subunits</u> in <b>eukaryotes</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;{{c1::60}}S and&nbsp;{{c1::40}}S making&nbsp;{{c1::80}}SPlants, animals, protozoa, fungi<div><br></div><div>Eukaryotes get <b><u>even</u></b></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Which type of <b>antibiotics</b> interfere with <u>synthesis of the 30S</u>&nbsp;ribosomal subunit of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>30S + 50S = 70S in prokaryotesA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
Some <b>bacteria</b> can enter a <u>dormant state</u> called a {{c1::spore}}"<div><img src=""paste-21006685044957.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
When a <b>bacteria</b> is in a&nbsp;{{c1::spore}} form, it can <i>survive long periods</i> in <u>extreme conditions</u>"<div>**<b>no metabolic activity in spore form</b>** - ""almost like seeds that can turn into bacteria""</div>ie: without nutrients, dehydration, heat, chemicals"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The&nbsp;{{c1::<b>coat</b>}} of the <u>bacterial spore</u> is the <i>outermost</i> layer that is made of a <b>{{c2::keratin}}-like protein</b>"<div><i>impermeable</i> to many chemicals and <u>antibacterials</u></div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
{{c1::<b>Peptidoglycans</b>}} make up the <i>middle layer</i>, or {{c2::<b>cortex</b>}}, of a <u>bacterial spore</u>"<div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
The {{c1::core}}, or <i>innermost</i>&nbsp;layer of the <u>bacterial spore</u>, contains <b>DNA, ribosomes and glycolytic enzymes</b>"<div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
<b>{{c1::Dipicolinic acid}}&nbsp;</b>is found in abundance within a <b><u>bacterial spore</u></b> and is thought to provide&nbsp;{{c2::<i>heat</i>}}<i>&nbsp;resistance</i><div><br /></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacteria Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::1_Bacteria
3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div>{{c1::Coccus/Cocci}}</div><div>{{c2::Rods aka Bacilli::... aka ...}}</div><div>{{c3::Coccobacillus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24481313587485.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<u>Pairs of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;{{c1::diplococci}}"<img src=""paste-24743306592580.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<u>Chains of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;{{c1::Streptococci}}"<div>during replication, each new bacterium (link in the chain) forms <i>away</i>&nbsp;from the preceding bacterium, forming a chain</div><img src=""paste-24743306592580.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25297357373844.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<u>Bunches/Clusters of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;{{c1::Staphylococci}}"<img src=""paste-24743306592580.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25340307046861.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
Most <i>cocci</i> are <b>gram</b> {{c1::<b>positive</b>}}, ie: {{c2::<i>streptococcus</i>}}, {{c2::<i>staphylococcus</i>}}"<img src=""paste-25593710117104.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>Neisseria meningitidis/gonorrhea</i> are <b>gram {{c1::negative}} {{c1::diplococci}}</b>"<img src=""paste-25855703122148.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> are <b>gram {{c1::negative}} {{c1::cocci}}</b>"<img src=""paste-25855703122148.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
Most <u>rods</u> (and <u>coccobacillus</u>) are gram {{c1::negative}}"<img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>Corynebacterium</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c1::rod}}</b>"<div>causes <b>diptheria</b></div><img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>Clostridium</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c1::rod}}</b>"<img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>Listeria</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c1::rod}}</b>"<img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>Bacillus (anthrax, cereus)</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c1::rod}}</b>"<img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>{{c2::Actinomyces}} and {{c3::Nocardia}}</i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u>{{c1::filamentous}} shape</u>"<div>resemble <b>fungi</b></div><img src=""paste-26418343837847.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26701811679525.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>{{c2::Treponema (syphilis)}},&nbsp;{{c3::Borrelia (Lyme disease)}}, </i>and<i>&nbsp;{{c4::Leptospira (leptospirosis)}}</i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u>{{c1::spirochete}} shape</u>"<div>""spirokeet""</div><img src=""paste-26839250632951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26852135534748.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26865020436850.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<i>{{c2::Vibrio cholerae}}</i> is a&nbsp;bacterium that has a <u>{{c1::vibrio}} shape</u>"<div>aka ""curved""</div><img src=""paste-27474905792742.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
2 common <u>{{c3::pleomorphic}} bacteria</u> are&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Rickettsia</i>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Chlamydia</i>}}take on different shapes<div><br /></div><div>also <b>obligate intracellular bacteria</b></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<u>Purple bacteria</u> of a <b>gram stain</b> are gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive}}"<img src=""paste-28213640167679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28243704938813.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<u>Red bacteria</u> of a <b>gram stain</b> are gram&nbsp;{{c1::negative}}"<img src=""paste-28213640167679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28243704938813.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
The <u>thick cell wall</u> of&nbsp;{{c1::peptidoglycan}} in <b>gram positive bacteria</b> <i>holds</i> the <u>crystal violet</u> of the gram stain in placeGram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall with small amounts of peptidoglycan, therefore crystal violet is able to wash awayA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<b>{{c2::Intra}}-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;{{c1::gram}} stain well, including {{c3::<i>Rickettsia</i>}}, {{c5::<i>Chlamydia</i>}} and {{c4::<i>Legionella</i>}}"<img src=""paste-29609504538976.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
The {{c1::<b>Giemsa</b>}} stain <i>enters cells</i> and stains&nbsp;{{c2::<u>nucleic acids</u>}}"geem-sa; useful for <b>blood smears and bone marrow</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src=""paste-30305289240943.jpg"" /></b></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
The <u>acid-fast stain</u> is also known as&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b>}} stain and contains&nbsp;{{c2::<b>carbolfuchsin</b>}}"stain them, then decolorize - acid-fast bugs resist decolorization<div><img src=""paste-33642478829834.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
The <b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b> stain is used to stain the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<i>mycobacterium (ie: TB, leprosy)</i>}} and&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Nocardia</i>}}, as well as the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Cryptosporidium (its oocysts)</i>}}"aka acid-fast stain - stain them, then decolorize - acid-fast bugs resist decolorization<div><img src=""paste-33642478829834.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<b>{{c2::Silver (methenamine)::... aka ...}}</b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i>}} and {{c1::<i>Coccidioides (coccidioidomycosis)</i>}}, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;{{c3::<i>Legionella</i>}} and&nbsp;{{c3::<i>H. pylori</i>}}"<img src=""paste-34110630265125.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
The <b>India Ink stain</b> is mostly used to identify the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>}}"<img src=""paste-35296041238839.jpg"" /><div>the background is actually what is stained, not the bug</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>Golden/Yellow</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Staph Aureus}}</div>"Aureus = gold<div><img src=""paste-35948876267775.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35996120908203.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>Blue-green</b> <u>pigments</u>? Due to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocyanin + Pyoverdin}}</div>"<div>Pyo<b>cyan</b>in, Pyo<b>verd</b>in produces the blue-green color</div><div><br /></div>""originosa"""A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>red</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Serratia</i>}}</div>sir-ray-shaA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>yellow-orange</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Actinomyces</i>}}</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
"{{c1::<i>Actinomyces</i>}} is a bacteria that <u>cements together</u>, forming ""<b>yellow</b> {{c2::<b>sulfur</b>}} <b>granules</b>""""<img src=""paste-36614596198694.jpg""><div>Filamentous bacteria</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_ShapesAndStains Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains
<b>{{c1::Selective::Selective/Non-selective}} media</b> <i>favors the growth</i> of <u>particular microbial organism</u> while <u>inhibiting growth</u> of all <u>other organisms</u>"<img src=""paste-1576252997962.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Thayer-Martin}} Media</b> is a <u>{{c3::selective}} media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i>{{c1::Neisseria}}</i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div><img src=""paste-8040178778259.jpg"" /></div><br />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
What is the <i>most commonly</i> used <u>non-selective culture media</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Blood agar}}</div>"<img src=""paste-1571958030666.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c1::Enriched}} culture media</b> have <u>special nutrients added</u> so that <i>many</i> bugs will growie: blood agar (sheep's blood)<div>chocolate agar<br /><div><br /></div></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<u>Blood agar</u> is a&nbsp;<b>{{c1::differential}} culture media</b> because it allows us to identify bacteria based on their <b><u>hemolytic pattern</u></b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<u>Indicator (differential) media</u> can also yield <b>color changes</b>&nbsp;due to differences in {{c1::metabolism}} of certain organisms"<img src=""paste-2856153251934.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c1::Fastidious}} bacteria</b> <u>do not</u> grow on standard media"<img src=""paste-3096671420680.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
What are two examples of <b>fastidious</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::H. influenza}}</i></div><div><i>{{c2::Legionella}}</i></div>"<img src=""paste-3092376453384.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<u>{{c1::Blood}} agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c2::Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)::Selective or Non-selective}}</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c3::Enriched (blood)::Enriched or Non-enriched}}</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c4::Differential due to hemolysis pattern::Differential or Non-differential}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3328599654729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3358664425557.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
The <b>{{c1::beta}} hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>full lysis of RBCs</u>"<div>""beta-hemolytic""</div><img src=""paste-3354369458261.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3642132267342.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3856880632047.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = beta</div><div>B = alpha</div><div>C = gamma</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
The <b>{{c1::alpha}} hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>partial lysis of RBCs</u>"<div>""Alpha-hemolytic""</div><img src=""paste-3354369458261.jpg""><img src=""paste-3642132267342.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-3856880632047.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg""></div><div>A = beta</div><div>B = alpha</div><div>C = gamma</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
The <b>{{c1::gamma}} hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>lack of lysis of RBCs</u>"<div>""beta-hemolytic""</div><img src=""paste-3354369458261.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3642132267342.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3856880632047.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = beta</div><div>B = alpha</div><div>C = gamma</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
"<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = {{c1::beta}} hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = {{c3::alpha}}&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = {{c2::gamma}}&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div>"bacteria on blood agarA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Blood}} agar</b> is commonly used to differentiate species of <i>{{c1::streptococcus}}</i>"Alpha, beta, gamma hemolysis<div><img src=""paste-4578435137959.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas</i>::which gram negative rod}} is <b>{{c2::beta}}-hemolytic</b>gram negative rod - generally gram positive cocci are beta hemolytic, this is the exceptionA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
Which <u>gram positive cocci</u> is also <b>beta-hemolytic</b>?<div>(besides <i>streptococcus</i>)</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Staph Aureus</i>}}</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
What culture media contains <b>RBCs</b> that are <u>lysed via heating</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chocolate Agar}}</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Chocolate}} Agar</b> contains <u>{{c1::NAD+}} (factor {{c1::V}})</u> and <u>{{c1::hematin}} (factor {{c1::X}})</u> which are release when the RBCs are lysedheating of blood agar lyses the RBCs, releasing these factors - allows growth of H. flu (fastidious bacteria that requires these factors)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Chocolate}} Agar</b> is used to grow <i>{{c1::H. influenzae}}</i>H. flu is fastidious, needs NAD+ (factor V) and hemantin (factor X) to growA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
{{c3::<i>H. influenze</i>}} is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b>{{c1::NAD+ (factor V)}}</b> and&nbsp;<b>{{c2::hematin (factor X)}}</b> to growboth obtained from lysed RBCs of <b><u>Chocolate Agar</u></b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>recall that fastidious = needs particular nutrients in order to grow</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<i>{{c1::H. influenza}}</i> will grow on <u>blood agar</u> if <i>{{c2::Staph Aureus}}</i> is present and causing <b>{{c2::beta}}-hemolysis</b>this beta-hemolysis <u>releases the factors</u> needed by H. influenza (factor V - NAD+; factor X - hematin)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b> contains&nbsp;{{c1::<b>vancomycin</b>}} to<i> kill</i> <u>gram {{c2::positive}} organisms</u>"<img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Trimethoprim</b>}} and {{c3::<b>Colistin (polymixin)</b>}}&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram {{c2::negative*}} organisms</u>"<div>*except Neisseria, which is what TMM (aka VPN/VCN) is used to grow</div><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Nystatin</b>}}&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>{{c2::fungi}}</u>"<img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Bordet-Gengou}} Agar</b>&nbsp;is a <u>potato extract</u> used to grow&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>}}"<img src=""paste-9019431321651.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Regan-Lowe}} medium</b>&nbsp;is made of&nbsp;<u>charcoal, blood and antibiotic</u>&nbsp;and used to grow&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>}}"<img src=""paste-9019431321651.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>Loffler’s Media/Tellurite Plate</b>&nbsp;is used to identify&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>}}"<img src=""paste-10943576670466.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<i>Mycoplasma</i> <i>pneumonia </i>requires&nbsp;{{c1::cholesterol}} to grow, which is present in <b>Eaton's Agar</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::MacConkey's}} Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram {{c1::negative}} bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b>{{c3::bile salts}}</b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram {{c1::positives}}</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>MacConkey's agar</b> can also be used to differentiate <u>{{c1::lactose}} fermenters</u>"<div><u>lactose fermentation</u> produces <b>acid</b> which turns the agar <b>pink</b></div><img src=""paste-12257836663230.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12648678687166.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
{{c1::Eosin-Methylene Blue}} Agar has a similar function to that of <b>MacConkey agar</b>, as it also <i>inhibits</i> <u>gram {{c1::positive}} bacteria</u> growthA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Eosin-Methylene Blue}} Agar</b> will have&nbsp;<u>{{c1::lactose}} fermenting colonies</u> (ie: <i>{{c1::<b>E. coli</b>}}</i>) appear as a <b>green metallic sheen</b>"<img src=""paste-12889196855663.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<u>{{c1::Sorbitol MacConkey}} Agar</u> is used to detect the<b> {{c2::O157}} strains</b> of <i>{{c2::E. coli}}</i>"""O"" is sorbitol stands for O157"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b>{{c2::Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE)}} Agar</b> is used to identify <i>{{c1::Legionella}}</i>"<img src=""paste-13911399072130.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_bacterialculture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture
<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Obligate Aerobes}} - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div>{{c2::Obligate Anerobes}} - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div>{{c3::Facultative Anaerobes}} - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div>{{c4::Intracellular}} bacteria</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c2::<b>Superoxide dismutase</b>}} and {{c2::<b>Catalase</b>}} are two enzymes contained in&nbsp;<u>{{c1::aerobic}} organisms</u>these enzymes are necessary to survive in oxygenated environmentsA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
<b>Oxygen</b> is the <u>final electron acceptor</u> during <i>cellular respiration</i> in&nbsp;{{c1::obligate aerobes}} (bacteria type)remember that only aerobic bacteria perform cellular respirationA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Obligate Aerobes::Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes}} can generate lots of energy through <b>cellular respiration</b>&nbsp;using <b>O₂</b>fermentation (obligate anaerobes) does not generate as much ATPA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
4 common {{c1::<u>obligate aerobes</u>}}:<div><br /></div><div>{{c2::Nocardia}}</div><div>{{c3::Pseudomonas Aeruginosa}}</div><div>{{c4::Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}</div><div>{{c5::Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)}}</div>Nagging<div>Pests</div><div>Must</div><div>Breath</div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Obligate Anaerobes::Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes}} <i>lack</i> the enzymes <b>Superoxide Dismutase</b> and <b>Catalase</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
<b>{{c2::Aminoglycosides}}</b> are antibiotics that <u>require O₂ to work</u>, therefore do not work on&nbsp;<b>{{c1::obligate anaerobic}} bacteria</b><b>AminO₂glycosides</b><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Inhibit the formation of the 30s ribosomal subunit</b></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::<b>Obligate Anaerobes</b>::Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes}} are common among the <u>normal flora of the&nbsp;{{c2::gut}} and {{c2::mouth}}</u>Don't cause communicable disease usually, but when mucosal surface they live on breaks down, disease occurs (ie: dental absesses)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Obligate Anaerobes::Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes}} use <u>fermentation</u> to generate ATPno oxygen for cellular respirationA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
The byproducts of {{c1::<b>anaerobic</b>::aerobic or anaerobic}} <b>fermentation</b> are <u>gases (CO2, H2) and {{c2::short chain fatty acids </u>(ie: lactic acid)<u>}}</u>results in the foul smell (ie: eating lots of fiber, anaerobic bacteria in gut breakdown this fiber = gas)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c2::<b><i>Actinomyces</i></b>}} is an {{c1::<b>obligate anaerobe</b>::obligate aerobe or anaerobe}} that is typically found in the<b> gums</b> and <u>causes dental abscesses</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c2::<b><i>Bacteroides fragilis</i></b>}} is an {{c1::<b>obligate anaerobe</b>::obligate aerobe or anaerobe}} that is typically found in the<b> gut</b> and <u>causes abdominal abscesses</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c2::<b>Clostridium</b>}} botulinum; perfringens; tetani&nbsp;are all {{c1::<b>obligate anaerobes</b>::obligate aerobes or anaerobes}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::<b>Clindamycin</b>}} is used to treat <u>{{c2::anaerobic}} infections</u> <b>above the diaphragm</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>ie: aspiration pneumoniaA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::<b>Metronidazole</b>}} is used to treat <u>anaerobic infections</u> <b>below the diaphragm</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
<i>{{c1::Bacteroides fragilis}}</i> is an <b>anaerobe</b> that can enter <u>abdominal abscesses</u> and is <i>resistant to many antibiotics</i>ie: diverticulitis, IBD where abscesses are commonA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
Treatment for <b>abdominal absesses</b> include&nbsp;{{c1::Metronidazole}} (<i>B. fragilis</i>&nbsp;is responsive) and a <u>gram (-) antibiotic</u>recall that Metronidazole treats anaerobic infections <u>below</u>&nbsp;the diaphragm (clindamycin above)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::<b>Aspiration pneumonia</b>}} occurs when <u><b>mouth</b></u> {{c2::<b>anaerobic</b>::aerobic or anaerobic}} bacteria <i>enter the <b>lungs</b></i>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Clindamycin}} is the drug of choice to treat <b>aspiration pneumonia</b>recall that clindamycin treats <b>any anaerobic infection</b> <u>above the diaphragm</u>&nbsp;- aspiration pneumonia occurs when <b>anaerobic bacteria</b>&nbsp;from the <u>mouth</u>&nbsp;enter the lungsA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Facultative Anaerobes::which type of bacteria}} <u>can live without oxygen</u> but <i>use it if available</i>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
Do <u>facultative anaerobes</u> perform <b>cellular respiration or fermentation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Both :)}}</div>can live without O₂&nbsp;but will use it when availableA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Obligate intracellular}} bacteria <u>cannot</u>&nbsp;<i>synthesize</i> their own <b>ATP</b>, instead depending on the host for supplyIe: rickettsia, chlamydiaA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::<b>Rickettsia rickettsi</b>}} is an obligate {{c2::<b>intracellular</b>}} bacteria that causes <u>Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
<i>{{c1::Chlamydia}}</i> is an obligate <b>{{c2::intracellular}}</b> bacteria that is a common cause of STDsA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::<i>Brucella*</i>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Francisella</i>}}, and&nbsp;{{c3::<i>Yersinia pestis</i>}} are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;{{c4::<b>macrophages</b>}}*Brucella can also live in <b>neutrophils</b><div><b><br /></b></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c1::Facultative intracellular}} bacteria are bacteria that <u>can live in other cells</u> <i>if necessary</i>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c3::<i>Neisseria</i>}} is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in {{c4::<b>urethral</b>}} <b>epithelial cells</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
{{c3::<i>Salmonella</i>}} is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in {{c4::<b>intestinal</b>}}<b>&nbsp;cells</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_specialgrowthrequirements Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements
Bacterial features that allow<i> evasion</i> of <u>host defenses</u> are known as&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Virulence}} factors</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>Protein A</b>}} is a virulence factor part of the <u>peptidoglycan cell wall</u> of <i>{{c2::Staph Aureus}}</i>"<img src=""paste-24056111825207.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>{{c2::Protein A}}</b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i>{{c1::Staph Aureus}}</i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u>{{c3::F_c}} portion of {{c3::IgG}} antibodies</u>"<div>typically, the F_ab&nbsp;portion of the antibody attaches to the antigen, however protein A flips the antibody around</div><img src=""paste-24670292148331.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-25043954303291.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Ig{{c2::A}} </b>is important for <u>{{c1::mucosal}}</u> immunityie: secreted by Peyer's patches (mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c2::<u>IgA protease</u>::which virulence factor}} cleaves <b>{{c1::IgA}}</b> and allows for colonization of {{c1::<b>mucosal</b>}} surfaces"<img src=""paste-26332444492048.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>{{c4::IgA protease}}</b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Streptococcus pneumonia}}, {{c2::H. influenza <u>Type B</u>}}, {{c3::Neisseria spp.}}</i>"<div><b><br /></b></div><img src=""paste-39410619908137.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>{{c1::M protein::what virulence factor}}</b>&nbsp;is found on the surface of <u>group {{c2::A}} strep</u> (<i>{{c2::streptococcus pyogenes}}</i>)binds Factor H, inhibiting C3-convertase - this inhibits opsonization via C3bA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<u>M protein</u>::which virulence factor}} <i>binds</i> {{c2::<b>factor H</b>}} and&nbsp;<i>breaks down</i>&nbsp;{{c2::<b>C₃-convertase</b>}}"<img src=""paste-27466315858147.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>M protein</b>::which virulence factor}} shares properties with <u>myosin,</u>&nbsp;which may result in its causing of&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Rheumatic heart disease</b>}}Group A strep (strep pyogenes)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>M protein</b> is responsible for <u>post-strep throat complications</u> (ie: {{c1::<b>glomerulonephritis</b>}} or {{c2::<b>Rheumatic heart disease</b>}})recall that M protein is a virulence factor found on group A strep (streptococcus pyogenes) - causes <b><u>strep throat</u></b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::Endotoxin::Exo or Endotoxin}} is a component of <b>gram {{c2::negative}} bacteria</b> <u>cell walls</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::Endotoxin::Exo or Endotoxin}} is released when bacteria dieA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>Exotoxin</b>::Exo or Endotoxin}} are {{c2::<b>proteins</b>}} <i>secreted</i> by gram positive and negative&nbsp;<u>bacteria</u>"<img src=""paste-36485747179733.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>Endotoxin</b>::Exo or Endotoxin}} are composed of a <u>lipopolysaccharide</u> complex (LPS)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
Lipopolysaccharide {{c1::<b>Endotoxins</b>::Exo or Endotoxins}} have a {{c2::<b>Lipid A</b>}} core <u>responsible for their toxicity</u> and an<div>{{c2::<b>O antigen</b>}} terminal end <u>that varies among bacterial strains</u></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
"{{c1::<b>Exotoxins</b>::Exo or Endotoxins}} are a <i>two</i> component <u>""A-B"" polypeptide</u>""<img src=""paste-36013300777313.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>Exotoxins</b>::Exo or Endotoxins}} have a <u>toxic {{c2::<b>A</b>}} component</u>&nbsp;and a {{c2::<b>B</b>}} component that <u>binds to cell surfaces</u>"A for active<div>B for binding</div><div><img src=""paste-36009005810017.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
Which part of <b>endotoxin</b> is <i>targeted</i> <u>by the immune system?</u><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::O antigen}}</div>vary among strains of bacteria, allow for immune clearance from bodyA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b><u>Endotoxin</u></b> present on <b>gram {{c1::negative}} bacteria</b> can cause <b>fever</b> and {{c1::shock}}"<img src=""paste-30837865185535.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<u>Endotoxin</u> triggers the <i>release</i> of which two <b>cytokines</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::TNF and IL-1}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31065498452150.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Endotoxin</b> is <u>heat&nbsp;{{c1::stable}}</u>"therefore when a patient becomes febrile the elevated temperature does not kill off the endotoxin<div><img src=""paste-38452842201493.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Endotoxin</b> generates a&nbsp;<u>{{c1::weak}}</u> (strength) <u>antibody</u> <i>response</i>"therefore it cannot be vaccinated against<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-38010460569997.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when {{c1::<u>Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)</u>}} <i>binds</i> to {{c2::<b>CD14</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>TLR4</b>}}"<div>CD14 is known as the endotoxin receptor</div><img src=""paste-31628139168086.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38783554683138.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b> binding to <u>CD14</u> of <u>Macrophages</u> <i>releases</i>&nbsp;{{c1::IL-1}}, {{c1::IL-6}}, {{c1::TNF-a}}, and NO (<b>proinflammatory cytokines</b>)"<img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38779259715842.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of <u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> can <i>activate</i> the <b>{{c1::complement}} system</b>, resulting in <i>release</i> of <u>{{c2::C3a}} and {{c2::C5a}}</u>"<img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;<i>activate</i>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::tissue factor}}</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<u>coagulation&nbsp;and possible&nbsp;{{c2::DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)}}</u>"<img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
Some <b>Gram Negative Bacteria</b> have <b>lipo{{c2::oligo}}saccharide</b>, which <i>lacks</i> an&nbsp;<u>{{c1::O antigen}}</u>Ie: neisseria meningitidisA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<u>Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</u>}} is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b>{{c2::enteric}}</b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;{{c3::<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>}}instead of Lipopolysacchardie (LPS)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<u>Meningococcemia</u>}} results from an immune reaction to the <b>endotoxin</b> of&nbsp;<i>{{c2::Neisseria meningitidis}}</i>Lipooligosaccharide is N. meningitidis' endotoxinA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::Gram negative sepsis}} can result when a bug like <i>E. coli</i>&nbsp;<u>enters the blood stream</u> from a <b>rupture in the intestinal wall</b>caused by E. coli endotoxin (LPS) resulting in immune reaction and subsequent <b>septic shock and hypotension</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
The exotoxin <b>Diptheria</b>&nbsp;toxin causes {{c2::<u>ADP-ribosylation</u>&nbsp;(and therefore inhibition)}} of <u>{{c2::elongation factor-2 (EF2)}}</u>"EF2 is needed for protein synthesis, therefore protein synthesis is inhibited by the exotoxin<div><img src=""paste-37666863186295.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c2::<b>Exotoxin A</b>}} is the exotoxin of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<b>Exotoxin A</b> causes&nbsp;{{c1::<u>ADP-ribosylation</u>&nbsp;(and therefore inhibition)}} of&nbsp;{{c1::<u>Elongation Factor-2</u>}}<u>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</u> is able to <b>inhibit protein synthesis</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
The <b>{{c2::shiga toxin}}</b> is an <u>exotoxin</u> secreted by {{c1::<i>Shigella</i>}}"<img src=""paste-38478612005203.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
The <u>shiga toxin</u> of <i>Shigella</i>&nbsp;binds the&nbsp;{{c1::60S}} subunit of <b>ribosomes</b>, <i>inhibiting</i>&nbsp;{{c1::protein}} synthesisremoves <b>adenine</b> residue from 60S ribosome <b>rRNA</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c3::Shigella::Shigella or EHEC}}</i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b>{{c1::GI mucosal}} cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious {{c2::diarrhea}}</b>"this is the <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">main</u>&nbsp;mechanism by which Shigella makes you sick, <i>not</i> from shiga toxin (unlike EHEC)"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
"{{c1::Enterohemorrhagic}} <b>E. Coli</b> ({{c1::EHEC}}) produces a <u>""Shiga-like"" toxin</u>"similar to that of <i>Shigella</i>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<b>Enterohemorrhagic</b>}} <b>E. Coli</b> ({{c1::<b>EHEC</b>}}) - classic serotype is&nbsp;{{c2::<u>O157:H7</u>}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
"When the <b>""Shiga-like"" toxin</b> of&nbsp;<u>Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)</u>&nbsp;<i>enters systemic circulation</i>, what occurs?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemolytic uremic syndrome}}<br /><div><br /></div></div>"<i>known as <u>verotoxin</u></i>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<div><i>Shigella</i> and <i>EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)</i>&nbsp;both produce&nbsp;<u>{{c1::shiga}} toxins</u> that result in <b>bloody&nbsp;{{c1::diarrhea}}</b><br /><div><br /></div></div>Shigella's main MOA however is invasion of GI mucosal cells, whereas EHEC's primary MOA is secretion of shiga toxin causing diseaseA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
"<div><div><i></i><i>{{c3::</i><i>EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli)</i><i style=""font-style: italic; "">::Shigella or EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli)}}'s&nbsp;</i><b>primary MOA</b> is <u>secretion of shiga toxin</u> causing disease</div><i></i></div>"<div>therefore, <b>does not</b>&nbsp;invade host cells</div><div><br /></div>whereas Shigella invades GI mucosal cells causing diseaseA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<div><div>The amount of&nbsp;{{c1::Cl^-::what ion}}&nbsp;secretion by <b>GI mucosal cells</b> <u>determines H₂O&nbsp;secretion</u></div><i></i></div>"<img src=""paste-46084999086476.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>G_s&nbsp;protein</b>::which G-protein}}<div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;{{c2::<b>adenylyl cyclase</b>::which enzyme}},<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b>{{c2::cAMP}}</b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u>{{c3::CFTR}}&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u>{{c3::Cl^-}} ion secretion</u></div></div>"<div>recall that H₂O will follow Cl^-&nbsp;secretion, resulting in fluid secretion</div><img src=""paste-46918222741835.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c1::Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)}}</i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b>{{c2::Heat labile toxin (LT)}}</b> and {{c3::<b>Heat stable toxin (ST)</b>}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<u>Heat labile toxin</u>::Heat labile or Heat stable toxin}} activates <b>{{c2::adenylyl cyclase}}</b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing water secretion</i> and <u>causing {{c2::diarrhea}}</u>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<u>Heat stable toxin</u>::Heat labile or Heat stable toxin}} activates <b>{{c2::guanylyl cyclase}}</b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing {{c2::cGMP}} secretion</i>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<u>Heat stable toxin</u>::Heat labile or Heat stable toxin}} inhibits&nbsp;{{c3::<b>NaCl</b>}} <i>absorption</i> and stimulates&nbsp;{{c3::<b>Cl^-</b>}} <i>secretion</i>, which results in <u>more water in the gut</u> and <b>diarrhea</b>via activation of guanylyl cyclase<div><br /></div><div>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c4::Bacillus Anthracis}}</i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b>{{c2::protective antigen (PA)}}, {{c3::lethal factor (LF)}}, </b>and<b> {{c1::edema factor (EF)}}</b>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-49572512530744.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
What exotoxin is secreted by <i>Vibrio Cholera</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cholera toxin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-51165945397451.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
"<b>Cholera toxin</b> permanently activates&nbsp;{{c1::<b>G_s</b>}}&nbsp;of <u>GI mucosal cells</u>, resulting in&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Cl^-}} ion secretion</b> and <u>""{{c2::rice water}}""&nbsp;diarrhea</u>""<img src=""paste-51316269252869.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c2::Bordetella pertussis}} </i>secretes the <u>exotoxin</u> {{c1::<b>Pertussis Toxin</b>}}<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-52956946759859.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<b>{{c3::Pertussis toxin::which exotoxin}}</b> inhibits a {{c2::G_i}} protein within {{c2::neutrophils}}, resulting in&nbsp;<u>{{c1::in}}creased levels of&nbsp;{{c1::cAMP}}</u> within the {{c2::neutrophils}}"<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-53287659241738.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<u>Increased cAMP</u> via <b>Pertussis Toxin</b>&nbsp;results in <i>impaired</i> <b>recruitment</b> of&nbsp;{{c1::neutrophils}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-53283364274442.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::SNARE proteins}} are present on <b>neurotransmitter vesicles</b>, <i>allowing</i> the <u>vesicles to dock</u> and <i>release</i> the <u>NT into the synaptic cleft</u>"<img src=""paste-54086523158890.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>Inhibition</i> of <u>{{c1::SNARE}} proteins</u> <i>inhibits</i> <u>docking</u> of <b>neurotransmitter {{c2::vesicles}}</b> and ultimately neurotransmitter release"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-54082228191594.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c1::Clostridium tetani}}</i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Tetanospasmin</b>}}"<img src=""paste-54782307860609.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
The <u>exotoxin</u> <b>{{c2::Tetanospasmin}}</b>&nbsp;inhibits {{c1::<b>inhibitory</b>::excitatory or inhibitory}} neurons, resulting in <u>lack of&nbsp;{{c1::GABA}} and&nbsp;{{c1::Glycine}} release</u>results in a <b>consistent muscle spasm</b> due to <u>lack of inhibitory motor input</u>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<b>Tetanospasmin</b>::which exotoxin}} works in the <u>{{c2::Renshaw}} cells</u> of the&nbsp;{{c2::<b>spinal cord</b>}}"<img src=""paste-55508157333632.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c1::Clostridium botulinum}}&nbsp;</i>produces the exotoxin&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Botulinum toxin</b>}}"<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-56328496087166.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>Clostridium {{c1::tetani}}</i>&nbsp;results in <b>rigid</b> muscles"<img src=""paste-56474524975230.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>Clostridium {{c1::botulinum}}</i>&nbsp;results in <b>floppy</b> muscles"<img src=""paste-56508884713600.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<b>Botulinum toxin</b>::which exotoxin}} inhibits {{c2::<u>Acetylcholine</u>}} release at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in <i>lack</i> of {{c2::<u>muscle contraction</u>}}"<img src=""paste-56504589746304.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
"<i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i> causes ""<u>gas gangrene</u>"" when it enters <b>wounds</b>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Alpha toxin</b>}}, which is a <u>{{c2::Phospholipase C}} enzyme</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-57672820850919.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
{{c1::<b>Alpha toxin</b>::which exotoxin}} <i>degrades</i> <u>{{c2::phosphatidylcholine}} and {{c2::spingomyelin}}</u>, resulting in&nbsp;{{c3::<b>myonecrosis</b> (muscle breakdown)}}is a <b>phospholipase C enzyme</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
Along with <i>muscle breakdown</i>, the exotoxin <b>Alpha Toxin</b> also results in <b>decreased muscle</b>&nbsp;{{c1::blood flow}}"this results in a low O₂&nbsp;environment <u>favorable</u> for <i><b>Clostridium perfringens</b>, </i>which is an<i> <b>anaerobe</b></i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-58531814310215.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c1::Streptococcus Pyogenes}}</i>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<b>strep throat, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
<i>{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes}}</i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Streptolysin O (cytolysin)</b>::<b>... aka ...</b>}}due to it lysing cells - this is why Streptococcus pyogenes is <b>beta-hemolytic</b>A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
What <u>antibodies</u> are <i>elevated</i> following a <b>strep infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies}}</div>"recall that streptococcus pyogenes' exotoxin is streptolysin O<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-60327110639719.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence_-_specific_exotoxins
A {{c1::<u>toxoid</u>}} is an <i>inactivated</i> <u>bacterial {{c2::exo::exo/endo}}-toxin</u>&nbsp;used for <b>vaccination</b>"<img src=""paste-38555921416586.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<u>Diphtheria</u>}} and {{c2::<u>Tetanus</u>}} are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div>{{c3::<u>Pertussis</u>}} is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div>"<div>DTaP = diptheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis</div><img src=""paste-61860413964396.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c3::<b>Exo</b>}}<b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by {{c2::<b>plasmids</b>}} and {{c1::<b>bacteriophages</b>}}"<img src=""paste-38014755537293.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>Superantigens</b>}} are <b>exotoxins</b> that cause a <u>massive</u>&nbsp;amount of <u>{{c2::T-cell}} activation</u>are not processed by antigen presenting cells, instead the entire exotoxin is presented to the T-cell via an MHC complexA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c1::<b>Superantigens</b>}} <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> {{c2::<b>MHC II</b>}} and a T-cell's {{c3::<b>TCR</b>}}<b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response"<img src=""paste-63342177681718.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-39208756445328.jpg"" /><br /><div>normal antigens are just a piece of the organism that the APC takes for presentation. Superantigens are not pieces, but the entire organism itself, resulting in a massive T-cell release</div></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<u>Superantigens</u> result in a <u>large release of cytokines</u>, leading to <i>massive</i>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::vasodilation/hypotension}} and&nbsp;{{c2::shock}}</b>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-64115271794821.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
Which <u>two bacteria</u> can <i>synthesize</i> <b>superantigens</b>?&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<i>{{c2::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigen</u>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)}}</b><b>more common cause</b> of <u>toxic shock syndrome</u> - ie: woman leaves tampon in vaginaA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<i>{{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes}}</i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigens</u>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Pyrogenic exotoxin A or C}}</b>"<i>Causes ""Toxic shock like syndrome""</i>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Superantigens</b> result in&nbsp;{{c1::toxic shock}} syndromeA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
{{c2::<b>Streptococcus pyogenes'</b> <u>pyrogenic exotoxin B</u>}}<u>&nbsp;<b>superantigen</b></u>&nbsp;is often associated with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>necrotizing faciitis</b>}}A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b><u>{{c2::Toxic Shock}} syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> ({{c1::<b>hypo</b>}}-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b>{{c3::<b>red rash</b>}}"red rash covers the entire body<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-65773129171179.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_virulence Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Exotoxin</b>&nbsp;generates a&nbsp;<u>{{c1::strong}}</u>&nbsp;(strength)&nbsp;<u>antibody</u>&nbsp;<i>response</i>"<div>known as ""<b>antitoxins</b>""</div><img src=""paste-38010460569997.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b>Exotoxin</b>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<u>heat&nbsp;{{c1::labile}}</u>"<div>destroyed rapidly at 60 d C (basis for fever)</div><img src=""paste-38448547234197.jpg"">"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::5_Virulence
<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: {{c1::lag}} phase, {{c2::growth/log}} phase, {{c3::stationary}} phase"<img src=""paste-43254615638294.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
During the&nbsp;{{c1::lag}} phase of <b>bacterial growth</b>, there is <b>no</b> <i>increase</i> in <u>number of cells</u> since you added them to the culture"<img src=""paste-43447889166620.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
The&nbsp;<b>{{c1::growth}} phase</b> of <b>bacterial growth </b>is dependent on the <u>{{c2::generation/doubling}} time</u>"<div><img src=""paste-43658342564183.jpg"" /></div><div>aka log phase</div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
The <u>{{c2::generation/doubling}} time</u>&nbsp;is the <i>time</i> is takes for the number of <u>bacterial cells</u> to <b>double</b>"<img src=""paste-44555990728873.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
<div>During the <u>{{c1::stationary}} phase</u> of <b>bacterial growth&nbsp;</b>bacteria are <i>continuing to grow</i> but <u>also starting to die</u></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-44238163149135.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
What <i>phase</i>&nbsp;of <b>bacterial growth</b>&nbsp;do <u>antibiotics</u>&nbsp;have their <u>greatest</u>&nbsp;effect?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Growth}}</div>"<img src=""paste-44650480009507.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
{{c1::Transformation}} is a way that bacteria&nbsp;<u>uptake DNA</u> from their <b>surrounding environment</b>"<img src=""paste-44994077393045.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
Addition of&nbsp;{{c1::DNAase}} will <i>degrade</i> any <b>naked DNA</b> present in a culture medium, <i>inhibiting</i> any <u>bacterial transformation</u>"recall that transformation is incorporation of naked DNA from environment into bacteria<div><img src=""paste-45260365365385.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
{{c1::Conjugation}} involves DNA extending a <b>sex pilus</b>, allowing <u>exchange of DNA</u> between two different strains"<img src=""paste-45500883534059.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
<u>{{c1::High frequency}} strains of bacteria</u> will take <b>{{c2::plasmids}}</b> and <i>incorporate</i> them <u>into</u> <b>their cellular DNA</b>aka high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr)A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
When <b>high frequency strains</b> of bacteria undergo {{c1::<u>conjugation</u>}}, they transfer their <b>{{c2::bacterial}} genome</b> <i>with the plasmid</i> to the recipient"<div>known as Hfr * F- conjugation</div><img src=""paste-45943265165597.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
In <b>normal conjugation</b>, is there transfer of bacterial <u>chromosomal</u> DNA?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No -&nbsp;Normal conjugation involves transfer of&nbsp;<b><u>plasmids only</u></b>}}</div>"<div><b>Hfr</b>&nbsp;will transfer chromosomal DNA w/ plasmid</div><img src=""paste-46175193399709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46188078301584.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
{{c1::Transformation::which bacterial genetics phenomenon}} is used to <b>amplify DNA</b>"place any DNA into the environment, the bacteria will take it up and continue to replicate with it<div><img src=""paste-46368466927769.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
{{c1::Conjugation}} of <b>High Frequency</b> bacterial strains allows us to perform <b><u>genetic mapping</u></b>"<div><b>Hfr</b>&nbsp;will transfer chromosomal DNA w/ plasmid - we see where the plasmid incorporates into the bacterial DNA</div><img src=""paste-46175193399709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46188078301584.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
A {{c1::bacteriophage}} is a <u>virus</u> that <i>infects</i> <b>bacteria</b>"aka a ""<u style=""font-weight: bold; "">phage</u>"""A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
{{c1::Transduction}} describes the <i>transfer of DNA</i>&nbsp;<u>from one bacteria to another</u> via a <b>bacteriophage</b>"<img src=""paste-47764331299204.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
What are the two types of <b>bacterial</b> <u>transduction</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Generalized and Specialized}}</div>"<img src=""paste-47893180318088.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
"{{c1::<b>Generalized</b>::Generalized or Specialized}} bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a {{c2::<b>lytic</b>::lytic or lysogenic}} phage infects the bacterium"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
"{{c1::<b>Specialized</b>::Generalized or Specialized}} bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a {{c2::<b>lysogenic</b>::lytic or lysogenic}} phage infects the bacterium"Incorporates into bacterial DNA, when the DNA is lysed, the bacterial DNA is lysed with itA_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
"{{c1::<b>Generalized</b>::Generalized or Specialized}} bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when&nbsp;<u>bacterial chromosomal DNA</u> is&nbsp;<i>packaged in the phage</i>, resulting in <b>transfer of bacterial DNA</b>&nbsp;with lysis of the bacteria""<img src=""paste-48086453846205.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
"{{c1::<b>Specialized</b>::Generalized or Specialized}} bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;stems from incorporation of viral DNA into bacterial DNA; <i>excision of viral DNA</i> <u>results in excision of bacterial DNA as well</u>""<img src=""paste-48232482734278.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
The {{c1::Lytic::Lytic or Lysogenic}} cycle is when a <b>phage injects</b> <u>nuclear material</u> <i>into preexisting bacterial DNA, </i><b>multiples</b>&nbsp;and then <u>lyses the cell</u>, releasing the new viruses"during <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">generalized transduction</u>, the new viruses may be carrying bacterial DNA<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-58531814310124.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
The {{c1::Lysogenic::Lytic or Lysogenic}} cycle is when a <b>phage injects</b> <u>nuclear material</u> <i>into preexisting bacterial DNA </i>and it is <b>incorporated into the host DNA</b>"may later become excised and enter the lytic phase - certain triggers such as UV light can causes lysis and release the phages<div><img src=""paste-50096498540869.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
Phages that only replicate via the <b>lytic cycle</b> are known as&nbsp;{{c1::virulent}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-50208167690636.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
Phages that replicate via both the&nbsp;<b>lytic and lysogenic cycle</b> are known as&nbsp;{{c1::temperate}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-50208167690636.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
{{c1::Lysogeny}} allows for <b>non-toxic strains of DNA</b> to <u>obtain bacterial toxins</u>"<div>viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA, encoding for bacterial toxins</div><img src=""paste-50796578210039.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-51080046051602.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)}}</div><div>{{c2::Botulinum Toxin}}</div><div>{{c3::Cholera Toxin}}</div><div>{{c4::Diphtheria Toxin}}</div><div>{{c5::Shiga Toxin}}</div>"<div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)}}</div><div>{{c1::Botulinum Toxin}}</div><div>{{c1::Cholera Toxin}}</div><div>{{c1::Diphtheria Toxin}}</div><div>{{c1::Shiga Toxin}}</div>"<div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
"{{c1::<u>Transposition</u>}} describes a <b>{{c2::transposon}}</b> of <b>bacterial DNA</b> that can ""<i>jump</i>"" from one location to another (ie: <u>bacterial DNA or even a plasmid</u>)""<img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><div>bacterial resistance can be conferred this way - ie: a bacterium that is resistant to a certain antibiotic can encode for this resistance via a transposon. the transposon can jump to a plasmid and this plasmid can be transferred to another bacterium via <b>conjugation</b>. This transposon can then jump back from the plasmid to the new bacterial DNA, conferring antibiotic resistance in the new bacterium</div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a {{c1::<b>transposon</b>}} can move to a <b>{{c2::plasmid}}</b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;{{c3::<u>conjugation</u>}}"<div><img src=""paste-52493090291820.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-59609851101337.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
<b>Transposition of bacterial DNA</b> allows for <u>transfer of bacterial DNA</u>&nbsp;amongst different strains, such as <i>resistance</i> to {{c1::antibiotics}}"<img src=""paste-52488795324524.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-52643414147272.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_growthandgenetics Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
<b>Conjugation</b> of <u>normal bacteria</u> involves transfer of&nbsp;<b><u>{{c1::plasmids}} only</u></b>"<div><b>Hfr</b>&nbsp;will transfer chromosomal DNA w/ plasmid</div><img src=""paste-46175193399709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46188078301584.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::6_Growth_and_Genetics
Gram <b><u>{{c2::Positive}}</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b><u>First split</u></b> into&nbsp;{{c1::Bacilli}},&nbsp;{{c1::Cocci}} and {{c1::Branching, Filamentous}}</div>"<img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<b>Bacilli</b>}} and {{c1::<b>Branching, Filamentous</b>}} split into&nbsp;{{c2::<b>aerobic</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>anaerobic</b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><u>Gram Positive {{c1::Cocci}}</u> are either {{c2::<b>anaerobic</b>}} or {{c2::<b>faculatative anaerobes</b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<b>Cocci</b>}} split into <b>{{c2::catalase negative}}</b> and <b>{{c2::catalase positive}}</b></div>"<div><u>C</u>occi - <u>c</u>atalase</div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c3::Positive}}</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div>{{c3::<b>Aerobic</b>}} {{c3::<b>Bacilli</b>}} include&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Listeria</u>}},&nbsp;{{c6::<u>Bacillus</u>}},&nbsp;{{c7::<u>Corynebacterium</u>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Aerobic</b>&nbsp;<b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Listeria</u>}},&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Bacillus</u>}},&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Corynebacterium</u>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Anaerobic</b>&nbsp;<b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Clostridium</u>}},&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Propionibacterium</u>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c6::Positive}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c6::Anaerobic}}</b>&nbsp;<b>{{c6::Bacilli}}</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Clostridium</u>}},&nbsp;{{c7::<u>Propionibacterium</u>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c6::Positive}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c6::Anaerobic}}</b>&nbsp;<b>{{c6::Branching/Filamentous}}</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Nocardia</u>}}</div>"<div>Weakly acid fast</div><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c6::Positive}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c6::Aerobic}}</b>&nbsp;<b>{{c6::Branching/Filamentous}}</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Actinomyces</u>}}</div>"<div>Not acid fast</div><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c6::Positive}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div>Which<b> {{c6::Branching/Filamentous}} </b>is weakly <u>acid-fast</u>&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Nocardia</u>::<u>Actinomyces/Nocardia</u>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c6::Positive}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Catalase {{c6::Positive}} {{c6::Cocci}} -</b>&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Staphylococcus</u>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>{{c6::Positive}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Catalase {{c6::Negative}} {{c6::Cocci}} -</b>&nbsp;{{c5::<u>Streptococcus</u>}}</div>"<div>Not acid fast</div><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div>What is used to differentiate between different strains of <i>Staphylococcus?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Coagulase test}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div>What is used to differentiate between different strains of <i>Streptococcus?</i></div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemolysis pattern}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Staphylococcus</b> <b>Coagulase</b>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Positive</b>}} -&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Staph Aureus</b>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Staphylococcus</b> <b>Coagulase</b>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Negative</b>}} is further broken into {{c2::<u>Novobiocin sensitivity</u>&nbsp;(resistant or sensitive)}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Staphylococcus</b> <b>Coagulase</b>&nbsp;<b>Negative</b>&nbsp;<u>Novobiocin {{c1::Resistant}}</u>&nbsp;-&nbsp;{{c2::Staphylococcus saprophyticus}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Staphylococcus</b> <b>Coagulase</b>&nbsp;<b>Negative</b>&nbsp;<u>Novobiocin {{c1::Sensitive}}</u>&nbsp;-&nbsp;{{c2::Staphylococcus epidermidis}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus {{c1::beta}}-hemolysis</b> is further broken down via <u>{{c2::Bacitracin sensitivity</u>&nbsp;(resistant/sensitive)<u>}}</u></div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus beta-hemolysis</b>&nbsp;<u>Bacitracin {{c1::Resistant}}</u>&nbsp;- {{c2::Streptococcus agalactiae}} (group {{c2::B}} strep)</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus beta-hemolysis</b>&nbsp;<u>Bacitracin {{c1::Sensitive}}</u>&nbsp;- {{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes}} (group {{c2::A}} strep)</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus {{c2::alpha}}-hemolysis</b>&nbsp;is further broken down via <u>{{c1::Optochin sensitivity}}</u></div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus alpha-hemolysis</b>&nbsp;<u>Optochin&nbsp;</u><u>{{c1::</u><u>sensitive}}</u>&nbsp;- {{c2::Streptococcus pneumonia}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus alpha-hemolysis</b>&nbsp;<u>Optochin&nbsp;</u><u>{{c1::</u><u>resistant}}</u>&nbsp;- {{c2::Streptococcus viridans (<i>mutans and mitis</i>)}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus {{c2::gamma}}-hemolysis</b>&nbsp;are separated via&nbsp;<u>{{c1::bile}} and {{c1::NaCl}}&nbsp;growth</u>&nbsp;</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus gamma-hemolysis,</b>&nbsp;<i>{{c3::bile and salt::bile and salt/bile only}}</i>&nbsp;- {{c2::Enterococcus}} (Group {{c2::D}} strep)</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Streptococcus gamma-hemolysis,</b>&nbsp;<i>{{c3::bile only::bile and salt/bile only}}</i>&nbsp;- {{c2::Streptococcus bovis}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>{{c2::Negative}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b><u>First split</u></b>&nbsp;into&nbsp;{{c1::Diplococci}},&nbsp;{{c1::Coccobacilli}}, {{c1::Bacilli}}&nbsp;and {{c1::Comma-shaped rods}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Diplococci</b> are {{c1::<u>aerobic</u>::aerobic/anaerobic}} organisms</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c2::Diplococci}}</b> are further split via whether or not there is&nbsp;{{c1::<u>maltose utilization</u>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Diplococci</b>&nbsp;{{c1::with::with or without}}&nbsp;<u>maltose metabolism</u>&nbsp;- {{c2::Neisseria meningitidis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Diplococci</b>&nbsp;{{c1::without::with or without}}&nbsp;<u>maltose metabolism</u>&nbsp;- {{c2::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}},&nbsp;{{c3::Moraxella}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>{{c1::Negative}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c1::Coccobacilli}}</b>&nbsp;includes&nbsp;{{c2::H. influenzae}}, {{c3::Pasteurella}}, {{c4::Brucella}}, {{c5::Bordetella pertussis}}, {{c6::Francisella tularensis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>{{c1::Negative}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c1::Coccobacilli}}</b>&nbsp;includes&nbsp;{{c2::H. influenzae}}, {{c2::Pasteurella}}, {{c2::Brucella}}, {{c2::Bordetella pertussis}}, {{c2::Francisella tularensis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>{{c2::Negative}}</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c2::Bacilli}}</b>&nbsp;are further split via&nbsp;{{c1::<u>lactose fermentation</u>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>{{c1::are::are/are not}}</i>&nbsp;<u>lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;are further split into whether they ferment&nbsp;{{c2::<b>fast or slow</b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>{{c1::are not::are/are not}}</i>&nbsp;<u>lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;are further split into whether they contain {{c2::<b>cytochrome <u>oxidase</u></b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are </i><u><b>fast</b>&nbsp;lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::Klebsiella}},&nbsp;{{c2::E. coli}},&nbsp;{{c3::Enterobacter}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are </i><u><b>fast</b>&nbsp;lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::Klebsiella}},&nbsp;{{c1::E. coli}},&nbsp;{{c1::Enterobacter}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are </i><u><b>slow</b>&nbsp;lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::Citrobacter}},&nbsp;{{c1::Serratia}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are </i><u><b>slow</b>&nbsp;lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::Citrobacter}},&nbsp;{{c2::Serratia}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are not&nbsp;</i><u>lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;and are <b>Oxidase {{c1::Positive}}</b>&nbsp;- {{c2::Pseudomonas}}&nbsp;</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are not&nbsp;</i><u>lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;and are <b>Oxidase {{c1::Negative}}</b>&nbsp;are further split based on&nbsp;<b>{{c2::H₂S}}&nbsp;production</b> on {{c2::<u>TSI agar</u>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are not&nbsp;</i><u>lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;and are <b>Oxidase Negative,</b>&nbsp;<b>H₂S production</b> on <u>TSI agar</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>negative</b>}} - {{c2::Shigella}}, {{c2::Yersinia}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;who <i>are not&nbsp;</i><u>lactose fermenters</u>&nbsp;and are <b>Oxidase Negative,</b>&nbsp;<b>H₂S production</b> on <u>TSI agar</u>&nbsp;{{c1::<b>positive</b>}} - {{c2::salmonella}}, {{c2::proteus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><i>All</i>&nbsp;<b>comma-shaped rods</b> are cytochrome oxidase&nbsp;{{c1::positive::positive or negative}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Comma-shaped rod</b>, grows at 42°C -&nbsp;{{c1::Campylobacter jejuni}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_+_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Comma-shaped rod</b>, grows on alkaline media -&nbsp;{{c1::Vibrio cholerae}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
Gram&nbsp;<b><u>Negative</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Comma-shaped rod</b>, produces urease -&nbsp;{{c1::Helicobacter pylori}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72103910965961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER BBmicro_basics_BacteriaIdentification Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::7_Bacteria_Identification_-_Gram_-_algorithm
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is <b>gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive}}</b>"<div>take up crystal violet and hold it in their thick peptidoglycan cell wall</div><img src=""paste-31421980737963.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>catalase {{c1::positive}}</b>"<img src=""paste-31774168056227.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>&nbsp;infection can cause&nbsp;<b>{{c1::pneumonia::what respiratory pathology}}</b> with&nbsp;<u>{{c1::patchy}} inflitrate</u>&nbsp;on CXR"<img src=""paste-33938831573398.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33951716475157.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
What <i>demographic</i> is most commonly associated with <b>acute endocarditis</b> due to <i><b>staphylococcus aureus</b></i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV drug users}}</div>"<div>right sided, especially involving the <font color=""#ffff00"">tricuspid valve</font></div><img src=""paste-34815004901795.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
<b>{{c2::IV drug users::what demographic}}</b> are susceptible to <b><u>{{c3::acute::acute or subacute}}</u>&nbsp;bacterial {{c3::endocarditis}}</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<u>{{c1::tricuspid}} valve</u>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<i>{{c4::staphylococcus aureus::most common cause?}}</i>"<img src=""paste-35489314767268.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
<i>{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus::which bug}}</i> is the <u>most common cause</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;{{c2::<b>osteomyelitis</b>::bone pathology}}"<img src=""paste-35729832935837.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
{{c1::Toxic shock syndrome}} can occur from <u>leaving a wound packing in too long</u>, or a <u>tampon in too long</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
A <b>positive {{c1::Nikolsky}} sign</b> is when <u>minor pressure</u> induces <i>skin seperation</i>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.29.38 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
<i>{{c1::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i>&nbsp;can secrete the exotoxin&nbsp;{{c2::<b>exfoliative toxin</b>}}, <i>destroying</i> <u>keratinocyte attachments</u> in the <b>stratum {{c3::granulosum}}</b> and resulting in&nbsp;<b>{{c4::scalded-skin}} syndrome</b>"<div>specifically, it cleaves the <b>desmoglein 1 complex</b></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.29.38 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
The <b>enterotoxins</b> of <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>are&nbsp;{{c1::preformed}}, therefore they have a <u>rapid-onset of action</u><div>Incubation period is very short (2-6 hrs) due to the toxins being pre-formed. The enterotoxin is heat stable and hence is not destroyed by cooking.</div><div>Also seen with Bacillus cereus and reheated rice</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus
<div><b>Colchicine</b> is indicated for {{c1::pericarditis}}, a condition that manifests with positional sharp chest pain</div><i>Ex. Use in post MI patients with Fibrinous Pericarditis (inhibits neutrophil migration which is causing the friction rub)</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
{{c3::<i>Neisseria</i>}}<i>&nbsp;</i>are <b>gram&nbsp;{{c1::negative}}&nbsp;{{c2::diplococci}}</b>"<img src=""paste-1954210120037.jpg""><div>Red for gram negative (saffarin)</div><div><img src=""paste-1b11ad79abf60b5f4beabf580696b2c363d20a4c.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview
<i>{{c2::Neisseria::Which species of gram negative cocci}} </i>are&nbsp;<b>{{c1::oxidase}} positive</b>"<img src=""paste-2194728288612.jpg""><div>Differentiates between other gram negative cocci, moraxella catarhalis</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview
<i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;can be grown on&nbsp;{{c1::chocolate}} <b>agar</b>&nbsp;and thayer-martin media"<div>Neisseria can be <u>isolated</u>&nbsp;on <font color=""#ffff00"">thayer-martin media</font></div><img src=""paste-2662879723872.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview
Patients with <b>{{c3::C5b-C9}} deficiency</b> (complement) are unable to form the <u>{{c2::MAC (membrane attack complex)}}</u> leading to <i>increased</i> <b><i>{{c1::Neisseria}} </i>infections</b>"<img src=""paste-3272765079907.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview
Which species of&nbsp;<i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;ferments <b>glucose</b>&nbsp;<b>only</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7297149436011.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> colonizes the&nbsp;{{c1::nasopharynx}} first"sneezing, coughing, kissing, sharing drinks, etc.; <b>via pilus proteins</b><div><img src=""paste-7533372637541.jpg"" /><font color=""#ffff00"">***transmitted by respiratory and <u>oral</u> secretions</font></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
Patients with&nbsp;<b>{{c1::sickle cell}} disease</b> and&nbsp;<b>{{c1::asplenic}} patients</b> are at a <u>high risk of infection</u> of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>"<div>Neisseria meningitidis is <font color=""#ffff00"">encapsulated</font> (lack of splenic macrophages for phagocytosis)</div><img src=""paste-8903467204966.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
<i>Neisseria spp.</i>&nbsp;containes&nbsp;{{c1::lipo<u>oligo</u>saccharides (LOS)}} with strong <u>endotoxin</u> activity"<img src=""paste-9405978378381.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
<b>Lipooligosaccharide</b> of&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Neisseria}} spp.</i> causes a <u>massive inflammatory response</u>"<div>LOS is found in <i>Neisseria spp.</i></div><img src=""paste-9509057593698.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
<b>Lipooligosaccharide</b> of <i>Neisseria {{c2::meningitidis}}</i> stimulates <b>{{c1::in}}-creased</b> <u>vascular permeability</u>, resulting in&nbsp;{{c1::<b>thrombocytopenia</b>}} (platelet levels) and resultant <u>{{c1::petechial}} rash</u>"<img src=""paste-9899899617715.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10411000725776.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10423885627522.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-10445360464288.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
<b>Capillary leakage</b> seen in <i>Neisseria&nbsp;{{c1::meningitidis}} </i>infection can result in hypovolemia and {{c2::<b>shock</b>}}"<div>lipooligosaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis leads to a massive inflammatory response, which ultimately results in increased vascular permeability</div><img src=""paste-10625749090715.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
The <u>shock</u> and resulting <u>vasoconstriction</u> from <i>Neisseria&nbsp;{{c1::meningitidis}} </i>results in <u>adrenal hemorrhage</u>&nbsp;and ultimately&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Waterhouse-Friderichsen}} syndrome</b>"<div>Lipooligosaccharide increased vasular permability, leading to hypovolemia and shock. hypovolemia results in peripheral vasoconstriction (to keep cardiac output up), adrenal hemorrhage results in lack of cortisol (lack of a1 receptors results in worsening hypotension)</div><img src=""paste-11252814315936.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11798275162247.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
Persons in <u>close contact</u> with an individual with <i>Neisseria meningitidis </i>infection are given <b>prophylactic&nbsp;{{c1::rifampin}},&nbsp;{{c2::ciprofloxacin}} </b>or<b>&nbsp;{{c3::ceftriaxone}}</b>"<img src=""paste-12386685682077.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12425340387757.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.2_Neisseria_meningitides
"Which <i>bacteria</i> is a common cause of STI and is <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">facultative intracellular</u>&nbsp;in PMNs?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>}}</div>""<img src=""paste-15131169784167.jpg"" /><div>facultative intracellular - can survive extracellularly, but also found in neutrophils</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea
"""{{c1::<b>Violin-string</b>}} adhesions"" to the {{c1::<b>liver</b>::which organ}}&nbsp;are characteristic of&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Fitz-Hugh-Curtis</b>}}<b> Syndrome</b>&nbsp;that arises from disseminated <i>{{c3::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}} </i>infection of the <u>peritoneum</u>""<img src=""paste-16952235917668.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17330193039718.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea
<b>Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome</b> results from the spread of <u>PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)</u> into the&nbsp;{{c1::peritoneum}}"<img src=""paste-17325898072422.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea
<i>{{c3::Chlamydia::which STI}} spp.</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<b>{{c1::obligate::facultative or obligate}}&nbsp;{{c2::intracellular}} <u>bacteria</u></b>"<img src=""paste-1627792605586.jpg""><div>Whereas N. gonorrhoeae is facultative intracellular in PMNs</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Due to <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;being <u>obligate intracellular bacteria</u>, they <b>gram stain</b>&nbsp;{{c1::poorly::well or poorly}}"<img src=""paste-1816771166604.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Can <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;produce its own ATP?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>Obligate intracellular, therefore must rely on hostA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>{{c2::Chlamydia}} spp.</i>&nbsp;cell walls lack&nbsp;{{c1::<b>muramic acid</b>}}"<img src=""paste-2061584302480.jpg""><div>Therefore beta-lactam antibiotics are ineffective</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
1st stage of <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;life cycle:&nbsp;{{c1::elementary}}"<div><i>infectious stage</i></div><img src=""paste-2306397438352.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
2nd stage of&nbsp;<i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;life cycle:&nbsp;{{c1::reticular}}"<img src=""paste-2735894167948.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Which life cycle stage of <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;is <u>extra</u>cellular?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Elementary body}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2306397438352.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Which life cycle stage of <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;is <u>intra</u>cellular?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Reticular Body}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2740189135244.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Which life cycle stage of <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;undergoes <b>replication</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Reticular Body}}</div>"<div>via binary fission</div><img src=""paste-2735894167948.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<u>Lysis of the cell</u> results in <i>{{c1::Chlamydia}} spp.</i>&nbsp;returning back to the <b>elementary body</b> from the <b>reticular body</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Which form of <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;is infectious?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Elementary body}}</div>"<div>elementary body enters cells, turns into reticular body, multiples, lyses and repeats</div><img src=""paste-3032246911373.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<b>Cells infected</b> with <i>Chlamydia spp.</i>&nbsp;will show&nbsp;{{c1::inclusion/reticulate bodies}} <u>under microscope</u>"<img src=""paste-3474628542863.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4114578669663.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
What stain is used to visualize <i>Chlamydia</i>&nbsp;spp.?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3663607103887.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3788161155127.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>{{c2::Chlamydia::which STI}} spp.</i>&nbsp;is commonly diagnosed via <b>{{c1::NAAT nucleic-acid amplification}} test</b>"<div>fancy way of saying <font color=""#ffff00"">PCR</font></div><img src=""paste-4015794422155.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
What is the most commonly reported bacterial STI in the United States?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Chlamydia trachomatis </i>Types D-K}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4531190497675.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>Chlamydia {{c4::trachomatis}} </i>has 3 common groups of serotypes:&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Types A, B, C</b>}};&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Types D-K</b>}},&nbsp;{{c3::<b>Types L1, L2, L3</b>}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis </i>serotypes {{c1::<b>D-K</b>}} cause a STI"<img src=""paste-4526895530379.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
{{c3::<i>Chlamydia trachomatis </i>serotypes <b>D-K</b>::which bacteria that causes an STI}}<b>&nbsp;</b>are&nbsp;characterized by a&nbsp;{{c2::<b>watery</b>}} discharge"<div>in contrast to gonorrhea, which has a creamy, white, purulent discharge</div><img src=""paste-4973572129163.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<u>{{c1::Neonatal Conjunctivitis}}</u>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<b>late&nbsp;({{c3::1}}-{{c3::2}} weeks)&nbsp;</b>ocular infection seen in neonates due to&nbsp;<i>{{c4::Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K}}</i>&nbsp;infection during childbirth."as compared to neisseria gonorhoeae which presents early (2-5 days)<div><img src=""paste-5935644803469.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes&nbsp;</i><i>{{c1::D-K}}</i> infected neonates can develop <u>neonatal&nbsp;{{c2::pneumonia}}</u>, with a characteristic <b>{{c3::staccato}} cough</b> and&nbsp;<b>{{c3::eosino}}-philia</b>"<img src=""paste-6197637808523.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-6481105649745.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>{{c3::Chylamdia trachomatis}} </i><u>{{c1::serotypes L1, L2, L3}}</u>&nbsp;cause&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)</b>}}"<img src=""paste-6734508720518.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<b>Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)</b>&nbsp;is characterized by <b>{{c4::late::early or late}}</b>&nbsp;<i>tender</i>&nbsp;{{c3::inguinal lymphadenopathy}}"<div>due to <i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3</i></div><img src=""paste-6734508720518.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7267084664956.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<b>Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)</b>&nbsp;is characterized by <b>{{c4::early::early or late}}</b>&nbsp;<i>non-tender</i>&nbsp;<u>{{c3::ulcers}} on genitals</u>"<div>due to <i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3</i></div><img src=""paste-6734508720518.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7262789697660.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<b>Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)</b>&nbsp;is treated with&nbsp;{{c1::doxycycline}}"<div>due to <i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3</i></div><img src=""paste-6734508720518.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7262789697660.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
What is the most common cause of <b>blindness</b> worldwide?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B, C </i>(aka trachoma)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7563437408646.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7606387081332.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<u>{{c2::Hand}} to {{c2::eye}}</u> contact and {{c3::<b>fomites</b>}} can transmit&nbsp;<i>Chlamydia trachomatis </i>serotypes {{c1::A, B, C (trachoma)}}"<img src=""paste-7563437408646.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7606387081332.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis&nbsp;</i>can cause <b>{{c1::reactive arthritis (aka Reiter syndrome)}}</b>, most commonly of the <u>{{c2::sacroiliac joint}}</u>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-8061653614989.jpg"" /><div><img src=""Xnip2018-04-113_13-26-38.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Reiter}} syndrome</b>, which presents with the triad of&nbsp;<u>{{c3::uveitis/conjunctivitis}}</u>,&nbsp;<u>{{c4::urethritis}}</u>, and&nbsp;<u>{{c5::arthritis}}</u>"<div>""can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree""</div><img src=""paste-8199092568140.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-8396661064020.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8546984919376.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8577049690452.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
{{c1::<i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</i>::Which strain of <i>Chlamydia</i>}}&nbsp;causes <u>{{c2::atypical (walking)}} pneumonia</u>&nbsp;most commonly in the&nbsp;{{c3::<b>elderly</b>::which demographic}}"<img src=""paste-9062380994905.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
{{c1::<i>Chlamydophila psittaci</i>::Which strain of <i>Chlamydia</i>}}&nbsp;causes&nbsp;<u>{{c2::atypical (walking)}} pneumonia</u>&nbsp;most commonly transmitted by {{c3::<b>bird</b>}} <b>droppings</b>"<div><img src=""paste-9388798509103.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-9268539425104.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<u>{{c1::Oral}} macrolides</u> must be given to treat <b>trachoma (<i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotype A, B, C)</i></b>"<div>ie: erythromycin</div><img src=""paste-9478992822608.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
<i>Chlamydia </i>infection should be treated as if the patient also has which STI?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gonorrhea}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9779640533075.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
Treatment for <i>Chlamydia </i>includes&nbsp;{{c1::<b>azithromycin</b>}} (first-line),&nbsp;{{c2::<b>doxycycline</b>}} (second) and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>ceftriaxone</b>}} for possible <u>concurrent</u> <i>N. gonorrhoeae infection</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
The <b>{{c2::chlamydial::what bug's}} cell wall</b> lacks classic peptidoglycan (due to reduced <u>muramic acid</u>), rendering <b>{{c1::β-lactam}} antibiotics</b> <i>ineffective</i>.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia
"<i>Treponema pallidum</i> is a {{c1::spirochete}} and may be described as <b>""spiral-shaped""</b>""<img src=""paste-1120986464609.jpg""><img src=""paste-1249835483492.jpg""><img src=""paste-0ae7cac1a46ff1a2e67f14e2907bcc045a8145b2.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
{{c1::Darkfield}} microscopy is needed for direct visualization of <i>Treponema pallidum</i>"<img src=""paste-1395864371560.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-1524713390273.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
{{c1::<b>VDRL</b>}} is the typical screening test used for diagnosing {{c2::<b>Primary</b>}}&nbsp;<i>Treponema pallidum</i>"<div>not specific - false positives in individuals with mononucleosis, rheumatoid factor, lupus, leprosy</div><img src=""paste-1679332213087.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2254857830599.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
{{c1::<b>VDRL</b>}} and {{c3::<b>RPR</b>}}&nbsp;are the typical screening tests used for diagnosing {{c2::<b>Secondary</b>}}&nbsp;<i>Treponema pallidum</i>"<div>not specific - false positives in individuals with mononucleosis, rheumatoid factor, lupus, leprosy</div><img src=""paste-1679332213087.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2254857830599.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2714419331265.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
A positive <b>screening</b> test for <i>{{c2::Treponema pallidum}} </i>(via VDRL or RPR) is <u>confirmed</u>&nbsp;via&nbsp;{{c1::<b>FTA-ABS</b> (fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption)}}"<div>specifically detects Abs against Treponema pallidum</div><div><img src=""Xnip2018-04-106_17-27-29.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2443836391777.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>{{c4::Primary syphilis}}</u> is characterized by a {{c1::<i>painless</i>::painless/painful}} <b>{{c2::genital::location}} {{c3::chancre}}</b>"<img src=""paste-3221225472353.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3380139262147.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3410204033295.jpg"" /><div>will heal in 3-6 weeks, but can progress to secondary syphilis if left untreated (common due to it being painless)</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>Secondary syphilis</u> is a&nbsp;<b>{{c1::systemic}} disease</b>, no longer localized to the genital regionA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>{{c2::Secondary}} syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by a <b>{{c1::maculopapular copper/red rash}}</b> on the <b>palms</b> and <b>soles</b> <u>weeks to months</u> after infection"<img src=""paste-4007204487524.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9032316223678.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4054449127740.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4067334029780.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>{{c2::Secondary}} syphilis</u>&nbsp;presents with <b>{{c1::condyloma lata}}</b>, which are raised, infectious <b>gray-white wart-like</b> lesions on <u>{{c1::mucous}} membranes</u> (mouth, perineum)"<img src=""paste-4346506903906.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9058086027463.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4363686773053.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-4647154614363.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>{{c1::Spirochetes}} of&nbsp;<i>Treponema pallidum</i></b>&nbsp;can be visualized within&nbsp;{{c2::<b>condyloma lata/latum</b>}} of <u>{{c1::Secondary}} syphilis</u>&nbsp;via&nbsp;{{c3::darkfield}} microscopy"<img src=""paste-4818953306472.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7129645711666.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>{{c1::Gummas}}</b> of <u>{{c2::tertiary}} syphilis</u>&nbsp;are characterized as <b>soft growths with firm {{c3::necrotic}} centers</b>"<img src=""paste-5128190951775.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9002251452608.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5166845657417.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>{{c1::Gummas}}</b> of&nbsp;<u>tertiary syphilis</u>&nbsp;can occur on the <b>skin, bones or internal organs</b>"<img src=""paste-5128190951775.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5166845657417.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>{{c2::Tertiary}} syphilis</u> can present with aortitis, particularly of the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>ascending thoracic aorta</b>}}"<img src=""paste-5695126634609.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5849745457507.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
"<u>{{c2::Tertiary}} syphilis</u> can present with <b>aortitis</b>, with a characteristic ""{{c3::<b>tree-barking</b>}}"" appearance""<img src=""paste-5695126634609.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-5849745457507.jpg"" /><div>Tree-barking due to necrosis of vessel wall (tert. syphilis destroys the vasa vasorum)</div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>Tertiary syphilis</u> can present with <b>aortitis</b>, complete with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>aneurysm</b>}} of the <b>ascending aorta</b>&nbsp;due to <i>endarteritis</i>&nbsp;and resultant <u>aortic valve {{c2::regurgitation}}</u>"<img src=""paste-6146098201153.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>{{c2::Tertiary}} syphilis</u>&nbsp;destroys the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>vasa vasorum</b>}}, or blood vessels that <i>supply</i> the <b>vessel wall of the aorta</b>"<div>this results in weaking of the aortic wall and <font color=""#ffff00"">aneurysm formation</font></div><img src=""paste-6592774799716.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>{{c3::Tertiary}} syphilis</u>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Tabes Dorsalis</b>}}, or <i>demyelination</i> of the {{c2::<b>dorsal column</b>}} and {{c2::<b>roots</b>}}"<img src=""paste-6760278524254.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7035156431027.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7048041332913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
"<b>Tabes Dorsalis</b> is characterized by loss of {{c1::proprioception}}, with a ""high-stepping"" gait and&nbsp;{{c1::foot}}-slapping""<img src=""paste-6760278524254.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7035156431027.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7048041332913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>Tabes Dorsalis</b> is characterized by loss of&nbsp;{{c1::deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)}} due to degeneration of the <u>dorsal roots</u>"<img src=""paste-6760278524254.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7035156431027.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7048041332913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>Tabes Dorsalis</b> is characterized by <u>positive&nbsp;{{c1::romberg}} sign</u>&nbsp;due to loss of <b>proprioception</b>"<img src=""paste-6760278524254.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7035156431027.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7048041332913.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>Tabes Dorsalis</b> is characterized by <u>{{c1::charcot}} joints</u>&nbsp;due to loss of <b>proprioception</b>"<img src=""paste-6760278524254.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7035156431027.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7048041332913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>{{c1::Argyll-Robertson}} pupil</b> is a complication of <u>{{c3::Tertiary}} syphilis</u> where the eye {{c2::<b>accommodates</b>}} to<i> near objects</i> but <u>does NOT</u> react to {{c2::<b>light</b>}}."""prostitute’s pupil""<div><img src=""paste-7808250544483.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
{{c1::<u>Congenital syphilis</u>}} occurs when <i>Treponema pallidum</i> is transmitted <b>trans-{{c2::placentally}}</b> from a pregnant woman to her fetus.TorcheS infectionA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
"<u>{{c1::Congential}} Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by ""<b>{{c2::Saber Shins}}</b>"", with an <u>anterior</u> <i>bowing</i> of the <u>tibia</u>""<img src=""paste-8551279886691.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
"<u>{{c1::Congential}} Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by ""<b>{{c2::saddle}}-shaped</b>"" <b>nose</b>""<img src=""paste-8753143349605.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>Congential Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by {{c1::<b>Hutchinson's</b>}} <i>teeth, </i>or <b>notched-incisors</b>"<img src=""paste-9444633084258.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-9573482103057.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>Congential Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Mulberry</b>}}&nbsp;<i>molars,</i>&nbsp;characterized by <b>enamel outgrowth</b>"<img src=""paste-9594956939657.jpg"" />&nbsp;<img src=""paste-9766755631453.jpg"" />&nbsp;"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>Congential Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by <b>congenital {{c1::deafness}} </b>and <b>sensorineural</b>&nbsp;hearing loss due to <u>CN VIII damage</u>"<img src=""paste-9977209028965.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<u>Congential Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by&nbsp;{{c1::rhagades}}, or linear scars at angle of mouth"<img src=""paste-10325101379780.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
What is the treatment for <u>all stages</u> of <b>Syphilis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::benzathine Penicillin G (intramuscular)}}</div>"<div>even in allergic individuals - desensitize them and then administer penicillin</div><img src=""paste-10801842749795.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11600706666592.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
Administration of&nbsp;{{c3::<b>Penicillin</b>}}&nbsp;for <u>{{c1::Syphilis}}</u> may lead to the <b>{{c2::Jarisch-Herxheimer}}</b> <b>reactione</b>"<div>occurs due to <b>lysis of spirochetes</b>&nbsp;(hence can occur with Borrelia and Leptospirosis as well)</div><img src=""paste-11098195493218.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11128260264295.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
The <u>Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction</u> is a response to the release of <b><u>endotoxin</u>-like</b> factors from the lysis of <i>{{c1::Treponema pallidum}}</i> organisms that manifests as <b>{{c2::fevers}}</b>, <b>{{c2::chills}}</b>, and <b>myalgias</b>."<div>Administration of <font color=""#ffff00"">penicillin</font> for syphilis may lead to the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction</div><img src=""paste-11098195493218.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11128260264295.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<div>A mnemonic used to remember the infectious agents which <b>may cross the {{c7::placenta}}</b> and cause <u>{{c7::congenital}} infection</u> is&nbsp;</div><div><b>ToRCHeS</b>:</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c6::<u>To</u>xoplasmosis}}</div><div>{{c5::<u>R</u>ubella}}</div><div>{{c4::<u>C</u>MV}}</div><div>{{c3::<u>H</u>IV}}</div><div>{{c2::<u>He</u>rpes virus}}</div><div>{{c1::<u>S</u>yphilis (<i>treponema pallidum</i>)}}</div><div>{{c8::VZV}}</div><div>{{c9::Parvovirus}}</div><div><br /></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<div>A mnemonic used to remember the infectious agents which <b>may cross the placenta</b>&nbsp;and cause <u>congenital infection</u> is</div><div><b>ToRCHeS</b>:</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>To</u>xoplasmosis}}</div><div>{{c1::<u>R</u>ubella}}</div><div>{{c1::<u>C</u>MV}}</div><div>{{c1::<u>H</u>IV}}</div><div>{{c1::<u>He</u>rpes virus}}</div><div>{{c1::<u>S</u>yphilis (<i>treponema pallidum</i>)}}</div><div>{{c1::VZV}}</div><div>{{c1::Parvovirus B19}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
"<u>Congential Syphilis</u>&nbsp;is characterized by&nbsp;{{c1::rhinitis aka ""snuffles""::... aka ...}}, or <b>nasal discharge</b> with <u>spirochetes</u><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum
<b>Viruses</b> contain <i>either</i> <u>DNA or RNA</u> surrounded by a&nbsp;{{c1::capsid}}"Either icosahedral or helical - can also sometimes be surrounded <i>again</i> by an envelope<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-2765958938848.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
Do <u>viruses</u> have <b>metabolic activity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div><i>one goal is to transmit nuclear material into host cells</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>importance: viral meningitis will not show decreased glucose on lumbar puncture</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
The two most common shapes of <b>viral capsids</b> are&nbsp;{{c1::icosahedral}} and&nbsp;{{c1::helical}}"<div>multiple copies of one protein</div><img src=""paste-2808908611811.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
"<b>Viruses</b> can either be ""naked"" or ""{{c1::enveloped}}""<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
All&nbsp;<b>naked</b>&nbsp;viruses have {{c2::icosahedral}}&nbsp;<u>capsids</u>&nbsp;<div>Generally speaking, enveloped viruses cannot survive in the environment</div><div><br /></div><div>icosahedral shape is very stable, therefore does not require an envelope</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<div><b>Enveloped viruses</b>&nbsp;can have either an&nbsp;<u>icosahedral</u>&nbsp;or {{c3::<u>helical</u>}} shape (whereas naked viruses are all icosahedral)</div><div><br /></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
The&nbsp;<u>lipid membrane</u>&nbsp;of a&nbsp;<b>host cell</b>&nbsp;can be&nbsp;<i>acquired</i>&nbsp;by the&nbsp;<b>virus</b>&nbsp;and is&nbsp;<i>used</i>&nbsp;as the&nbsp;<u>viral&nbsp;{{c4::envelope}}</u>&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-3586297692261.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<div><u>Viral {{c6::glycoproteins}}</u>&nbsp;<i>embedded</i>&nbsp;in the surface of the&nbsp;<b>envelope</b>&nbsp;can be used</div><div>to {{c5::<b>bind</b>}} to&nbsp;<u>host cells</u>; are also {{c5::<b>antigens</b>}} for the&nbsp;<u>immune system</u></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<div>Most <b>RNA virus</b> genomes are {{c1::single}}-stranded and {{c1::linear::circular/linear}}</div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-4604204941381.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
Most <b>RNA viruses</b> replicate in the&nbsp;{{c1::cytoplasm}}"<img src=""paste-4861902979122.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<b>RNA viruses</b> can be distinguished via their&nbsp;{{c1::<u>polarity</u>}}, either&nbsp;{{c2::<b>(+) sense</b>}} or {{c2::<b>(-) sense</b>}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<u><b>Positive</b> sense RNA viruses</u> carry RNA that is <i>structurally similar</i> to {{c1::mRNA}}therefore, once in the cytoplasm of the host cell, positive sense RNA can be used immediately by the cell for gene translation and protein synthesisA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
{{c1::<b>Positive</b>}} <b>sense RNA</b> can be used <i>immediately</i> by the cell for gene translation and <u>protein synthesis</u>once in the cytoplasm of the host cellsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
{{c1::<b>Negative</b>}} <b>sense RNA</b> viruses must <u>first be converted</u> to <b>{{c2::positive}} sense RNA</b> in order to be <i>used by the host cell</i> for <u>protein synthesis</u>therefore, negative sense RNA must carry an enzyme for this conversionA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<b>{{c1::Positive}} sense RNA</b> are oriented in the <u>5' to 3'</u> direction"<img src=""paste-6163278070087.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<b>{{c1::Negative}} sense RNA</b> are oriented in the <u>3' to 5'</u> direction"<div>and therefore must use <font color=""#ffff00"">RNA polymerase</font> to convert to 5' to 3'</div><img src=""paste-6163278070087.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
{{c1::Retroviruses (ie: HIV)}} are <b><u>diploid</u> single-stranded</b> <u>RNA viruses</u>"atypical, usually RNA viruses are single-stranded&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>known as retroviruses because they use <font color=""#ffff00"">reverse transcriptase&nbsp;to synthesize DNA from RNA (go backwards)</font></div><div><font color=""#ffff00""><img src=""paste-6863357739333.jpg"" /></font></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
{{c1::<u>Retroviruses (ie: HIV)</u>}} utilize the enzyme&nbsp;{{c2::<b>reverse transcriptase</b>}} to convert their <u><b>diploid</b>&nbsp;linear stranded&nbsp;RNA genome</u> to {{c3::<b>dsDNA</b>}}"<span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 0)""><div><span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 0);""><u>Retro</u>virus RNA going back to DNA</span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 0);""><br /></span></div><div>dsDNA undergoes transcription to make mRNA, which then can be turned into proteins via cytoplasmic ribosomes</div><img src=""paste-6863357739333.jpg"" /></span>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<b>DNA viral genomes</b> can either be <u>circular</u> or <u>linear</u> and are usually&nbsp;{{c1::double}}-stranded&nbsp;"<font color=""#ffff00"">dsDNA</font>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
{{c1::Parvovirus}} is the <u>only DNA virus</u> that has a&nbsp;<b>single-stranded genome</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
Which type of <u>viral genome</u> (dsDNA, (+) RNA, (-) RNA) is <b>not infectious by itself</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::(-) RNA}}</div>"<div>(+) RNA can be used by ribosomes</div><div>dsDNA can undergo transcription to make mRNA</div><img src=""paste-7932804595912.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
The vaccines for&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Hepatitis B and HPV 6, 11, 16, 18</b>::which two viruses}} are <u>{{c2::recombinant}} vaccines</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
The vaccine for <u>Hepatitis B Virus</u> uses <b>recombinant {{c1::HbsAg}}</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Virus_Structure_B&B
<b>HIV</b> is a <u>retrovirus</u>, which is a {{c1::di}}-ploid {{c1::single}}-stranded {{c2::(+)::(+)/(-)}} {{c2::RNA::RNA or DNA}} virus"<img src=""paste-9719510991278.jpg"" /><span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 0)""><img src=""paste-6863357739333.jpg"" /></span>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Does <u>HIV</u> have an <b>envelope</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9990093930922.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>HIV</b> has&nbsp;<u>{{c1::two}} strands of RNA</u> in its genome"<div><img src=""paste-10033043603887.jpg"" /></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 0)""><img src=""paste-6863357739333.jpg"" /></span></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The <u>{{c1::<i>gag</i>}}&nbsp;gene</u> of <b>HIV</b> encodes {{c2::<b>p24</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>p17</b>}}"<div><img src=""paste-45522358370340.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-10449655431600.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The&nbsp;<u>{{c1::<i>env</i>}}&nbsp;gene</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>HIV</b>&nbsp;encodes {{c2::<b>gp120</b>}} and {{c3::<b>gp41</b>}}"<img src=""paste-10926396801453.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10939281703005.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::gp41}} is the <u>transmembrane protein of HIV</u>, mediating <b>viral-cell </b><i>fusion</i> and <b>syncytia</b> <i>formation</i>"<div>reaches out and grabs other cells</div><img src=""paste-11347303596458.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::gp120}} is the <b>outer glycoprotein</b> of <u>HIV</u>"<div>binds CD4 &amp; CCR5/CXCR4</div><img src=""paste-11635066405285.jpg"" /><div>Binds CD4 and either CCR5 (macrophages, early) or CXCR4 (T-cells, late)</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::<b>gp120</b>}} of <b>HIV</b> binds {{c2::<b>CD4</b>}}, and the co-receptors {{c3::<b>CXCR4</b>}} (primarily on <u>T cells</u>), and {{c3::<b>CCR5</b>}} (primarily on <u>macrophages</u>)."<div>CCR5 is still found on CD4+ T-cells and used as entry (however CXCR4 according to FC is major entry)</div><img src=""paste-11635066405285.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12824772345988.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The&nbsp;<u>{{c1::<i>pol</i>}}&nbsp;gene</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>HIV</b>&nbsp;encodes the enzyme&nbsp;{{c2::<b>reverse transcriptase</b>}}, {{c3::<b>aspartate</b>&nbsp;<b>protease</b>}}, and {{c4::<b>integrase</b>}}"reverse transcriptase converts the two strands of RNA to dsDNA. this dsDNA is then transcribed as normal DNA, leading ultimately to protein synthesis<div><br></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(255, 255, 0)""><img src=""paste-12777527706030.jpg""><img src=""paste-6863357739333.jpg""></span></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b><u>HIV</u></b> is considered a <b>ToRCHeS</b> infection and can be transmitted through the {{c1::placenta}}"<img src=""paste-13267153977774.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>HIV</b> <i>initially</i> <u>infects</u> what cell type?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Macrophages}}</div>"<img src=""paste-13610751361450.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13649406066880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>HIV</b> <i>later on</i> <u>infects</u> what cell type?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CD4+ Helper T cells}}</div>"<img src=""paste-13610751361450.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13649406066880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The <b>prodrome (onset) of HIV</b> consists of <u>flu</u>&nbsp;or <u>{{c1::mono}}-like</u> <i>symptoms</i>&nbsp;with&nbsp;<u>{{c2::cervical}} lymphadenopathy</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>fever</b>}}"<img src=""paste-14074607829420.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14512694493485.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14474039787939.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The <b>clinical latency</b> period of <u>HIV infection</u> can last {{c1::10}} years"<div><img src=""paste-14796162335141.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14959371092362.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>Stage {{c1::1}} HIV</b> is characterized by <u>wide dissemination</u> to <b>lymphoid organs</b>"<img src=""paste-14955076125066.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>Stage {{c1::2}} HIV</b> is characterized by <u>clinical latency.</u>&nbsp;<b>CD4+ count</b>&nbsp;drops to &lt; {{c2::500}}"<img src=""paste-14955076125066.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>Stage {{c1::3}} HIV</b> is characterized by <u>recurrent bacterial infections.</u>&nbsp;<b>CD4+ count</b>&nbsp;drops to &lt; {{c2::350}}"<img src=""paste-14955076125066.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>Stage {{c1::4}} HIV</b>&nbsp;is also known as <b>AIDS</b>, with a&nbsp;<b>CD4+ count</b>&nbsp;&lt; {{c2::200}}"<div>***AIDS can also be diagnosed when CD4+ &gt; 200 if there is an<font color=""#ffff00""> AIDS-defining illness</font> present</div><img src=""paste-14955076125066.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15612206121387.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The criteria for <b>AIDS</b> is <u>CD4 count less than {{c3::200}}</u>, or <i>confirmed</i> <u>HIV positivity</u><div>with <b>{{c1::AIDS-defining opportunistic}}</b> <b>infections</b> such as <i>Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)</i>&nbsp;or <i>Candida</i>&nbsp;esophagitis.</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Which <u>AIDS-defining illness</u> is caused&nbsp;<i>directly</i>&nbsp;by <b>HIV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Diffuse</i>&nbsp;large B-cell lymphoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16174846837162.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
In <u>{{c2::early::early or late}}</u> HIV infection, HIV gains entry into <b>{{c1::macrophages::what cells}}</b> via binding to CD4 plus the coreceptor {{c1::<b>CCR5</b>}}"<img src=""paste-16406775071151.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-13649406066880.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
In <u>{{c2::late::early or late}}</u> HIV infection, HIV gains entry into&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Helper T-cells::what cells}}</b>&nbsp;via binding to CD4 plus the coreceptor {{c1::<b>CXCR4</b>}}"<img src=""paste-16406775071151.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13649406066880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Individuals with <b>{{c1::homo}}-zygous CCR5 allele mutations</b> are <u>resistant to HIV infection</u>"CCR5 encodes a corecptor for HIV on macrophages<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-16810501996746.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Individuals with <b>{{c1::hetero}}-zygous CCR5 allele mutations</b> display a&nbsp;<u>slower rate of progression</u> of HIV infection"CCR5 encodes a corecptor for HIV on macrophages<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-16810501996746.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Transmission of <b>HIV</b> occurs via&nbsp;<u>{{c1::bodily}} fluids</u>"<img src=""paste-17166984282202.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<u>Diagnosis of HIV</u> has traditionally been made initially with {{c1::<b>ELISA</b>}};&nbsp;<i>positive results</i> are <u>confirmed</u> with a&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Western}} blot</b>."<img src=""paste-17660905521580.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17695265259950.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>ELISA and western blots</b> for the <u>diagnosis of HIV</u> are <i>falsely positive</i> in <b>infants</b> born to <u>HIV+ mothers</u> since <b>anti-{{c1::gp120}} antibodies</b> cross the placenta."therefore, HIV RNA and HIV DNA nucleic acid amplification tests are used to diagnose HIV in neonates<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13649406066880.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
What tests (2) are used to <u>diagnose HIV</u> in <b>neonates</b>?<br /><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HIV RNA and HIV DNA nucleic acid amplification tests}}</div>looks for the virus itself, unlike ELISA and western blots which were looking for HIV antibodies (recall that anti-gp120 can cross the placenta, therefore babies tested via ELISA or western blot would show false positives)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::Rev}} is a <u>regulatory protein of HIV</u> that <b>regulates viral RNA</b> <b>transport</b> of unspliced viral transcripts out of the nucleus<u>R</u>ev <u>R</u>egulates transportA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::Tat}}&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<u>regulatory protein of HIV</u>&nbsp;that <i>transcriptionally activates</i> other <b>viral genes</b>.<u>T</u>at <u>t</u>ranscriptionally <u>a</u>ctivatesA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Which two <i>regulatory proteins</i> of <b>HIV</b> are <u>required</u> for viral <b>replication</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rev and Tat}}</div>"<img src=""paste-18923625906320.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::<b>Nef</b>}} is a <u>cytoplasmic accessory protein of <b>HIV</b></u> that <i>enhances</i> <b>viral replication</b> through <u>down-regulation</u> of {{c2::<b>CD4</b>}} and {{c2::<b>MHC-I</b>}} expression.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Once&nbsp;<u>HIV</u> is inside a cell, viral {{c1::reverse transcriptase}} converts <b>viral RNA</b> to <b>double-stranded DNA </b>(dsDNA).<div>This <b>double-stranded DNA</b> is <u>inserted</u> into the <b>host cell genome</b> by {{c1::integrase}}, another viral enzyme.</div>recall that the HIV gene <i>pol</i>&nbsp;encodes reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease and integraseA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
The <i>backbone</i> of&nbsp;<u>Highly active antiretroviral therapy</u> (<b>HAART</b>) are {{c1::NRTIs}} such as Ziduvodine"<div>NRTIs = nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors</div><img src=""paste-20070382174635.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20310900343210.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
Which <b>NRTI drug</b> has been shown to <u>reduce HIV transmission</u> from<div>pregnant mothers to their fetuses by 2/3?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ziduvodine}}</div>"<div>NRTI - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</div><div>decreases chances of HIV transmission to the fetus&nbsp;</div><img src=""paste-20306605375914.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::NRTIs::NRTIs or NNRTIs}} <i>insert themselves</i> into the DNA of the <b>reverse transcriptase</b>, <u>halting further elongation</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>NRTIs</b> and&nbsp;{{c1::<b>NNRTIs</b>}} both are {{c3::<u>reverse transcriptase</u>}} <i>inhibitors</i> used in the treatment of {{c2::<b>HIV</b>}}"<img src=""paste-21376052232614.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21388937134497.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::Protease}} inhibitors <b>inhibit</b> the enzyme responsible for <u>cleaving proteins</u> during <b>viral replication</b>"<div>useful in the treatment of <b><u>HIV</u></b></div><img src=""paste-21771189223855.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::<b>Maraviroc</b>}} is a <u>{{c2::CCR5}} inhibitor</u> that inhibits <b>HIV entrance</b> into <u>macrophages</u> early in the disease course"<div>CCR5 is still found on CD4+ T-cells and used as entry (however CXCR4 according to FC is major entry)</div><img src=""paste-22196390986150.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
{{c1::<b>p24</b>}} is the <u>HIV</u>&nbsp;<b>{{c2::capsid}} protein</b>"<img src=""paste-10449655431600.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10479720202668.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<i>HIV-associated</i> <u>lipodystrophy</u> can be treated by the <b>{{c1::GHRH}} analog</b> {{c2::<u>tesamorelin</u>}}.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;{{c1::<i>icosahedral</i>::icosahedral or helical}}&nbsp;<b>{{c4::linear::circular or linear}}&nbsp;</b>{{c2::<u>enveloped</u>::enveloped or naked}}&nbsp;<b>{{c3::dsD}}NA virus</b>"<img src=""paste-18395344929127.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18691697672547.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19000935317860.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
Most <b>DNA</b> <u>viruses</u> replicate in the&nbsp;{{c1::nucleus::cytoplasm or nucleus}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)</b> <u>replicates</u> in the {{c1::nucleus::cytoplasm or nucleus}}like most DNA virusesA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u>Cowdry bodies</u> are located in the&nbsp;{{c1::nucleus}}"<img src=""paste-19752554594664.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20053202305389.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
{{c3::<u>Cowdry bodies</u>}} are <b>{{c2::eosino}}-philic <u>nuclear</u> inclusions</b> found in cells infected with organisms within the&nbsp;<u>{{c1::herpesvirus}} family</u>"<img src=""paste-19752554594664.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20053202305389.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20302310408534.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>{{c1::Vertical}} transmission</b> is the <u>passage of a pathogen</u> from <b>mother</b> to <b>baby</b> during the period immediately before and after birthToRCHeS infection display vertical transmission (crossing the placenta)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>Herpes virus</b> can be transmitted via <u>saliva</u>, <u>sex</u> and <u>vertically</u> through the {{c1::placenta}}"<div>ToRC<font color=""#ffff00"">He</font>S</div><img src=""paste-21032454848871.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
HSV-{{c1::1}} is usually confined to the <b>upper half</b> of the bodyWhereas HSV-2 normally infects below the waist; typically seen in both places due to <u>oral sex practices</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
HSV-{{c1::2}} is usually confined to the <b>lower half</b> of the body<div>ie: sexual contact</div><div><br /></div>Whereas HSV-1 normally infects above the waist; typically seen in both places due to <u>oral sex practices</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
{{c2::<b>Gingivostomatitis</b>}} of the <u>mouth</u> is the first sign of {{c1::<b>HSV-1</b>}}"<img src=""paste-22436909154655.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-2783138808192.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
After primary infection, <u>stress</u> can reactivate {{c1::<b>HSV-1</b>}}, which can result in {{c2::<u>herpes labialis</u>&nbsp;(cold sores)}}"<div>most common viral infection of the mouth - remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion</div><img src=""paste-22973780066660.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-4479650889863.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
{{c2::<b>Keratoconjunctivitis</b>}} of the <u>cornea</u> is a complication of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>HSV-1</b>::what viral infection}}"<div>serpiginous or dendritic ulcers on slit lamp exam</div><img src=""paste-23536420782432.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
"<b>""{{c1::Serpiginous}}"" or ""{{c4::Dendritic}}"" corneal ulcers</b>&nbsp;are seen in <i>{{c5::Fluorescein::stain}} {{c3::slit lamp}} exam</i> of {{c2::<b>Keratoconjunctivitis</b>}} from&nbsp;<u>HSV-1</u>""<img src=""paste-24111946400102.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4071628996877.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-4179003179067.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u></u><u>{{c3::HSV-1::what virus}}</u> is associated with <b>{{c2::temporal}} lobe&nbsp;{{c1::encephalitis}}</b>"<div>can present with <u>abnormal MRI</u> signal in<b>&nbsp;temporal lobes bilaterally</b></div><img src=""paste-24958054957410.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-24592982737113.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
What is the most common cause of <b>sporadic encephalitis</b> in the United States?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HSV-1}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24592982737113.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25378961752418.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u>HSV-1</u> induced <b>temporal lobe encephalitis</b> can present as seizures, aphasia and&nbsp;{{c1::altered mental status}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>HSV-{{c1::1}} </b>remains <u>latent</u> in the <b>{{c2::trigeminal}} ganglion</b>"<div>reactivated by <font color=""#ffff00"">stress</font> or <font color=""#ffff00"">immunocompromization</font></div><img src=""paste-25804163514713.jpg"" /><div>makes sense as HSV-1 is normally confined to the face</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
"The <b>Herpes</b>&nbsp;rash is said to have a ""{{c1::<u>dew drops on a rose petal</u>}}"" appearance""<div>clear vesicles sitting on top of a erythematous base</div><img src=""paste-26491358282082.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-27006754357592.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
{{c1::<u>Herpetic whitlow</u>}} is a <b>painful hand vesicle</b> that occurs when the skin comes in contact with <i>HSV-1 or HSV-2</i>&nbsp;(common in <b>{{c2::dentists}}</b>)"<div>ie: in <font color=""#ffff00"">dentists</font> who spend a lot of time with their fingers in people's mouths (HSV-1), or genitals to hands (more common for HSV-2 - below the waist)</div><img src=""paste-27268747362659.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
{{c1::<b>Erythema multiforme</b>}} may appear <u>1-2 weeks</u> <i>after</i> <b>Herpes Simplex Virus</b> infection"<div><img src=""paste-28213640167779.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-28080496181313.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
"{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} are a result of <b>HSV infection</b> and appear as a ""<i>target lesion</i>"" with a <u>pink-red ring around a pale center</u>""<div>commonly HSV-<font color=""#ffff00"">2</font></div><img src=""paste-29545080029340.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28080496181313.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28213640167779.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u>Painful {{c1::inguinal}} lymphadenopathy</u>&nbsp;is classically associated with <b>HSV-{{c2::2}}</b>"<img src=""paste-30416958390627.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>HSV-{{c1::2}}&nbsp;</b>remains&nbsp;<u>latent</u>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<b>{{c2::sacral}} ganglion</b>"<img src=""paste-31379031064926.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u></u><u>{{c1::HSV-2}}</u>&nbsp;commonly causes <b>herpes genitalis</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u>HSV-{{c1::2}}</u>&nbsp;commonly causes <b>neonatal herpes</b>ToRCHeSA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u>HSV-{{c1::2}}</u>&nbsp;can cause <b>aseptic {{c2::meningitis}}</b> in <i>{{c3::adolescents and adults::what two demographics}}</i>"<div>whereas HSV-1 causes encephalitis</div><img src=""paste-32860794782046.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
A <u>{{c2::Tzank}} smear</u>&nbsp;showing <b>{{c3::multinucleated giant}} cells</b>&nbsp;is charactersitic of <b>Herpes Simplex Virus</b>&nbsp;infections"<div><i><b><u>VZV</u></b> will also have similar findings</i></div><i><img src=""paste-33346126086497.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
What drugs (2) are used to <u>prevent breakouts</u> of <b>Herpes Simplex Virus</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Acyclovir; Valacyclovir}}</div>"<div>once daily oral valacyclovir</div><img src=""paste-33956011442530.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
{{c1::PCR}} is the gold standard used in the diagnosis of <b>Herpes Simplex Virus</b>"<img src=""paste-34368328302752.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<b>{{c1::Pelvic inflammatory}} disease</b> can result in <u>fallopian tubal scarring</u>, which is a major risk factor for&nbsp;{{c2::<b>ectopic</b>}}<b> pregnancies </b>and <b>infertility</b>"can arise from <i>gonorrhea</i> or <i>chylamdia</i> infections - aka&nbsp;<font color=""#ffff00"">salpingo-oophoritis</font>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u>{{c3::Esophagitis}}</u> with <b>ulcers</b> that appear well-circumscribed and have a “{{c1::<b>volcano-like</b>}}” appearance is common in <u>HSV-{{c2::1}}</u>"<div>Can also be described as ""punched-out""</div><div><br></div>often seen in <font color=""#ffff00"">immunocompromised</font> individuals"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.1_hsv_1,2_(herpes)
<u><i>Candida</i> vulvovaginitis</u> is common in patients with {{c1::<b>diabetes</b>}} and patients who use <b>{{c3::antibiotics}}</b> and {{c2::<b>oral contraceptives</b>}}"<div>along with SGLT-2 inhibitors</div><img src=""paste-18313740550557.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
List of pathogens that can cause <b>endocarditis</b> in <u>IVDUs</u>:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>}}</div><div>{{c2::<i>Candida albicans</i>}}</div>"most commonly of the <font color=""#ffff00"">tricuspid valve</font>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::T-cell}}&nbsp;<b>deficient patients</b>&nbsp;are more likely to get&nbsp;<b>superficial</b>&nbsp;<u><i>Candida</i>&nbsp;infections</u><br /><div>chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
{{c1::Neutropenic}}&nbsp;<b>patients</b>&nbsp;are more likely to have&nbsp;<u>disseminated candidiasis</u>&nbsp;(<b>hematogenous</b>).A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.1_-_Candida_albicans
Poxvirus is a {{c2::linear::linear or circular}} {{c3::enveloped::enveloped or naked}}&nbsp;{{c1::dsD}}NA virus"<img src=""paste-12936441495912.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13211319402851.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-13258564042874.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
Which virus <b>makes its own envelope</b>, unlike most viruses?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Poxvirus}}</div>"<div>most viruses use host cell membranes to make their envelope</div><img src=""paste-13426067767656.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::<b>Poxvirus</b>}} is the only <b>DNA virus</b>&nbsp;that <u>completely</u> <i>replicates</i> in the {{c2::<b>cytoplasm</b>}}due to it having its own DNA-dependent RNA polymeraseA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
<b>{{c2::Poxvirus}}</b> has its own {{c1::<u>DNA-dependent RNA polymerase</u>}} which <u>allows it to replicate in the <b>cytoplasm</b></u>"<div>most viruses must enter the nucleus in order to make use of cellular RNA polymerase; recall Poxvirus is dsDNA, therefore able to replicate completely on its own in the cytoplasm</div><img src=""paste-14113262535016.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
<b>Intra-{{c2::cytoplasmic}} inclusions</b>, known as <u>{{c1::Guarnieri bodies}}/</u>{{c1::B}}-type inclusions, are diagnostic of&nbsp;{{c3::<b>Poxvirus</b>}}"recall that Poxvirus is the only virus to replicate entirely in the cytoplasm, therefore the inclusion bodies will also be in the cytoplasm<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-14959371092326.jpg""><img src=""paste-5de5a95f28be7cae67dede969f96f72e6eb56461.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
"{{c1::Poxvirus::which virus}} has a <u>""dumbell-shaped""</u> core""<img src=""paste-15156939587948.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
"Which virus is the <u>largest</u><b style=""text-decoration: underline; "">&nbsp;DNA virus</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Poxvirus}}</div>""<img src=""paste-15307263443303.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
<b>Smallpox</b> is also known as {{c1::<b>variola</b>}} and is part of the <u>{{c2::poxvirus}} family</u>"<img src=""paste-15448997364067.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::Smallpox::Smallpox or Chickenpox}} viral lesions are all the <u>same age</u>"<div>whereas chickenpox may have different ages, therefore some will have scabs, while others will be new</div><img src=""paste-15814069584231.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-16037407883474.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::Chickenpox::Smallpox or Chickenpox}} viral lesions are <u>different&nbsp;ages</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><img src=""paste-16041702850770.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::Chickenpox::Smallpox or Chickenpox}} viral lesions are <u>superficial</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><img src=""paste-16041702850770.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::Smallpox::Smallpox or Chickenpox}} viral lesions are <u>deep</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><img src=""paste-16041702850770.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::<b>Smallpox</b>::Smallpox or Chickenpox}} viral lesions affect the <u>{{c2::face}} and {{c3::palms}}</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><img src=""paste-16041702850770.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::Chickenpox::Smallpox or Chickenpox}} viral lesions affect the <u>trunk</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><img src=""paste-16041702850770.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
The&nbsp;{{c1::Cowpox}} virus is transmitted through <u>contact</u> with <b>infected cow udders</b>"<div>hence it is also known as ""<font color=""#ffff00"">milkmaid's blisters</font>"" since it causes a localized vesicular rash</div><img src=""paste-16728897618280.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
<b>Molluscum contagiosum</b> is a {{c1::poxvirus}} that causes <u>localized skin infections</u>.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
Flesh-colored, dome-shaped, <b><u>umbilicated</u></b> skin lesions are diagnostic of&nbsp;{{c1::Molluscum contagiosum}}"<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-17566416240996.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17596481012068.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
{{c1::Umbilicated}} lesions on the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>trunk</b>}} of children are diagnostic of <b>Molluscum contagiosum</b>"<img src=""paste-18013092839781.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18025977741671.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
<i>Diffuse</i> <b>molluscum contagiosum</b> infection in <u>adults</u>&nbsp;suggests {{c1::HIV}} infection/immuno-{{c1::suppression}}"<div>occurs everywhere EXCEPT the palms and soles</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-18227841204582.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
Single or multiple small (<i>localized</i>) <b>Molluscum contagiosum</b> infection in <u>adults</u> is most commonly due to&nbsp;<u>{{c1::sexually-transmitted}} infection</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
"<b>Molluscum contagiosum</b> can present with histologic <b>{{c1::eosino}}-philic</b> {{c1::cytoplasmic::location}}<div>inclusion bodies within&nbsp;<b>{{c1::keratino}}-cytes</b> known as <u>""molluscum bodies""</u></div>""<div>cytoplasmic remember because poxvirus replicates solely in the cytoplasm</div><img src=""paste-18859201397246.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
Transmission of <b>smallpox</b> occurs via <u>inhalation</u> of <b>{{c1::respiratory}} secretions</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
"What type of vaccine is used for <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">Smallpox</u>?<div>What is its name?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Live, attenuated; Vaccinia}}</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
"{{c1::<b>Poxviruses</b>}} are the only <i>DNA virus</i> <u>without <b>icosahedral</b> symmetry</u>, and instead have a ""{{c2::box}}"" or ""{{c2::brick}}"" shape."A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
Which <i>layer</i> of the <u>epithelium</u> does <b>HPV</b> infect?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Stratum basale}}<br></div>Basal layer where new epithelial cells are replicatingA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.11_poxvirus
"<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> is known to infect&nbsp;<u>prosthetic devices</u> ex: {{c1::prosthetic <font color=""#ffff00"">joints</font>, indwelling <font color=""#ffff00"">urinary catheters</font>, prosthetic <font color=""#ffff00"">heart valves</font>}}""<div>therefore, treatment usually includes <font color=""#ffff00"">replacement of the prosthetic device</font></div><div><img src=""paste-2753074036857.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2237677961648.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
What bug commonly causes <b>endocarditis</b> of <u>prosthetic heart valves</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3139621093811.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis </i>forms a protective&nbsp;{{c1::biofilm}} that allows it to colonize prosthetic devices"<img src=""paste-3517578215856.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
What is the treatment for assumed-methicillin resistant&nbsp;<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-3697966841931.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-3685081940402.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis </i>is a part of normal&nbsp;{{c1::skin}} flora"<img src=""paste-4075923964340.jpg""><div><i>and thus can contaminate blood cultures&nbsp;</i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>&nbsp;is a common contaminate of {{c1::blood}} cultures"<div>found on normal skin flora - therefore needle stick to draw blood can contaminate</div><img src=""paste-4239132721588.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>{{c1::Staphylococcus saprophyticus::which staph strain}}</i>&nbsp;is a common cause of {{c3::<b>UTIs</b>}} in <u>sexually active {{c2::females}}</u>"<div>second most common cause behind E. coli</div><img src=""paste-5351529251246.jpg""><img src=""paste-5381594022319.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>&nbsp;is <u>catalase</u>&nbsp;{{c1::positive}}"<div><i>all</i>&nbsp;strains (aureus, epidermidis, saprophyticus) of Staphylococcus spp. are catalase positive</div><img src=""paste-5579162517936.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>&nbsp;is <u>catalase</u>&nbsp;{{c1::positive}}"<div><i>all</i>&nbsp;strains (aureus, epidermidis, saprophyticus) of Staphylococcus spp. are catalase positive</div><img src=""paste-5579162517936.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
What enzyme converts <u>Urea</u> into <u>Ammonia</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Urease}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus&nbsp;</i><i>saprophyticus</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>coagulase&nbsp;</b>{{c1::negative}}<div><br /></div>"<div>along with<i>&nbsp;</i><i>epidermidis (Aureus is only coagulase positive staph)</i></div><img src=""paste-6528350290354.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6644314407342.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Stapylococcus saprophyticus </i>infections spread via {{c1::bodily fluids}}"<img src=""paste-7133940678762.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i> is gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive}}"<img src=""paste-7322919240111.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> is gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive}}"<img src=""paste-7322919240111.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
Patients with <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i> infections typically present with UTIs and {{c1::cystitis}} (symptoms include dysuria, polyuria, and abdominal pain/discomfort)"<div>therefore, <font color=""#ffff00"">urinalysis and culture</font> (collect sample midstream and culture via blood agar)</div><img src=""paste-7524782702702.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>&nbsp;is <u>nitrate reductase</u>&nbsp;{{c1::negative}}"<img src=""paste-7898444857438.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i> is part of the normal flora of the {{c1::rectum}} and {{c1::vagina}} in up to 10% of females<i>Common cause of UTIs in females (behind e coli)</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>&nbsp;is also known as&nbsp;{{c1::group A strep (GAS)}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.2_Staph_epidermidis_and_saphrophyticus
<i>{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}}</i>&nbsp;contains a <u>capsule</u>&nbsp;made of <b>{{c2::hyaluronic acid}}</b>"<div>therefore, GAS capsule is <font color=""#ffff00"">non-immunogenic</font>, as hyaluronic acid is found in our own tissues as well</div><img src=""paste-9960029159780.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10015863734629.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Group A strep (<i>S. pyogenes</i>) is&nbsp;{{c1::beta}}-hemolytic"<img src=""paste-10406705758569.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Both <i>{{c2::Staphylococcus aureus}}</i> and <i>{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}} </i>can cause <b><u>impetigo</u></b>"<div><img src=""paste-10544144711795.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-10505490006378.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
"<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> may present with <b>""honeycomb-like"" crusts</b> on the <i>skin</i> known as non-{{c1::bullous}} {{c1::impetigo}}""<div><img src=""paste-10544144711795.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-10505490006378.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
What <i>bug</i> is the most common cause of<div>both <u>non-bullous</u> and <u>bullous</u> <b>impetigo</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Staph aureus</i>}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""paste-10544144711795.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Group {{c1::A}} Strep (<i>Streptococcus {{c1::pyogenes}}</i>) causes <b>{{c2::pharyngitis}},</b>&nbsp;which may present with <u>cervical lymphadenopathy</u>"aka strep throat<div><img src=""paste-11081015624035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Group {{c1::A}} strep (<i>Streptococcus {{c1::pyogenes}}</i>) can cause <b>erysipelas</b> and <b>cellulitis</b>"<img src=""paste-11579231830114.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11592116731967.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11630771437635.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-11660836208996.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<u>Pyogenic infections</u> caused by <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>pharyngitis (strep throat)</b>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<b>non-bullous impetigo</b>}},&nbsp;{{c3::<b>erysipelas</b>}}<b>/{{c3::cellulitis}}</b>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-11660836208996.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10505490006378.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11081015624035.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>&nbsp;results in {{c1::erysipelas}}, which is a <b>superficial infection</b> of the skin"<img src=""paste-11579231830114.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11592116731967.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-11630771437635.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13254269075813.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>&nbsp;results in {{c1::cellulitis}}, which is a <b>deep infection</b> of the skin"<img src=""paste-11579231830114.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11592116731967.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-11630771437635.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13258564043109.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>&nbsp;contains the enzyme {{c1::hyaluronidase}},<div>which <u>breaks down connective tissue</u>, allowing for the spread of <b>cellulitis</b></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Systemic release of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes </i><b>exotoxins A, B, and C</b> results in&nbsp;{{c1::scarlet fever}}denoted SpeA, SpeB, SpeCA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
"<u>Scarlet fever</u> can present with a red, swollen, <b>""{{c1::strawberry}}"" tongue</b>,<div>{{c2::<b>pharyngitis</b>}}, and a diffuse, <i>""{{c3::sandpaper}}-like""</i> {{c3::<b>rash</b>}} that <u>spares the face</u></div>""<img src=""paste-15165529522533.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15178414424376.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<u>Spe{{c2::A}}</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>{{c2::C}}</u> of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>&nbsp;cause {{c1::<b>toxic shock like</b>}} <b>syndrome</b>superantigensA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<u>SpeB</u> of&nbsp;<i>{{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes}}</i>&nbsp;is associated with {{c1::<b>necrotizing fasciitis</b>}}"<img src=""paste-17497696764257.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
{{c1::<b>M protein</b>}} is an <u>anti-phagocytic</u>&nbsp;virulence factor contained on <i>{{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}}</i>&nbsp;cell walls"<img src=""paste-17940078395750.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17952963297633.jpg"" /><div>binds fibronectin and complement control proteins on host cells, preventing opsonization and phagocytosis</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>M protein</b>&nbsp;of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>&nbsp;is similar in structure to <b>{{c1::myosin}}</b>"<div>especially that in cardiac muscle! therefore, antigenic response to M-protein can create self-antigen to myosin in cardiac muscle</div><div>this results ultimately in rheumatic fever</div><img src=""paste-17940078395750.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>M protein</b> of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> can result in <i>antigenic response</i> to <b>myosin</b> in&nbsp;<u>{{c1::cardiac}} muscle</u>"known as ""molecular mimicry"" - M protein is similar in structure to myosin - illicits a humoral response that results in damage to the heart"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>{{c1::Rheumatic fever}}</b>&nbsp;is caused by <u>cross-reactivity</u> between <i>{{c2::Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)}}</i> <b>antigens</b> (M protein) and <b><i>self</i>-antigens</b>"self-antigens like the <font color=""#ffff00"">myosin</font> found in cardiac muscle (esp. of the <font color=""#ffff00"">mitral</font> valve)"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>Rheumatic fever</b> most commonly results in damage and <b><i>stenosis</i></b> of the&nbsp;<u>{{c1::mitral}} valve</u>"<div>M protein virulence factor of GAS is structurally similar to myosin; therefore, when a humoral response is stimulated, it attacks M protein but also myosin of the heart</div><img src=""paste-18214956302693.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>{{c2::Rheumatic fever}}</b> is generally preceded by <u>group A strep {{c1::pharyngitis}}</u> and <u><b>NOT</b></u> GAS skin infections (impetigo)."<img src=""paste-20723217203555.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>Rheumatic fever</b> is a type&nbsp;{{c1::II}} hypersensitivity rxnantibodies binding to cell surface antigens (M protein mimics myosin)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
"The <b>""JONES""</b>&nbsp;criteria is used for <u>Rheumatic Fever:</u><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>J</u>:&nbsp;{{c1::<font color=""#ffff00"">J</font>oints - migratory polyarthritis}}</div><div><u>O</u>:&nbsp;{{c2::<font color=""#ffff00"">♥</font> - carditis (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)}}</div><div><u>N</u>:&nbsp;{{c3::Subcutaneous <font color=""#ffff00"">N</font>odules}} (forearms, elbows, knees)</div><div><u>E</u>: {{c6::<font color=""#ffff00"">E</font>rythema marginatum}}&nbsp;(rash w/ thick red borders)</div><div><u>S</u>:&nbsp;{{c5::<font color=""#ffff00"">S</font>ydenham's chorea (rapid movement, esp. of hands and face)}}</div>""<div><img src=""paste-21401822036056.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-21144123998524.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</b> is a Type {{c1::III}} hypersensitivity rxndamage from circulating antibody-antigen immune complexes that deposit in the glomerulusA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
"<i>Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)&nbsp;</i>can ultimately result in Rheumatic Fever and&nbsp;{{c1::Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis (<font color=""#ffff00"">PSGN</font>)}}""<img src=""paste-21964462752097.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
"Signs of <u>Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis</u> include dark, ""{{c1::cola}}""-colored {{c1::urine}} and facial {{c1::edema}}""<img src=""paste-22260815495521.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22273700397420.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>Post-strep glomerulonephritis</b> occurs&nbsp;{{c1::2 wks}} (time) post <i>GAS&nbsp;</i>infectionA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<u>Circulating {{c1::immune complex}} deposition</u> causes glomerular damage and subsequent nephritic syndrome in <b>Post-strep glomerulonephritis</b>antigen-antibody complexes (type III hypersensitivity rxn)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
"<b>{{c2::Post-strep glomerulonephritis (<font color=""#ffff00"">PSGN</font>)}}</b>&nbsp;is generally preceded by <i>either</i>&nbsp;<u>group A strep pharyngitis</u>&nbsp;AND/OR&nbsp;<u>GAS skin infections</u> (impetigo)."A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Early diagnosis and treatment of <u>strep throat</u> {{c1::cannot::can/cannot}} prevent <b>post-strep glomerulonephritis</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Early diagnosis and treatment of <u>strep throat</u> {{c1::can::can/cannot}} prevent <b>rheumatic fever</b>With penicillin&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
The drug of choice for treatment of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (GAS) is&nbsp;{{c1::penicillin}}"<img src=""paste-23854248362341.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Which virulence factors (2) of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i><div>(GAS) allows for lysis of RBC and WBCs?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S}}</div>"generate antibodies to streptolysin O - known as <font color=""#ffff00"">ASO (anti-streptolysin O)&nbsp;</font>antibodies<div><img src=""paste-25168508354915.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
{{c1::<b>Streptokinase</b>}} is a virulence factor released from <u>Group A Strep</u> that converts {{c2::<u>plasminogen</u>}} to {{c2::<u>plasmin</u>&nbsp;(a fibrinolytic)}}"<div>use to lyse clots in MIs or ischemic strokes</div><img src=""paste-25348896981351.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
{{c1::DNase-B}} is a virulence factor released by <b>Group A Strep</b> that <u>de-polymerizes DNA</u>"<img src=""paste-25765508809062.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<i>S. pyogenes</i> (GAS) is bacitracin {{c1::sensitive::sensitive or resistant}}"<img src=""paste-26456998543716.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
Elevated titers of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Anti-streptolysin O (ASO)</b>}} or {{c2::<b>anti-DNase B</b>}} <b>antibodies</b> are indicative of recent&nbsp;{{c3::Group A strep (<i>S. pyogenes</i>)}} infection"<img src=""paste-26499948216678.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<b>anti-M protein antibodies</b> are the cause of {{c1::Rheumatic Fever}}"<div>M protein mimics myosin in the heart, therefore antibodies to M protein results in these antibodies also attacking the myosin in cardiac muscle</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.31.30 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep
<u>Group <b>B</b> Strep</u> is known as&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i>&nbsp;is <u>hippurate</u> {{c1::positive}} (positive or negative)"<div><i>hydrolyzes sodium hippurate</i></div><i><img src=""paste-1636382540133.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
Is&nbsp;<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i>&nbsp;encapsulated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes (polysaccharide capsule)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-1924145348966.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>{{c1::Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)}}</i> and <i>{{c2::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i> are <u><b>CAMP</b> test positive</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-2207613190499.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2250562863463.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2237677961319.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
The <b><u>CAMP test</u></b> will show a increasing zone of {{c1::hemolysis}} when<div><i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> or <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i><div>is plated with&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>}}</div></div>"<i><img src=""paste-2482491097448.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> is {{c1::beta}}-hemolytic"<img src=""paste-2826088481121.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> is <b>bacitracin</b> {{c1::resistant}}<div><br /></div>"Contrast this with <i>S. pyogenes</i>, which is bacitracin sensitive<br /><div><img src=""paste-3019362009442.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> causes <u>neonatal</u> <b>meningitis</b>, <b>{{c1::sepsis}}</b>, and <b>{{c2::pneumonia}}</b>"<div>*most common cause of neonatal meningitis</div><img src=""paste-3577707757918.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3719441678693.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Group B strep (Streptococcus agalactiae)</i> is part of the natural flora of the <b>GI tract</b> and&nbsp;{{c1::vagina}}<i><br /></i><div><i>hence can cause neonatal meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia at delivery</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
Which strain of <i>Streptococcus</i> can be<div><u>passed</u> to the&nbsp;<b>baby</b> via <b>vaginal</b> delivery?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>GBS (Streptococcus agalactiae)</i>}}<br /><div><br /></div></div>most common cause of neonatal meningitis; also causes neonatal sepsis and pneumoniaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Culture</i> of the <u>mother's vagina</u> at {{c1::35 wks}} of&nbsp;<b>pregnancy</b> (time)<div>is done to ensure <i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> has not colonized</div>"<div><br /></div><div>*all pregnant women must be - most common cause of neonatal meningitis -&gt; if positive culture, give <b>intrapartum penicllin/ampicillin</b></div><img src=""paste-5162550690147.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
Pregnant mothers with vaginal colonization of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> are given <u>intra-{{c1::partum}}</u> {{c1::penicillin}} <b>prophylaxis</b>"<div><b>ampicillin</b>&nbsp;is a viable alternative as well</div><img src=""paste-5660766896476.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
Treatment for <i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> is&nbsp;{{c1::penicillin G}}can also use <b>ampicillin</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> is <b>gram</b>-{{c1::positive}}"<img src=""paste-6008659247460.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS)</i> is <b>catalase</b> {{c1::negative}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> is&nbsp;{{c1::alpha}}-hemolytic"<img src=""paste-8233452306787.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Streptococcus viridans</i> is&nbsp;{{c1::alpha}}-hemolytic"<img src=""paste-8233452306787.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
In <b>alpha-hemolysis</b>, there is a <i>green</i> <i>hue</i> due to the <u>oxidation of&nbsp;{{c1::hemoglobin}}</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> <u>virulence factors</u> are an anti-{{c1::phagocytic}}&nbsp;{{c1::polysaccharide capsule}} and&nbsp;IgA protease"<div><i>hence, asplenic patients are at a higher risk of sepsis</i></div><i><img src=""paste-8946416877923.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-10127532884039.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Streptococcus {{c1::pneumoniae}}</i> is <b>optochin-{{c2::sensitive}}</b>"<img src=""paste-9238474654052.jpg"" /><div>the knight's chin is exposed</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
{{c1::<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>}} is a <b>{{c2::lancet}}-shaped</b> <b>{{c2::diplo}}-cocci</b>"<img src=""paste-9655086481766.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> is <b>bile</b>-{{c1::soluable}}"<img src=""paste-10312216478053.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
What is the <i>most common cause</i> of <b>community pneumonia</b> in <u>adults</u>?<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>{{c1::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}</i></div><i>aka streptococcal pneumonia</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>C-MOPS</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
"<b>{{c1::Lobar}} pneumonia</b> and <u>""{{c1::rust}}""-colored sputum</u>&nbsp;are indicative of <i>{{c2::Streptococcus pneumoniae}}</i>""<div>red-brown sputum</div><img src=""paste-10720238371171.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
"<i>{{c6::Streptococcus pneumonia}}</i> is the <b><u><font color=""#ffff00"">most</font> common cause</u></b> of <b>C-MOPS</b>:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<font color=""#ffff00"">C</font>onjunctivitis}}&nbsp;(redness and discharge)</div><div>{{c2::<font color=""#ffff00"">M</font>eningitis}} (fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness)</div><div>{{c3::<font color=""#ffff00"">O</font>titis media}} (ear pain)</div><div>{{c4::<font color=""#ffff00"">P</font>neumonia}} (fever, cough, chills)</div><div>{{c5::<font color=""#ffff00"">S</font>inusitis}} (nasal discharge, sinus tenderness)</div>""<img src=""paste-11312943858016.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11355893530983.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11325828759861.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Due to <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> having a <b>polysaccharide capsule</b> virulence factor, patients<div>who have&nbsp;<u>{{c1::sickle cell}} disease</u> or <u>a-{{c1::splenic}} patients</u> are particularly susceptible</div>"<div>SHiN - <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae, H influenza type B, Neisseria meningitidis</i></div><div>polysaccharide capsule is antiphagocytic - lack of splenic macrophages = problematic</div><img src=""paste-12382390714725.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Treatment of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> includes&nbsp;{{c1::<u>azithromycin</u> (macrolides)}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<u>ceftriaxone</u>&nbsp;(3rd gen. cephalosporin)}}"<div><i>vancomycin can be used to treat strep pneumo meningitis</i></div><img src=""paste-12764642804064.jpg""><img src=""paste-12777527705956.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
The <u>{{c1::pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)}}</u> is given to <u>children</u> under 5 years and <u>adults over 65</u> to prevent<i> Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> infection."This vaccine is a <font color=""#ffff00"">polysaccharide capsule + a protein conjugate</font>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Is <i>Streptococcus viridans&nbsp;</i>encapsulated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14632953577827.jpg"" /><div>no armor</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Streptococcus viridans</i>&nbsp;is <b>optochin-{{c1::resistant}}</b>"<img src=""paste-14753212662118.jpg"" /><div>chin protected by the mask</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Streptococcus viridans</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>bile</b>-{{c1::insoluable}}"<img src=""paste-15294378541410.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Lab results of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> <u>meningitis</u> include {{c1::low}} CSF glucose (high or low)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Lab results of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> <u>meningitis</u> include {{c1::high}} polymorphonuclear cells in CSF (high or low)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Lab results of <i>S. pneumoniae</i> <u>meningitis</u> include {{c1::high}} protein in CSF (high or low)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Which spp. of <i>Streptococcus viridans</i> causes <u>dental carries</u>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Streptococcus mutans}}</i></div>"<img src=""paste-16166256902500.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Which spp. of <i>Streptococcus viridans</i> causes <u><b>subacute</b> endocarditis</u>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Streptococcus sanguinis}}</i></div>"<div><img src=""paste-16814796964190.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>most common bug that infects damaged heart valves - mitral valve is the most common valve damaged (mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic fever)"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
Which spp. of <i>Streptococcus viridans</i> causes<b>&nbsp;</b><u>endocarditis</u>? (non-subacute)<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Streptococcus mitis}}</i></div><i>sanguinis causes subacute</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<u>Which heart valve</u> is most commonly affected by<div>subacute and acute <b>endocarditis</b> caused by</div><div><i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> and <i>mitis</i>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mitral valve}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16814796964190.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
{{c2::<i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> (<i>viridans</i> family)}}&nbsp;makes {{c1::<b>dextrans</b>}} which bind to <u>fibrin-platelet aggregates</u> on <b>damaged&nbsp;</b>{{c3::<b>heart valves</b>}}<b>.</b>"dextrans are formed from glucose<div><img src=""paste-18172006629725.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans
<i>Enterococci spp.</i> include&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Enterococcus faecalis}}</i> and <i>{{c2::Enterococcus faecium}}</i>"<div><br /></div><div>Group D streptococci</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-19396072309096.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19619410608486.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> is {{c1::more}} <b>common</b> and {{c1::less}} likely to be <u>resistant</u> to <b>vancomycin</b> (more or less)"<font color=""#ffff00"">less-pathogenomic</font><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-19396072309096.jpg"" /></div><div>more people under faecalis = more common</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enterococcus faecium</i> is {{c1::less}} <b>common</b> and {{c1::more}} likely to be&nbsp;<u>resistant</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>vancomycin</b>&nbsp;(more or less)<div><br /></div>"<i>faecium</i> = <font color=""#ffff00"">VRE</font> = vancomycin resistance enterococcus<div><br /><div>more pathogenomic</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-21994527523174.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enteroccoci species</i> grows on {{c1::6.5}}% {{c1::NaCl}} and {{c2::40}}% {{c2::bile}} culture media"<img src=""paste-20572893348203.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
"<i>Enterococcus spp.</i> are <b>bile</b>-{{c1::<font color=""#00ff00"">insoluble</font> (aka resistant)}} (soluble or insoluble)""<div>this insolubility in bile allows for <i>Enterococcus spp.</i> to <font color=""#ffff00"">colonize</font> the <font color=""#ffff00"">biliary tree</font></div><img src=""paste-20998095110499.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enterococcus spp.</i> can result in {{c3::<b>UTIs</b>}}, {{c2::subacute&nbsp;<b>endocarditis</b>}}, and <b>{{c1::biliary tree}} infections</b>"<img src=""paste-21161303867746.jpg"" /><div>recall that <i>Enterococcus spp. </i>are bile-insoluble - allows them to colonize the biliary tree</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
Which <b>antibiotics</b> are used to treat&nbsp;{{c3::<u>VRE</u>?<div>(vancomycin resistant enterococcus - commonly&nbsp;<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>)</div>}}<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c1::IV Linezolid}};&nbsp;{{c2::Tigecycline}}</b></div>"<div><i>can also use Daptomycin, Oritavancin, Quinupristin/dalfopristin</i></div><img src=""paste-22054657065312.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22110491640160.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>{{c1::Enterococci spp.}}</i> are one of the leading causes of <b>nosocomial (hospital) infections</b> in the U.S. due to <u>high antibiotic resistance</u>.<i>VRE - vancomycin resistant enterococcus</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enterococci spp.</i> are&nbsp;{{c1::facultative}} <b>anaerobes</b><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>can survive without O₂&nbsp;but will use it - found in the GI/GU tractsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enterococci spp.</i>&nbsp;are gram-{{c1::positive}}"<i>Group <font color=""#ffff00"">D </font>Streptococci (all Streptococci are gram positive)</i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Enterococci spp. </i>normally inhabit the <u>lower</u> {{c1::GI}} and {{c1::GU}} <b>tracts</b>.can result in endocarditis after GI/GU procedureA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
If <i>Streptococcus bovis</i> is present in the blood (bacteremia) what <u>pathology</u> should be suspected?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Colon cancer}}</div>Bovis in the blood = Cancer in the colonA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Streptococcus bovis</i> biotype 1 is known as&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Streptococcus gallolyticus</i>}}<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-19 at 8.22.03 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<i>Streptococcus {{c1::gallolyticus}}</i> can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis; is associated with <u>colon cancer</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><u><br /></u></div>"<div>therefore, a colonoscopy should be performed when Streptococcus bovis is present in the blood</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-19 at 8.22.03 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.6_Enterococcus
<b><u>Both</u></b><i> Mycobacteria tuberculosis and leprae</i>&nbsp;stain {{c1::<u>acid-fast</u>}}, taking up the <b>{{c2::carbol fuschin}}</b> stain"aka <font color=""#ffff00"">Ziehl-Neelsen</font> stain<div><img src=""paste-25825638351115.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-24786256265570.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23652384899428.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b><u>Both</u>&nbsp;</b><i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis and leprae</i> stain&nbsp;<u>acid-fast</u> due to the <i>high concentration</i> of&nbsp;{{c1::mycolic acids}} in their&nbsp;<b>cell walls</b>"<div><i><img src=""paste-24219320582507.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-71472550773094.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i>aka <font color=""#ffff00"">Ziehl-Neelsen</font> stain</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Isoniazid inhibits the formation of mycolic acid</i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i> grows {{c1::slow}} (fast or slow), requiring <b>2-6 wks</b> to growA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i> grows on the&nbsp;{{c1::Lowenstein-Jensen}} agar"<img src=""paste-25378961752423.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
What is the oxygen dependency of&nbsp;<i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis?</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div>{{c1::Obligate aerobe}}<i><br /></i></div>"<img src=""paste-25524990640484.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26383984099481.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<i>M. tuberculosis</i> is transmitted via {{c1::inhalation}} of droplet nuclei (<b>airborne particles</b>).hence patients are placed in negative-pressure isolation roomsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i> primarily resides and proliferates in&nbsp;{{c1::macrophages}} (cell type)Cord factor stimulates TNF-a release which increase macrophage response.&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div>Sulfatides inhibit phagolysosomal formation, resulting in necrosis of the proliferating macrophages and ultimately caseous necrosis development</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
"<b>{{c1::Cord factor}}</b>&nbsp;allows for clumping of <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i>&nbsp;in a <u>""{{c2::serpentine}}-like"" formation</u>""<div>present in <u>virulent strains only</u>&nbsp;- is a glycolipid on the bacterial cell wall</div><div><u><br /></u></div><div><u><img src=""paste-27565100106084.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>Cord factor</b> of <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i> stimulates&nbsp;<u>{{c1::granuloma}} formation</u> via induction of TNF-a&nbsp;<i>TNF-a activates <u>macrophages</u>&nbsp;which form the granulomas</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>{{c3::Cord factor}}</b> of <i>{{c2::Mycobacteria tuberculosis}}</i>&nbsp;activates&nbsp;<u>{{c1::macrophages}}</u>&nbsp;via induction of&nbsp;<u>{{c1::TNF-a}},</u>&nbsp;which then form&nbsp;<b>granulomas</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;"<img src=""Xnip2018-04-113_16-05-07.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>Cord factor</b> of <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i>&nbsp;is only present in&nbsp;{{c1::virulent}} strains of bacteria"<img src=""paste-30391188586645.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>{{c1::Sulfatides (surface glycolipids)}}</b> of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis&nbsp;</i>inhibit <u>{{c2::phagolysosome}}</u> fusion.&nbsp;"allows TB to survive in cells like macrophages<div>macrophages phagocytose TB, but cannot combine with lysosomes to degrade TB<div><img src=""paste-30893699760484.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-31026843746653.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-31310311588142.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Paths of Progression <i><u>after</u></i> <b>Primary <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i></b> infection: healed {{c1::latent}} infection (<u>most common</u>)"<img src=""paste-31589484462438.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-32366873542954.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Paths of Progression <i><u>after</u></i> <b>Primary <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i></b> infection: {{c1::<u>disseminated/systemic</u>}} infection aka {{c2::<b>miliary</b>}} tuberculosis"<img src=""paste-31589484462438.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-32152125178015.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Paths of Progression <i><u>after</u></i> <b>Primary <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i></b> infection: {{c1::<u>secondary</u>}} infection, which occurs by <b>reactivated infection</b> due to {{c2::immunosuppression}} (<i>HIV, old age, cancer, etc</i>)"<div><img src=""paste-31589484462438.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-32366873542954.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>{{c2::Primary}} infection</b> of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>commonly affects the <u>{{c1::middle}}</u> and <u>{{c1::lower}} lobes</u> of the {{c1::<b>lungs</b>}}"<img src=""paste-35119947579981.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>Primary</b> <i>{{c2::Mycobacteria tuberculosis}} </i>infection&nbsp;is diagnosed via presence of the&nbsp;<u>{{c1::Ghon}} complex</u>"<img src=""paste-34080565494111.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35119947579981.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
The <u>Ghon complex</u> of <i>Primary tuberculosis</i> includes&nbsp;<b>{{c1::hilar}} lymphadenopathy</b> with <b>{{c1::Ghon}} foci</b> in the middle and lower lobes of the lungs"<img src=""paste-34076270526815.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35119947579981.jpg"" /><div>Ghon foci are caseating (necrotic) granulomas near the pleura of the middle and lower lobes</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
A <u>{{c2::Ghon focus}}</u> is a {{c1::<b>caseating</b>&nbsp;<b>granuloma</b>}} located <i>near the pleura</i> in the middle or lower lobes of the lung (<b>tuberculosis</b> infection)"<img src=""paste-34076270526815.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35124242547277.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
The granulomas of a <b>Ghon focus</b> are&nbsp;<b>{{c1::caseating}} granulomas</b>,<div>meaning they have a <u>central area of {{c2::necrotic macrophages}}</u></div>"<div><br /><img src=""paste-35119947579981.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36730560315749.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>Caseating granulomas</b> with a <u>central necrosis</u> and&nbsp;<u>{{c1::Langhans giant}} cells</u> are characteristic of <b>secondary tuberculosis</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>"<img src=""paste-38611755991284.jpg"" /><div>Langhans giant cells denoted by the <b><u>arrow</u></b>, caseating granuloma with central necrosis in upper left</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Most cases of <b>primary tuberculosis</b> occur in {{c1::children}} and the immunocompromised (demographic)"<img src=""paste-39505109188951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-39517994090850.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Most cases of <b>primary tuberculosis&nbsp;</b>resolve, healing via&nbsp;{{c1::<b>fibrosis</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>calcification</b>}}, becoming <u>{{c3::latent}}</u>"<img src=""paste-39505109188951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-39517994090850.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<i>Latent</i> <u>tuberculosis</u> infections result in a <b><u>positive</u> {{c1::purified protein derivative (PPD+)}} skin test</b>"<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-40643275522143.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-40617505718627.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Exposure to <i>{{c1::Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}</i> will always result in a <u>positive PPD test</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
The {{c1::BCG}} vaccine can result in a <u>false positive</u> <b>PPD test</b>"<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-41661182771291.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-41639707935075.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
What is the prognosis for <u>miliary tuberculosis</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Poor (100% fatality if not treated)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-42039139893819.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-42567420871011.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<u>Miliary tuberculosis</u>&nbsp;develops when the infection is <b>disseminated into the {{c1::blood (bacteremia)}}</b>"<img src=""paste-42039139893819.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<u>{{c1::Miliary}} tuberculosis</u>&nbsp;can result in <b>granuloma formation</b> in the <u>spleen</u>, <u>liver</u>, <u>adrenal gland</u> and&nbsp;<u>meninges</u> (causing meningitis)"<img src=""paste-42039139893819.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Inhibition of {{c1::TNF-a}} (ie: immunosuppresion, drugs) results in<div>lack of granuloma formation and resultant <b>reactivation of tuberculosis</b></div>"<div><br /></div><div>***individuals who are to be started on a <font color=""#ffff00"">TNF-a inhibitor</font> (ie:&nbsp;<b>infliximab</b>) should recieve a <font color=""#ffff00"">PPD test</font></div><div><br /></div><div>lack of TNF-a = lack of granuloma = lack of containment of tuberculosis</div><img src=""paste-45659797324130.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<u>Reactivated tuberculosis</u> affects the {{c1::upper}} lobes of the lung"<img src=""paste-46544560587300.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46780783788380.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>Cough</b>, <b>night {{c2::sweats}}</b>, and {{c2::<b>hemoptysis</b>}} are symptoms of&nbsp;<u>{{c1::reactivated}}</u> <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection"<img src=""paste-46544560587300.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-47364899340639.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>CNS involvement</b> of disseminated <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i>&nbsp;can result in<div><u>{{c1::meningitis}}</u> and <b><u>cavitary</u></b> lesions known as&nbsp;<u>{{c2::tuberculomas}}</u></div>"<div>occur in the <u>base</u>&nbsp;of the brain</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-48752173777255.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<u>{{c1::Active}}</u>&nbsp;<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>infection is treated with <b>RIPE</b>&nbsp;therapy"<i><br /></i><div><i>Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (or streptomycin)</i></div><div><img src=""ripe.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
"<u>Active</u>&nbsp;<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>infection is treated with <b>RIPE</b>&nbsp;therapy:<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>ifampin}}</div><div>{{c2::<font color=""#ffff00"">I</font>soniazid}}</div><div>{{c3::<font color=""#ffff00"">P</font>yrazinamide}}</div><div>{{c4::<font color=""#ffff00"">E</font>thambutol (or streptomycin)}}</div>""<img src=""ripe.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
<b>Isoniazid</b> is administered with {{c1::pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆)}} in patients at risk for <u>peripheral neuropathy</u> as well as those who are pregnant, breastfeeding or have epilepsy."<i>recall that Isoniazid can result in B₆ deficiency and ultimately B₃ deficiency (need B₆ and B₂ for B₃)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-60653528154573.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
A <u>{{c2::Ranke}} complex</u> is a Ghon complex that has undergone progressive fibrosis and subsequent <b>{{c1::calcification}}</b>"<div><i>are now radiologically detectable***</i></div><i><img src=""paste-52613349376541.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Diagnosis of <b>active primary tuberculosis</b> is made by chest x-ray (CXR) demonstrating a <u>{{c1::Ranke}} complex</u> and <u>{{c1::pleural}} effusion</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><u><br /></u></div><i>when a Ghon complex heals and calcifies further, it is to as a&nbsp;<b>Ranke</b>&nbsp;<b>complex - </b>calcifications allows it to be identified radiologically</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
What test for tuberculosis does not cross-react with BCG vaccine?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Quantiferon Gold assay}}</div>"<img src=""paste-53721450938493.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
The <b>Quantiferon Gold assay</b> measures <u>{{c1::IFN-gamma}} levels</u> <b>released from {{c1::T-cells}}</b> exposed to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
Kidney infection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>results in <u>RBCs and WBCs in urine</u> <i>WITHOUT</i> <b>bacteria</b>, known as&nbsp;{{c1::sterile pyuria}}<i>WBC casts will be present in urine</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB
The <u>two phases of tuberculosis</u> treatment include {{c1::4}} drugs for {{c1::2}} months<div>followed by {{c1::2 (isoniazid and rifampin)}} drugs for {{c1::4}} months.</div>"<img src=""paste-54704998449619.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<u>{{c1::Isoniazid</u>&nbsp;(INH)<u>}}</u> can be used <i>alone</i>&nbsp;as treatment for <b>{{c2::latent}} tuberculosis</b> infections"<div><font color=""#ffff00"">Iso</font>niazid can be <font color=""#ffff00"">iso</font>lated as treatment</div><img src=""paste-54979876356566.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>{{c2::Isoniazid (INH)}}</b> works by inhibiting the synthesis of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>mycolic acid</b>}} production on <i>{{c1::Mycobacteria tuberculosis}}</i>"<i>found in the cell wall</i><div><i><img src=""paste-56285546414545.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Isoniazid (INH)</b> is a prodrug that is activated by {{c1::KatG (a catalase-peroxidase)}}, which is produced by <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i>"<img src=""paste-56951266345418.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
Mutations in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> that {{c2::down}}-regulate the<div>expression of <u>KatG (a catalase-peroxidase)</u> lead to&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Isoniazid}} resistance </b>(drug)</div>"<div><i>Isoniazid is activated by KatG, an enzyme produced by TB</i><br></div><div><img src=""paste-57101590200787.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
{{c1::<b>Peripheral neuropathy</b>}}, <b>ataxia</b>, and <b>paresthesias</b> are common side-effects of <b>{{c2::Isoniazid}}</b> therapy for <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>"<div><i>Isoniazid leads to <font color=""#ffff00"">B₆ deficiency</font> -&gt; results in peripheral neuropathy</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i>INH - injury to nerves and hepatocytes</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-57281978827215.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Isoniazid</b> is metabolized by the <u>hepatic enzyme</u>&nbsp;{{c1::N-acetyltransferase}}"<img src=""paste-58914066399689.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
Slow-{{c1::acetylators}} have an increased risk of <u>side effects</u> from <b>Isoniazid (INH)</b>"<div><i>will therefore have higher drug concentrations in blood, longer drug half-lives</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>increased risk of <font color=""#ffff00"">peripheral neuropathy</font>!!</i></div><i><img src=""paste-58914066399689.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Isoniazid</b> promotes the excretion of&nbsp;{{c1::pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆)}}, therefore resulting in <i>deficiency</i> and <u>peripheral neuropathy</u>"<div><i>**coadministration of INH with B₆ can prevent peripheral neuropathy</i></div><i><img src=""paste-60056527700429.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<div><b>Isoniazid</b> may also cause <u>altered mental status</u> and&nbsp;{{c1::<u>seizures</u>}} (CNS toxicity)</div>"<img src=""paste-60898341290446.jpg"" /><div>**peripheral neuropathy is a PNS toxicity</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
"<u>{{c1::Hepato}}-toxicity</u> is associated with <span style=""font-weight: bold"">Isoniazid</span>&nbsp;use""<div><i>recall that INH is hepatically metabolized (n-acetyltransferase)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>INH - injury to nerves and hepatocytes</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-61602715926989.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<u>Isoniazid hepatotoxicity</u> results in an<i>&nbsp;asymptomatic</i> rise in&nbsp;{{c1::aminotransferases (AST, ALT)}} on LFTs"<img src=""paste-61795989455314.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<u>Drug-induced&nbsp;{{c1::lupus}}</u> is an <i>immunologic</i> toxicity of <b>Isoniazid</b> use"<img src=""paste-61950608277975.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Isoniazid</b> use can result in <u>metabolic&nbsp;{{c1::acidosis}}</u> (acidosis or alkalosis)"<img src=""paste-62053687493070.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
The <b>metabolic acidosis</b> associated with <b>Isoniazid</b> use has a(n) <u>{{c1::elevated}} anion gap</u> (normal or elevated)"<img src=""paste-62049392525774.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Isoniazid</b> {{c1::inhibits}} <u>cytochrome p450</u> (induces or inhibits)"<div><i>can therefore <u>increase</u> concentration of drugs such as anti-epileptics and warfarin that use CYP450 for metabolism</i></div><i><img src=""paste-62328565400014.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Rifampin</b>&nbsp;{{c1::induces}}&nbsp;<u>cytochrome p450</u>&nbsp;(induces or inhibits)"<div><i>can therefore <u>decrease</u> concentration of drugs such as anti-epileptics and warfarin that use CYP450 for metabolism</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>ifampin <font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>evs up CYP450</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-63067299774926.jpg"" /></i></div><i></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>{{c2::Rifampin}}</b>&nbsp;works by binding to bacterial <u>{{c1::DNA-dependent RNA polymerase}}</u>, <i>inhibiting</i> <b>RNA</b> synthesis (antibacterial)"<img src=""paste-63230508532180.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Mutations</b> in which <u>bacterial enzyme</u><div>can result in resistance to <b>Rifampin</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::DNA-dependent RNA polymerase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-63230508532180.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Rifampin</b> is used as prophylactic <u>mono</u>-therapy in those exposed to&nbsp;{{c1::<i>H. influenzae</i> and <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>::what two bugs?}}"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-64463164146124.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-64501818851792.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-64342905061839.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Rifampin</b> use is associated with&nbsp;<u>{{c1::hepato}}-toxicity</u>"<i>especially when used with other hepatotoxic drugs (RIPE therapy)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-61602715926989.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
Which <u>antibacterial</u> drug may produce a <b>red-orange</b>&nbsp;discoloration of body fluids?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rifampin}}</div>"urine, blood, feces, spinal fluid, tears - *not dangerous!<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-65279207932370.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-173ddf1bd1354ba006bcfa4de2974b161815bc31.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>{{c2::Ethambutol}}</b> blocks the enzyme {{c1::<b>arabinosyl transferase</b>}}, inhibiting <u>carbohydrate polymerization</u> at the bacterial cell wall"<img src=""paste-65455301591501.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
Which of the <u>RIPE</u> drugs is <b>bacteriostatic</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ethambutol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-65674344923601.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
The most serious adverse effect of <b>{{c2::ethambutol}}</b> use is&nbsp;{{c1::<b>optic neuritis</b>}},<div>characterized by <u>loss of visual acuity</u> and <u>red-green colorblindness</u>&nbsp;(TB drug)</div>"<img src=""paste-65751654334937.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Pyrazinamide</b> is an antibiotic <u>only used</u> to treat&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Mycobacterium tuberculosis}}</i>"<i><img src=""paste-65846143615439.jpg"" /></i><div><i>as part of the RIPE therapy</i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
Which <u>RIPE</u> drug can cause<div><b>uric acid crystal</b> formation</div><div>and ultimately <u><b>gout</b></u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pyrazinamide}}</div></div>"<img src=""paste-65940632895952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Pyrazinamide</b> is associated with <u>hyper-{{c1::uricemia</u><u>}}</u>"<div><i>and therefore gout</i></div><i><img src=""paste-65936337928656.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Pyrazinamide</b> is&nbsp;{{c1::hepato}}-toxic, even leading to&nbsp;{{c1::liver}} necrosis"<img src=""paste-61602715926989.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Pyrazinamide</b> is a pro-drug that is converted into the active form, {{c1::pyrazinoic acid}}, by the enzyme <b>pyrazinamidase</b>thus, resistance can occur with modification of pyrazinamidaseA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
{{c1::<b>Pyrazinamide</b>}}&nbsp;readily crosses the <u>blood-brain barrier</u>, and is used to treat <b>tuberculous meningitis</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
The <b>B₆ depletion</b> with <u>Isoniazid</u> use can lead to <i>decreased</i> {{c1::protoporphyrin}} <b>synthesis</b>, leading to a <u>{{c1::sideroblastic}} anemia</u>."<img src=""paste-333839217983923.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
"<font color=""#ffff00"">Rifampin</font> can be remembered by the 4 R's<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::DNA-dependent <font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>NA polymerase}}&nbsp;inhibitor</div><div><font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>amps up {{c2::microsomal CYP450}}</div><div>{{c3::<font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>ed/orange}} body fluids</div><div>Rapid&nbsp;{{c4::<font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>esistance}} if used alone</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<i>Mycobacterium {{c2::leprae}}</i> thrives in <u>{{c1::cool}} temperatures</u>, explaining its predilection for&nbsp;{{c1::extremities}} of the body"<img src=""paste-70703751627111.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<i>Myobacteria leprae</i> grows extensively in {{c1::armadillos}}, which have a cooler core body temperature"<img src=""paste-72468983185763.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<b>Leprosy</b> is caused by&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Mycobacteria leprae}}</i> and is also known as&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Hansen's}} disease</b>"<img src=""paste-72468983185763.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<i>Mycobacteria leprae</i> can cause&nbsp;{{c1::<b>tuberculoid</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>lepromatous</b>}} leprosy"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-73804718014606.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<b>{{c1::Tuberculoid}} leprosy</b> is associated with a strong <b>{{c2::Th₁}}-cell</b> response, allowing for <u>{{c2::cell-mediated}} immunity</u>"<div><i>Mediates granuloma formation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>recall that Th₁&nbsp;cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity</i></div><i><img src=""paste-74071005987173.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<u>{{c2::Tuberculoid}} leprosy</u> is <b>able</b> to be contained within {{c1::<b>macrophages</b>}}"<div><i>Th₁&nbsp;cells show a strong response, allowing for cell-mediated immunity</i></div><i><img src=""paste-74706661146983.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<i>Well-demarcated</i>, hairless, <b>hypoesthetic</b>, <b>hypopigmented</b> <u>skin plaques</u> are common in <b>{{c1::Tuberculoid}} leprosy</b>"<img src=""paste-75909251989861.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-76257144340858.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-36485747179640.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
A <b>positive</b>&nbsp;<u>{{c1::Lepromin}} skin test</u> demonstrates a good <u>cell-mediated response</u> in&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Tuberculoid leprosy</b>}}"<div>recall cell-mediated response is Th1 mediated</div><img src=""paste-77360950935909.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<b>{{c1::Lepromatous}} leprosy</b>&nbsp;is associated with a strong&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Th₂}}-cell</b>&nbsp;response, allowing for&nbsp;<u>{{c2::humoral}} immunity</u>"<div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">Lack of Th₁</font> response results in lack of cell-mediated immunity and therefore <font color=""#ffff00"">lack of containment</font> of the infection</i></div><i><img src=""paste-77962246357346.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-36481452212344.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<u>{{c1::Lepromatous}} leprosy</u>&nbsp;is <b>unable</b> to be contained within <b>macrophages</b>, allowing for <u>diffuse inflammatory damage</u>"<div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">Lack of Th₁</font>&nbsp;response results in lack of cell-mediated immunity and therefore&nbsp;<font color=""#ffff00"">lack of containment</font>&nbsp;of the infection</i></div><i><img src=""paste-78576426680678.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-36481452212344.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
Which form of <b>Leprosy</b> (<i>Mycobacteria leprae</i>)&nbsp;is <u>communicable</u> (human to human)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lepromatous leprosy}}</div>"<img src=""paste-79864916869478.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<u>{{c2::Lepromatous}} leprosy</u> presents with a <i>symmetrical</i> {{c1::<b>glove</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c1::<b>stocking</b>}} <b>neuropathy</b>"<img src=""paste-80333068304738.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<i>Poorly-demarcated</i> raised lesions on <u>extensor surfaces</u>&nbsp;of the extremities is characteristic of&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Lepromatous}} leprosy</b>"<img src=""paste-80796924772706.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-1391569404025.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
"""<b>Leonine facies</b>"" are characteristic of&nbsp;{{c1::<u>Lepromatous</u> leprosy (<i>Mycobacteria leprae</i>)}}""<img src=""paste-81780472283495.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
Loss of eyebrows is characteristic of&nbsp;{{c1::Lepromatous}} <b>leprosy</b>"<div><font color=""#ffff00"">L</font>eonine facies of <font color=""#ffff00"">L</font>epromatous <font color=""#ffff00"">L</font>eprosy</div><img src=""paste-81780472283495.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-1387274436729.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
A <u>saddle-nose (thick)</u> with <b>thick cheeks</b> is characteristic of&nbsp;{{c1::Lepromatous}} <b>leprosy</b>"<div><font color=""#ffff00"">L</font>eonine facies of <font color=""#ffff00"">L</font>epromatous <font color=""#ffff00"">L</font>eprosy</div><img src=""paste-81780472283495.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<b>Infertility</b> due to <u>testicular involvement</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;{{c1::Lepromatous}} <b>leprosy</b><br /><div>infection spreads due to lack of Th₁&nbsp;(cell-mediated) response and containment</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
Treatment of the <u>{{c2::Tuberculoid}} form</u> of <b>Leprosy</b> includes {{c1::<b>Rifampin</b>}} and {{c1::<b>Dapsone</b>}} for {{c3::6 months}} (time)"<img src=""paste-83240761164132.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
Treatment of the <u>{{c1::Lepromatous}} form</u> of <b>Leprosy</b> includes <b>Rifampin</b>,&nbsp;<b>Dapsone </b>and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Clofazimine</b>}}&nbsp;for {{c2::24 months to 5 years}} (time)"<img src=""paste-90679644520817.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>&nbsp;is an obligate&nbsp;{{c1::intracellular}} bacteriaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.2_Leprosy
<i>Mycobacterium {{c1::avium complex</i><i>}}</i>&nbsp;is a non-TB disease that causes <u>disseminated infection</u> in the late stages of <b>{{c2::AIDS}}</b>"<img src=""paste-86870008529263.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
<i>Mycobacterium avium complex</i>&nbsp;includes <i>{{c1::Mycobacterium avium}} and&nbsp;</i><i>{{c1::Mycobacterium intracellulare</i>}}"<img src=""paste-85998130168180.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
<i>Mycobacterium avium complex</i> is treated with&nbsp;{{c1::<u>azithromycin/clarithromycin</u> (a macrolide)}} combined with&nbsp;{{c2::<u>ethambutol</u>}}"<div><i>***can also add <font color=""#ffff00"">rifabutin</font></i></div><img src=""paste-21272973017494.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-86088324481393.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
{{c2::<b>Azithromycin</b>}}&nbsp;prophylaxis for&nbsp;<i>Mycobacterium avium complex </i>should be started with <u>CD4+ counts</u> {{c1::<b>&lt; 50</b>}}"<img src=""paste-86990267613555.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-03-89_13-48-54.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) UWorld_step1
{{c1::Rifabutin}} may be added as a <u>third agent</u> in the treatment of <i>Mycobacterium avium complex</i>"<div><i>***along with macrolides (azithromycin/clarithromycin) and ethambutol</i></div><i><img src=""paste-87677462380915.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
<b>Rifabutin</b> {{c1::induces}}&nbsp;<u>cytochrome p450</u>&nbsp;(induces or inhibits)"<div><i>**less potent CYP450 activator when compared to rifampin</i></div><div><i>can therefore&nbsp;<u>decrease</u>&nbsp;concentration of drugs such as anti-epileptics and warfarin that use CYP450 for metabolism</i></div><img src=""paste-88334592377201.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
Because <b>{{c1::Rifabutin}}</b> induces CYP450 <i>less</i> than other drugs in its class (ie: Rifampin),<div>it is used in the treatment of <u>{{c2::tuberculosis}}</u> in <b>{{c2::HIV}}</b> patients</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>HIV drugs NRTIs are metabolized by CYP450, therefore the less aggressive induction of CYP450 doesn't counteract the dosing of NRTIsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
Side-effects of <u>Dapsone</u> include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>agranulocytosis</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency</b>}}"<img src=""paste-89481348645231.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-90310277333396.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-22604412879247.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
Which drug used to treat <i>Mycobacteria leprae</i><div>may present with <u>Heinz bodies</u> and <b>bite cells (degmacytes)</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dapsone}}</div>"<i>due to it causing&nbsp;hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-89751931584880.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
<i>Mycobacteria {{c1::marinum}}</i> causes a <u>hand-infection</u> in <b>aquarium handlers</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
<i>Mycobacteria {{c1::serofulaceum}}</i>&nbsp;causes <b>cervical lymphadenitis</b> in <u>children</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.2_Leprosy_drugs
What drug can be used <i>instead</i> of <b>Ethambutol</b><div>to treat <i>Mycobacteria tuberculosis</i> infection?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Streptomycin}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<b>Penicillins</b> are effective against the thick peptidoyglycan cell walls of<div><u>gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive}} bacteria</u> (ie: <i>{{c1::Staphylococcus}} spp.</i> and <i>{{c1::Streptococcus}} spp.</i>)</div>"<div>**besides staph aureus, which produces penicillinase (penicillin resistant) or alters PBPs (MRSA)</div><img src=""paste-46011984642427.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What proteins <u>cross-link peptidoglycan</u> on bacterial cell walls?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillin binding protein <u>transpeptidases</u>&nbsp;(PBPs)&nbsp;}}</div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-47081431499126.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-61512521613660.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Beta-lactams </b>(ie: penicillin, cephalosporins, etc.)&nbsp;work by halting {{c1::<u>peptidoglycan</u>}}&nbsp;synthesis<div>via&nbsp;<i>inhibition of</i>&nbsp;{{c2::<b>penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)</b>}} <b>transpeptidase</b> activity</div>"<i>recall that PBPs are responsible for the cross-linking of peptidoglycan on bacterial cell walls</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-61508226646364.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
Penicillin {{c2::<b>G</b>}} is administered {{c1::<b>IV</b>}}"<img src=""paste-49151605735779.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Benzathine salts</b> of <u>penicillin G</u> can be given via&nbsp;{{c1::intramuscular injection}}<i>allow for long-acting basal levels in serum</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>{{c1::Penicillin V}} </b>or&nbsp;{{c2::<b>Aminopenicillins</b> (amoxicillin, ampicillin)}} (penicillins)<div>&nbsp;treat<div><i>Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)</i>&nbsp;pharyngitis<b> (strep throat)</b></div></div>"<div>Along with 1st gen cephalosporins</div><img src=""paste-49868865274213.jpg""><img src=""paste-69823283331388.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Penicillin</b> <b>V</b> <u>or</u> <b>G</b> are treatments for <i>Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)&nbsp;</i>{{c1::rheumatic fever}} (heart)"<img src=""paste-50294067036524.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<u>Penicillin {{c2::G}}</u> treats <b>left-sided endocarditis</b> caused by <i>{{c1::Strep viridans}}</i> and <i>{{c1::Strep bovis}}</i>"<div><i>Penicillin G = IV</i></div><img src=""paste-50457275793770.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
The treatment for a <b>pregnant mother's vagina</b> colonized by <i>{{c2::Strep agalactiae (GBS)}}</i>&nbsp;is <u>intra-{{c1::partum}}</u> {{c1::<b>penicillin G</b>}} prophylaxis"<i><div></div></i><i><b>ampicillin</b>&nbsp;is a viable alternative as well</i><img src=""paste-50989851738468.jpg"" /><div><i>G = IV; done at <b>35 wks</b> gestation</i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What is the treatment for <i>Actinomyces israelii</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillin}}</div>"<div>SNAP</div><img src=""paste-51419348468089.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What is the treatment for <i>Clostridium perfringens (2)</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillin, Clindamycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-51866025066831.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What is the treatment for <i>Pasteurella multocida</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-52123723104591.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What bug commonly infects <u>dog bite wounds</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pasteurella multocida</i>}}</div>"<div><i>treat w/ penicillin</i></div><img src=""paste-52123723104591.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What is the treatment of primary, secondary and latent syphilis (<i>Treponema pallidum</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Benazthine penicillin G (intramuscular)}}</div>"<div><i>this intramuscular injection provides constant low serum levels</i></div><img src=""paste-52656299049279.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
What <u>gram negative</u>&nbsp;bug that causes meningococcal meningitis&nbsp;is treated with <b>penicillin G </b>or <b>ceftriaxone</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>}}</div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-12292196401564.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-54425825575239.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Resistance of penicillins</b> comes from production of {{c1::β-lactamases}} that cleave the β-lactam ring,<div>or changes to {{c1::penicillin binding proteins}} (confers methicillin resistance in MRSA).</div>"<div><i>hence Methicillin resistant staph aureus (<font color=""#ffff00"">MRSA</font>) with alteration of PBPs</i></div><i><img src=""paste-54717883351373.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<u>Beta-lactamases</u> are expressed by {{c1::plasmid}} genes"<i>enzymes that confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics</i><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-55267639165257.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<u>Penicillins</u> can result in <b>type&nbsp;{{c1::I}} hypersensitivity reactions</b>, mediated by <u>Ig{{c2::E}}</u>&nbsp;causing <u>{{c2::anaphylaxis}}</u>"<div><i>IgE cross-linking results in degranulation of mast cells and basophils (histamine release)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-55813100011838.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-85341000171828.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Penicillins</b> can result in <b>autoimmune {{c1::hemolytic anemia}}</b>, which results in a<div><u>positive&nbsp;{{c2::direct Coombs}} test</u>&nbsp;due to <b>Ig{{c3::G}} </b>against {{c3::<b>penicillin</b>}} <u>binding to RBCs</u></div>"<div><i>Direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia (Type II HR)</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-57062935494980.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-57088705298751.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
Which&nbsp;<b>penicillin</b> toxicity involves the kidney?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Interstitial nephritis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-57681410785605.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-87024627351876.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Penicillins</b> <i>inhibit</i>&nbsp;the ability of bacteria to <u>generate a cell wall</u>, which causes death by {{c1::osmolysis}}.<div><br /></div><div>In addition, <b>penicillins</b><i> allow accumulation </i>of <u>peptidoglycan precursors</u>, which activates bacterial {{c1::autolysis}}.</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Penicillin</b> binds to <u>PBP transpeptidases</u> by mimicking the&nbsp;{{c1::D-ala-D-ala}} sequence of peptidoglycan"<div><i>All <u>beta lactam antibiotics</u> have a&nbsp;<u>similar mechanism</u></i></div><img src=""paste-61800284422386.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Beta-lactamase</b> enzymes are found in the <b>periplasm</b> of <u>gram {{c1::negative}} bacteria</u>"<img src=""paste-62294205661372.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.1_Penicillin::mine
<b>Anti-staph penicillins</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>oxacillin</b>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<b>nafcillin</b>}}, and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>dicloxacillin</b>}}"<img src=""paste-63651415327039.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.2_sketchy_penicillins
<b>Aminopenicillins</b> include {{c1::amoxicillin}} and {{c2::ampicillin}}"<img src=""paste-67448166416544.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
<b>IV {{c2::ampicillin}}</b> can be used to treat {{c1::anaerobic}} infections (ie: aspiration {{c1::pneumonia}}) (aminopenicillin)"<img src=""paste-71927817306434.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-71940702208314.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
<i>Enterococcus spp.</i> can become resistant to <b>ampicillin</b> due to {{c1::beta-lactamase}} production"<img src=""paste-72580652335424.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-73091753443651.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
Are <b>aminopenicillins</b> (amoxicillin, ampicillin) sensitive to <u>beta-lactamases</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes!}}</div>"<div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-74015171412284.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
Which <u>aminopenicillin</u> can be used in <b>asplenic</b> or <b>sickle cell </b>patients<div>to prophylactically treat <b>encapsulated</b> (ie: <i>Strep pneumoniae</i> or <i>H. influenzae</i>) infection?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-75484050227513.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
Which&nbsp;<u>aminopenicillin</u>&nbsp;can be used in <b>dental procedures</b> to<div>prophylactically treat <b>endocarditis </b>in high-risk patients?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin}}</div></div>"<img src=""paste-76231374537016.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
<b>Amoxicillin/clavulanate</b> therapy is<div>one of the most common causes<div>of drug-induced&nbsp;<u>{{c1::liver}} injury</u></div></div>"<img src=""paste-77116137799996.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins::1.3_Extended-Spectrum_Penicillins_
<b>Aminopenicillins</b> (amoxicillin) causing a <u>maculopapillary rash</u> in <b>EBV infection</b>&nbsp;is a type {{c1::IV}} hypersensitivity rxn"<i><img src=""paste-77854872174917.jpg"" /><span style=""""><img src=""paste-85723252261188.jpg"" /></span></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
A patient that was given a <b>penicillin</b> drug that has <u>{{c1::in}}-creased BUN/creatinine</u>,<div><u>{{c1::eosino}}-phils in urine</u> and <u>sterile pyuria</u> most likely has {{c2::<b>interstitial nephritis</b>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-57681410785605.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-87024627351876.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
<b>Interstitial nephritis</b> that develops as a result of <u>Penicillin administration</u> is a type {{c1::IV}} hypersensitivity rxn"<img src=""paste-57681410785605.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-87024627351876.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
<b>Direct Coombs Positive Hemolytic Anemia</b>&nbsp;that develops as a result of&nbsp;<u>Penicillin administration</u>&nbsp;is a type {{c1::II}} hypersensitivity rxn"<div><i>antibodies directed to penicillin begin to bind and opsonize RBCs</i></div><i><img src=""paste-57062935494980.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-87978110091507.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
"What type of penicillins (2) can <u>penetrate the <b>porins</b></u>&nbsp;of <b>gram negative bacteria</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<font color=""#ffff00"">Aminopenicillins</font> (ampicillin, amoxicillin); <font color=""#ffff00"">Antipseudomonal</font> penicillins (ticarcillin, pipercillin)}}</div>""<div><i>thereby allowing them to have a <u>wide spectrum</u>&nbsp;of uses</i></div><i><img src=""paste-91216515432672.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-91757681311884.jpg"" /></i><div><i><br /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
What type of penicillins have a <b>positively charged</b> <u>R-group</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminopenicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin)}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-68792491180148.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
{{c2::<b>Clavulanic acid</b>&nbsp;(clavulanate)}}&nbsp;is a <u>suicide β-lactamase&nbsp;inhibitor</u> that is combined with the aminopenicillin {{c1::<b>amoxicillin</b>}} (Augmentin) or the antipseudomonal {{c1::<b>ticarcillin</b>}}<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-14632953577712.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-74453258076486.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
<b>{{c2::Sulbactam}}</b> is an <u>irreversible β-lactamase&nbsp;inhibitor</u> that is combined with the {{c1::<b><u>ampicillin</u> </b>(an aminopenicillin)}} (Unasyn).<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-14637248545008.jpg"" /><i><img src=""paste-75179107549503.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
<b>{{c2::Tazobactam}}</b> is a <u>irreversible&nbsp;β-lactamase&nbsp;inhibitor</u>&nbsp;that is combined with&nbsp;{{c1::<b><u>piperacillin</u></b> (antipseudomonal penicillin)}}&nbsp;(Zosyn)."<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-14632953577712.jpg"" /><i><img src=""paste-75179107549503.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.1_-_1.3_sketchy_penicillins
<b>Cephalosporins</b> inhibit bacterial {{c1::penicillin binding protein transpeptidases (PBPs).}} (enzyme)"<i>mimic D-ala-D-ala sequence and bind irreversibly - classic of <font color=""#ffff00"">beta-lactams</font></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins (and other <b>{{c2::beta-lactam}}</b> antibiotics) mimic the <u>{{c1::D-ala-D-ala}} sequence of peptidoglycans</u>, binding {{c3::<b>irreversibly</b>::reversibly/irreversibly}} to <b>penicillin binding protein transpeptidases</b>"<img src=""paste-1632087572598.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
{{c3::<u>1st generation</u> <b>cephalosporins</b>}}&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>cephalexin</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>cefazolin</b>}}"<img src=""paste-1992864825770.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2022929596676.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<u>1st generation cephalosporins</u> have activity mostly against gram-{{c1::positive}} organisms"<div><i>Gram negative PEcK</i></div><img src=""paste-2525440770488.jpg""><img src=""paste-29588029702517.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<u>1st generation cephalosporins</u>&nbsp;can be used to treat GAS&nbsp;{{c1::pharyngitis}} and cellulitis"<img src=""paste-3281355014568.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<u>{{c4::2nd generation cephalosporins}}</u>&nbsp;include {{c1::<b>cefuroxime</b>}}, {{c2::<b>cefotetan</b>}}, {{c3::<b>cefoxitin</b>}}"<img src=""paste-4127463571880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<b>2nd generation cephalosporins</b>&nbsp;have the same coverage as {{c1::1st}} generation cephalosporins with <u>extended gram-{{c1::negative}} coverage</u>"<img src=""paste-4428111282593.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30073361006830.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<u>{{c4::3rd generation cephalosporins}}</u>&nbsp;include <b>{{c1::ceftriaxone}}</b>, <b>{{c2::cefotaxime}}</b>, <b>{{c3::ceftazidime}}</b>"<img src=""paste-5214090297772.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<u>{{c1::3rd}} generation cephalosporins</u> are able to penetrate the <b>{{c2::CNS}}</b>"<div><i>are therefore first-line empiric treatment for <u>meningitis</u>&nbsp;with Vancomycin</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-5677946765377.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<u>{{c1::3rd}} generation cephalosporins</u> can be used to treat <i>community</i> and <i>hospital</i> acquired <b>{{c2::pneumonia}}</b>"<img src=""paste-19439021982127.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
Which <u>3rd generation cephalosporin</u> can treat <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </i>infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ceftazidime}}</div>"<div><i>""cef-<font color=""#ffff00"">taz </font>covers pseudomo-<font color=""#ffff00"">naz</font>""</i></div><i><img src=""paste-20298015441312.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20426864460131.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
What <u>generation of cephalosporins</u> has <i>Pseudomonas</i> coverage (<i>besides</i> 3rd gen. ceftazidime)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::4th gen. (cefepime)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22754736734290.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
Do 5th generation cephalosporins have <i>Pseudomonas </i>coverage?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No!}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24343874634016.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
What <u>generation of cephalosporins</u> have coverage against <i>vancomycin-intermediate staph aureus</i> (VISA)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::5th gen. (ceftaroline)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24339579666720.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<b>Cephalosporins</b> have similar hypersensitivities to those seen in what drugs?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Penicillins}}</div><i>IgE anaphylaxis, direct coombs + hemolytic anemia, interstitial nephritis</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
What&nbsp;<b>β-lactam antibiotics</b>&nbsp;result in increased nephrotoxicity when combined with <u>aminoglycosides</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cephalosporins}}</div>"<img src=""paste-25503515803910.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<b>Antibiotics</b> are associated with <u>vitamin {{c1::K}}</u> <i>deficiency</i> due to activity against colonic bacteria"<div><i>colonic bacteria synthesize Vit. K</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-25503515803910.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins
<b>Epstein-Barr Virus</b> is part of the {{c1::herpesvirus}} family"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">gamma</font>herpesvirus family - HHV-<font color=""#ffff00"">4</font></i><div><font color=""#ffff00""><i><br /></i></font><div><font color=""#ffff00""><i><br /></i></font></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Epstein-Barr Virus is {{c4::icosahedral::helical or icosahedral}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Epstein-Barr Virus is {{c3::enveloped::naked or enveloped}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Epstein-Barr Virus is {{c2::linear::circular or linear}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Epstein-Barr Virus is a {{c1::dsD}}NA virus"<img src=""paste-2241972928862.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}} causes monospot positive&nbsp;<u>infectious mononucleosis</u>CMV is monospot negativeA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Epstein-Barr Virus</b> is primarily transmitted through {{c1::saliva}} or <b>respiratory secretions</b>"<i>hence why it is known as the ""kissing disease""</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-2546915606885.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Epstein-Barr Virus</b> is associated with fever,&nbsp;<u>{{c1::post}}-erior {{c1::cervical}} lymphadenopathy</u>, {{c2::<b>pharyngitis</b>}}, and <b>hepatosplenomegaly</b>."<div><i>distinguished from other causes of pharyngitis because the lymphadenopathy can be diffuse</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-2770253906282.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2800318677348.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3152505995499.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
{{c3::<b>Epstein-Barr</b>}} Virus is associated with {{c2::<u>Downey type II</u> atypical&nbsp;<b>CD8+ cytotoxic T</b>}}&nbsp;<b>cells</b> on blood smear"<div><i>B-cell proliferation and heterophile antibody production results in lymphoid hyperplasia and Downey T-cell production</i></div><img src=""paste-3573412790623.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3603477561745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>{{c1::Downey type II}} T-cells</b> are atypical <u>CD{{c2::8}}+ {{c2::cytotoxic}} T-cells</u> seen on a blood smear of&nbsp;<b>Epstein-Barr</b><b>&nbsp;Virus</b>"<div><i>can also be natural killer cells</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-3573412790623.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3603477561745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Atypical (<b>Downey type II</b>) T cells are unusually large T cells with <b>{{c1::baso}}-philic</b>, vacuolated cytoplasm and <u>lobulated {{c1::nucleus}}.</u>"<img src=""paste-3573412790623.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3603477561745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Epstein-Barr Virus</b> first infects the {{c1::oropharynx}} epithelium<i>hence why it causes <u>painful</u> pharyngitis</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>T-cell proliferation</b> in Epstein-Barr Virus results in&nbsp;{{c1::(hepato)<u>splenomegaly</u>}}"<div><i></i><i>B-cell proliferation and heterophile antibody production results in lymphoid hyperplasia and Downey T-cell production</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>spleen will more commonly become enlarged, hepatomegaly not as commonly seen</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-5119601017181.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Epstein-Barr Virus</b> remains latent in {{c1::B-cells}}"<img src=""paste-5755256176995.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Epstein-Barr virus</b> binds to {{c1::<b>CD21 (C3d receptor; CR2)</b>}} on <u>B-cells</u>,<div>causing B-cell proliferation and {{c2::<i>heterophile</i> <b>antibody</b>}} production</div>"<i>Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens (ie: EBV)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>These antibodies stimulate lymphoid hyperplasia (<u>splenomegaly</u>) and the <b>production of Downey T-cells</b></i></div><div><i><b><br></b></i></div><div><i><b><img src=""paste-6300717023583.jpg""></b></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
The <b>B-cell CD21</b> is the receptor for complement protein {{c1::C3d}}<div><br></div><div><br></div>"<i>Epstein-Barr Virus binds this receptor to infect B-cells; aka <font color=""#ffff00"">CR2</font></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Because of <b>splenomegaly</b>, patients with&nbsp;{{c2::<u>mononucleosis (EBV)</u>}}&nbsp;are advised<div>to <i>avoid <u>contact sports</u></i>&nbsp;(ie: football) for danger of <b>splenic {{c1::rupture}}</b></div>"<img src=""paste-12889196855653.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>{{c1::Epstein-Barr}} Virus</b> can result in <u>pharyngitis</u> with <b>tonsillar exudates</b>"<div><i>white junk at the back of the patient's throat</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-6944962117990.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Which cause of <b>pharyngitis</b> is <i>more commonly</i> seen in <u>children and adolescents</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Strep pyogenes</i> (GAS)}}</div><i>EBV is typically asymptomatic at a young age</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Which cause of <b>pharyngitis</b> is <i>more commonly</i> seen in <u>late teens and adults</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>EBV </i>(infectious mononucleosis)}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
If patients with&nbsp;{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}} are given&nbsp;{{c2::<u>aminopenicillins</u>&nbsp;(<b>amoxicillin</b>, <b>ampicillin</b>)}},<div>a <b>maculopapular rash</b> will develop days to weeks after</div>"<div><i>Type <font color=""#ffff00"">IV</font> hypersensitivity</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>physician may think pt. has GAS; aminopenicillins prescribed will precipitate the rash</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-7511897801054.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>EBV</b> causes heterophile-{{c1::positive}} mononucleosis<i>patient’s serum will agglutinate with non-human (commonly horse or sheep) RBCs</i><div><i><br></i><div><i></i><i>Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens (the virus)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div>EBV infects B-cells, causing them to secrete antibodies</div><div><br></div></div></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>CMV</b> causes heterophile-{{c1::negative}} mononucleosis<i>patient’s serum will NOT agglutinate with non-human (commonly horse or sheep) RBCs</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i>Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens (the virus)</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
What <i>virus</i> can predispose individuals to <b>oral hairy leukoplakia</b> in the setting of <u>immunosuppression</u> (ie: <b>HIV</b>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::EBV}}</div>"<div><i>generally affects the <font color=""#ffff00"">lateral portions</font> of the tongue; <u>cannot</u>&nbsp;be scraped off</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-8774618185990.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12116102742363.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Epstein-Barr Virus</b> is strongly associated with the <b>{{c2::mixed cellularity}}</b> and <b>{{c3::lymphocyte}} depleted</b> subtypes of <u>{{c1::Hodgkin’s lymphoma}}</u>"<img src=""paste-9079560864096.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Which virus is strongly associated with the<div><b>mixed cellularity</b>&nbsp;and <b>lymphocyte depleted</b> subtype of <u>Hodgkin’s lymphoma</u>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9079560864096.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
"<b>{{c2::Hodgkin's lymphoma}}</b> consists of malignant ""<u>{{c1::Reed-Sternberg}}"" cells</u>&nbsp;surrounded by inflammatory cells""<img src=""paste-9324373999968.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<u>Reed-Sternberg cells</u> of <b>Hodgkin's lymphoma</b> are of {{c1::B}}-cell origin"<div><i>as Hodgkin's lymphoma is a B-cell lymphoma</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-9324373999968.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9556302233752.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<u>Reed-Sternberg cells</u> of <b>Hodgkin's lymphoma</b> are CD{{c1::15}}+ and CD{{c1::30}}+"<div><i>Hodgkin's lymphoma is a B-cell lymphoma</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-9324373999968.jpg""><img src=""paste-9556302233752.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
"<u>{{c2::Reed-Sternberg}} cells</u> of <b>Hodgkin's lymphoma</b> are <b>{{c1::bi}}-nucleate</b> with <u>prominent nucleoi</u> (""{{c1::owl eyes}}"")""<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-9324373999968.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9693741187526.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9556302233752.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Hodgkin's lymphoma</b> <i>{{c1::mixed cellularity}} type</i> has the most <u>Reed-Sternberg cells</u>"<div><i>bi-nucleated with prominent nucleoi (owl eyes)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-9904194585030.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Hodgkin's lymphoma </b>caused by <u>EBV</u> presents as a&nbsp;<u>{{c1::mediastinal}} mass</u> or <b>{{c2::nontender::tender or nontender}} lymphadenopathy</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Epstein-Barr Virus is associated with the <u>{{c1::endemic (African)}} form</u> of <b>{{c2::Burkitt’s}} lymphoma</b>"<img src=""paste-10342281249122.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
What virus is associated with the <u>endemic (African) form</u> of <b>Burkitt’s lymphoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10342281249122.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
What complication of <i>Epstein-Barr Virus</i> can present with&nbsp;a <b>large jaw lesion</b> and <u>swelling</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Endemic (African) Burkitt lymphoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10342281249122.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10677288698021.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Which form of <u>Burkitt's lymphoma</u> presents as a <b>mass on the jaw or face</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Endemic (African)}}</div>"<div><i>can be caused by EBV</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-10342281249122.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10677288698021.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
Which form of <u>Burkitt's lymphoma</u> presents as an <b>abdominal</b>&nbsp;<b>mass</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Non-endemic (sporadic form)}}</div><i><div></div>develops in the <u>ileocecum</u> and <u>peritoneum</u>; most common translocation is t(8;14)</i><div><i><br></i></div><i>often presenting with symptoms related to a <b>bowel obstruction</b></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
{{c1::<b>Nasopharyngeal</b>}} carcinoma is a complication of {{c2::<b>Epstein-Barr</b>}} <b>Virus</b> in patients of <u>Asian descent&nbsp;</u>"<img src=""paste-11510512353634.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
What <u>demographic</u> is associated with <b>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</b>&nbsp;that arises from <b>EBV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Asians}}</div>"<img src=""paste-11510512353634.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
What virus causes <i>agglutination</i> of <b>sheep or horse RBCs</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}}</div>"<i>aka the <font color=""#ffff00"">monospot</font> test, which can rapidly diagnose EBV in clinic</i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
The <b>monospot test</b> for <i>EBV</i> looks for <u>heterophile</u> {{c1::anti-sheep/horse RBC}} antibodies"<div><i>agglutination of these RBCs with patient's serum results in a positive test</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-12532714570081.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12562779340922.jpg"" /></i></div><div></div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV
<b>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)</b>&nbsp;is part of the {{c1::herpesvirus}} family"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">beta</font>herpesvirus -&nbsp;human cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i><font color=""#ffff00""><img src=""paste-14555644166492.jpg"" /></font></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)&nbsp;</b>is {{c4::icosahedral::helical or icosahedral}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)&nbsp;</b>is {{c3::enveloped::naked or enveloped}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)&nbsp;</b>is {{c2::linear::circular or linear}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)&nbsp;</b>is a {{c1::dsD}}NA virus"<img src=""paste-14250701488481.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which Herpesvirus remains latent in B &amp; T cells (<u>lymphocytes</u>) and <u>macrophages</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<div><span style=""-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);""><i>Latent in <u>all mononuculear cells</u> (EBV is just B-cells)</i></span></div><i><img src=""paste-15238543966546.jpg""><img src=""paste-15418932592986.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
"Reactivation of <b>CMV</b> from <u>mononuclear cells</u> occurs via {{c1::<font color=""#ffff00"">immunosuppression</font> (<u>organ transplant</u>, <u>AIDS</u> patients)}}""<div><i>recall that CMV remains latent in mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and macrophages)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-15693810499942.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
{{c1::CMV}} the <u>most common</u> <b>congenital infection </b>(developed world)"<i><img src=""paste-20937965568353.jpg"" />&nbsp;<br /><img src=""paste-20598663151795.jpg"" /></i><div><div><i><br /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
"Similar to Rubella, {{c1::CMV}} can present with a <b>""blueberry muffin"" rash</b>""<div><i>due to dermal hematopoiesis</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-16827681866080.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
The <b>blueberry muffin rash</b> of <u>CMV</u> and <u>Rubella</u> is due to dermal&nbsp;{{c1::erythropoiesis}}"<img src=""paste-17111149707620.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19009525252714.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<u>CMV in newborns</u> can present with blueberry muffin rash, {{c1::<b>hepatosplenomegaly</b>}} and {{c2::<b>jaundice</b>}}"<img src=""paste-17162689315164.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Sensorineural deafness</b> is a complication of which (4)&nbsp;<b>congenital</b> (ToRCHeS) infections?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::CMV; Rubella; Toxoplasmosis; Syphilis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-17433272254818.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-9d8d2fc58ad078d6116561357d21c8663a723870.jpg""><br></div><div><img src=""paste-59b00bc1a2c71a4b907376030d42e7311c291d40.jpg""><br></div><div><img src=""paste-c7a28cf0ac4a3236d6e19bb244c557b9eaca2106.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Severe, permanent symptoms of congenital<div><u>{{c1::CMV}} infection</u> are remembered via the pneumonic {{c2::<b>MR DICS</b>}}</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-18047452578065.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
"Severe, permanent symptoms of <i>congenital</i><div><u>CMV infection</u> are remembered via the pneumonic <b>MR DICS</b></div><div><br></div><div>{{c3::<font color=""#ffff00"">M</font>icrocephaly}}</div><div>{{c4::Mental <font color=""#ffff00"">R</font>etardation}}</div><div>{{c5::<font color=""#ffff00"">D</font>eafness (<u>sensorineural</u>)}}</div><div>{{c6::<font color=""#ffff00"">I</font>ntracranial <font color=""#ffff00"">C</font>alcifications (<u>periventricular</u>)}}</div><div>{{c7::<font color=""#ffff00"">S</font>eizures}}&nbsp;(may be due to {{c6::intracranial calcifications}})</div>""<img src=""paste-18043157610769.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>CMV</b> can result in {{c1::<b>ventriculo</b>}}-<b>megaly</b>&nbsp;on CT scans"<img src=""paste-18335215386979.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>CMV</b> can present with {{c1::periventricular}} <b>calcifications</b> in the brain"<img src=""paste-18597208392033.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18966575579652.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
What <i>viral infection</i> can present with <b>ventriculomegaly</b> and <b>periventricular calcifications</b> in the brain?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div><img src=""paste-18335215386979.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18597208392033.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Changes in brain structure associated with <b>CMV</b> can result in <u>mental retardation</u> and <u>{{c1::seizures}}</u>"<img src=""paste-19353122636130.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
What percentage of neonates congenitally infected with <b>CMV</b> are <u>asymptomatic</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::80-90%}}</div>"<div><i>15% will develop progressive hearing loss; therefore important to screen children not only at birth, but after birth as well for hearing loss</i></div><i><img src=""paste-19765439496546.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which <b>trimester</b> is associated with the <u>highest risk of congenital CMV</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::2nd trimester}}</div>firecracker said 2nd, Uworld said firstA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>CMV</b> can result in {{c1::hydrops fetalis}}, which commonly leads to spontaneous abortion"<div><i>heart failure with severe edema and fluid accumulation in utero</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-19993072763228.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
What is the most common cause of <u>viral-associated</u> <b>mental retardation</b> (in the US)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-20594368184499.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
{{c1::CMV}} is the most common cause of <b>sensorineural hearing loss</b>"<img src=""paste-20594368184499.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20942260535649.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Reactivation of CMV</b> occurs in the immunosuppressed, such as {{c1::organ transplant}} and <b>AIDS</b> patients"<img src=""paste-21023864914270.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21230023344478.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<u>Organ transplant patients</u> are at an increased risk of <b>CMV</b> {{c1::pneumonia}}"<img src=""paste-21023864914270.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21230023344478.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
How is <b>CMV</b> detected in organ transplant patients?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Buffy coat culture (WBCs)}}</div><i>reveal large cells (“cyto” “megalo”) with prominent basophilic intranuclear inclusions surrounded by a clear/white halo (“owl’s eyes”).</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>AIDS patients </b>are at risk for <u>CMV</u> infections when their CD4 count is {{c1::&lt; 50}}"<div><img src=""paste-22273700397408.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>*FA says &lt; 100"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
"<u>Cotton wool spots</u> and a ""<b>pizza pie</b>"" description on fundoscopy<div>are characteristic of what <b>viral</b> infection <i>complication</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV retinitis}}</div></div>""<img src=""paste-23274427777379.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<u>Esophagitis</u> with <b>linear ulcerations</b>&nbsp;is characteristic of what viral infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<div><i>in contrast to HSV-1, which are ""punched-out""</i></div><i><img src=""paste-23592255357281.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<u>Esophagitis</u> with <b>{{c1::linear}} ulcerations</b>&nbsp;is characteristic of&nbsp;<b>CMV</b>"<div><i>one long ulceration running down the esophagus</i></div><img src=""paste-23618025160764.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
"<u>Esophagitis</u> with <b>{{c1::""punched-out""}} ulcerations</b>&nbsp;is characteristic of&nbsp;<b>{{c2::HSV-1}}</b>"<div><i>multiple and shallow; aka “volcano-like”</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>in contrast to CMV, which are linear</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
"<b>CMV</b> can present with <u>inclusion bodies</u> said to look like&nbsp;{{c1::""owl's eyes""}}""<div><i>**not specific for CMV (owl's eye nuclei can be seen in reed-sternnberg cells of hodgkins lymphoma)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-24017457119588.jpg""><img src=""paste-24030342021209.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Treatment for <b>CMV</b> includes&nbsp;{{c1::Ganciclovir}}, Valganciclovir or Foscarnet/cidofovir"<img src=""paste-24421184045407.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-24451248816367.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
{{c1::Foscarnet or cidofovir}} are used to treat <i>ganciclovir-resistant</i> <b>CMV</b> infections&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-24446953849071.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Resistance in <b>CMV</b> to {{c2::<b>ganciclovir</b>}} occurs with mutations in the&nbsp;<u>{{c1::UL97}} gene</u>"<img src=""paste-24850680775011.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a&nbsp;<b>positive Monospot test</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::EBV}}</div><i>heterophile antibody production - therefore agglutination of sheep/horse blood</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which Herpesvirus infection can result in <b>Cauda equina syndrome</b> in <u>HIV/AIDS patients</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28522877812958.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>CMV</b> infects white blood cells and blocks expression of {{c1::MHC I}}, <u>inhibiting cytotoxic T-cell killing</u>.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which Herpesvirus inhibits expression of <b>MHC I </b>in infected cells?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div><i>therefore inhibits killing by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which Herpesvirus can present with <b>ventriculomegaly</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-18335215386979.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Organ transplant patients are at an increased risk of pneumonia from which herpesvirus?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div><!--anki-->"<img src=""paste-21230023344478.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
What Herpesvirus can result in <b>colitis</b>&nbsp;with <u>ulcerated walls</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23948737642853.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
Which Herpesvirus can result in <b>esophagitis</b> with <u>linear ulcerations</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CMV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23592255357281.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV
<b>Uric acid</b> is <i>normally</i>&nbsp;freely excreted by the&nbsp;{{c1::kidney}}"<img src=""paste-1696512082394.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
In the&nbsp;{{c1::liver}},&nbsp;<b>nucleic acids</b> are broken down into <b>nucleotide monomers</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Metabolism of&nbsp;{{c1::purines}} <u>ultimately</u> produces <b>uric acid</b>"<img src=""paste-1859720839612.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Purines</b> are <u>first</u> converted to {{c1::<b>hypoxanthine</b>}}"<div><i>purine -&gt; hypoxanthine -&gt; xanthine -&gt; uric acid</i></div><img src=""paste-2306397438396.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Hypoxanthine</b> is converted to {{c2::<b>xanthine</b>}} via&nbsp;<u>{{c1::xanthine oxidase}}</u>"<div><i>purine -&gt; hypoxanthine -&gt; xanthine -&gt; uric acid</i></div><img src=""paste-3040836846015.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Xanthine</b> is converted to <b>{{c2::uric acid}}</b> by <u>{{c1::xanthine oxidase}}</u>"<div><i>purine -&gt; hypoxanthine -&gt; xanthine -&gt; uric acid</i></div><img src=""paste-3234110374334.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
{{c1::NSAIDs (ie: indomethacin)}} are <u>first line</u> agents for treatment of <b>acute gout, </b>as they block prostaglandin synthesis at COX"<div><i>block <u>prostaglandin synthesis</u>&nbsp;from MUS crystal deposition in the joint</i></div><i><img src=""paste-3423088935348.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
{{c1::Glucocorticoids (ie: prednisone)}} are <u>first line</u> agents for the treatment of <b>acute gout</b>, as they inhibit the <u>immune response</u> to MSU deposition in the joint (along with NSAIDs and colchicine)"<img src=""paste-3569117823422.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
{{c1::<b>Colchicine</b>}} is a&nbsp;<u>first line</u>&nbsp;agent for treatment of&nbsp;<b>acute gout</b>&nbsp;via binding of intracellular <u>beta-tubulin</u>"<div><i>by doing so, colchicine inhibits neutrophil entry into sites of MSU deposition</i></div><i><img src=""paste-3865470566836.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Colchicine</b> binds {{c1::<b>tubulin</b>}}, preventing <i>polymerization</i> of <u>{{c2::microtubules}}</u>"<img src=""paste-4024384356791.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <b>gout drug</b>&nbsp;binds <u>tubulin</u> and inhibits intracellular <u>microtubule polymerization</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Colchicine}}</div>"<div><i>thus inhibiting neutrophil entry and inflammation due to MSU crystal deposition</i></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-4020089389495.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <b>gout drug</b> disrupts <u>leukocyte migration</u>, <u>phagocytosis</u> and <u>degranulation</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Colchicine}}</div>"<i>binds tubulin, inhibiting intracellular microtubule polymerization</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-4398046511546.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Colchicine</b> disrupts the cytoskeleton of&nbsp;{{c1::neutrophils}}, which normally cause <b>inflammation</b> due to <u>monosodium urate deposition</u> in gout"<img src=""paste-4393751544250.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Colchicine</b> can cause&nbsp;{{c1::diarrhea}} (GI symptom)"<div><i>due to high cell turnover in gut (recall that colchicine inhibits microtubules, which are necessary for mitosis)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-4750233829818.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Gout treatment</b> (NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, colchicine) can also be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::pseudogout}}<i>due to deposition of <u>calcium pyrophosphate</u></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<u>Chronic gout</u>&nbsp;due to <u>overproduction</u> is treated with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>allopurinol</b>}} or {{c2::<b>febuxostat</b>}}, which inhibit&nbsp;<b>xanthine oxidase</b>"<img src=""paste-5098126180794.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5368709120426 (1).jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Allopurinol</b> is a treatment for <b>chronic gout</b>, as it inhibits&nbsp;<u>{{c1::xanthine oxidase}}</u>"<img src=""paste-5162550690243.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Febuxostat</b>&nbsp;is a treatment for&nbsp;<b>chronic gout</b>, as it inhibits&nbsp;<u>{{c1::xanthine oxidase}}</u>"<img src=""paste-5420248727983.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
What are the <b>two</b> first-line drugs for the treatment of <u>chronic gout</u>? (overproduction)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Allopurinol; Febuxostat}}</div>"<i>are not used in acute gout; can actually precipitate gout in those situations</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-22106196672995.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
What drug can manage <b>hyperuricemia</b> in <u>tumor lysis syndrome</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Allopurinol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-6438155977143.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Cytotoxic chemotherapy</b> can result in <u>hyper-{{c2::uricemia}}</u>; known as&nbsp;<b>{{c1::tumor lysis}} syndrome</b>"<div><i>treat with <u>allopurinol</u>&nbsp;and <u>hydration</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-5909874999737.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<u>Tumor lysis syndrome</u> is most common with treatment of {{c1::<b>lymphoma</b>}} and {{c2::<b>acute lymphoblastic leukemia</b>}}"<div><i>hyperuricemia due to cytotoxic chemotherapy; treat with allopurinol</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-6442450944439.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Allopurinol</b> is used to prevent <u>{{c1::uric acid}} deposition</u> in the <u>{{c2::renal tubules}}</u> during <b>tumor lysis syndrome</b>"<div><i>thereby minimizing the risk of acute kidney injury</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-6438155977143.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Picking of the skin</b> or <b>biting of the lips</b> due to <u>hyperuricemia</u> is seen in&nbsp;{{c1::Lesch-Nyhan}} syndromeA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
What drug is used in the management of <u>hyperuricemia</u> in&nbsp;<b>Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Allopurinol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7159710482875.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Allopurinol</b> inhibits the breakdown of <u>purine analogs</u>&nbsp;(ie: {{c1::<b>6-mercaptopurine</b>}} and {{c1::<b>azathioprine</b>}})"<div><i><b>Febuxostat</b>&nbsp;has the same effect</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>thereby increasing the risk of toxicity from these drugs (as they are metabolized by xanthine oxidase)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-7344394076599.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-03-79_17-21-26.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <b>gout</b> drug inhibits <b>purine analog</b> breakdown, thus <u>increasing the risk for drug toxicity</u>?<br><br>{{c1::Allopurinol (and febuxostat)}}"<div><i>ie: 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-7344394076599.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <b>gout</b> drug can result in <u>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Allopurinol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7739531067825.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Allopurinol hypersensitivity</b> can result in {{c1::Stevens-Johnson}} syndrome, which is characterized by <b>sloughing of the skin</b>"<img src=""paste-7739531067825.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Allopurinol</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::eosino}}-philia"<div><i>Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms - <u>DRESS</u></i></div><div><i><u><br /></u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-8014408974776.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which gout drug can result in <b>rash</b>, <b>eosinophilia</b> and <b>systemic symptoms</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Allopurinol}}</div>"<i>delayed type IV hypersensitivity - DRESS syndrome (life-threatening!)</i><div><i><br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-8014408974776.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Is <b>Gout</b> more commonly caused by <u>uric acid</u> <b>overproduction</b> or <b>underexcretion</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Underexcretion}}</div><i>defective renal management leads to uric acid retention</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Uricosurics (ie: probenecid)</b> treat&nbsp;<u>chronic gout</u> due to {{c1::underexcretion}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which uricosuric drug is used to treat <u>chronic gout</u> due to <b>underexcretion</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid}}</div>"<div>inhibits the PAH (para-aminohippiuric acid) transporter in the PCT</div><img src=""paste-8843337662906.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which drug <u>decreases</u> renal tubular reabsorption of <b>uric acid</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9045201125820.jpg""><div>along with high dose aspirin&nbsp;</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Probenecid</b> <u>{{c1::decreases}}</u>&nbsp;<b>proximal</b> renal tubular reabsorption of <b>{{c2::uric acid}}</b>"<div><i><u>increases</u> uric acid excretion</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>thus used in the treatment of chronic gout due to underexcretion</i></div><i><img src=""paste-9045201125820.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <b>gout</b> drug can result in <u>uric acid</u> kidney stones?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid}}</div>"<i>thus it is imperative that the patient remain <u>hydrated</u>&nbsp;while on probenecid</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>recall probenecid inhibits proximal renal tubular absorption of uric acid - increases uric acid excretion<br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-9315784065461.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Probenecid</b>&nbsp;<u>{{c1::increases}}</u> uric acid excretion, thus <u>{{c1::increasing}}</u> the risk of <b>uric acid kidney stones</b>"<img src=""paste-9311489098165.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which gout drug <u>prevents</u>&nbsp;renal excretion of <b>drugs</b> (ie: penicillin; cidofovir)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9740985827776.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
What effect does <b>probenecid</b> have on serum levels of <b>penicillin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Increased}}</div>"<div><i>due to preventing renal tubular excretion</i></div><img src=""paste-9835475108279.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which drug used for <u>chronic gout</u>&nbsp;is a <b>sulfa drug</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9985798963679.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which NSAID at <u>high doses</u> <i>prevents</i> <b>uric acid</b> reabsorption?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aspirin}}</div>"<div><i>thus working similar to <u>probenecid</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-10041633538524.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30640296690119.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Aspirin</b> at&nbsp;<u>{{c1::high}}</u> doses&nbsp;<u>{{c2::decreases}}</u>&nbsp;<b>uric acid reabsorption </b>in the renal tubules"<div><i>thus working similar to <u>probenecid</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-10041633538524.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30636001722823.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Aspirin</b>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<u>{{c1::low}}</u>&nbsp;doses&nbsp;<u>{{c2::inhibits}}</u>&nbsp;<b>uric acid excretion&nbsp;</b>in the renal tubules"<i>thus increasing retention of uric acid</i><div><i><img src=""paste-10411000725975.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30636001722823.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which NSAID at <u>low doses</u>&nbsp;<i>inhibits</i> <b>uric acid</b> excretion?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aspirin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10406705758679.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which drug <u>increases</u> the <b>water solubility</b> of uric acid?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pegloticase}}</div>"<div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">rasburicase</font> has a similar MOA</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-10737418240464.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Pegloticase</b> converts <b>{{c2::uric acid}}</b> into <u>water soluble</u> {{c1::<b>allantoin</b>}}"<div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">rasburicase</font> has a similar MOA; therefore is indicated in the treatment of <u>chronic gout</u></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-10733123273168.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Pegloticase</b> can result in what <u>hematologic</u> pathology?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10965051507141.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <u>chronic gout</u>&nbsp;drug can result in <b>degmacytes </b>(bite cells) on peripheral blood smear?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pegloticase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10965051507141.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <u>chronic gout</u>&nbsp;drug can cause <b>anaphylaxis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pegloticase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-11252814315966.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which <u>chronic gout</u>&nbsp;drug <u>must</u> be <b>administered IV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pegloticase}}</div>"<div><i>due to risk of <u>hemolysis in G6PD deficiency</u> and <u>anaphylaxis</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-11343008629184.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Loop</b> and <b>Thiazide</b> diuretics <u>{{c1::decrease}}</u> <b>uric acid</b> excretion"<img src=""paste-30636001722823.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Probenecid</b> inhibits the kidney’s&nbsp;{{c1::<u>organic anion transporters</u> (OAT)}}&nbsp;and the&nbsp;{{c2::<u>urate transporters</u> (URAT)}}&nbsp;in the {{c3::proximal}} tubule&nbsp;<i>results in decreased urate re-uptake in the kidney</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Patients who use <b>probenecid</b> need to drink {{c1::2}}L of fluid daily<i>due to increased risk of uric acid kidney stones (inhibit uric acid reabsorption in PCT)</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
Which etiology of <u>meningitis</u> is <b>Pyrazinamide</b> prescribed to treat?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::M. tuberculosis}}</i></div>readily crosses the blood-brain barrierA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
What are the&nbsp;<b>two</b>&nbsp;first-line drugs for the treatment of&nbsp;<u>chronic gout</u>? (underexcretion)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid; Pegloticase}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Gout_drugs_(sketchy_pharm_3.2)
<b>Monobactams</b>&nbsp;bind to&nbsp;{{c1::penicillin binding protein transpeptidases}}"<i><div>ie: aztreonam</div><div></div></i><i><br /></i>are beta-lactams!!! -&nbsp;<b>mimic</b> the <u>D-ala-D-ala sequence</u> of peptidoglycan<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-1408749273503.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Carbapenems</b>&nbsp;bind to&nbsp;{{c1::penicillin binding protein transpeptidases}}"<i><div></div></i><i>ie: imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, doripenem</i><div><i><br /></i></div>are beta-lactams!!! -&nbsp;<b>mimic</b> the <u>D-ala-D-ala sequence</u> of peptidoglycan<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-1408749273503.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
The MoA of <b>Carbapenems </b>and <b>Monobactams</b> is bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}"<i>as with other <u>beta-lactam</u>&nbsp;antibiotics</i><div><i><br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-1576252998046.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What class of drugs is <b>aztreonam</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::monobactam}}</div>"<img src=""paste-1713691951518.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What type of bacteria do <b>monobactams</b> have activity towards?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::aerobic, gram (-) rods}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2658584756646.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-1868310774188.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Aztreonam</b> works by binding to <u>penicillin binding protein&nbsp;{{c1::3}}</u>"<img src=""paste-2430951489625.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What is one specific <u>gram negative rod</u> <b>monobactams</b> treat?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2581275345291.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Monobactams</b> can penetrate the {{c1::CNS}}"<i>similar to <u>3rd</u> generation <b>cephalosporins, carbapenems</b></i><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><b><img src=""paste-2813203579297.jpg"" /></b></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Is there immunologic cross-reactivity between <b>penicillin</b> and <b>monobactams</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<i>hence a patient allergic to penicllin is <u>not</u>&nbsp;allergic to monobactams</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-3178275799452.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Monobactams</b> treat <u>meningitis</u> and <u>pneumonia</u> caused by {{c1::aerobic gram negative rods}} only"<div><i>ie: <font color=""#ffff00"">pseudomonas</font>; can cross CNS</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-3032246911388.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Aztreonam</b> can be used in patients with&nbsp;{{c1::penicillin}} allergies"<div><br></div><i><img src=""paste-3173980832156.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What is the susceptibility of monobactams (<b>aztreonam</b>) to <u>beta-lactamases</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Resistant}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3457448673700.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
{{c1::<b>Monobactams (aztreonam)</b>}} are commonly used in patients that cannot tolerate <b>{{c2::aminoglycosides}}</b> due to <u>{{c3::renal}} insufficiency</u>.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What is one specific&nbsp;<u>gram negative rod</u>&nbsp;<b>carbapenems</b>&nbsp;treat?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas</i>}}</div>"<div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-3934190043541.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What type of bacteria do&nbsp;<b>carbapenems</b>&nbsp;have activity towards?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::broad spectrum}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4114578669997.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
{{c1::<b>Carbapenems</b>::Monobactams or Carbapenems}} are used to treat <u>{{c2::ana}}-erobic</u> infections"<div><i>ie: aspiration pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-4243427688866.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Carbapenems</b> can penetrate the&nbsp;{{c1::CNS}}"<div><i>similar to&nbsp;<u>3rd</u>&nbsp;generation&nbsp;<b>cephalosporins, monobactams</b></i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-4483945857440.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Carbapenems</b> can treat <u>aspiration</u> and&nbsp;<u>{{c1::hospital-acquired}}</u> <i>pneumonia</i>"<i><img src=""paste-4565550236056.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What class of beta-lactam antibiotics are <i>indicated</i> in <b>drug-resistant infections</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carbapenems}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4561255268760.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Carbapenems</b>&nbsp;treat&nbsp;<u>meningitis</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>pneumonia</u>&nbsp;caused by {{c1::gram negative}} pathogens"<img src=""paste-5055176507803.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Which carbapenem antibiotic is <i>inhibited</i> by the <b>kidney</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Imipenem}}</div>"<div><i>specifically, the enzyme&nbsp;<u>dehydropeptidase I</u></i></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-5205500363164.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Imipenem</b> is rapidly degraded by renal&nbsp;{{c1::dehydropeptidase I}}"<img src=""paste-5231270166934.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>{{c2::Cilastin}}</b>&nbsp;inhibits the enzyme {{c1::<b>dehydropeptidase I</b>}} in the <u>kidneys</u>"<img src=""paste-5231270166934.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What drug is always administed with <b>Imipenem</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cilastin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-5231270166934.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Which beta-lactam antibiotics can cause <b>GI side effects</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carbapenems}}</div>"<div><i>naseau, vomiting, diarrhea</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-5579162517922.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Carbapenems</b> may cause skin&nbsp;{{c1::rash}}"<img src=""paste-5828270621086.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Which beta-lactam antibiotic <i>lowers</i> the <b>seizure</b> threshold?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Imipenem}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-5862630359451.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What is the susceptibility of <b>Carbapenems</b>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<u>beta-lactamases</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Resistant}}</div>"<img src=""paste-6025839116698.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
What antibiotics are the drug of choice for <b>Enterobacter</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carbapenems}}</div>as enterobacter is a nosocomial infection that typically displays multi-drug resistanceA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Which antibiotic is used against<div><b>extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing</b></div><div><u>gram-negative bacteria</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carbapenems}}</div></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Which <i>carbapenem</i> has a <u>decreased</u> risk of <b>seizure</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Meropenem}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
Which <i>carbapenem</i>&nbsp;is <u>stable</u> to <b>dehydropeptidase I</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Meropenem}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.5_monobactams,_carbapenems
<b>Vancomycin</b> has activity against&nbsp;{{c1::gram positives}}<i>ie: staph and strep; <b><u>MRSA</u></b></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
What is the treatment of <u>methicillin resistant</u> <i>staphylococcus aureus </i>(<b>MRSA</b>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<div>can also use linezolid, daptomycin</div><img src=""paste-1151051235741.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-0509ce3b7c19268255da49f1a5ced091fafc4582.jpg"">&nbsp;<br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Vancomycin</b> works by <b>binding</b> <u>{{c2::directly}}</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;{{c1::<b>D-alanyl-D-alanine</b>}} of peptidoglycan bacterial cell walls"<div><i>whereas beta-lactams mimic this sequence to bind PBPs</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-1297080123821.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Can <b>Vancomycin</b> be used to treat <u>gram negatives</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div><i>too large, cannot cross the outer cell membrane of gram negative bacteria</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Which antibiotic <u>binds directly</u> to the <b>D-ala-D-ala</b> sequence of bacterial cell wells?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<div><i>whereas beta-lactams mimic this sequence to bind PBPs, vancomycin binds directly to this sequence inhibiting cell wall synthesis</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>this allows vancomycin to be used even when PBPs are altered (ie: <u>MRSA</u>)</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-1979979923880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Vancomycin</b> is bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}<i>binds directly to D-ala-D-ala sequence, inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
What is the susceptibility of <b>Vancomycin</b> to <u>beta-lactamases</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Resistant (ineffective)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2761663971747.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Beta-lactamases</b> are synthesized by {{c1::plasmid}} genes<i><div></div></i><i><br>hence antibiotic resistance can be confered via <u>bacterial conjugation</u></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
How is <b>Vancomycin</b> typically administered?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV}}</div>"<div><i>oral vancomycin for pseudomembranous colitis</i></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-3105261355436.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Vancomycin</b> can penetrate the&nbsp;{{c1::CNS}}"<div><i>used in the empiric treatment of meningitis with <u>ceftriaxone</u></i></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-3152505995669.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>{{c3::Ceftriaxone}}</b> and&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Vancomycin</b>}} are used in the <u>empiric treatment</u> of {{c2::<b>meningitis</b>}}"<div><br></div><div>add ampicillin if listeria is suspected</div><img src=""paste-3152505995669.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
What is the treatment of <u>MRSA</u> <b>osteomyelitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3285649981872.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Which two antibiotics are used to treat <b>nosocomial</b> MRSA infections?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin; Linezolid}}&nbsp;</div>"<div><i>ie: hospital acquired pneumonia</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-3517578215855.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16853451669909.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>{{c2::Vancomycin}}</b> is used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::<i>staph epidermidis</i>}}, which creates a <u>biofilm</u> on <u>prosthetic devices</u>"<img src=""paste-3706556776857.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Which antibiotic is used in the <u>empiric</u> treatment of bacterial&nbsp;<b>endocarditis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3843995730333.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Sensitive <i>Enterococcus spp.</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::vancomycin}} or IV ampicillin"<div><i>however, Enterococcus spp. can become <u>resistant</u>&nbsp;to vancomycin (VRE)</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-3990024618400.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<i>{{c2::Enterococcus spp. </i>(VRE)<i>}}</i> can alter its <u>peptidoglycan</u> to <b>{{c3::D-ala-D-lac}}</b>, conferring resistance to&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Vancomycin</b>}}"<i>recall that Vancomycin binds to D-ala-D-ala</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-4032974291362.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
What is the first line treatment of <b>pseudomembranous colitis</b> (<i>C. difficile</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Metronidazole}}</div><i>anaerobes below the diaphragm</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
What bug causes <b>pseudomembranous colitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>C. difficile</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4277787427235.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Which antibiotic is used to treat <i>C. difficile</i>&nbsp;(<b>pseudomembranous colitis</b>)&nbsp;that is unresponsive to <b>Metronidazole</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Oral</u> Vancomycin}}</div>"<div><i>""you take a van to the metro when treating C. diff""</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-4277787427235.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Which antibiotic causes <b>red man syndrome</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<div><i>direct mast cell activation -&gt; histamine release -&gt; widespread flushing</i></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-4771708666268.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>{{c2::Red man}} syndrome</b> results from&nbsp;<u>direct</u> activation of <b>{{c1::mast cells}}</b> and <b>{{c1::histamine}}</b> release upon <b>vancomycin</b> administration"<div><i>direct activation of mast cells - <u>not</u> a Type I HSR!!!</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-4956392260000.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Red man syndrome</b> is characterized by erythema, pruritus, and widespread {{c1::flushing}}"<div><i>due to <u>Vancomycin infusion</u>; <u>direct</u> mast cell activation results in&nbsp;<b>histamine</b> release - causes flushing (hence ""red man"")</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>*not a type I HSR</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-4952097292704.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Red man syndrome</b> is characterized by <u>histamine</u> release with <i>possible</i>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::hypo}}-tension</b>"<div><i>due to <u>Vancomycin infusion</u>; <u>direct</u> mast cell activation results in&nbsp;<b>histamine</b> release - histamine release can cause hypotension</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>*not a type I HSR</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-4952097292704.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Red man syndrome</b> can be avoided by {{c1::slowing}} the infusion of <b>vancomycin</b>"<img src=""paste-5570572583094.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Red man syndrome</b> can be avoided by pretreating with&nbsp;{{c1::anti-histimines}}"<img src=""paste-5570572583094.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Which antibiotic can cause <b>thrombophlebitis</b>&nbsp;at the injection site?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vancomycin}}</div>"<div>amphotericin is an anti-fungal that can also cause thrombophelbitis</div><img src=""paste-5690831667615.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Vancomycin</b> is known to be both&nbsp;<b>{{c1::oto}}-toxic</b> and&nbsp;<b>{{c2::nephro}}-toxic</b>"<i>administration with another ototoxic/nephrotoxic agent (<b>aminoglycosides</b>) <u>increases</u> risk</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-5858335392161.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Vancomycin</b> is a known cause of&nbsp;{{c1::DRESS}} syndrome, with <u>eosinophilia</u> and <u>skin&nbsp;rash</u>"<img src=""paste-6004364280231.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
<b>Vancomycin</b> is a known cause of&nbsp;<u>{{c1::eosino}}-philia</u> and <u>skin&nbsp;{{c1::rash}}</u>"<div><i>DRESS syndrome</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-6004364280231.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
90% of <b>Vancomycin</b> is excreted by&nbsp;{{c1::glomerular}} filtration<i>therefore plasma monitoring is necessary in patients with <u>renal dysfunction</u>&nbsp;or on <u>nephrotoxic drugs</u></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Damage to <u>which organ</u> can result in problems with <b>Vancomycin</b> clearance?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Kidneys}}</div><i>90% of vancomycin is filtered by the glomerulus</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
Vancomycin-intermediate <i>staphylococcus aureus</i> (<b>VISA</b>) has an unusually thickened {{c1::cell wall}}<i>hence conferring resistance to bulky vancomycin</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Treat with Ceftaroline (5th gen cephalosporin), daptomycin, linezolid</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.6_vancomycin
What <i>drug class</i> includes <b>tetracycline</b>, <b>doxycycline</b> and <b>minocycline</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetracyclines}}</div><i>-cycline</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>{{c3::Tetracyclines}}</b> bind the {{c1::<u>30s subunit</u> of <b>ribosomes</b>}}, preventing attachment of <b>{{c2::aminoacyl-tRNA}}</b>"<div>at the “a site” specifically</div><img src=""paste-1503238553993.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> are bacterio-{{c1::static}}"<div><i>prevent protein production</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-1795296330122.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-1808181231680.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Beta-lactam</b> antibiotics are bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}<i>prevent cell wall synthesis</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> bind&nbsp;<u>{{c1::reversibly}}</u>&nbsp;to the <u>30s ribosomal subunit</u> of bacteria (reversibly or irreversibly)"<div><i>prokaryote ribosomes: 30s + 50s = 70s</i></div><i><img src=""paste-2074469204364.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which bacteria are susceptible to <b>tetracyclines</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::broad spectrum}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3126736191891.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> have activity against methicillin-resistant&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Staph aureus</i> (MRSA)}}"<div><i>vancomycin, daptomycin or linezolid are first-line instead</i></div><img src=""paste-3307124818318.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
What is the <u>first line</u> treatment of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> (<b>lyme disease</b>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>"<div>ceftriaxone 2nd line; amoxicillin + cefuroxime for pregnant pts</div><img src=""paste-36618891166174.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> have activity against <u>tick-borne</u> organisms ({{c1::<i>rickettsia</i>}}, {{c2::<i>francisella</i>}}, {{c3::<i>borrelia</i>}})"<div>also includes anaplasmosis and erlichiosis</div><img src=""paste-6322191860106.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
What is the treatment of&nbsp;<u>culture-negative</u>&nbsp;<b>endocarditis</b>&nbsp;caused by&nbsp;<i>Coxiella?</i><div><i><br></i></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline (along with hydroxychloroquine)}}</div>"<div><i>Q-fever</i></div><img src=""paste-6704443949449.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
{{c1::<b>Tetracyclines </b>(doxycycline)}} antibiotics accumulate <b>intracellularly</b>,<div>making them effective against {{c2::<i>Rickettsia</i>}}, {{c3::<i>Chlamydia</i>}}, and {{c4::<i>Coxiella</i>}}.<div><br /></div></div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 6.52.17 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
What is the treatment (2) of the&nbsp;<u>plague</u>&nbsp;caused by&nbsp;<i>Yersinia pestis?</i><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline with steptomycin}}</div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 7.17.33 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<div>{{c1::<i>Doxycycline</i>}} is a protein synthesis inhibitor that</div><div><u>binds to the 30s subunit</u>&nbsp;and can be used in the treatment of&nbsp;<b>chlamydia</b>.</div>"<div><i>Atypical pneumonia, PID, urethritis, cervicitis, etc.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><div><i>-Also macrolides (azithromycin), but they bind to 50s</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 7.03.18 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<div>{{c1::<i>Azithromycin</i>}} is a protein synthesis inhibitor that</div><div><u>binds to the 50s subunit</u>&nbsp;and can be used in the treatment of&nbsp;<b>chlamydia</b>.</div>"<div><i>Atypical pneumonia, PID, urethritis, cervicitis, etc.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><div><i>-Also doxycycline, but it binds to 30s</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 7.03.18 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Pelvic inflammatory disease</b> caused by C<i>hlamydia</i> can be treated with either <b>{{c2::azithromycin}}</b> or <b>{{c1::doxycycline}}</b>"<img src=""paste-33917356736905.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33895881900420.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
{{c1::<b>Doxycycline</b>}} and {{c2::<b>azithromycin</b>}} are protein synthesis inhibitors that<div>can be used to treat <u>atypical pneumonia</u> caused by&nbsp;<i>{{c3::Mycoplasma pneumonia}} </i>and <i>Chlamydia.</i></div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 7.05.38 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
What <u>cutaneous</u> pathology can be <i>treated</i> with <b>tetracyclines</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Acne}}</div>"<img src=""paste-11008001180040.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<div>{{c1::Tetracyclines}} are protein synthesis inhibitors that</div><div><u>bind to the 30s subunit</u>&nbsp;and can be used in the treatment of&nbsp;<b>acne</b>.</div>"<img src=""paste-11008001180040.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which antibiotics (2) bind <u>divalent</u> ions (<b>Fe²⁺</b>, <b>Ca²⁺</b>, and <b>Mg²⁺</b>) resulting in <b>chelation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetracyclines; Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<div><i>thus decreasing their absorption; avoid taking tetracyclines with antacids, milk, food</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-12180527251856.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26667451941239.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
Which antibiotics (2) should be not be taken with <b>antacids,&nbsp;milk, </b>or<b>&nbsp;ferrous sulfate</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetracyclines; Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<div><i>Ca++ or Mg++ or Fe++ will chelate the drug, decreasing absorption</i></div><div><i>-just remember that they're all divalent cations and it should make sense as to what products you can and can't use</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-13898514170247.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-27328876904784.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What adverse affect is associated with <b>tetracycline</b> use in <u>children</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Teeth discoloration}}</div>"<div><i>recall tetracyclines bind divalent ions (ie: Ca²⁺); bind Ca²⁺ of newly forming teeth in children</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><u>avoid in children <font color=""#ffff00"">&lt; 8 y.o.</font></u></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-14478334755216.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which class of antibiotics can cause <b>teeth discoloration</b> in <u>children</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetracyclines}}</div>"<div><i>recall tetracyclines bind divalent ions (ie: Ca²⁺); bind Ca²⁺ of newly forming teeth/bones in children</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i><u>avoid in children &lt; 8 y.o.</u></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-14478334755216.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> can deposit in teeth and bone; therefore they are contraindicated in children<u>;</u>&nbsp;<u>{{c1::pregnant}} women</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>{{c2::breastfeeding}} women</u>"<div><div><i>recall tetracyclines bind divalent ions (ie: Ca²⁺); bind Ca²⁺&nbsp;of newly forming teeth/bones in children</i></div></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-14993730830734.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which class of <u>antibiotics</u> are <b>teratogens</b>, depositing in fetal teeth and bone?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetracyclines}}</div>"<div><i>contraindicated in pregnant women and those breastfeeding</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><div></div></i><i>recall tetracyclines bind divalent ions (ie: Ca²⁺); bind Ca²⁺&nbsp;of newly forming teeth/bones in children</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-14993730830734.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> are associated with {{c1::GI}} side effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)"<img src=""paste-15706695401875.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines</b> are associated with&nbsp;{{c1::photosensitivity}} (cutaneous complication)"<img src=""paste-16028817949076.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-850403524741.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which antibiotics are associated with <b>photosensitivity</b>, <b>teeth discoloration</b> and <b>GI</b> side effects?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tetracyclines}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-14478334755216.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16028817949076.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-15706695401875.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Fanconi syndrome (type 2 RTA)</b> is associated with the use of <u>expired</u> {{c1::tetracyclines}}"<img src=""paste-16737487552910.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
What <u>renal</u> adverse effect is precipitated by use of <b>expired tetracyclines</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fanconi syndrome (Type 2 Renal tubular acidosis)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16737487552910.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Resistance to <b>Tetracyclines</b> includes bacterial production of <u>{{c1::efflux}} pumps</u>"<div><i>pump tetracyclines out of the bacterial cell</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-17227113824654.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Resistance to <b>Tetracyclines</b>&nbsp;includes bacterial {{c1::ribosomal}} modification/protection&nbsp;via soluable {{c1::GTPase}} analogues<i><br /></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Tetracyclines </b>are generally contraindicated in patients with&nbsp;<u>{{c1::renal}} failure</u><i>can precipitate Fanconi syndrome (Type 2 RTA)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Doxycycline is fecally excreted and can be used in renal failure</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which <u>Tetracycline</u>&nbsp;can be used in patients with <b>renal failure</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>"<div><i>doxycycline is fecally excreted</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-18348100288909.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
Which <u>Tetracycline</u>&nbsp;is <b>fecally excreted</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>"<div><i>hence can be used in patients with renal insufficiency</i></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-18348100288909.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<b>Daptomycin</b> is bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-19898583482451.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
What is the spectrum of activity for <b>Daptomycin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gram positives}}</div>"<div><i>similar to Vancomycin</i></div><img src=""paste-20061792240022.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
Which antibiotic <u>inserts itself</u> into the <b>cell wall</b>,<div>causing <b>depolarization</b> of the cell membrane?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Daptomycin}}</div></div>"<img src=""paste-20203526160797.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
<b>Daptomycin</b> inserts its lipid tail into the cell wall, causing membrane&nbsp;{{c1::depolarization}}"<div><i>this ultimately results in <u>cell death</u></i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-20199231193501.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
<b>Daptomycin</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::vancomycin}}-resistant bacterial strains"<div><i>ie: VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus); Vancomycin resistant-MRSA</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-21401822036387.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
What <u>lipopeptide</u>&nbsp;can be used to treat <b>VRE</b>&nbsp;(vancomycin resistant <i>enterococcus</i>)?<div><br><div>{{c1::Daptomycin}}</div></div>"<img src=""paste-22535693402519.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-47386374177179.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
{{c1::<b>Daptomycin</b>}} is a lipopeptide that can be used to treat <b>{{c3::MRSA}} {{c2::bacteremia}}</b>.<div><br /></div>"<div><i>and just MRSA in general (vancomycin still first-line)</i></div><img src=""paste-23063974379937.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-48258252538269.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
<b>Daptomycin</b> can treat <u>endocarditis</u> caused by <i>{{c1::Staph aureus}}</i>"<i>right-sided (tricuspid)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-23699629539730.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
<u>Vancomycin-resistant</u>&nbsp;<i>Staph aureus</i> can be treated by&nbsp;{{c1::daptomycin}}<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div><i><b><u>linezolid</u></b> can also be used</i></div><img src=""paste-21401822036387.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
Can <b>daptomycin</b> be used to treat <u>pneumonia</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<i>inactivated by alveolar surfactant</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-24597277704604.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
<b>{{c2::Daptomycin}}</b> is inactivated by <u>{{c1::alveolar surfactant}}</u> and thus cannot be used to treat <b>pneumonia </b>(antibiotic)"<img src=""paste-24592982737308.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
Which antibiotic can present with <b>myopathy</b> and <b>rhabdomyolysis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Daptomycin}}</div>"<div><i>muscle pains within one week of starting therapy; check CPK (creatinine phosphokinase) levels</i></div><img src=""paste-24983824761244.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
<b>Daptomycin</b> is associated with <b>myopathy</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;{{c1::rhabdomyolysis}}"<div><i>muscle pains within one week of starting therapy; check CPK (creatinine phosphokinase) levels</i></div><img src=""paste-24983824761244.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
What <u>enzyme</u> levels should be monitored in a patient on <b>daptomycin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK)}}</div>"<div><i>due to daptomycin causing myopathy and rhabdomyolysis</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-26061861552550.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.7_daptomycin
What suffix is associated with <b>Macrolide antibiotics</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::-thromycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26899380175027.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
<b>Macrolide</b>&nbsp;(-thromycin) antibiotics are bacterio-{{c1::static}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-60597693579440.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
<b>Macrolides</b> bind the bacterial {{c3::<b>23s rRNA</b>}} of the&nbsp;<u>{{c2::50s subunit}}</u>, blocking amino-acyl&nbsp;<b>transpeptidation</b> and {{c1::<b>translocation</b>}}"<div><img src=""paste-27483495727501.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which antibiotics bind the <u>23S rRNA</u> of the&nbsp;<b>50S ribosomal subunit</b> of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Macrolides (-thromycin)}}</div>"<div><i>thus inhibiting <u>translocation</u></i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-27483495727501.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-60593398612144.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
<b>Whooping cough</b> is caused by&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>}}<div><i><br /></i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
What is the drug of choice for whooping cough (<i><b>Bordetella pertussis</b>)</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Macrolides (erythromycin)}}</div>"<div>can also be used as prophylaxis for close contacts</div><img src=""paste-28436978467210.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Those in <u>close contact</u> with individuals infected with <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;(whooping cough) should receive <b>prophylactic</b> {{c1::macrolides (erythromycin)}}"<img src=""paste-29218662515083.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
<b>Macrolides</b> can be used to treat <u>community acquired pneumonia</u> in those with a {{c2::penicillin}} <b>allergy</b>"<img src=""paste-32091995636099.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-32104880537994.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
"<b>Macrolides</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat {{c1::community aquired pneumonia}} caused by&nbsp;<i style=""font-weight: bold; "">S. pneumonia, H. infuenza,&nbsp;</i><b>and&nbsp;</b><i><b>Moraxella catarrhalis</b>.</i>""<img src=""paste-32551557136777.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
"<b>Macrolides (azithromycin)</b> treat <u>{{c4::atypical ""walking"" pneumonia}}</u> caused by&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Legionella</i>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<i>Chlamydia</i>}}, and&nbsp;{{c3::<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>}}.""<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-15 at 1.08.37 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
What is the drug of choice for treatment of <b>neonatal conjunctivitis</b> (caused by <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;or<i>&nbsp;Chlamydia</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Erythromycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-34342558499211.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-34488587387282.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
<b>Erythromycin</b> is used in neonates with&nbsp;{{c1::<u>neonatal conjunctivitis</u>}}&nbsp;caused by <i>{{c2::Neisseria gonorrhoeae}} </i>(early)&nbsp;or <i>{{c2::Chlamydia trachomatis D-K}} </i>(late)"<div><i>neisseria presents early (2-5 days); chlamydia is late (1-2 weeks)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-34342558499211.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-34488587387282.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
{{c1::Azithromycin}} is a macrolide that can be given with&nbsp;<b>atovaquone&nbsp;</b>to treat <i>Babesia</i>.<div><br></div>"<div>First Aid says azithromycin, so just remember macrolides in general</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-15 at 1.38.06 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
{{c1::Erythromycin}} is a macrolide antibiotic that can be used to treat <b>diptheria</b> caused by&nbsp;<i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>.<div><br /></div>"<div>*UWorld states that Penicillin is the drug of choice; <b>treat with diptheria antitoxin first</b></div><img src=""paste-37546604102020.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which antibiotic is used as treatment for <i>Bartonella henselae</i> (cat-scratch)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Azithromycin}}</div>"<div>Plus doxycycline for bacillary angiomatosis</div><img src=""paste-38165079392645.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
{{c1::<b>Azithromycin</b>}} is a macrolide antibotic that can be used in prophylaxis of {{c2::<i>Mycobacterium avium complex</i>}} in patients with <u>CD4 count</u> &lt; {{c3::50}}."<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-15 at 1.19.51 PM.png""><div>Along with ethambutol</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which antibiotic can bind GI <b>motilin receptors</b>, resulting in <u>diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Erythromycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-39599598469515.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
{{c2::<b>Erythromycin</b>}} (macrolide) can bind GI&nbsp;{{c1::<u>motilin receptors</u>}}, increasing GI motility and causing diarrhea"<img src=""paste-39599598469515.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which antibiotics can result in <b>acute cholestatic hepatitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Macrolides (-thromycin)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-40591735914892.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
<b>Macrolides (-thromycin)</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::acute cholestatic hepatitis}}, resulting in <b>jaundice</b>"<img src=""paste-40587440947596.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which antibiotics (2) can prolong the <b>QT interval</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Macrolides; Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<img src=""paste-41227391074695.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-27659589386614.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Macrolides (-thromycin)</b> can prolong the {{c1::QT interval}}, predisposing to <b>Torsades de pointes</b>"<img src=""paste-41223096107399.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Clarithromycin and erythromycin <u>{{c1::inhibit}}</u> <b>cytochrome p-450</b>"<div><i>*Azithromycin does not inhibit P-450</i></div><i><div></div></i><i><br /></i><img src=""paste-41845866365325.jpg"" /><div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-41820096561227.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which <u>macrolide</u> antibiotic(s)&nbsp;<b>inhibit CYP450</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::clarithromycin, erythromycin}}</div>"<div><i>*Azithromycin does not inhibit P-450</i></div><i><img src=""paste-41845866365325.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-41820096561227.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which <u>macrolide</u> antibiotic(s) do not&nbsp;<b>inhibit CYP450</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::azithromycin}}</div>"<div><i><img src=""paste-41845866365325.jpg"" />&nbsp;</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-41820096561227.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
{{c1::Clarithromycin}}, <b>amoxicillin</b> and a <b>proton pump inhibitor</b> are used in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection (triple therapy)"<img src=""paste-42949672960395.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which <u>macrolide</u> antibiotic is <b>embryotoxic</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Clarithromycin}}</div>"<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-60911226192161.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Which antibiotic use in <u>infants</u> is associated with <b>hypertrophic pyloric stenosis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Erythromycin}}</div><i>recall that erythromycin stimulates motilin receptors</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>proposed mechanism may be due to the gastrokinetic properties of erythromycin</i></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
Resistance to <b>macrolides</b> (-thromycin) occurs via <u>post-transcriptional methylation</u> of the {{c1::23S bacterial rRNA}}<i>a component of the 50S bacterial ribosomal subunit</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.2_macrolides
What drug class includes <b>clindamycin</b> and <b>lincomycin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lincosamides}}</div>"<br /><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin</b> is bacterio-{{c1::static}}"<div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-3418793968019.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2860448219543.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin</b> binds the {{c1::<b>50S ribosomal subunit</b>}} inhibiting {{c2::<b>translocation</b>}}"<div><i></i><i>thus inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis</i></div><img src=""paste-2860448219543.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
Which antibiotics (2) bind the <b>50S</b> ribosomal subunit suppressing <b>translocation</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Clindamycin; Macrolides}}</div>"<div><i></i><i>thus inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>whereas chloramphenicol binds 50S and inhibits peptidyltransferase <u>only</u></i></div><img src=""paste-2860448219543.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3040836845699.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
What is the <u>spectrum of activity</u>&nbsp;(2) for <b>Clindamycin</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Gram positives; anaerobic infections above the diaphragm}}</div>"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-3929895076247.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4277787427223.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5299989643673.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-3917010174118.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
Which <u>protein synthesis inhibitor</u> can be used to treat <b>GAS cellulitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Clindamycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4556960301456.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin</b> can be used to treat <u>cellulitis</u> caused by&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Strep pyogenes (GAS)</i>}}"<img src=""paste-4556960301456.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin</b> has activity against methicillin-resistant <i>{{c1::Staph aureus}}</i>"<div><i>**Vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid are first line</i></div><i><img src=""paste-4973572129168.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin</b>&nbsp;is actively transported into {{c1::macrophages}} and can be used to treat {{c2::<b>lung</b>}}&nbsp;<b>abscesses</b>"<div><i>caused by anaerobes</i></div><img src=""paste-5523327943056.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Anaerobic infections</b> <u>above</u> the diaphragm are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::clindamycin}}"<img src=""paste-5703716569260.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5733781340560.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Anaerobic infections</b> <u>below</u> the diaphragm are treated with&nbsp;{{c1::metronidazole}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
Which antibiotic is used as treatment of <b>oral infections</b> and <b>aspiration pneumonia</b> caused by <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Clindamycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-6025839116693.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6038724018350.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin </b>treats <b>anaerobic</b> bugs like <i>{{c1::Bacteroides fragilis}}</i>&nbsp;and <i>{{c2::Clostridium perfringens}}</i>&nbsp;<u>above the diaphragm</u>"<div><i>ie: aspiration pneumonia</i></div><img src=""paste-6287832121744.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7116760809876.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Aspiration pneumonia</b> is commonly seen in {{c1::alcoholics}} and {{c2::anesthetized}} patientsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Clindamycin</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat infection by <i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i>; can be acquired from <b>road-rash</b>"<img src=""paste-7112465842580.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
Which cutaneous pathology can be treated with <u>topical</u> <b>Clindamycin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Acne}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7503307866514.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<div>{{c1::Clindamycin}} is a protein synthesis inhibitor that</div><div><u>binds to the 50s subunit</u>&nbsp;and can be used in the treatment of&nbsp;<b>acne</b>.</div>"<img src=""paste-7503307866514.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<u>Inflammation</u> of the <b>endometrium</b> due to&nbsp;retained products of<div>conception, miscarriage, abortion, or foreign body (IUD) is known as&nbsp;{{c1::endometritis}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
What is the treatment of <b>endometritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Clindamycin + Gentamicin}}</div>"<div>+/- ampicillin</div><img src=""paste-8190502633874.jpg""><img src=""paste-9169755177360.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Bacterial vaginosis</b> caused by <i>{{c2::Gardnerella vaginalis}} </i>is treated with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>clindamycin</b>}} or <b>metronidazole</b>"<img src=""paste-9208409883024.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-10333691314453.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
What is the <u>most common</u> <i>adverse effect</i> of <b>Clindamycin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Diarrhea}}</div>"<img src=""paste-9556302233999.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<i>C. difficile </i><b>pseudomembranous colitis</b> is classically linked<div>to which <u>protein synthesis inhibiting</u> antibiotic?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Clindamycin}}</div></div>"<div><i>although all antibiotics have been linked</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-22d9692fe91562fb49da9a0d6237cf5b83a3cfff.jpg""></i><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-9616431776143.jpg""></i><div><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.3_clindamycin
<b>Chloramphenicol</b> is bacterio-{{c1::static}}<i>binds the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptidyltransferase</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which two antibiotics bind to the <b>50S</b> subunit of ribosomes and inhibit <u>translocation</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Macrolides and Clindamycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which antibiotic blocks <b>peptidyltransferase</b> at the <u>50S subunit</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
What two pathologies is <b>Chloramphenicol</b> used to treat?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rocky mountain spotted fever (<i>Rickettsia)</i> and Meningitis}}</div>"<div><i>meningitis caused by SHiN</i></div><img src=""paste-3624952398231.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4462471020952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
<b>Chloramphenicol</b> is used to treat <u>{{c2::meningitis}}</u> caused by&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Strep pneumoniae}},&nbsp;{{c1::H. influenzae}} </i>and<i>&nbsp;{{c1::Neisseria meningitidis}}</i>"<div>SHiN</div><img src=""paste-3620657430935.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which antibiotic is typically used to treat <u>meningitis</u> in <b>developing</b>&nbsp;countries?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4200478015888.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3620657430935.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-4367981740264.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which antibiotic is an <b>alternative</b> agent for <i>Rickettsial</i> infections,<div>especially in pregnancy when doxycycline is contraindicated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div></div>"<img src=""paste-4458176053656.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
When should <b>Chloramphenicol</b> be used for the treatment of <i>Rickettsial</i> infections?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pregnancy}}</div>"<div><i>instead of 1st-line doxycycline (tetracyclines contraindicated in pregnancy)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-4458176053656.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which protein synthesis inhibitor can cause <u>dose-dependent</u> <b>aplastic anemia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div>"<div><i>due to bone marrow suppression; can also result in normal anemia</i></div><img src=""paste-5493263171991.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5875515261336.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-5570572583138.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor can cause <u>dose-dependent</u> <b>bone marrow suppression</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div>"<div><i>resulting in aplastic anemia</i></div><img src=""paste-5493263171991.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5875515261336.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-5570572583138.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which protein synthesis inhibitor can cause <b>Gray baby syndrome</b> in <u>infants</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div>"<div><i>due to lack of liver&nbsp;<b>UDP-glucuronyltransferse </b>(required for conjugation and excretion)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-5944234738066.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which protein synthesis inhibitor can cause&nbsp;<u>dose-dependent</u><b>&nbsp;anemia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Chloramphenicol}}</div>"<img src=""paste-5493263171991.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5875515261336.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-5570572583138.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol
Which antibiotic binds to the <b>50S</b>&nbsp;ribosomal&nbsp;subunit and inhibits formation of the <b>initiation complex</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Linezolid}}</div>"<img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15887084028307.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Linezolid</b> binds to the <b>{{c1::50S}}</b>&nbsp;ribosomal&nbsp;subunit and inhibits formation of the <b>{{c1::initiation complex}}</b>"<img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15891378995603.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Linezolid</b> is bacterio-{{c1::static**}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-16093242458165.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
What is the spectrum of coverage for&nbsp;<b>Linezolid</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gram positives}}</div>"<div><i>including <u>MRSA</u> and <u>VRE</u></i></div><img src=""paste-16243566313893.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Linezolid</b> has activity against <i>resistant</i> organisms, including&nbsp;{{c1::MRSA}} and&nbsp;{{c1::VRE}}"<img src=""paste-17313013170582.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17553531339165.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
Which <u>two</u> antibiotics can be used to treat <b>vancomycin</b> <i>resistant</i> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Linezolid; Daptomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-17948668330390.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17970143166881.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Linezolid</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::vancomycin}}-resistant bacteria (ie: <i>Enterococcus</i>)"<img src=""paste-17948668330390.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
Which bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor can cause <b>thrombocytopenia </b>(beside chloramphenicol)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Linezolid}}<b>&nbsp;</b></div>"<div>Chloramphenicol can cause bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia)</div><img src=""paste-18498424144277.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Linezolid</b> can result in <u>{{c1::thrombocyto}}-penia</u> (hematologic complication)"<img src=""paste-18498424144277.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
Long term use of Linezolid can result in&nbsp;{{c1::optic}} and&nbsp;{{c1::peripheral}} <b>neuropathy</b>"<div><i>peripheral neuropathy will manifest in a <u>glove and stocking</u>&nbsp;distribution</i></div><img src=""paste-18773302051225.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19052474925456.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
Which protein synthesis inhibitor can result in <u>optic</u> and <u>peripheral</u> <b>neuropathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Linezolid}}</div>"<div><i>peripheral neuropathy will manifest in a&nbsp;<u>glove and stocking</u>&nbsp;distribution</i></div><img src=""paste-18773302051225.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19056769892752.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
Which protein synthesis inhibitor can precipitate <b>serotonin syndrome</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Linezolid}}</div>"<div><i>weak MAO inhibitor, thus precipitating serotonin toxicity (esp. w/ coadministration with SSRIs, MAOIs, SNRIs and buproprion)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-19250043421083.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Linezolid</b> is a weak <u>{{c2::MAO}} inhibitor</u>, thus predisposing patients to {{c1::<b>serotonin syndrome</b>}}"<div><i>esp. w/ coadministration with SSRIs, MAOIs, SNRIs and buproprion</i></div><i><img src=""paste-19250043421083.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
Which antibiotic can precipitate <u>serotonin toxicity</u>&nbsp;when<div>coadministered with <b>SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, and buproprion</b>?<div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Linezolid}}</div></div></div>"<div><i>as it is a weak MAOI</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-19250043421083.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Aminoglycosides</b>&nbsp;are known to be both&nbsp;<b>{{c1::oto}}-toxic</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>{{c1::nephro}}-toxic</b>"<i>administration with another ototoxic/nephrotoxic agent (<b>vancomycin, loop diuretics</b>)&nbsp;<u>increases</u>&nbsp;risk; recall that vancomycin can be used to help aminoglycosides penetrate cells, predisposing to adverse effects</i><div><i><img src=""paste-29978871726475.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30300994273681.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Mechanism of <i>resistance</i> of <b>linezolid</b> includes a&nbsp;<u>{{c1::point}} mutation</u> of the {{c1::ribosomal RNA}}"<img src=""paste-21968757719255.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid
<b>Quinupristin</b>-<b>dalfopristin</b> is a combination of two synergistic {{c1::<b>streptogramins</b>}} that have activity against&nbsp;<u>{{c2::VRE}}</u>"<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-22351009808557.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Quinupristin</b>-<b>dalfopristin</b>&nbsp;bind to the {{c1::50S}} ribosomal subunit"<i><b>streptogramins</b><br /></i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-22351009808557.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b>, <u>their toxicities</u>, and <u>their coverage</u> can be remembered by the <b>pneumonic</b>&nbsp;{{c1::Mean GNATS caNNOT kill anaerobes}}"<img src=""paste-22711787061647.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>{{c6::Aminoglycosides}}</b> can be remembered by the pneumonic <b>GNATS:</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>{{c1::<u>G</u>entamicin}}</div><div>{{c2::<u>N</u>eomycin}}</div><div>{{c3::<u>A</u>mikacin}}</div><div>{{c4::<u>T</u>obramycin}}</div><div>{{c5::<u>S</u>treptomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22711787061647.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>{{c6::Aminoglycosides}}</b>&nbsp;<u>toxicities</u> can be remembered by the pneumonic <b>caNNOT:</b><div><b><br></b></div><div>{{c1::<u>N</u>ephrotoxicity}}</div><div>{{c2::<u>N</u>euromuscular blockade}}</div><div>{{c3::<u>O</u>totoxicity}}</div><div>{{c4::<u>T</u>eratogen (deafness in neonates)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22711787061647.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b>&nbsp;are bacterio-{{c1::cidal}}"<div><img src=""paste-23884313133453.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-23420456665238.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b> bind the {{c1::30S}} ribosomal subunit, <u>irreversibly</u> inhibiting formation of the {{c1::initiation complex}}"<img src=""paste-23587960390033.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-23600845291659.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which<b> </b>antibiotic&nbsp;binds the <b>30S</b> ribosomal subunit, <u>irreversibly</u> inhibiting formation of the <b>initiation complex</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23587960390033.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-23600845291659.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b>&nbsp;cause the <u>misreading</u> of {{c1::mRNA}}, inhibiting {{c1::translation}} and thus protein synthesis"<img src=""paste-23880018166157.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-23420456665238.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which antibiotic causes the <u>misreading</u> of <b>mRNA</b> and <u>inhibition</u> of <b>translation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23880018166157.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-23420456665238.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
What is the activity of <b>Aminoglycosides</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Gram negatives (aerobic)}}</div>"<div><i>synergistic with some β-lactams (especially aminopenicillins or monobactams); ineffective against anaerobes</i></div><img src=""paste-24215025615246.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which antibiotics are commonly <i>paired</i> with <u>β-lactams</u> or <u>vancomycin</u> to <b>enhance their penetration</b> of cells?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<div><i>β-lactams such as aminopenicillins or aztreonam</i></div><i><img src=""paste-24288040059280.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b> are commonly <i>paired</i> with <u>{{c1::β-lactams}}</u> or <u>{{c2::vancomycin}}</u> to <b>enhance their penetration</b> of cells<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div><i>β-lactams such as aminopenicillins or aztreonam</i></div><i><img src=""paste-24288040059280.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which antibiotics are <u>actively transported</u> into the cell via an <b>oxygen-dependent</b> process?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24644522344847.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b>&nbsp;are <u>actively transported</u> into the cell via an <b>{{c1::oxygen}}-dependent</b>&nbsp;process<div><br></div><div><br></div>"<div><i>hence amonoglycosides with not work on anaerobic bacteria</i></div><img src=""paste-24644522344847.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
What is the most common route of administration of <b>Aminoglycosides</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::IV}}</div>"<div><i>poor oral absorption</i></div><img src=""paste-24824910971276.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-24966644891723.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <b>Aminoglycoside</b> is <u>not</u> given <b>intravenously</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24962349924427.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-24824910971276.jpg"" />v</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Neomycin</b> is an aminoglycoside applied&nbsp;{{c1::<b>topically</b>}} or ingested as an&nbsp;<u>{{c2::ammonium}} detoxicant</u>"<div><i>ie: hepatic encephalopathy, neomycin can be used to handle the ammonium build-up</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-24962349924427.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-24824910971276.jpg"" />v</div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <u>aminoglycoside</u> remains active in the <b>GI tract</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neomycin}}</div>"<div><i>neomycin (when taken orally) stays in the GI tract until its excretion in the feces</i></div><img src=""paste-25602300051848.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25799868547462.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <u>aminoglycoside</u> is used in <b>bowel prep</b> before <b>colorectal surgery</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-25795573580166.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Neomycin</b> is an aminoglycoside used in <b>{{c1::bowel}} prep</b> before <b>{{c1::colorectal}} surgery</b><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-25795573580166.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <u>aminoglycoside</u> is a <b>GI intraluminal agent</b> active against <b>parasites</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paromomycin}}</div>"<div><i>ie: entamoeba histolytica</i></div><img src=""paste-26117696127379.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which aminoglycoside treats <b>tulermia</b> caused by <i>Francisella tularensis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Streptomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26633092202896.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26727581483408.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Streptomycin</b> is an aminoglycoside that treats&nbsp;<b>tulermia</b> caused by <i>{{c1::Francisella tularensis}}</i><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-26633092202896.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26727581483408.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
{{c1::Doxycycline}} with&nbsp;{{c1::Streptomycin}} are used to treat <b>the plague</b> caused by <i>Yersinia pestis</i>"<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 7.17.33 PM.png"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which aminoglycosides (3) are used to treat <b>septicemia</b>, <b>respiratory tract infections</b> and <b>UTIs</b> caused by <u>gram negatives</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-27895812587919.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <u>aminoglycosides</u>&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;have activity against&nbsp;{{c4::<i>Pseudomonas</i>}}?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Gentamicin}}; {{c2::Tobramycin}};&nbsp;{{c3::Amikacin}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-29343216566669.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Since <b>Aminoglycosides</b> have an <b>oxygen-dependent</b> uptake into cells, they are ineffective against&nbsp;{{c1::anaerobes}}"<img src=""paste-28999619182993.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Bacterial transferase enzymes can inactivate <b>aminoglycosides</b>&nbsp;via {{c1::acetylation}}"<div><i>can also inactivate via <b>phosphorylation, adenylation</b></i></div><img src=""paste-29639569310095.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
The <u>ototoxicity</u> of <b>aminoglycosides</b> can cause either {{c1::vestibular}} or {{c1::cochlear}} damage"<div><i>irreversible; vestibular - nausea, vomiting, ataxia, vertigo; cochlear - tinnitus and hearing loss</i></div><img src=""paste-29974576759179.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Toxicities of <b>aminoglycosides</b> are worsened when admistered with&nbsp;{{c1::loop}} diuretics or vancomycin"<div><i>ie: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-30326764077459.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which antibiotics can result in <b>acute tubular necrosis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<div><i><b>brown muddy casts</b>&nbsp;seen on urinalysis</i></div><i><img src=""paste-30378303685001.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b> result in <u>nephrotoxicity</u>, specifically&nbsp;{{c1::acute tubular necrosis}}"<div><i><b>muddy brown casts</b>&nbsp;seen on urinalysis</i></div><i><img src=""paste-30378303685001.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <u>neuromuscular pathology</u> is an <i>absolute contraindication</i> to <b>aminoglycoside</b> use?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Myasthenia gravis}}</div>"<div><i>as aminoglycosides can cause neuromuscular blockade</i></div><img src=""paste-30764850741648.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which antibiotics can result in <b>neuromuscular blockade</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<i>are thus contraindicated in patients with <b>myasthenia gravis</b></i><div><i><b><img src=""paste-30760555774352.jpg"" /></b></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which class of antibiotics are&nbsp;<b>teratogenic</b>, causing <u>deafness in newborns</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31237297144212.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>Aminoglycosides</b> are&nbsp;<b>teratogenic</b>, causing <u>{{c1::deafness}} in newborns</u><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-31237297144212.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
<b>{{c2::Muddy brown}} casts</b> in the <u>urine</u> are diagnostic of <b>{{c1::acute tubular necrosis}}</b>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-16 at 3.09.22 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides
Which <u>RIPE therapy</u> drug can cause <b>drug-induced lupus</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Isoniazid}}<br></div>"<img src=""paste-61950608277975.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::Sketchy_3.1_TB_drugs
<div>What type of Anthrax presents with cutaneous ulcers with&nbsp;<b>black eschars</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cutaneous Anthrax}}</div></div>"<div>due to lethal factor cleaving MAPK (tissue necrosis)</div><img src=""paste-117768003256812.jpg""><img src=""paste-11132555231651.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<i>Bacillus anthracis</i> is often described as large&nbsp;{{c1::<b>gram positive bacilli</b>}} in&nbsp;{{c2::<b>chains</b>}}"<img src=""paste-118098715738585.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which <u>amino acid</u> is a key component of the bacterial capsule in&nbsp;<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::D-glutamate}}</div>"<img src=""paste-118657061487069.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-118910464557528.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which bacteria has a <b>protein</b>&nbsp;<b>capsule</b> made with <u>D-glutamate</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>}}</div>"<div><i>the <u>only</u>&nbsp;bacterium with a <b>peptide capsule</b></i></div><img src=""paste-118657061487069.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-118910464557528.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
What is the <u>oxygen dependency</u> of<i> Bacillus anthracis?</i><div><b><br></b></div><div>{{c1::<b>obligate&nbsp;</b>aerobe}}</div>"^{<img src=""paste-119490285142484.jpg"" />}"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>&nbsp;is a <u>gram-positive</u>, <b>{{c2::spore}}-forming rod</b> that causes Anthrax via the anthrax toxin."<img src=""paste-119713623441879.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
{{c1::<b>Edema Factor</b>}} is an exotoxin from&nbsp;<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>&nbsp;that mimics <u>{{c2::Adenylate Cyclase}}</u>, thereby&nbsp;{{c3::<u>increasing</u>}}&nbsp;{{c2::<b>cAMP</b>}} levels."<div><i>increased cAMP leads to fluid leaking into tissues, hence <u>edema</u></i></div><img src=""paste-120065810760094.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-120078695662008.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which&nbsp;<i>Bacillus anthracis<b>&nbsp;</b></i><b>exotoxin</b>&nbsp;is responsible for the&nbsp;<b>black eschars</b> seen in cutaneous anthrax?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lethal factor}}</div>"<div><i>due to it cleaving MAPK, causing tissue necrosis</i></div><img src=""paste-120611271606675.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-121453085196729.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<b>{{c1::Lethal factor}}</b>&nbsp;is an exotoxin from&nbsp;<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>&nbsp;that <i>cleaves</i> <b>{{c2::MAPK}}</b>, resulting in <u>tissue {{c3::necrosis}}</u> and&nbsp;{{c4::<b>black eschar</b>}}&nbsp;formation on the skin"<div><i>acts as a protease and cleaves MAPK (map kinase) - controls cell growth, LF is therefore responsible for tissue necrosis</i></div><img src=""paste-121732258070925.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-121002113630632.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-121693603365296.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
What are the <b>two exotoxins</b> released by <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Edema factor (EF) and Lethal factor (LF)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-121732258070925.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-120065810760094.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
{{c1::<b>Wool-sorter's</b>}}<b> disease</b>&nbsp;is a type of <u>{{c2::pulmonary}} anthrax</u>&nbsp;due to the inhalation of spores from contaminated wool."<img src=""paste-123596273877438.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<b>{{c1::Pulmonary}} Anthrax</b>&nbsp;presents with&nbsp;<b>flu-like symptoms</b>&nbsp;that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary {{c2::hemorrhage}}, mediastinitis and shock."<div><i>due to inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores</i></div><img src=""paste-124511101911514.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<b>Pulmonary Anthrax</b> is due to inhalation of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::spores}}</b><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-119713623441879.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
What is a classic finding of <b>pulmonary anthrax</b>&nbsp;on <u>CXR</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Widening of the mediastinum}}</div>"<img src=""paste-125357210468806.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which drugs are&nbsp;<u>first line</u>&nbsp;in the treatment of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-125726577656250.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-125786707198376.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which drug is&nbsp;<u>second line</u>&nbsp;in the treatment of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>"<div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-125726577656250.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-125786707198376.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, like <i>anthracis</i>, is <b>{{c1::a}}erobic</b> and <b>{{c1::spore}}-forming</b><i>gram positive rod (bacilli)</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<i>Bacillus anthracis</i> and <i>cereus</i> are <b>gram-{{c1::positive}}&nbsp;{{c2::bacilli (rods)}}</b><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><i>aerobic, spore-forming</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which chemical found in the core of <u>bacterial spores</u> provides <b>heat resistance</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dipicolinic Acid}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-15 at 10.21.35 PM.png"" /><div><br /><div><i>Spores must be autoclaved to be killed (steamed at 121 C for 15 min).</i></div><div><i>Spore forming gram-positives in soil:</i></div><div><i>- Bacillus anthracis</i></div><div><i>- Clostridium perfringens</i></div><div><i>- Clostridium tetani</i></div><div><i>Other spore forming bactera:</i></div><div><i>- Bacillus cereus</i></div><div><i>- Clostridium botulinum</i></div><div><i>- Coxiella burnetti</i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
What <u>food source</u> is associated with&nbsp;<i>Bacillus cereus</i>&nbsp;food poisoning?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Reheated rice}}</div>"<img src=""paste-127551938757076.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
<b>Reheating rice</b> can result in <u>food poisoning</u> from&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Bacillus cereus</i>}}"<img src=""paste-127547643789780.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
The&nbsp;{{c1::Emetic}} type of&nbsp;<i>Bacillus cereus</i>&nbsp;food poisoning presents with&nbsp;<b>nausea</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>vomiting</b>&nbsp;within&nbsp;<b>1-5 hrs</b>&nbsp;of consumption.caused by the <u>cereulide</u> exotoxin&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
The&nbsp;{{c1::Diarrheal}} type of&nbsp;<i>Bacillus cereus</i>&nbsp;food poisoning presents with&nbsp;<b>watery, nonbloody diarrhea</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>GI pain</b>&nbsp;within 8-18 hrs of consumption.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
Which type of&nbsp;<i>Bacillus cereus</i>&nbsp;food poisoning has the <b>shortest</b> <u>incubation period</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Emetic type}}</div><br><div><div><i>Emetic type = nausea and vomiting 1-5 hrs post consumption (cereulide as a virulence factor)</i></div><div><i>Diarrheal type = watery, nonbloody diarrhea with GI pain 8-18 hrs post consumption</i></div></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
{{c1::<b>Cereulide</b>}} is an enterotoxin that causes the&nbsp;<b>{{c2::Emetic}}</b>&nbsp;type of&nbsp;<i>Bacillus cereus</i>&nbsp;food poisoning.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
What <u>bacterial spores</u> can get into <b>wool</b> and <b>animal hide</b>, thus predisposing workers to infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Bacillus anthracis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-123596273877438.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
"Colonies of <i>{{c1::Bacillus anthracis}}</i>&nbsp;show a <u>halo of projections</u>, sometimes refered to as <b>""medusa head"" appearance</b><div></div><div><br /></div>""<img src=""paste-129798206652907.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.1_bacillus_anthracis/cereus
All&nbsp;<i>Clostridia&nbsp;</i>are&nbsp;<b>gram {{c1::positive}}</b>, {{c2::spore}}-forming,&nbsp;<b>obligate {{c3::anaerobes}}</b>"<img src=""paste-136996571840986.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-137009456742835.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
Which bacteria has spores found in <b>rusty nails</b>&nbsp;or in <b>soil</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium tetani}}</i></div>"<img src=""paste-137396003799522.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
What type of <b>paralysis</b> is seen with&nbsp;<i>Clostridium tetani</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Spastic</u>&nbsp;paralysis}}</div><br><div>Tetanospasmin cleaves SNARE proteins, inhibiting GABA and Glycine incorporation I to vesicles -&gt; lack of inhibitory neurotransmitter release</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
Which bacterial infection can result in <b>risus sardonicus</b> and <b>lock jaw</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium tetani}}</i></div>"<div><i>Risus sardonicus is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning.</i></div><i><img src=""paste-138396731179478.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
Which bacterial infection can result in&nbsp;<b>opisthotonus</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium tetani}}</i></div>"<div><i>exaggerated arching of the back due to spasm of back muscles</i></div><img src=""paste-138985141699040.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
In which direction does <b>tetanus toxin</b> migrate to the <u>CNS</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Retrograde axonal transport}}</div>"<i>travels up the motor axon (thus uses dynein)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-139582142153172.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
{{c1::<b>Tetanospasmin</b>}} is an exotoxin from&nbsp;<i>Clostridium tetani</i>&nbsp;that cleaves <b>{{c2::SNARE}} proteins</b> required for <b>{{c2::neurotransmitter}} release</b>.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-140170552672730.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
Which neurotransmitter's (2) release is&nbsp;<u>inhibited</u>&nbsp;by the <b>Tetanospasmin</b> toxin of&nbsp;<i>Clostridium tetani</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::GABA; Glycine}}</div>"<div><i><u>inhibitory</u> neurotransmitters; therefore lack of inhibition leads to tetany</i></div><img src=""paste-140166257705434.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11755325489330.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
<b>Tetanus toxin</b> inhibits <i>inhibitory</i> release of <b>GABA</b> and <b>glycine</b> from&nbsp;{{c1::Renshaw cells}} in the <u>spinal cord</u><div><br /></div>"<i>Renshaw cells typically sense overactivity and inhibit this overactivity via GABA and Glycine release</i><div><i><img src=""paste-141171280052692.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-11759620456626.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
What bacteria releases a <u>toxin</u> that cleaves <b>SNARE proteins</b> in <b>Renshaw cells</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Clostridium tetani</i>}}</div>"<div><i>Tetanospasmin, aka tetanus toxin</i></div><i><img src=""paste-140170552672730.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-142081813119415.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
What type of <b>vaccine</b> is used for <i>Clostridium tetani</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toxoid}}</div>"<div><i>part of the DTaP vaccine</i></div><i><img src=""paste-142442590372308.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani
Which bacteria is commonly transmitted via <b>improper canning of food</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium botulinum}}</i></div>"<div><span style=""font-style: italic"">A sign will be&nbsp;<b>bulging cans</b>&nbsp;due to the gas production.</span></div><img src=""paste-2482491097540.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
"What type of&nbsp;<b>paralysis</b>&nbsp;is seen with&nbsp;<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Flaccid</u>&nbsp;paralysis (""botulism"")}}</div>""<div><i>due to inhibition of excitatory ACh release (Botulinum toxin cleaves SNARE proteins that release ACh)</i></div><img src=""paste-3294239916477.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11755325489330.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
The <b>flaccid paralysis</b> in <i>Clostridium botulinum </i>is a&nbsp;{{c1::descending}} paralysis (ascending or descending)"<div><i>starts superiorly (diplopia, ptosis) and moves inferiorly; opposite of ascending paralysis of <u>Guillain-Burre</u></i></div><img src=""paste-5007931867572.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>&nbsp;can present with <u>early</u>&nbsp;{{c1::diplopia}} and&nbsp;{{c1::ptosis}}"<div><i>due to the descending paralysis seen (therefore starts proximally)</i></div><img src=""paste-4209067950548.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
Does <i>Clostridium botulinum </i>affect the <u>CNS</u>, <u>PNS</u>, or <u>both</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::PNS}}</div><i>cannot cross the blood brain barrier</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<b>adults</b>&nbsp;causes botulism via<b>&nbsp;</b><u>ingestion</u> of {{c1::preformed toxin}}"<i>this toxin enters the blood and then the PNS, causing descending paralysis</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-2482491097540.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<b>babies</b>&nbsp;causes botulism via<b>&nbsp;</b><u>ingestion</u>&nbsp;of {{c1::spores (honey, juice)}}"<img src=""paste-8486855377364.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
<b>{{c1::Botulinum Toxin}}</b> is an exotoxin from&nbsp;<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>&nbsp;that cleaves <b>{{c2::SNARE}} proteins</b> required for <u>{{c2::neurotransmitter}} release</u>."<i>preventing <u>excitatory</u>&nbsp;acetylcholine release from motor neurons (hence flaccid paralysis)</i><div><i><img src=""paste-7348689043931.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
<b>Botulinum toxin</b> of <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>&nbsp;targets&nbsp;<b>{{c1::motor}} neurons</b>"<div><i>flaccid paralysis due to cleavage of SNARE proteins that release excitatory ACh</i></div><img src=""paste-7297149436367.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
Which neurotransmitter's release is&nbsp;<u>prevented</u>&nbsp;by the <b>Botulinum toxin</b> from&nbsp;<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Acetylcholine}}</div>"<div><i>flaccid paralysis due to cleavage of SNARE proteins that release excitatory ACh</i></div><img src=""paste-7301444403663.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11755325489330.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
{{c1::<b>Floppy Baby Syndrome</b>}} is due to&nbsp;<i>{{c2::Clostridium botulinum}}</i>&nbsp;infection;<div>seen in babies following&nbsp;<b>ingestion of spores</b>&nbsp;in honey.</div>"<div><br /></div><div><i><b>BOT</b>ulinum is from bad&nbsp;<b>BOT</b>tles of food and honey.</i><br /><div><i>In adults, the preformed toxin is ingested to cause Botulism.</i></div></div><img src=""paste-7649336754649.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
Which bacteria's <u>spores</u> are commonly found in <b>honey</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>}}</div>"<div><i>hence why babies should avoid honey (ingestion of these spores in <u>infants</u>&nbsp;can result in <b>floppy baby syndrome</b>)</i></div><img src=""paste-8482560410068.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
All <i>Clostridium spp.</i>&nbsp;are <b>{{c1::ana}}erobic</b>, <b>gram&nbsp;{{c1::positive rods}}</b><i>also <u>spore-forming</u></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.3_clostridium_botulinum
All <i>Clostridium spp. </i>are <b>{{c1::spore}}-forming</b>"<div><i>gram positive, anaerobic bacilli</i></div><img src=""paste-12348030976454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
<i>Clostridium difficile </i>is a <b>nosocomial infection</b>&nbsp;that commonly follows&nbsp;{{c1::antibiotic (ie: ampicillin, clindamycin)}} use"<img src=""paste-12627203850312.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-13391708029389.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
What two exotoxins are produced by <i>Clostridium difficile</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-13692355739874.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
Which exotoxin from&nbsp;<i>Clostridium difficile&nbsp;</i>functions to bind to the <b>brush border</b> of the <b>gut</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toxin A (enterotoxin)}}</div><div><br /></div>"<div><img src=""paste-16385300234714.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
Which exotoxin of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;is a <u>brush border toxin</u> that causes <b>watery diarrhea</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toxin A}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16381005267418.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
Which <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;exotoxin results in&nbsp;<u>depolymerization</u> of <b>actin</b> leading to <b>enterocyte death and necrosis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toxin B (cytotoxin)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16454019711447.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
<b>Toxin B</b>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;causes {{c1::actin depolymerization}} (cytoskeleton disruption),<div>thereby causing&nbsp;<b>pseudomembranous colitis</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>diarrhea</b>.</div>"<img src=""paste-16449724744151.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
What&nbsp;<u>type</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>diarrhea</b>&nbsp;is caused by&nbsp;<i>Clostridium difficile</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Watery}}</div>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 7.31.50 PM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
<i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;is diagnosed via <u>assay</u> to detect&nbsp;<b>{{c1::toxins (A &amp; B)}}</b> in stool or via {{c2::<b>PCR</b>}}"<img src=""paste-17171279249863.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-17519171600595.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
What is <u>second-line</u>&nbsp;in the treatment of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Oral</u> Vancomycin}}</div>"<i>Poor oral bioavailability (stays in gut longer, which is useful for C. diff)</i><div><i><br /></i><div><i><div></div></i><i>For recurring cases,&nbsp;<b>fidaxomicin</b>*; fecal transplant may prevent a relapse.</i></div></div><div><i><img src=""paste-18038862643674.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
What is&nbsp;<u>first-line</u>&nbsp;in the treatment of&nbsp;<i>Clostridium difficile</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Metronidazole}}</div>"<i>metronidazole treats anaerobic infections <u>below</u>&nbsp;the diaphragm</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><div></div></i><i>For recurring cases,&nbsp;<b>fidaxomicin</b>*; fecal transplant may prevent a relapse.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-18412524798407.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile
Which bacteria is associated with&nbsp;<b>traumatic open wound infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>}}</div>"<div><i>wounds exposed to dirt and dust containing clostridium perfringens spores</i></div><img src=""paste-23012434772439.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
Which bacteria is associated with&nbsp;<b>military combat wounds</b>&nbsp;and <b>motorcycle accidents</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>}}</div>"<div><i>wounds exposed to dirt and dust containing clostridium perfringens spores</i></div><img src=""paste-23012434772439.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
<b>Spores</b> of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>&nbsp;are commonly found in&nbsp;{{c1::soil}}"<div><i>wounds exposed to dirt and dust containing clostridium perfringens spores</i></div><img src=""paste-23527830847954.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
Which organism can produce <b>gas</b> <u>under tissue</u> (<b>gas gangrene</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i></div>"<i>spores enter the wound - cause <b>clostridial myonecrosis</b>, or gas gangrene (gas produced under infected tissue - crepitus and crackling on palpation)</i><div><i><img src=""paste-23759759081950.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i> can result in a <b>crepitus</b> and {{c1::crackling}} upon <b>palpation</b> of the <u>infected area of skin</u>"<img src=""paste-23755464114654.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
Which bacteria produces an <b>alpha toxin</b>&nbsp;that functions as a <b>phospholipase </b>(lecithinase)?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i></div>"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-24799141167177.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-24807731102171.jpg"" /><i><img src=""paste-25894357828064.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>&nbsp;produces a(n) {{c1::<b>alpha toxin</b>}} that functions as a&nbsp;{{c2::<b>phospholipase</b>&nbsp;(lecithinase)}}"<br /><div><img src=""paste-24799141167177.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-24807731102171.jpg"" /><i><img src=""paste-25894357828064.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
"The <b>alpha toxin</b>&nbsp;of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>&nbsp;breaks down <u>phospholipids</u>, resulting in <b>myonecrosis</b> (""{{c1::gas gangrene}}"")""<i>damages cell membranes by damaging the lipoproteins<br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-24799141167177.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-24807731102171.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
The&nbsp;<b>alpha toxin</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>&nbsp;breaks down&nbsp;<u>phospholipids</u>, resulting in&nbsp;a&nbsp;{{c1::double zone of hemolysis}} on <b>blood agar</b>"<i>damages cell membranes by damaging the lipoproteins<br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-24799141167177.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-25864293056986.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25894357828064.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
What <u>food source</u> is associated with&nbsp;<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>&nbsp;food poisoning?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Reheated meat dishes}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26474178412874.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
<i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<b>anaerobic</b>&nbsp;spore former that can produce a&nbsp;<b>double zone of hemolysis.&nbsp;</b>"<i>due to its alpha toxin</i><div><i><br></i><div><div><i>req.&nbsp;<b>anaerobic&nbsp;</b>environment to be grown**</i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 7.26.05 PM.png""></div></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
What type of diarrhea is caused by&nbsp;<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Watery}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-27865747816923.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-27431956119757.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
Which bacteria can produce <u>slow-onset</u>&nbsp;diarrhea via <b>spore ingestion</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Clostridium perfringens}}</i></div>"<div><i>different than other bacteria, as these spores can incubate in our gut and then cause food-poisoning (most food-poisoning is caused by preformed enterotoxins)</i></div><img src=""paste-27861452849627.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
<i>Clostridium perfringens'</i> <u>spores</u> produce <b>heat-{{c1::labile}} enterotoxin</b>"<img src=""paste-28363964022985.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.5_clostridium_perfringens
<i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> are <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c2::rods}}</b>"<img src=""paste-33045478375749.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-44925357916458.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
Which bacteria is commonly described as <b>club-shaped</b>&nbsp;in a <b>V</b> or <b>Y</b> formation?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Corynebacterium diptheriae}}</i></div>"<div><i>metachromatic (blue or red) granules; <u>positive</u> <b>Elek test</b></i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><b>Coryne</b>&nbsp;= club shaped</i></div><img src=""paste-33195802231258.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-44062069489962.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
Which <i>gram positive rod</i> will present with <b>metachromatic</b> (<u>blue</u> and <u>red</u>) <b>granules</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-34518652158432.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
What organism produces a similar toxin that has the<b>&nbsp;same MOA as&nbsp;<i>C. diptheria&nbsp;</i>toxin?&nbsp;</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas</i>}}</div>"<i><br /></i><div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-22 at 11.16.33 AM.png"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
<u>Diptheria toxin</u> causes&nbsp;{{c1::<b>ADP-ribosylation</b>}} of&nbsp;{{c2::<b>EF-2</b> (elongation factor-2)}}, thus inhibiting protein synthesis"<i>via inhibition of ribosome function</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-36262408880593.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
Which toxin produced by <i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>&nbsp;inhibits <b>protein synthesis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Diptheria toxin}}</div>"<i>via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2, inhibiting ribosome function</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-36262408880593.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
{{c2::<i><b>Corynebacterium diptheria</b></i>}} will produce a <b>{{c1::gray}}</b> (color)&nbsp;<b>pseudomembrane</b>&nbsp;on the posterior pharynx and upper airways.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-37078452666842.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
<i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i> is transmitted via&nbsp;{{c1::respiratory droplets}}"<div><img src=""paste-37580963840479.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-37301790966069.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
"Which bacteria produces a characteristic ""<u>bull's neck</u>"" due to <b>lymphadenopathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Corynebacterium diptheriae}}</i></div>""<img src=""paste-37585258807775.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
The <b>diptheria toxin</b> of <i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>&nbsp;is encoded by a&nbsp;{{c1::β-prophage}}"<img src=""paste-38122129719600.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
Which <b>gram-positive rod</b> produces an exotoxin that&nbsp;<b>ADP-ribosylates</b>&nbsp;<b>EF-2</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Corynebactrium diphtheriae</i>}}</div>"<i></i><i style=""text-decoration: underline; ""><div></div></i><i>thus&nbsp;</i><u>inhibits protein synthesis</u><i><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-36262408880593.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
<u>Cardiac symptoms</u> of <i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>&nbsp;infection include&nbsp;{{c1::<b>myocarditis</b>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<b>arrhythmia</b>}}, and <b>heart block</b>"<img src=""paste-39178691674588.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
<i>Corynebacterium diptheria</i>&nbsp;can cause {{c2::<b>demyelination</b>}}, producing <u>nerve deficits</u> in the <b>posterior oropharynx</b>"<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-22 at 11.11.36 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
Which <b>special culture media/agar</b> is used to isolate&nbsp;<i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tellurite agar; Loffler medium}}</div>"<img src=""paste-39977555591492.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-39990440493387.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
Which test is used to differentiate between <b>toxic</b> and <b>nontoxic strains</b> of <i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Elek's test}}</div>"<div><i>toxin will bind to antitoxin on Elek's test</i></div><img src=""paste-40922448396766.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
{{c2::<i><b>Corynebacterium Diptheria</b></i>}} will have a positive&nbsp;<b>Elek's test&nbsp;</b>for toxin.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-40922448396766.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
What type of <b>vaccine</b> is used for <i>Corynebacterium diptheriae</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toxoid}}</div>"<i>DTaP</i><div><i><img src=""paste-41686952575318.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.6_corynebacterium
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>{{c1::beta}}-hemolytic</b>"<img src=""paste-47549582934503.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c2::rod}}</b>"<img src=""paste-47927540056298.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
"Which bacteria has a characteristic ""<b>tumbling motility</b>"" <u>extracellularly</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>}}</div>""<div><i>has flagella that allow for extracellular movement (facultative intracellular)</i></div><img src=""paste-47983374631384.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>&nbsp;is <u>facultative</u>&nbsp;{{c1::intracellular}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-48580375085289.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
"Which bacteria has characteristic ""<b>actin rockets</b>""&nbsp;for <u>intracellular</u>&nbsp;movement?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i></div>""<div><i>also allows for trans-cellular migration</i></div><i><img src=""paste-48614734823897.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
"<i>Listeria monocytogenes </i>forms ""rocket tails"" via <b>{{c1::actin polymerization</b><b>}}</b><div>for <u>{{c2::intra}}-cellular</u>&nbsp;and <u>{{c2::trans}}-cellular&nbsp;movement</u></div>""<div><i><img src=""paste-49349174231517.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-56878251900998.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
Which <u>gram positive rod</u> is <b>catalase positive</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i></div>"<div><i>patients with <u>chronic granulomatous disease</u> are susceptible to catalase positive organisms</i></div><i><img src=""paste-49928994816479.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
Which <i>gram positive rod</i> <b>grows well</b> at <b>refrigeration temperatures</b> (4°–10°C; “cold enrichment”)?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i>&nbsp;</div>"<div><b>Y. enterocolitica</b> is a gram <u>negative</u>&nbsp;rod that grows at cold temperatures</div><img src=""paste-50075023704543.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>&nbsp;commonly contaminates&nbsp;{{c1::<b>unpasteurized dairy products</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>cold deli meats</b>}}"<img src=""paste-50680614093282.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-50813758079457.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
Which gram positive rod commonly contaminates&nbsp;<b>unpasteurized dairy products</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>cold deli meats</b>?<div><div><br></div><div><i>{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i></div></div>"<img src=""paste-50680614093282.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-50813758079457.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
Which <b>demographic</b> is at an <u>increased risk</u> of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pregnant women}}</div>"<div><i>infection in early pregnancy = termination</i></div><div><i>infection in late pregnancy = disease in newborn</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-51492362912219.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
Which bacteria is the <u>3rd-most</u> common cause of <b>neonatal meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Listeria monocytogenes}}</i></div>"<i>after GBS and E. coli</i><div><i><img src=""paste-52286931861980.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
What age group of <u>adults</u> are commonly affected with <i>Listeria monocytogenes </i><b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Elderly (&gt;60 y.o.)}}</div>"<div><i>hence, empiric treatment for adults over 60 consists of vancomycin, ceftriaxone <b><font color=""#ffff00"">AND <u>amipicillin</u></font></b></i></div><i><img src=""paste-52359946306018.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
What is the treatment of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ampicillin}}</div>"<div><i>meningitis is treated with IV ampicillin</i></div><i><img src=""paste-52853867545056.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
How does Listeriosis (<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>) commonly present in&nbsp;<b>healthy individuals</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mild gastroenteritis}}</div>"<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-58415850193145.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
What is the <u>only</u> <i>gram-positive bacteria</i> to produce <b>lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
Besides ingestion of contaminated food, how is&nbsp;<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>&nbsp;transmitted (2)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Transplacentally}}; {{c2::vaginally during childbirth}}</div>"<br /><div><div><i>Listeria monocytogenes can cause amnionitis, septicemia and spontaneous abortion in pregnant women.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-54056458387878.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria
<i>Nocardia</i> is a <b>gram {{c1::positive}} {{c2::branching&nbsp;filamentous rod}}</b>"<img src=""paste-62886911148512.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
What is the <b>oxygen dependency</b> of&nbsp;<i>Nocardia&nbsp;spp.</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Obligate aerobe}}</div>"<div><i>vs. Actinomyces which is an obligate <u>anaerobe</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-63217623630307.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-103998338105511.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>{{c1::Nocardia spp.}}</i> is a gram-positive, filamentous bacteria that is normally found in&nbsp;<b>soil</b>."<img src=""paste-63367947485655.jpg"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-19 at 10.48.09 AM.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
Which <u>gram positive filamentous rod</u> contains <b>mycolic acids</b> in its cell wall?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Nocardia}}</i></div>"<div><i>allows Nocardia to take up the carbolfuschin of the <b>acid-fast stain</b></i></div><img src=""paste-63810329117151.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
Which stain (other than Gram) is used to visualize&nbsp;<i>Nocardia spp.</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Acid Fast;&nbsp;<i>Nocardia</i>&nbsp;is weakly acid fast}}</div>"<img src=""paste-1327144894882.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-65133179044188.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia</i> stains&nbsp;{{c1::weakly acid fast}} due to the <b>mycolic acids</b> found in its cell wall"<div><i>take up the carbolfuschin stain</i></div><img src=""paste-1327144894882.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-65133179044188.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia</i> is <b>{{c1::catalase}} positive</b>, thus patients with <u>chronic granulomatous disease</u> are susceptible to infection"<img src=""paste-65695819760093.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
What is the <b>urease expression</b> of&nbsp;<i>Nocardia spp</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive}}</div>"<img src=""paste-66275640345047.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia</i>&nbsp;causes&nbsp;<b>{{c1::pulmonary}}</b>&nbsp;<b>infections</b>&nbsp;in the <b>immuno-{{c2::compromised</b>}}"<i>HIV patients, transplant patients, patients taking glucocorticoids</i><div><i><img src=""paste-66911295504857.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia</i>&nbsp;causes&nbsp;<b>{{c1::cutaneous}} infections</b> after <u>trauma</u> in the&nbsp;<b>immuno-{{c2::competent}}</b>"<img src=""paste-69123203662297.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
Which <u>gram positive filamentous rod</u> is associated with <b>pneumonia-like</b> symptoms?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Nocardia}}</i></div>"<div><i>pulmonary infections of Nocardia commonly affect the <u>immunosuppressed</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-67697274520024.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-67826123538893.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
Which <u>gram positive filamentous rod</u> is associated with <b>cavitary lesions</b> in the <b>lung</b>?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Nocardia}}</i></div>"<div><i>pulmonary infections of Nocardia commonly affect the <u>immunosuppressed</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-67697274520024.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-67826123538893.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia</i> can present with <b>{{c1::pneumonia}}</b>-<b>like symptoms</b> and <b>{{c1::cavitary lesions}}</b> in the <b>lungs</b>"<div><i>pulmonary infections of Nocardia commonly affect the <u>immunosuppressed</u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-74917114544591.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-74942884348336.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia </i><b>dissemination</b> commonly occurs to the&nbsp;{{c1::CNS}}"<img src=""paste-68650757259741.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
<i>Nocardia </i><b>dissemination</b> commonly occurs to the <u>CNS</u>, causing&nbsp;{{c1::brain abscess}} formation"<img src=""paste-68650757259741.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
What is the <b>treatment</b> for&nbsp;<i>Nocardia spp.</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sulfonamides}}</div>"<div><i>Treatment is a <b>SNAP</b>: <b>S</b>ulfonamides—<b>N</b>ocardia; <b>A</b>ctinomyces—<b>P</b>enicillin</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>ie: TMP-SMX</i></div><img src=""paste-69754563854809.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
{{c1::<i>Nocardia</i>}} is a <u>filamentous-branching gram-positive</u> organism that can cause&nbsp;<b>brain abscess.</b><div><b><br /></b></div>"<img src=""paste-68650757259741.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_3_MV::3.2_nocardia
What is the <b>oxygen dependency</b> of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aerobic}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77966541324482.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram {{c1::negative}} {{c2::coccobacillus}}</b>"<div><br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-77966541324482.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-fd4b5c67310edb89e5a3e89baf15c56da47391ee.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
What <b>pilus proteins</b> allow <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;to <u>attach</u> to the <u>respiratory epithelium</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Filamentous hemagglutinin}}</div>"<div><i>antibodies against filamentous hemagglutinin help protect against infection</i></div><img src=""paste-78168404787684.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which bacteria produces a toxin that <b>ADP-ribosylates</b> and <u>disables</u> <b>G_i</b>&nbsp;receptors?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Bordetella pertussis </i>(Pertussis toxin)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-80676665688553.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<i>Pertussis toxin</i> <u>ribosylates</u> <b>G_i, {{c1::inhibiting}} </b>the G-protein receptor (activating or inhibiting)"<div><i>this leads to increased levels of cAMP (lack of G_i&nbsp;adenylate cyclase inhibition)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-80672370721257.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<u>Inhibition</u> of <b>G</b>_<b>i</b>via the <b>pertussis toxin</b> results in <u>{{c1::increased}}</u> levels of <b>{{c2::cAMP}}</b>"<div><i>recall that the Pertussis toxin inhibits G_i&nbsp;via <u>ribosylation;</u>&nbsp;therefore there is lack of adenylate cyclase inhibition</i></div><i><img src=""paste-81561428951528.jpg""></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<u>Inhibition</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>G</b>_{<b>i</b>&nbsp;}via the&nbsp;<b>pertussis toxin</b>&nbsp;inhibits <u>{{c2::chemokine}} receptors</u> on {{c1::<b>lymphocytes</b>}}"<div><i>therefore, the lymphocytes are unable to enter <u>lymphoid tissue</u>, resulting in <b>lymphocytosis</b></i></div><div><img src=""paste-83008832930207.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which <u>bacteria</u> releases a toxin which <u>inhibits chemokine receptors</u><div>on <b>lymphocytes</b>, ultimately resulting in <b>lymphocytosis?</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><i>{{c1::Bordetella pertussis}}</i></div>"<div><i>due to pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylating the G_i&nbsp;receptor, inhibiting chemokine receptors on lymphocytes - inhibits lymphocyte entry into lymphoid tissue</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-83008832930207.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which toxin of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> is an <b>ADP-ribosylating toxin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pertussis toxin}}</div>"<i>ADP-ribosylates G_i&nbsp;receptors, inhibiting them (increases adenylate cyclase activity and thus cAMP)</i><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-80672370721257.jpg"">vv</i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which toxin of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;<u>mimics</u> the activity of <b>adenylate cyclase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Adenylate cyclase toxin}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-87058987090403.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which toxin of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;<u>inhibits DNA synthesis</u>&nbsp;in <b>ciliated epithelial cells</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tracheal toxin}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-87501368721891.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<b>Tracheal&nbsp;toxin</b>&nbsp;is produced by {{c1::<b><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></b>}} and functions to&nbsp;<b><u>damage ciliated epithelial tissue.</u></b><div><b><u><br /></u></b></div>"<img src=""paste-87497073754595.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
What are the <u>three stages</u> of <i>Bordetella pertussis </i>infection?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Catarrhal (1-2wks)}}</div><div>{{c2::Paroxysmal (2wks - 2ms)}}</div><div>{{c3::Convalescent (3ms)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-88712549498976.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which <u>stage</u> of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;infection is characterized by <b>non-specific fever</b> and <b>conjunctival injection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Catarrhal}}</div>"<i>first 1-2 wks</i><div><i><img src=""paste-90190018248795.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which <u>stage</u> of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;infection is characterized by <b>whooping cough</b>&nbsp;and post-tussive <b>vomiting</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paroxysmal}}</div>"<i>2 wks - 2 months</i><div><i><img src=""paste-90383291777411.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-90190018248795.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
Which <u>stage</u> of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;infection is characterized by <b>gradual recovery</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Convalescent}}</div>"<i>3 months and on</i><div><i><img src=""paste-91667486998897.jpg"" /><br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-90190018248795.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
"{{c1::Whooping cough}} caused by&nbsp;<i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;involves a cough on expiration and a ""<b>whoop</b>"" on <u>inspiration</u>.""<br /><div><div><i>Typically affects children.</i></div><div><i>Can cause a ""100-day cough"" in adults.</i></div></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-92281667322047.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-92436286144630.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<i>Bordetella pertussis </i>should be treated <u>early</u>&nbsp;with&nbsp;{{c1::macrolides (erythromycin)}}"<div><i>Catarrhal stage</i></div><i><img src=""paste-92904437580261.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
What is the <u>route of transmission</u> of <i>Bordetella pertussis?</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div>{{c1::Respiratory droplets}}</div>"<img src=""paste-93346819211745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
What <u>type</u> of <b>vaccine</b> is used for <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>&nbsp;in infants and children?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Acellular (DTaP)}}</div>"<div><i>Filamentous hemagluttinin + toxoid</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-94016834109918.jpg""></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
What is the <u>booster</u> for <b>Tetanus</b>, <b>Diphtheria</b> and <b>Pertussis</b> called?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tdap}}</div>"<img src=""paste-94686849007751.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
<div><i>Bordetella pertussis</i> can be cultured on <b>{{c1::Regan-Lowe}}</b> or <b>{{c2::Bordet-Gengou (potato)}}</b> <u>agar</u>.</div>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-95747705929782.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_6_MV::6.1_bordetella_pertussis
What type of bacteria (gram stain, shape) is <i>Pseudomonas</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gram negative rod}}</div>"<img src=""paste-99243809309154.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
<i>Pseudomonas</i> is known to thrive in&nbsp;{{c1::aquatic}} environments"<div><i>can cause <u>hot-tub folliculitis</u></i></div><div><i><div></div><br /></i></div><div><i>Look for people who go on vacation or something and develop red rash all over the body</i></div><i><img src=""paste-99497212379605.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What is the <b>oxidase expression</b> of&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive}}</div>"<img src=""paste-100412040413655.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
<i>Pseudomonas&nbsp;</i><i>aeruginosa</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>{{c1::catalase}} positive</b>,&nbsp;thus patients with&nbsp;<u>chronic granulomatous disease</u>&nbsp;are susceptible to infection"<img src=""paste-100648263614931.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What color pigment is associated with&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Blue-green}}</div>"<div><i>due to pyocyanin and pyoverdin</i></div><img src=""paste-101936753803740.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What substances (2) produced by <i>Pseudomonas</i>&nbsp;give it a <b>blue-green </b>pigment?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pyocyanin and Pyoverdin}}</div>"<div><i>may even turn wounds blue!</i></div><img src=""paste-7387343749400.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-102787157328334.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which bacteria is associated with a <b>fruity</b>, <u>grape-like</u> <b>odor</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-103251013796319.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What is the <b>oxygen dependency</b> of&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Obligate aerobe}}</div>"<div><i>differentiates pseudomonas from the rest of the enteric bacteria</i></div><i><img src=""paste-103659035689433.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-104002633072807.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which gram-negative obligate aerobe often causes&nbsp;<b>nocosomial pneumonia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<div><i>#1 cause of nosocomial pneumonia</i></div><i><img src=""paste-106038447571419.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-108035607363896.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with <u>pneumonia</u> in <b>cystic fibrosis patients</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<div><i>Chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients is associated with&nbsp;<b><u>biofilms</u></b>, an area in which Pseudomonas is a star</i></div><img src=""paste-106034152604123.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-108035607363896.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
<i>Pseudomonas</i> causes <b>pneumonia</b> and <b>respiratory failure</b>&nbsp;in {{c1::cystic fibrosis}} patients"<div><i>Chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients is associated with&nbsp;<b><u>biofilms</u></b>, an area in which Pseudomonas is a star</i></div><img src=""paste-106034152604123.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-108035607363896.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What&nbsp;<u>two groups</u>&nbsp;are susceptible to&nbsp;<b>osteomyelitis</b>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IVDU, Diabetics}}</div>"<img src=""paste-106858786324952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with&nbsp;<b>Diabetic Osteomyelitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-107812269064659.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-108039902331192.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What feature of <i>Pseudomonas</i>&nbsp;is <b>anti-phagocytic</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bacterial capsule}}</div>"<img src=""paste-109152298861017.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with wound and&nbsp;<b>burn infections</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-109676284871112.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
<u>Nosocomial</u> <b>{{c2::UTIs}}</b> due to <i>Pseudomonas </i>are commonly associated with&nbsp;{{c1::<b>catheters</b>}}"<div><img src=""paste-110741436760536.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with&nbsp;<b>hot tub folliculitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<i>puritic, papular, pustular folliculitis; commonly associated with <u>under-chlorinated</u>&nbsp;hot-tubs</i><div><i><img src=""paste-111720689303873.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
{{c1::Ecthyma Gangrenosum}} is a cutaneous disorder caused by&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas sp.</i>&nbsp;that is described as rapidly progressive, <b>necrotic cutaneous lesions</b>."<br /><div><div><i>Typically seen in immunocompromised patients.</i></div><div><img src=""paste-112884625440932.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-112906100277722.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
<b>Black</b> necrotic skin lesions seen in <i>{{c2::Pseudomonas}}</i> patients are indicative of&nbsp;<b>{{c1::ecthyma gangrenosum}}</b><div><div><br /></div></div>"<div><div><i>Ecthyma gangrenosum occurs from perivascular invasion and release of tissue-destructive exotoxins, causing vascular destruction and insufficient blood flow</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Common in <b>neutropenic</b>, hospitalized, or burn patients, or patients with catheters</i></div></div><i><img src=""paste-112901805310426.jpg"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-22 at 3.38.00 PM.png"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-05-03_10-02-02.jpg"" /></i><div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which gram-negative bacteria is associated with <b>Otitis Externa</b> (swimmer's ear)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-114722871443926.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-115259742355759.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which exotoxin from&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>&nbsp;functions to&nbsp;<b>inactivate EF-2</b>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<b>ADP-Ribosylation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Exotoxin A}}</div>"<img src=""paste-116273354637775.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which&nbsp;<b>gram-negative rod</b>&nbsp;produces an exotoxin that&nbsp;<b>ADP-ribosylates</b>&nbsp;<b>EF-2</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>}}</div>"<div><i>known as Exotoxin A</i></div><i><img src=""paste-116269059670479.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
<u>Exotoxin A</u>&nbsp;causes&nbsp;{{c1::<b>ADP-ribosylation</b>}} of&nbsp;{{c2::<b>EF-2</b>&nbsp;(elongation factor-2)}}, thus inhibiting protein synthesis"<div><i>due to <u>inactivation of ribosomes</u>; from Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></div><img src=""paste-117819542864341.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-117956981817647.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What organism(s) produce a toxin that <b>ADP-ribosylates EF-2</b>, inhibiting protein synthesis?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Corynebacterium diptheria</i>}}</div>"<div><i>Exotoxin A and Diptheria toxin, respectively</i></div><i><img src=""paste-116269059670479.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas</i>&nbsp;virulence factor&nbsp;<u>degrades</u>&nbsp;<b>cell membranes</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Phospholipase C}}</div>"<img src=""paste-118927644426774.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
Which protein found in&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>&nbsp;functions to generate <b>ROS</b> that <b>kill competing microbes</b>?<div><br /></div><div><b>{{c1::Pyocyanin}}&nbsp;</b></div>"<img src=""paste-119601954292260.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
The pneumonic <b>CAMPFIRE</b> can be used to remember the drugs effective against&nbsp;<i>{{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}</i>"<img src=""paste-122874719371526.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
The pneumonic <b>CAMPFIRE</b> can be used to remember the drugs effective against&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>C</u>arbapenems}}</div><div>{{c2::<u>A</u>minoglycosides}}</div><div>{{c3::<u>M</u>onobactams (aztreonam)}}</div><div>{{c4::<u>P</u>olymixins (polymixin B, colistin)}}</div><div>{{c5::<u>F</u>luoroquinolones (cipro, levofloxacin)}}</div><div>{{c6::th<u>IR</u>d and fourth-gen cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefepime)}}</div><div>{{c7::<u>E</u>xtended spectrum (antipseudomonal) penicillins (piperacillin, ticarcillin)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-122870424404230.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas
What is the treatment (2) for a&nbsp;<b>UTI</b>&nbsp;caused by&nbsp;<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ciprofloxacin; Levofloxacin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22681722290545.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
"To remember the <b>protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics</b>, the pneumonic ""{{c1::Buy <u>AT</u> 30, <u>CCEL</u> at 50}}"" is used""<img src=""paste-9311489098280.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
"To remember the <b>protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics</b>, the pneumonia ""Buy <u>AT 30</u>, <u>CCEL</u> at <u>50</u>"" is used<div><br /></div><div><u>30S inhibitors</u>:</div><div>{{c1::Aminoglycosides (initiation complex, mRNA translation)}}</div><div>{{c2::Tetracyclines (aminoacyl-tRNA binding)}}</div><div><br /></div><div><u>50S inhibitors</u>:</div><div>{{c4::Chloramphenicol (peptidyltransferase)}}</div><div>{{c3::Clindamycin (translocation)}}</div><div>{{c5::Erythromycin (<u>macrolides</u>) (translocation)}}</div><div>{{c6::Linezolid (initiation complex)}}</div>""<img src=""paste-9311489098280.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.1_tetracyclines
<i>Rickettsia spp. </i>is {{c1::obligate intracellular}} and thus <u>cannot</u> make its own <b>ATP</b>"<div><i>does not gram stain well as a result</i></div><div><i>Requires CoA and NAD+</i></div><div><img src=""paste-11300058956178.jpg""></div><img src=""paste-2452426326172.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Why doesn't&nbsp;<i>Rickettsia spp.</i>&nbsp;<b>gram stain</b> well?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Obligate Intracellular bacteria}}</div>"<img src=""paste-11446087844238.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11300058956178.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
All <i>Rickettsiae spp.</i> are&nbsp;<b>obligate intracellular organisms</b>&nbsp;as they require {{c1::CoA}} and {{c1::NAD+}}"<img src=""paste-11686606012819.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the <b>shape</b> of <i>Rickettsia spp.</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Coccobacillus}}</div>"<div><i>weakly <b>gram negative</b> as well (obligate intracellular, hence do not gram stain well)</i></div><img src=""paste-11961483919760.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
The&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Weil-Felix test}}</b> is an <u>agglutination test</u> used to diagnose&nbsp;<b>{{c2::<i>Rickettsia spp.</i>}}</b>"<div><i>neither sensitive or specific; plated with Proteus vulgaris&nbsp;</i></div><img src=""paste-12610023981458.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
The <b>Weil-Felix test</b> checks for cross reactivity between&nbsp;<i>Rickettsia spp.</i> and {{c1::<i>Proteus vulgaris</i>}}."<img src=""paste-12837657248148.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What are <u>two</u> <b>specific symptoms</b> of <i>Rickettsia spp.</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rash and Vasculitis}}</div>"<i><div></div></i><i>therefore you will see microscopic changes to the small vessels, with focal areas of hemorrhage and inflammation</i><div><i><br /></i></div>other <b>prodromal</b> symptoms include <u>headache</u> and <u>fever</u><div><i><u><br /></u></i></div><div><img src=""paste-13224204304784.jpg"" /><i><u><img src=""paste-12983686136207.jpg"" /></u></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the <b>drug of choice</b> for <i>Rickettsia. spp</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>"<div><i>tetracyclines accumulate intracellularly; useful for obligate intracellular bacteria (rickettsia, chlamydia, coxiella)</i></div><img src=""paste-13490492277132.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Which <i>Rickettsia spp. </i>(2)&nbsp;is characterized by a rash that <b>starts at the trunk</b>, spreading outwards to the extremities?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia prowazekii; Rickettsia typhi</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14237816586336.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-13911399072190.jpg"" /><div><br /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Which <i>Rickettsia spp. </i>commonly affects <b>military camp recruits</b> and <b>POWs</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-15131169784244.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the vector for&nbsp;<b>Epidemic</b>&nbsp;Typhus&nbsp;(<i>Rickettsia prowazeki</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Human Body Louse}}</div>"<div><i>plural: lice</i></div><i><img src=""paste-15345918149054.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-15509126906104.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the vector for&nbsp;<b>Endemic</b>&nbsp;Typhus (<i>Rickettsia typhi</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fleas}}</div>"<img src=""paste-24558622998775.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
{{c1::<b>Typhus</b>}} is a&nbsp;<i>Rickettsial</i>&nbsp;disease that presents with a&nbsp;rash that starts<div><b>centrally and spreads out</b>, but&nbsp;<b>spares the {{c2::palms}} and {{c2::soles}}</b>.</div>"<br /><div><div><i><b>R</b>MSF (R.&nbsp;<b><u>r</u></b>icketsii) = palms/soles/w<b>R</b>ists</i></div><div><i><b>T</b>yphus (R. typhi; R. prowazekii) =&nbsp;<b>T</b>runk</i></div><div><img src=""paste-15749645074836.jpg"" /><i><img src=""paste-15723875271093.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the etiology of&nbsp;<b>Epidemic&nbsp;</b>Typhus?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i>}}</div>"<div><i>widespread, rampant outbreak</i></div><div><img src=""paste-16398185136569.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16157666967800.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the etiology of&nbsp;<b>Endemic</b>&nbsp;Typhus?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia typhi</i>}}</div>"<div><i>disease localized to one region</i></div><img src=""paste-16157666967800.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
<i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i> may result in {{c1::muscle}} and {{c1::joint}} <b>pain</b>"<img src=""paste-16866336571829.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Which <i>Rickettsia spp.</i>&nbsp;can result in <b>pneumonia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-17038135263676.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Which&nbsp;<i>Rickettsia spp.</i>&nbsp;causes&nbsp;<b>encephalitis</b>&nbsp;(with dizziness and confusion)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia prowazekii</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-17300128268726.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
<i>Rickettsia prowazekii </i>can cause {{c1::encephalitis}}, characterized by <b>dizziness</b> and <b>confusion</b>"<img src=""paste-17300128268726.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the etiology of <b>Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><div><i>All Rickettsiae are&nbsp;<b>Obligate intracellular organism</b>&nbsp;as they require CoA and NAD+. They cannot synthesize ATP.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-18172006629600.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What stain is used to visualize <i>Rickettsia</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giemsa}}</div>"<div><i>obligate intracellular</i></div><i><img src=""paste-18511309045814.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
What is the <b>vector</b> for Rocket Mountain Spotted Fever (<i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Dermacentor</i>&nbsp;ticks}}</div>"<img src=""paste-19065359827349.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Does the rash for <i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>&nbsp;have an <b>immediate onset</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<img src=""paste-19292993094023.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
When does the <u>rash</u> for <b>Rocky mountain spotted fever</b> appear?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::after 2-14 day incubation}}</div>"<div><i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i></div><img src=""paste-19288698126727.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
Which&nbsp;<i>Rickettsia spp.</i>&nbsp;is characterized by a rash that&nbsp;<b>starts at the extremities</b>, spreading inwards to the trunk?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>}}</div>"<div><i>other nonspecific symptoms include <b>headache</b>, <b>fever</b> and <b><u>myalgia</u></b></i></div><i><img src=""paste-19606525706636.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19619410608527.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
{{c1::Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever}} is a <i>Rickettsial disease&nbsp;</i>that presents with a <u>rash</u><div>that typically starts at the&nbsp;<b>wrists and ankles</b>&nbsp;and then spreads to the&nbsp;<b>trunk, palms and soles</b>.</div>"<div>due to Rickettsia ricketsii; do not confuse with maculopapular (copper-red) rash of secondary syphilis</div><img src=""paste-13151189860772.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19902878450055.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
{{c1::<i>Ehrlichiosis</i>}} is a <i>Rickettsial disease</i>&nbsp;that presents with&nbsp;<b>{{c2::monocytes}} with morulae</b>&nbsp;in their cytoplasm."<img src=""paste-21487721382014.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21500606284014.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
{{c1::<i>Anaplasmosis</i>}} is a <i>Rickettsial disease</i>&nbsp;that presents with&nbsp;<b>{{c2::neutrophils </b>(granulocytes)<b>}} with morulae</b>&nbsp;in their cytoplasm."<img src=""paste-21487721382014.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21629455302897.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV
In which area of the United States is <b>Lyme Disease</b> common?<div><br />{{c1::Northeastern United States}}</div>"<div><i>look for questions with someone who just got back from hiking/camping</i></div><img src=""paste-30756260807127.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which <u>vector</u> transmits <b>Lyme Disease</b> (<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Ixodes</i>&nbsp;tick}}</div>"<img src=""paste-39921721016790.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30975304139222.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
The <b>Ixodes tick</b> is involved in the transmission of <i>{{c1::Borrelia burgdorferi}}, {{c2::Anaplasma spp.}}, and {{c3::Babesia}}</i>"<img src=""paste-31379031064972.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What is the <b>Reservoir</b> of <b>Ixodes tick</b> <u>larvae</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mouse}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31744103285210.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What is the <b>Obligatory host</b>&nbsp;of <b>Ixodes ticks</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Deer (<i>ixodes is a deer tick</i>)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31744103285210.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What is the <b>shape</b> of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Spirochete}}</div>"<img src=""paste-32126355374544.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-40836549050836.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What is the only&nbsp;<u>Spirochete</u>&nbsp;that can be visualized using anilin dyes (<b>Wright or Giemsa</b>) in light microscopy?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Borrelia</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><div><i>Remember, Borrelia is the biggest spirochete.&nbsp;</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /><span style=""""><img src=""paste-32160715112926.jpg"" /></span></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What <b>two stains</b> can be used to visualize <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Wright stain; Giemsa stain}}</div>"<img src=""paste-32401233281492.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What is the etiology of <b>Lyme Disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-32594506809816.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
<b>Lyme disease</b> consists of {{c1::3}} stages"<img src=""paste-32736240730468.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-32766305501408.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
"{{c1::<b>Erythema Chronicum Migrans</b>}} is an&nbsp;<u>initial</u>&nbsp;cutaneous feature of <b>Lyme Disease</b><div>that is described as an expanding&nbsp;<b>""{{c2::bull's eye}}"", red, target</b>&nbsp;rash.</div>""<i>Stage 1</i><div><img src=""paste-33011118637267.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33024003539109.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33152852558297.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which disease commonly presents with <b>erythema chronicum migrans</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lyme disease}}</div>"<img src=""paste-33011118637267.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33024003539109.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33152852558297.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of <u>Lyme disease</u> can present with <b>erythema chronicum migrans</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 1}}</div>"<img src=""paste-33011118637267.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33024003539109.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33152852558297.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of <u>Lyme disease</u>&nbsp;is early and <b>localized</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 1}}</div>"<img src=""paste-33011118637267.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33024003539109.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of <u>Lyme disease</u>&nbsp;is early and <b>disseminated</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 2}}</div>"<img src=""paste-33011118637267.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of <u>Lyme disease</u>&nbsp;is late and <b>disseminated</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 3}}</div>"<img src=""paste-33011118637267.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Stage {{c2::1}} <b>Lyme Disease</b> commonly presents with <u>{{c1::flu}}-like</u> symptoms"<img src=""paste-34205119545821.jpg"" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<img src=""paste-34235184316631.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of <u>Lyme disease</u> can present with 3rd degree&nbsp;<b>AV block</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 2}}</div>"<img src=""paste-34651796144342.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35893041693153.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of <u>Lyme disease</u> can present with <b>facial nerve palsy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 2}}</div>"<img src=""paste-34651796144342.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35897336660449.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What type of <u>facial nerve palsy</u> is seen in <b>Lyme disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Bilateral</u>&nbsp;bell's palsy (idiopathic)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-34651796144342.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35893041693153.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of&nbsp;<u>Lyme disease</u>&nbsp;can present with&nbsp;<b>migratory&nbsp;myalgias </b>and <b>arthritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 2}}</div>"<img src=""paste-34651796144342.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of&nbsp;<u>Lyme disease</u>&nbsp;can present with <b>chronic</b>&nbsp;<b>arthritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 3}}</div>"<div><i>arthritis affects large joints, such as the <b>knee</b></i></div><img src=""paste-34651796144342.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36021890712028.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which stage of&nbsp;<u>Lyme disease</u>&nbsp;can present with <b>encephalopathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stage 3}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-34651796144342.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36588826395097.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What <u>two drugs</u> are commonly used for <b>Lyme disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline; Ceftriaxone}}</div>"<div><i>doxycycline is <u>first-line</u>; <b>amoxicillin</b> can also be used to treat</i></div><img src=""paste-36618891166174.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36923833844186.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which drug is <u>first-line</u>&nbsp;in the treatment of <b>Lyme disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline}}</div>"<img src=""paste-37361920508109.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
Which drugs (2) are&nbsp;<u>first-line</u>&nbsp;in the treatment of <b>Lyme disease</b>&nbsp;in <b>pregnant women</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amoxicillin and Cefuroxime}}</div>"<div><i>cefuroxime is a second gen. cephalosporin</i></div><img src=""paste-37361920508109.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
<i>Borrelia recurrentis</i> (<b>relapsing fever</b>) is recurrent due to variable&nbsp;{{c1::surface antigens}}"<img src=""paste-38302518345781.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV
What is the <u>gram stain</u> of&nbsp;<i>Yersinia</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::gram negative}}</div>"<img src=""paste-47029891891678.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
What is the <u>shape</u> of&nbsp;<i>Yersinia</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rod}}</div><i>gram negative rod (enteric)</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
How is&nbsp;<i><b>Yersinia enterocolitica</b></i>&nbsp;transmitted (3)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pet feces; Contaminated Milk; Pork}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-48348446851173.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-47974784696804.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-49529562857908.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<b><i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i></b>&nbsp;can be transmitted through {{c1::puppy}} feces.<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-48739288875105.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-48872432861623.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
Which <b>demographic</b> is commonly associated with <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Toddlers}}</div>"<div><i>what demographic is most likely to play with puppy poop? or drink milk?</i></div><img src=""paste-49117245997535.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-49533857825204.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
Which <u>gram negative rod</u> is resistant to <b>cold temperatures</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>}}</div>"<div><i><b>Listeria</b> is a gram <u>positive</u> rod that is resistant to cold temperatures, found in milk (similar to Y. enterocolitica)</i></div><img src=""paste-49920404881877.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>Yersinia enterocolitica </i>is&nbsp;{{c1::encapsulated}}, protecting the bacteria from <b>phagocytosis</b>"<img src=""paste-51664161604062.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
What type of <b>diarrhea</b> is caused by<i>&nbsp;Yersinia enterocolitica</i>?<br /><br /><div>{{c1::Bloody}}</div>"<img src=""paste-51947629445454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>{{c1::Yersinia enterocolitica}}</i>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;<b>bloody diarrhea, </b>commonly&nbsp;in&nbsp;<u>{{c2::toddlers}}</u>&nbsp;(age group)"<img src=""paste-53171695124840.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
Which <i>gram negative rod</i> can <u>mimic</u> <b>appendicitis</b> (pseudoappendicitis)?<div><br /></div><div><i>{{c1::Yersinia enterocolitica}}</i></div>"<i>RLQ pain w/ fever and elevated white count - any mention of puppies or other sick kids at toddler's day care center</i><div><i><img src=""paste-53498112639458.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>Yersinia&nbsp;</i>{{c3::<i>enterocolitica</i>}}&nbsp;can <b>mimic {{c1::appendicitis}}</b>, complete with <b>{{c2::RLQ}} pain</b> (location), fever and <b>elevated {{c2::WBC}} count</b>"<i>RLQ pain w/ fever and elevated white count - any mention of puppies or other sick kids at toddler's day care center</i><div><i><img src=""paste-53498112639458.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
What is the cause of <b>Bubonic Plague</b>?<div><br />{{c1::<i>Yersinia pestis</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-54631984005167.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
How is Bubonic Plague (<i>Yersinia pestis</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fleas}}</div>"<img src=""paste-54962696486961.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-55619826483674.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
What animals (2) are the&nbsp;<b>reservoir</b>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<i>Yersinia pestis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rats; Prairie Dogs}}</div>"<img src=""paste-54636278972463.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-55319178772964.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>Yersinia </i>{{c2::<i>pestis</i>&nbsp;(plague)}}&nbsp;first spreads to the {{c1::lymph nodes}}, forming characteristic {{c1::<b>buboes</b>}}.&nbsp;<div><br /></div>"<div><i>swollen, tender lymph nodes</i></div><img src=""paste-55744380535261.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>Yersinia pestis</i>&nbsp;(plague) often escapes the lymph nodes to produce {{c1::<b>septicemia</b>}} and widespread {{c2::<b>necrosis</b>}} of the organs.&nbsp;<div><br /></div>"<i>necrosis of organs is probably how Yersinia pestis got the name ""the black plague""</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Flea bite --&gt; lymph nodes (buboes) --&gt; blood stream --&gt; septicemia/septic shock/organ necrosis/DIC</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
The <b>{{c1::YOPS</b>&nbsp;(<i>Yersinia</i> assoc. outer proteins)<b>}}</b>&nbsp;are secreted via a <u>{{c2::type III}} secretion system</u> in&nbsp;<i>Yersinia&nbsp;</i>{{c3::<i>pestis</i>}}.<div><br></div>"<div><i>YOPS cause macrophage/neutrophil dysfunction by inhibiting phagocytosis and cytokine production</i></div><div><img src=""paste-57088705298915.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>Yersinia pestis</i> secretes {{c1::YOPS}}, which&nbsp;cause <b>macrophage/neutrophil dysfunction</b> by inhibiting phagocytosis and cytokine production"<div><i>YOPS = yersinia assoc. outer proteins; secreted via <u>type III secretion system</u>&nbsp;(salmonella, shigella, yersinia pestis)</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-57088705298915.jpg""></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
<i>Yersinia pestis</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;{{c1::facultative}} <b>intracellular</b>.<div><br /></div>"<div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-07 at 7.20.40 PM.png"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
What is the <b>treatment</b> (2) for <i>Yersinia pestis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxycycline + Streptomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-59030030516512.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-59008555680041.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
What type of <b>vaccine</b>&nbsp;is used for <i>Yersinia pestis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Inactivated/Killed}}</div>"<img src=""paste-59322088292771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.5_yersinia_MV
Which family of viruses does <b>Varicella-Zoster Virus</b> (VZV) belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Herpesvirus family (HHV-3)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-68891275428322.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-70360154243169.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Does <b>VZV</b> have an <b>envelope</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div><i>all herpesviriae are enveloped</i></div><i><img src=""paste-69209103008227.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What is the cause of <b>Chickenpox</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::VZV (Varicella-Zoster)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-70600672412120.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What is the etiology of <b>Shingles</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::VZV (Varicella-zoster)}}</div>"<div><i>Shingles is also known as ""Herpes Zoster""</i></div><img src=""paste-8808977924430.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-79925046411741.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<u>Nonspecific symptoms</u> of <b>Chickenpox</b> caused by <b>VZV</b> include headache and {{c1::fever}}"<img src=""paste-71519795413470.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What is the route of transmission of <b>VZV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Respiratory droplets}}</div>"<i>or from the <u>ruptured chickenpox vesicles</u> themselves&nbsp;</i><div><i><img src=""paste-71786083385796.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
"The&nbsp;<b>Chickenpox</b>&nbsp;rash is said to have a ""{{c1::<u>dew drops on a rose</u>}}"" appearance""<div><i>vesicular lesion</i></div><img src=""paste-72640781877716.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
"Which <u>two viruses</u> are said to have a ""<b>dew drops on a rose</b>"" appearance?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::VZV, HSV}}</div>""<img src=""paste-27006754357592.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-73272142070104.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26491358282082.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Lesions of <b>Chickenpox</b> (VZV) will be in <u>{{c1::different}}</u> stages of healing"<div><i>as opposed to <u>smallpox</u>, which are all the same stage</i></div><i><img src=""paste-73826192851394.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What <u>viruses</u>&nbsp;(2) can be diagnosed with a <b>Tzank smear</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::VZV and HSV}}</div>"<div><i>with characteristic <b>multinucleated giant cells</b> present</i></div><img src=""paste-74367358730709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33346126086497.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
A&nbsp;<u>{{c2::Tzank}} smear</u>&nbsp;showing&nbsp;<b>{{c3::multinucleated giant}} cells</b>&nbsp;is charactersitic of&nbsp;<b>Varicella Zoster Virus</b>&nbsp;infections"<div><i><u><b>HSV</b></u> will also have similar findings</i></div><img src=""paste-74367358730709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-90336047137253.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<u>Adults</u> with <b>chickenpox</b> are at a greater risk of developing {{c1::pneumonia}} (respiratory complication)"<div><i>major cause of <u>morbidity</u> and <u>mortality</u> in adults with chickenpox</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-76025216106979.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<u>Adults</u> with <b>chickenpox</b> are at a greater risk of developing {{c1::encephalitis}} (CNS complication)"<div><i><img src=""paste-76235669504474.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What are <u>two</u>&nbsp;complications of <b>chickenpox</b>&nbsp;that more commonly present in <b>adults</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pneumonia and Encephalitis}}</div>"<span style=""font-style: italic"">more common in adults</span><i>, <b>however can still present in children</b></i><br /><div><img src=""paste-76721000808898.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-76231374537178.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Which complication of <u>chickenpox</u> commonly affects the <b>immunocompromised</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Encephalitis}}</div>"<div><i><b>more common in adults</b>, can occur in children</i></div><i><img src=""paste-76235669504474.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Which type of <u>vaccine</u> is used for <b>chickenpox</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Live, attenuated}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77502684856681.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What is the drug of choice for <b>chickenpox</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Acyclovir}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77657303679425.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Which virus remains latent in <b>dorsal root ganglia</b> (DRG)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::VZV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-79289391251936.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Where does <u>VZV</u> remain <b>latent</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::DRG}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-79293686219232.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Reactivation of <b>VZV</b> occurs with {{c1::stress}}, {{c1::aging}}, or an <b>immunocompromised state</b>"<img src=""paste-79409650336217.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Which <u>two demographics</u> are commonly affected by <b>Herpes Zoster</b> (shingles)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Elderly and Immunocompromised}}</div>"<img src=""paste-79920751444445.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Reactivation of <b>VZV</b> results in&nbsp;{{c1::herpes zoster (shingles)}}"<img src=""paste-79920751444445.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
"Which&nbsp;viral manifestation&nbsp;is said to have a ""<b>dew drops on a rose</b>"" appearance in a <u>dermatomal distribution</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Herpes Zoster (shingles)}}</div>""<div><i>typically the lumbar and thoracic dermatomes; rarely cross midline (if it does = disseminated VZV, which occurs in immunocompromised)</i></div><img src=""paste-80277233730013.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
"<b>Herpes Zoster (shingles)</b> is said to have a ""<b>dew drops on a rose</b>"" appearance in a <u>{{c1::dermatomal}} distribution</u><div><br></div><div><br></div>""<div><i>typically the lumbar and thoracic dermatomes; rarely cross midline (if it does = disseminated VZV, which occurs in immunocompromised)</i></div><img src=""paste-81037442941398.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Individuals who are {{c1::immunocompromised}} will have a <u>herpes zoster (shingles) rash</u> that <b>crosses midline</b><div><b><br /></b></div><i>therefore, individuals who have a rash that crosses midline should be tested for HIV</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Is the Herpes Zoster (shingles) rash <b>painful</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Extremely!}}</div>"<div><i>can even have post-herpetic neuralgia after the rash subsides</i></div><img src=""paste-82119774700002.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Pain <u>after</u> the rash of <b>Herpes Zoster</b> (shingles) has cleared is known as&nbsp;{{c1::post-herpetic neuralgia}}"<img src=""paste-82368882803172.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Which <u>cranial nerve</u> can be affected by <b>VZV</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Trigeminal (CN V), specifically <u>ophthalmic</u> (V₁) branch}}</div>"<img src=""paste-82416127443425.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What manifestation of <u>Herpes Zoster (shingles)</u> affects the <b>Trigeminal nerve</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus}}</div>"<div><i>can result in <u>vesicular rash</u> in <b>V₁&nbsp;distribution</b> and <b>blindness</b></i></div><i><img src=""paste-82411832476129.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
An individual who is <u>immuno-{{c1::compromised}}</u>, with vesicles in a&nbsp;<b>{{c2::V₁}}&nbsp;distribution</b><div>and {{c2::<b>vision</b>}} <b>loss</b> may have <b>Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus</b></div>"<img src=""paste-82411832476129.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What type of vaccine is the <b>Zoster vaccine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Live, attenuated}}</div>"<img src=""paste-84056804950488.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Which <u>demographic</u> is the <b>Zoster vaccine</b> recommended for?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Adults &gt; 60}}</div>"<img src=""paste-84056804950488.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
HIV patients with a <u>CD4+ count</u> {{c1::&gt; 200}} may receive the <b>Zoster (shingles) vaccine</b>"<div>remember the Zoster vaccine is live, attenuated; therefore generally contraindicated in immunocompromised patients</div><img src=""paste-84430467105211.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What <u>drugs</u>&nbsp;(2) can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Shingles</b> (Herpes zoster)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Famciclovir}},&nbsp;{{c2::Valacyclovir}}</div>"<img src=""paste-84580790960605.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-85147726643684.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
Does <b>VZV</b> display <u>vertical transmission</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div><i>can be transmitted through the placenta (ToRCHeS)</i></div><img src=""paste-85469849190888.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<b>Congenital varicella syndrome</b> occurs when a pregnant female contracts <b>VZV</b> within the {{c1::first or second}} trimester(s)"<img src=""paste-86105504350611.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What complication can occur with <u>VZV infection</u> in <b>pregnancy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Congenital varicella syndrome}}</div>"<div><i>characterized by limb hypoplasia, cutaneous dermatomal scarring, and blindness</i></div><img src=""paste-86105504350611.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<b>Congenital varicella syndrome</b> can result in {{c1::limb&nbsp;hypoplasia}} (growth pathology)"<div><i>results from maternal infection within the first two trimesters</i></div><img src=""paste-86698209837523.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<b>Congenital varicella syndrome</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::dermatomal&nbsp;scarring}} (cutaneous pathology)"<div><i>results from maternal infection within the first two trimesters</i></div><img src=""paste-86912958202338.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
<b>Congenital varicella syndrome</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::blindness}} (ocular pathology)"<div><i>results from maternal infection within the first two trimesters</i></div><img src=""paste-87406879441371.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.4_vzv
What type of viruses are <b>paramyxoviruses</b>? (DNA, RNA, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Negative sense RNA}}</div>"<div><i>therefore it replicates in the cytoplasm</i></div><img src=""paste-97925254349262.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which type of virus is <b>parainfluenza</b> (croup)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paramyxovirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-98526549770427.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-11935714115804.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which family of viruses is <b>mumps</b>&nbsp;a member of?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paramyxovirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-98526549770427.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-107816564031725.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which family of viruses includes&nbsp;<b>measles</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Paramyxovirus}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-99810744992218.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-98526549770427.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which type of virus is <b>RSV </b>(respiratory syncytial virus)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Paramyxovirus</div><div>negative sense RNA}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-3182570766660.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-98526549770427.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which type of virus is <b>human metapneumovirus</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paramyxovirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-98526549770427.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Do <b>paramyxoviruses</b> have an <u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<img src=""paste-99054830747970.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is the route of transmission of <b>paramyxoviruses</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Respiratory droplets}}</div>"<img src=""paste-99127845192005.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What type of vaccine is the <b>MMR vaccine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Live, attenuated}}</div>"<div><i>measles, mumps, rubella</i></div><i><img src=""paste-99179384799705.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Can the <b>MMR vaccine</b> be given to <u>pregnant patients</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No! (live, attenuated; therefore contraindicated)}}</div>"<div><i>measles, mumps, rubella</i></div><i><img src=""paste-99179384799705.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Measles</b> is also known as&nbsp;{{c1::rubeola}}"<img src=""paste-99806450024922.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What pneumonic is used to help in the diagnosis of <b>measles</b> (rubeola)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::4 C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, koplik spots)}}</div>"<div><i>represent the <b>prodromal</b> (early) symptoms; high fever (104 F) is another common presenting sign</i></div><img src=""paste-99896644338133.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What are the <b>4 C's</b> of <u>Measles</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cough}}</div><div>{{c2::Coryza (runny/stuffy nose due to inflammation)}}</div><div>{{c3::Conjunctivitis}}</div><div>{{c4::Koplik spots}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-99896644338133.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-1812476199264.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What virus commonly results in <b>Koplik spots</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Measles}}</div>"<div><i>bright red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa</i></div><i><img src=""paste-101043400606156.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Koplik spots</b> are <u>bright red spots</u> with a {{c1::blue-white}} center (color) on {{c1::buccal}} mucosa"<div><i><img src=""paste-101043400606156.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-13924283974031.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
A <b>{{c1::maculopapular rash}}</b> develops {{c2::<b>1</b>}}-{{c2::<b>2</b>}} days following the <u>prodromal symptoms</u> of <b>measles</b>"<div><i>can become <b>confluent</b>&nbsp;- covering the entire body&nbsp;</i><img src=""paste-1979979923590.jpg"" /></div><i>prodromal symptoms include </i><b style=""font-style: italic; "">4 C's</b><i> (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and Koplik spots) along with </i><u style=""font-style: italic; "">fever</u><div><i><u><br /></u></i></div><div><i><u><img src=""paste-101988293411213.jpg"" /></u></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
The <b>measles rash</b> starts on the {{c1::face}} and moves <u>{{c1::down}}-wards</u>"<i>starts 1-2 days after onset of prodromal symptoms</i><div><i><img src=""paste-101983998443917.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is a respiratory complication of <b>measles</b> (rubeola)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Giant cell pneumonia}}</div>"<div><i>typically occurs in the <b>immunosuppressed</b>, rare otherwise</i></div><img src=""paste-102366250533331.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What CNS complication can arise with <b>measles</b> (rubeola)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (SSPE)}}</div>"<div><i>diagnosed with <b>anti-measles antibodies in CSF</b></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>typically presents as a kid who had measles/was never vaccinated, then 5-15 years later develops personality changes, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, coma or death</i></div><img src=""paste-102825812033993.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-102851581837700.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What virus can present with <b>subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Measles (rubeola)}}</div>"<div><i>diagnosed with <b>anti-measles antibodies in CSF</b></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>typically presents as a kid who has measles/never vaccinated, then 5-15 years later develops personality changes, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, coma or death</i></div><img src=""paste-102825812033993.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-102851581837700.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis</b>&nbsp;is diagnosed with presence of&nbsp;<u>{{c1::anti-measles antibodies}}</u> in {{c2::<b>CSF</b>}}"<div><i>typically presents as a kid who has measles/never vaccinated, then 5-15 years later develops personality changes, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, coma or death</i></div><img src=""paste-102825812033993.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-102851581837700.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Paramyxoviruses</b>&nbsp;can express the virulence factor <u>{{c1::hemagluttinin}}</u>&nbsp;which binds sialic acid, promoting viral entry into cells"<img src=""paste-104913166139858.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Paramyxoviruses</b> contain <b>surface {{c1::F (fusion) proteins}}</b>&nbsp;that cause <u>{{c3::respiratory}} epithelial cells</u> to <i>fuse</i> and form <b>{{c2::multinucleated giant}} cells</b>"<img src=""paste-105355547771333.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which virulence factor is responsible for <b>multinucleated giant cell</b> <u>formation</u> in <b>paramyxoviruses</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Surface F (fusion) proteins}}</div>"<div><i>fuses respiratory epithelial cells</i></div><img src=""paste-105355547771333.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which virus produces <b>Warthin-Finkeldey cells</b> due to its <u>surface fusion (F) proteins</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Measles (rubeola)}}</div>"<div><i>multinucleated giant cells with <b>eosinophilic</b> inclusion bodies&nbsp;</i></div><i><img src=""paste-106098577113524.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-106184476459441.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Measles virus</b> commonly presents with&nbsp;{{c1::Warthin-Finkeldey}} <b>giant&nbsp;cells</b>"<div><i>multinucleated giant cells with eosinophilic inclusion bodies&nbsp;</i></div><i><img src=""paste-106098577113524.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-106184476459441.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells</b> result from <b>measles virus</b> <u>{{c2::surface F (fusion)}} proteins</u> acting on&nbsp;{{c1::<b>lymphocytes</b>}} (cell type)"<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-12846247182740.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
{{c1::Lymphadenitis}} with <b>Warthin-Finkeldey</b> giant cells is diagnostic of <u>Measles (rubeola)</u>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-13176959664531.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which <u>virus</u> can benefit from <b>Vitamin A supplementation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Measles}}</div>"<div><i>particularly in malnourished children</i></div><img src=""paste-107395657236876.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What are the <u>4 places</u> that <b>mumps</b> is known to replicate?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Parotid gland, testes, CNS, pancreas}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-107812269064429.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which paramyxovirus can result in <b>parotitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mumps}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-108894600823231.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-108306190303461.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which paramyxovirus can result in&nbsp;<b>orchitis</b>&nbsp;(<u>unilaterally</u>)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mumps}}</div>"<div><i>inflammation of the epididymis</i></div><img src=""paste-108649787687381.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-107812269064429.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which paramyxovirus can result in <b>aseptic</b>&nbsp;<b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mumps}}</div>"<img src=""paste-109869558399420.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-107812269064429.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which paramyxovirus can result in&nbsp;<b>pancreatitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mumps}}</div>"<img src=""paste-109921098006737.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which viral&nbsp;<u>virulence factors</u> is <b>Measles</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemagluttinin; F (fusion) protein}}</div>"<i><img src=""paste-106184476459441.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-104913166139858.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which viral <u>virulence factors</u> is <b>Mumps</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemagluttinin; F (fusion) protein; Neuraminidase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-110780091466206.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-110926120354267.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>RSV</b> (respiratory syncytial virus) is typically seen in <b>children</b> {{c1::&lt; 6 months}} of age"<div><i>most common cause of <u>pneumonia</u>&nbsp;and <u>bronchiolitis</u> in infants</i></div><img src=""paste-3178275799364.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which paramyxovirus infects <u>respiratory cells</u> by attaching to the <b>G-protein</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::RSV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3779571220798.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>RSV</b> attaches to the {{c1::G protein}} in order to <u>infect</u> <b>respiratory epithelial cells</b>"<img src=""paste-3779571220798.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is the most common cause of <b>pneumonia</b> in <u>infants</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Respiratory synctial virus (RSV)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4101693768084.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is the most common cause of <b>bronchiolitis</b>&nbsp;in <u>infants</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Respiratory synctial virus (RSV)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4101693768084.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>RSV</b>&nbsp;contains the <u>virulence factor</u> {{c1::F (fusion) protein}}, which allows the production of <b>multinucleated giant cells</b>"<img src=""paste-4157528342848.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which viral&nbsp;<u>virulence factor</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>RSV</b>&nbsp;associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::F (fusion) protein}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4157528342848.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is the treatment of <b>RSV</b> (respiratory syncytial virus) in <u>adults</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ribavirin}}</div>"<i>nucleoside analog; <u>not recommended</u> for <b>children</b> or <b>pregnant women</b></i><div><i><b><img src=""paste-4707284156787.jpg"" /></b></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is used for prevention of <b>RSV</b> (respiratory syncytial virus) in <u>premature infants</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Palivizumab}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4956392259909.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7013681594428.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Palivizumab</b> is a monoclonal antibody against the {{c1::fusion (<b>F) protein</b>}} of <b>RSV</b>"<div><i>prevents <u>pneumonia</u> caused by <b>RSV</b> in <b>premature infants</b></i></div><img src=""paste-4956392259909.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7009386627132.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Palivizumab</b> is used as <b>{{c2::RSV pneumonia}} prophylaxis</b> in&nbsp;<u>{{c1::premature infants}}</u>"<div><i>prevents <u>pneumonia</u> caused by <b>RSV</b> in <b>premature infants</b></i></div><img src=""paste-4956392259909.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7009386627132.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which virus causes <b>croup</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::parainfluenza virus}}</div>"<div><i>a type of paramyxovirus</i></div><img src=""paste-932007903430.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What viral complication is characterized by a <b>seal-bark cough</b> and <b>inspiratory stridor</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Croup (laryngeotracheobronchitis)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-992137445764.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-1138166333622.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which&nbsp;<u>virulence factors</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>parainfluenza (croup)</b>&nbsp;associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemaglutinin; F (fusion) protein; Neuraminidase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2997887172965.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is a characteristic finding on <u>CXR</u> for <b>croup</b> (parainfluenza)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Steeple sign}}</div>"<div><i>Narrowing of upper trachea and subglottis leads to characteristic steeple sign on x-ray</i></div><i><img src=""paste-3195455668592.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
"Narrowing of the <u>{{c1::trachea}}</u> and <u>{{c1::subglottic}}</u> region produces the <b>""steeple sign""</b> on <u>CXR</u> of <b>{{c2::croup (parainfluenza virus)}}</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>""<div><i><img src=""paste-3195455668592.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3616362463562.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is another name for <b>croup</b> (parainfluenza infection)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Laryngeotracheobronchitis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4372276707701.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-18872086298849.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
What is a classic respiratory&nbsp;<u>buzzword</u> for <b>croup</b> (laryngeotracheobronchitis, parainfluenza infection)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Inspiratory stridor (with a seal bark cough)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4664334483820.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Severe croup</b>&nbsp;(laryngeotracheobronchitis) can result in {{c1::pulsus paradoxus}} of blood pressure secondary to upper airway obstructionA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which viral <u>virulence factor</u>&nbsp;promotes the&nbsp;<b>release</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>progeny virions</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neuraminidase}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which viral <u>virulence factor</u>&nbsp;<b>binds sialic acid</b>&nbsp;promoting<b> viral entry</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hemaglutinin}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
<b>Hemaglutinin </b>is a&nbsp;<u>virulence factor</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;binds<b> {{c1::sialic acid}}</b>&nbsp;promoting<b> </b><u>viral entry</u> into cells<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
Which viral&nbsp;<u>virulence factor</u>&nbsp;causes<b> respiratory cell fusion</b>&nbsp;and <b>multinucleated giant cell</b>&nbsp;production?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::F (fusion) protein}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::2.2_paramyxovirus
{{c1::p17}} is the <b>matrix protein</b> of HIV"<img src=""paste-45135811314037.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
What is the <b>rule out</b> test for <u>HIV</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::ELISA}}</div>"<div>sensitive (SNout)</div><img src=""paste-45999099740522.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
What is the <b>rule in</b> test for <u>HIV</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Western blot}}</div>"<img src=""paste-46269682680164.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
What <u>test</u> determines the <i>amount</i> of <b>viral RNA in plasma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Viral load}}</div>"<img src=""paste-46424301502826.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.11_retrovirus_(HIV/AIDS)
<b>Hepatitis B</b> is from the {{c1::hepadnavirus}} family"<div><i><b>hepa</b><u>dna</u>virus is short for hepatitis DNA virus</i></div><img src=""paste-112476603548118.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What type of virus is <b>Hepatitis B</b>? (DNA, RNA, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::DNA}}</div>"<div><i>circular, partially double-stranded</i></div><img src=""paste-112927575114201.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Does <b>hepatitis B</b> have an <u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div><i>remember one of the titers is HBeAg!</i></div><img src=""paste-113004884525524.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Where does <b>hepatitis B virus</b> <u>replicate</u>? (cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Both Nucleus <i>and</i>&nbsp;Cytoplasm :)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-113189568119251.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis B virus</b> is <u>{{c1::partially}}</u>&nbsp;<b>{{c2::double}}-stranded</b>"<i>becomes fully doubled-stranded during replication (see below)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-113906827657686.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-114336324386902.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Upon entry into the cell {{c2::nucleus}}, <b>HBV</b> {{c1::DNA-polymerase}} completes the <u>partially</u> <b>dsDNA</b>"<i><img src=""paste-114336324386902.jpg"" />&nbsp;</i><div><i><img src=""hbvlife.png"" /></i><div><div></div></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Once the dsDNA of HBV is complete, {{c1::<u>host</u>::host or viral}} <b>{{c2::RNA polymerase}}</b> transcribes {{c2::<b>mRNA</b>}} from the <b>dsDNA</b>"<i><img src=""paste-114336324386902.jpg"" /><img src=""hbvlife.png"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
After mRNA is produced, <b>HBV</b> {{c1::reverse transcriptase}} produces <u>progeny</u>&nbsp;<b>{{c1::dsDNA}}</b> from <b>mRNA</b>"<i><img src=""paste-114336324386902.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""Xnip2018-04-106_17-48-21.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) UWorld_step1
<b>Hepatitis B</b> can be transmitted from <b>mother</b> to <b>baby</b> during&nbsp;{{c1::delivery}}"<div><i>as well as through sex and blood (ie: IVDU, needle-sticks)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>large virus, therefore does not normally cross placenta; usually during mixing of blood during delivery! - still a <b>ToRCHeS infection</b></i></div><img src=""paste-116024246534503.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-116470923133339.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
When compared to <b>HCV</b>, <b>HBV</b> is <u>{{c1::less}}</u> likely to become a chronic infection<i>only 5-10% of adult cases develop chronic infection; younger children are at higher risk</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>{{c2::Newborns}}</b> infected with <b>HBV</b> have a <u>{{c1::90}}%</u> chance of developing <b>chronic infection</b>"<div><i>whereas adults with the disease only develop chronic infection 5-10%</i></div><img src=""paste-116866060124627.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis {{c3::B}} virus</b>&nbsp;can present similar to <u>serum sickness</u>, with <b>fever</b>, <b>{{c1::rash}}</b> and <b>{{c2::arthralgias}}</b>"<div>purpuric rash with non-blanching dark macules; <b><font color=""#ffff00"">HDV</font> presents similarly!</b></div><img src=""paste-117746528420305.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-117772298224092.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Polyarteritis nodosa</b> associated with&nbsp;<b>HBV</b> can affect the vessels of the {{c1::kidney}}, resulting in <u>HTN</u> and <u>decreased GFR</u>"<i>one of the causes of renal damage in HBV</i><div><i><img src=""paste-118330643972427.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis B virus</b> results in {{c1::membranous}} glomerulonephropathy transitioning to {{c1::membranoproliferative}} glomerulonephropathy"<i>membranous nephropathy = thickened glomerular membrane</i><div><i>membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis = deposits in the mesangium<br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-118468082926033.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Which demographic will show <u>normal</u> <b>ALT</b> levels in <b>viral</b>&nbsp;<b>hepatitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neonates (neonatal hepatitis)}}</div>"<div><i>typically, viral hepatitis results in ALT &gt; AST</i></div><img src=""paste-119756573114800.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What is the <u>first</u>&nbsp;marker that appears in&nbsp;<b>HBV</b>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HBsAg}}</div>"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">SEC-ES</font></i><div><i>first one, if positive, there is an <b>active</b>&nbsp;infection (either acute OR chronic)</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-121663538594260.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-122337848459732.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What is the <u>second</u>&nbsp;marker that appears in <b>HBV</b> infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HBeAg}}</div>"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">SEC-ES</font></i><div><i>highly correlated to <b>infectivity</b> (if high, person is highly infectious)</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-121788092645840.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-122337848459732.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What <u>markers</u> are in the blood during <u>early</u>&nbsp;<b><i>symptomatic</i> HBV infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HBsAg; HBeAg}}</div>"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">SEC-ES</font></i><div><img src=""paste-123304216101336.jpg"" /><i></i><i><img src=""paste-122337848459732.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What is the&nbsp;<u>first</u>&nbsp;detectable <b>antibody</b> in&nbsp;<b>HBV</b>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-HBc IgM}}</div>"<i><font color=""#ffff00"">SEC-ES</font></i><div><i>present during the <b>window</b> period</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-124309238448598.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Which serologic <u>marker</u> is detectable during the <b>window</b>&nbsp;period of <b>HBV infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-HBc IgM}}</div>"<div><i>No other serologic markers are present at this time!!!</i></div><img src=""paste-124304943481302.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Which serologic&nbsp;<u>markers</u>&nbsp;are detectable during the&nbsp;<b>recovery</b>&nbsp;period of&nbsp;<b>HBV infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-HB<u>s</u>&nbsp;IgG; Anti-HB<u>c</u>&nbsp;IgG}}</div>"<div><i><img src=""paste-125378685305246.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-2796023709993.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Which serologic&nbsp;<u>marker</u>&nbsp;is detectable due to <b>immunization</b>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>HBV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anti-HBs IgG}}</div>"<img src=""paste-125546189029750.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
{{c1::Chronic}} <b>HBV</b> infection can result in <b>cirrhosis </b>(chronic or acute)"<img src=""paste-127410204836311.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>HBV</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::hepatocellular}} <b>carcinoma</b>"<div><i>along with C and D; acts as an <b>oncogene</b></i></div><i><img src=""paste-127405909869015.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Does <b>HBV</b> increase the risk of <b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div><i>acts as an oncogene</i></div><i><img src=""paste-127405909869015.jpg"" /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-129184026329112.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-129209796132892.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis {{c1::D}} virus</b>&nbsp;cannot cause disease without <u>hepatitis B</u>&nbsp;<b>HBsAg</b>"<div>provides HDV a <u>viral coat</u>&nbsp;(form of <b>complementation</b>)</div><img src=""paste-131722352001367.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What type of virus is&nbsp;<b>Hepatitis D</b>? (DNA, RNA, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Negative sense RNA}}</div>"<div>part of the <b>deltavirus</b> family</div><img src=""paste-131228430762414.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis D</b>&nbsp;is from the {{c1::deltavirus}} family"<div>negative sense RNA virus</div><div><img src=""paste-130433861812646.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Does&nbsp;<b>hepatitis D</b>&nbsp;have an&nbsp;<u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div>receives its envelope from HBsAg</div><img src=""paste-130893423313363.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What is the <u>shape</u> of the <b>HBV</b> genome?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Circular}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What is the <u>shape</u> of the <b>HDV</b> genome?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Circular}}</div>"<img src=""paste-131486128800166.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What <u>serologic marker</u> must be present for <b>HDV infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HBsAg}}</div>"<img src=""paste-131718057034071.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Which <b>HDV infection</b> has a worse outcome, <u>co-infection with HBV</u> or <u>superinfection with HBV</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Superinfection with HBV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-132577050493313.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What is the treatment for <u>acute</u> cases of <b>HBV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Supportive}}</div><i>those with chronic infection/pregnant women should be treated, however</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Lamivudine, tenofovir, and {{c1::IFN-alpha}} can be used to treat <b>HBV</b>"<div>Lamivudine and IFN-a is standard</div><img src=""paste-133702331924938.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Lamivudine, {{c1::tenofovir}}, and IFN-alpha&nbsp;can be used to treat <b>HBV</b>"<div>Lamivudine and IFN-a are typically first line</div><img src=""paste-134045929308551.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
{{c1::Lamivudine}}, tenofovir, and IFN-alpha can be used to treat <b>HBV</b>"<div>typical treatment is lamivudine and IFN-a</div><img src=""paste-133942850093474.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
<b>Neonates</b> at risk for <u>HBV infection</u> at birth are given&nbsp;{{c1::anti-HBV immunoglobulins}}"<div><i><u>passive</u>&nbsp;immune therapy (to be <b>healed</b>&nbsp;very rapidly dude)</i></div><div><img src=""paste-134329397150122.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Does&nbsp;<b>hepatitis A</b>&nbsp;have an&nbsp;<u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No (naked)}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-9143985373665.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-4797478469813.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Does&nbsp;<b>hepatitis E</b>&nbsp;have an&nbsp;<u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No (naked)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4797478469813.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
Does&nbsp;<b>hepatitis C</b>&nbsp;have an&nbsp;<u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-24867860644250.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-4797478469813.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::HBV_sketchy
What family of viruses does <b>HAV</b> belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Picornavirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-8538394984929.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
What type of virus is&nbsp;<b>Hepatitis A</b>? (DNA, RNA, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive sense RNA}}</div>"<div><i>picornavirus family</i></div><img src=""paste-8426725835232.jpg""><img src=""paste-8439610737125.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
What type of viruses are <b>picornaviruses</b>? (DNA, RNA, etc)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive sense RNA}}</div>"<div><i>occuring during the daytime = sketchy symbol for positive sense</i></div><img src=""paste-4672924418528.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4685809320416.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
Do <b>picornaviruses</b> have an <u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No (naked)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4909147619803.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What is the <u>route of transmission</u> of most <b>picornaviruses</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fecal-oral}}</div>"<i>exception is rhinovirus (respiratory system)</i><div><i><img src=""paste-5093831213531.jpg""></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
{{c1::<b>Positive</b>}} <b>sense RNA viruses</b> are translated to proteins <u>directly</u> by <u>{{c2::host cell}}</u> <b>RNA polymerase</b>"<div><i>Positive sense RNA viruses therefore mimic <b>mRNA</b></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-5308579578325.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
<b>Picornaviruses</b> produce a large {{c1::polyprotein product}} (inactive) that is cleaved into <u>smaller subunits</u>&nbsp;(active)"<i>virus contains <u>viral proteases</u> which cleave it into the <u>active protein product</u></i><div><i><u><img src=""paste-5665061863854.jpg"" /></u></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
Where do <b>Positive sense RNA viruses</b> <i>usually</i> <u>replicate</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cytoplasm}}</div>mimic mRNA, which are translated in the cytoplasm!A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What family of viruses do <b>Enteroviruses</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Picornavirus}}</div>"<div><i>enteroviruses include Coxsackie A/B, poliovirus, echovirus; cause aseptic meningitis</i></div><img src=""paste-6579889897947.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What family of viruses do <b>Rhinoviruses</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Picornavirus}}</div>"<div><i>cause the common cold</i></div><img src=""paste-6579889897947.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
Which <b>picornavirus</b> can cause <u>hepatosplenomegaly</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HAV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-6781753360866.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What are the <u>three</u> common&nbsp;<b>Enteroviruses</b>&nbsp;(picornavirus family)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Coxsackie A/B; Polioviruses; Echovirus}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-7043746365917.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
Which type of <u>meningitis</u> is caused by a <b>non-bacterial organism</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aseptic meningitis}}</div><i><br /></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What group of viruses are the <u>most common cause</u> of <b>aseptic meningitis?</b><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>{{c1::Enteroviruses (picornavirus family)}}</b></div>"<i>includes Coxsackie A/B; poliovirus, Echovirus</i><div><i><img src=""paste-7434588389855.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
<u>CSF glucose</u> in {{c1::viral}} meningitis is <b>normal</b>"<div><i>viruses do not consume glucose</i></div><img src=""paste-7572027343321.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
<u>CSF protein</u>&nbsp;in <b>viral meningitis</b> is&nbsp;{{c1::increased}} (normal, inc, dec.)"<img src=""paste-7687991460325.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What <u>demographic</u> is most susceptible to <b>viral </b>(aseptic)<b>&nbsp;meningitis</b> caused by <b>enteroviruses</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Children}}</div>"<div><i>ie: Coxsackie A/B, poliovirus, echovirus; picornavirus family</i></div><img src=""paste-7872675054045.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What <u>virus</u> is the <i>most common</i> cause of the <b>common cold</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Rhinovirus}}</div>"<div><i>causes URIs</i></div><i><img src=""paste-8211977470436.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis A virus</b> is acid-{{c1::stable}}"<div><i>allows for <u>fecal-oral</u> transmission; not broken down by stomach acid</i></div><img src=""paste-8564164788706.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis E virus</b> is acid-{{c1::stable}}"<div><i>allows for <u>fecal-oral</u> transmission; not broken down by stomach acid</i></div><img src=""paste-8955006812351.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
<u>Developed</u> countries <b>purify</b> their {{c1::water}} supply, eliminating <b>HAV</b> infection risk (fecal-oral transmission)"<i>HAV is shed in feces, can contaminate water supplies</i><div><i>eliminated via <u>chlorination</u>, <u>bleaching</u>, <u>UV radiation</u> or <u>boiling</u> the water<br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-9375913607650.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
What is a source of <b>hepatitis A virus</b> in <u>developing countries</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Contaminated water}}</div>"<div><i>***pathoma says <b><u>HEV</u></b> can also be transmitted this way</i></div><div><i>fecal-oral transmission; lack of purified water in developing countries</i></div><img src=""paste-9594956939745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
What is a source of <b>hepatitis A virus</b> in <u>developed countries</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Contaminated shellfish}}</div>"<div><i>***pathoma says <b><u>HEV</u></b> can also be transmitted this way</i></div><img src=""paste-9831180141024.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
<b>HAV infection</b> is commonly seen in {{c1::travelers}} to endemic areas"<div><i>especially in the southern hemisphere</i></div><img src=""paste-10127532884449.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
What <u>cutaneous complication</u> arises with <b>HAV</b> infection<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Jaundice}}</div>"<i>more common in <b>adults</b>; children usually have <u>anicteric</u> hepatitis (without jaundice)<br /></i><div><i><img src=""paste-10423885627876.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
Which <u>demographic</u> can commonly display <b><i>anicteric</i> hepatitis A infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Young children and infants}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10698763534820.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
<b>Smokers</b> with&nbsp;{{c1::hepatitis A virus}} will develop an <i>aversion </i>to <u>tobacco products</u>"<img src=""paste-10947871637949.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis A</b> infection <u>symptoms</u> typically last&nbsp;{{c1::1 month}}"<div><i><b><u>acute</u></b> hepatitis = hepatitis <b><u>A</u></b></i></div><img src=""paste-11128260264417.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
Which <u>hepatitis virus</u> infection is often <b>self-limiting</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HAV}}</div>"<div><br></div><img src=""paste-11360188498401.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
Does <b>hepatitis A virus</b> induce a <u>carrier state</u> in infected individuals?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<div><i>same as HEV</i></div><img src=""paste-11497627451871.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
Does <b>Hepatitis A</b> have a <u>vaccine</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes!}}</div>"inactivated/killed vaccine<div><img src=""paste-11635066405343.jpg""><img src=""paste-da73158953e7d28b75a3611372acfc160ee2aee1.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
What type of <u>vaccine</u> is the <b>HAV vaccine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::inactivated/killed}}</div>"<div><i>vaccine is used for people in endemic areas, chronic liver disease pts., and sexually active MSMs</i></div><div><img src=""paste-11635066405343.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-da73158953e7d28b75a3611372acfc160ee2aee1.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.5_HAV_sketchy
<b>Picornavirus</b> have viral {{c1::proteases}} which cleave the large translated polypeptide into <u>functional viral proteins</u>"<img src=""paste-17858474016957.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.1_Picornavirus_overview_sketchy
What type of viruses are <b>Flaviviruses?</b>&nbsp;(DNA, RNA, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive sense RNA}}</div>"<img src=""paste-18472654340579.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
Do <b>Flaviviruses</b> have an <u>envelope</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<img src=""paste-18601503359456.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What family of viruses does&nbsp;<b>HCV</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Flavivirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-19146964206051.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
Are <b>flaviviruses</b> <u>segmented</u> or <u>non-segmented</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Non-segmented}}</div>"<img src=""paste-19207093748194.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What family of viruses does&nbsp;<b>Dengue fever</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Flavivirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-19241453486560.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
Which vector&nbsp;transmits <b>Dengue</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Mosquito</u>, specifically the&nbsp;<i>Aedes</i>}}</div>"<div>hence is an&nbsp;<u>arbovirus</u></div><img src=""paste-19473381720540.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
<b>Dengue</b> <b>fever</b> infects the {{c1::bone marrow}}"hence why it is also known as ""<b><u>break-bone</u></b>"" fever<div><img src=""paste-19808389169629.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is the most common type of <b>Dengue fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Type 2}}</div>"there are four types total; infects the <u>bone marrow</u>, hence why it is aka<b> ""break-bone"" fever</b>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
How does <b>Dengue fever</b> affect <u>bleeding time</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Increased}}</div>"<img src=""paste-20259360735707.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
<b>Dengue fever</b> is a type of <u>{{c2::hemorrhagic}} fever</u> due to it causing&nbsp;{{c1::<b>thrombocytopenia</b>}}"<div><i>increases risk of bleeding (infects the bone marrow)</i></div><img src=""paste-20293720474078.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
<b>Dengue fever</b> can result in {{c1::renal}} failure"<div>can also eventually lead to septic shock and death</div><div><i><img src=""paste-20461224198623.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is the treatment of <b>Dengue fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Supportive</u> (no treatment at this time)}}</div>keeping the patient <u>hydrated</u> is keyA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What family of viruses does&nbsp;<b>Yellow fever</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Flavivirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-20779051778520.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
Which zone of the <u>liver</u> is affected by <b>Yellow Fever</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Zone II (intermediate zone)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-21212843475140.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21225728377133.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
Which vector&nbsp;transmits&nbsp;<b>Yellow Fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>Mosquito</u>, specifically the&nbsp;<i>Aedes</i>}}</div>"<div>hence is an&nbsp;<u>arbovirus</u></div><img src=""paste-21543555956915.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is a <u>cutaneous complication</u> of <b>Yellow Fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Jaundice}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-21702469747089.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-21539260989619.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
<b>Yellow fever</b> classically causes an <u>aching</u>&nbsp;{{c1::back}}"<img src=""paste-21728239550941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What changes in <u>stool</u> are seen with <b>Yellow fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bloody diarrhea}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22003117457806.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What type of <u>vomiting</u> is seen with <b>Yellow fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Black (bloody) vomiting}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22235045691571.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What type of <u>vaccine</u> is available for <b>Yellow fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Live, attenuated}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22277995364705.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is seen on <u>liver biopsy</u> in <b>Yellow fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Councilman bodies}}</div>"<div><i>eosinophilic apoptotic globules; also seen in <b>HAV</b></i></div><img src=""paste-88600880349600.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-22750441767088.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
Which <u>two</u> viruses can present with <b>councilman bodies</b>&nbsp;on <b>liver biopsy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HAV; Yellow Fever}}</div>"<div><i>eosinophilic apoptotic globules</i></div><img src=""paste-88600880349600.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What family of viruses does&nbsp;<b>West nile virus</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Flavivirus}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23119808954844.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is the <u>reservior</u> of <b>West nile virus</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Birds}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23265837842905.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is the <u>vector</u> of <b>West nile virus</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mosquitos}}</div>"<div>hence is an&nbsp;<u>arbovirus</u></div><img src=""paste-23622320128470.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
<b>West nile virus</b> can result in {{c1::meningoencephalitis}}"<div>meningitis and encephalitis</div><img src=""paste-23648089932252.jpg""><img src=""paste-24004572217824.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
The <u>meningitis</u> caused by <b>West nile virus</b> can result in a {{c1::flaccid}} paralysis"<img src=""paste-23648089932252.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-24008867185120.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
The <u>meningoencephalitis</u> caused by <b>West nile virus</b> can result in {{c1::seizures}} and coma"<img src=""paste-24215025615320.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What is the <u>treatment</u> of <b>West nile virus</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Supportive}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.7_Flavivirus_overview
What type of virus is <b>HCV</b>? (DNA, RNA, etc.)<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Positive sense RNA}}</div>"<div><i>member of the <b>flavivirus</b> family</i></div><img src=""paste-24438363914714.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C</b>&nbsp;<b>virus</b> is most commonly transmitted through {{c1::blood}}"<div><i>ie: <u>blood transfusions</u>&nbsp;(70s and 80s, mostly eliminated now) and <u>IVDU</u></i></div><img src=""paste-25726854103481.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C virus</b> can be transmitted through&nbsp;{{c1::needle}} <u>sticking</u> or <u>sharing</u>"<div>IVDUs, healthcare workers</div><img src=""paste-26190710571462.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
Which hepatitis virus shows <b>antigenic variability</b> of <b>envelope proteins</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HCV}}</div>"<div><i><img src=""paste-26882200305711.jpg"" /></i><img src=""paste-26401163968976.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C virus</b> displays <u>{{c2::antigenic}} variability</u> of its <b>{{c1::envelope}} proteins</b>"<div><i><img src=""paste-26882200305711.jpg"" /></i></div><div><img src=""paste-26401163968976.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
What is the <u>mechanism</u> for <b>antigenic variation</b> of envelope proteins in <b>HCV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lack of 3'-5' exonuclease -&gt; lack of proofreading -&gt; antigenic variation}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26877905338415.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26938034880983.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
Which hepatitis virus <i>lacks</i> <b>3'-5' exonuclease</b> activity?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HCV}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26877905338415.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26938034880983.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
Why does <u>HCV</u> have a <i>lack</i> of <b>proofreading ability</b> and thus displays <b>antigenic variation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::lack of 3'-5' exonuclease}}</div>"<img src=""paste-26877905338415.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26938034880983.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C</b> infections become chronic in {{c1::60}}-{{c1::80}}% of cases"<div><i>as opposed to HBV where typically 5-10% become chronic in adults</i></div><div><i>Hepatitis <b><u>C</u></b> = <b><u>C</u></b>hronic</i></div><img src=""paste-28123445854662.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C virus</b> can result in {{c1::hepatocellular}} carcinoma"<img src=""paste-28535762715055.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
Does&nbsp;<b>HCV</b>&nbsp;increase the risk of&nbsp;<b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div><i>as well as cirrhosis&nbsp;</i></div><img src=""paste-29003914150352.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C RNA</b> is found in the serum for {{c1::&lt; 6}} months in the <b>acute stage</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
The <b>acute phase</b> of <b>HCV</b> infection is marked by a rise and fall of&nbsp;{{c1::ALT}} in <u>6 months</u>&nbsp;(liver enzyme)"<img src=""paste-29222957482429.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Hepatitis C RNA</b>&nbsp;is found in the serum for {{c1::&gt; 6}} months in the&nbsp;<b>chronic stage</b><i><br /></i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
Which hepatitis virus is associated with <b>cyroglobulins</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HCV}}</div>"<div><i>IgM immunoglobulins that precipitate out of the blood at cool temperatures</i></div><img src=""paste-29661044146637.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
"<b>HCV</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::cryoglobulins}}, which are Ig{{c1::M}}&nbsp;<u>immunoglobulins</u> that precipitate out of the blood at <b>cool temperatures</b><div><span style=""font-style: italic""><br /></span></div>""<div><img src=""paste-29661044146637.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<u>Older treatments</u> that can be used for <b>HCV</b> include&nbsp;{{c1::INF-alpha}} and&nbsp;{{c1::Ribavirin}}"<img src=""paste-30395483554244.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>HCV</b> can be treated with&nbsp;{{c1::protease}} and {{c1::polymerase}}&nbsp;<b>inhibitors </b>(enzymes)"<div>sofosbuvir, simeprevir</div><img src=""paste-30618821853624.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::RNA_Viruses::1.8_HCV_sketchy
<b>Acyclovir</b>, <b>famciclovir</b> and <b>valacyclovir</b> are all&nbsp;{{c1::guanosine}} analogs"<div>converted to acyclo-GTP, allowing it to inhibit <u>viral DNA-polymerase</u></div><img src=""paste-54327041327527.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Acyclovir</b>, <b>famciclovir</b>, and <b>valacyclovir</b> are used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::active::active or latent}}&nbsp;{{c2::<u>VZV</u>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<u>HSV</u>}} infectionsweak activity against EBV and no activity against CMVA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Acyclovir</b> is converted to acyclovir <u>monophosphate</u> by <b>{{c1::thymidine-kinase}}</b> in <b>{{c2::virus-infected}} cells</b>"<div><i>this is the first phosphorylation step (hence monophosphate) occurs selectively in <u>virus infected cells</u>&nbsp;(encoded by <b>herpesviruses</b>)</i></div><img src=""paste-55319178772906.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Acyclovir</b>&nbsp;must be {{c1::phosphorylated&nbsp;<u>three</u>&nbsp;times}} by intracellular enzymes to reach its&nbsp;<i>activated</i>&nbsp;nucleo<u>tide</u>&nbsp;formA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Acyclovir monophosphate</b> is eventually converted to {{c1::acyclovir triphosphate}} by <u>cellular kinases</u>"<div><i>recall that acyclovir is phosphorylated 3 times before it is active in cells</i></div><img src=""paste-56212531970476.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Acyclovir triphosphate</b> incorporates into replicating <u>viral DNA</u>, inhibiting&nbsp;{{c1::DNA-dependent DNA polymerase}}"<img src=""paste-56633438765486.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-56826712293833.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
What is the <u>rate-limiting step</u> of <b>Acyclovir</b> activation?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Thymidine-kinase phosphorylation to acyclovir monophosphate}}</div>"<div><i>acyclovir is thus not effective in <u>CMV</u> or <u>EBV</u> due to lack of <u>thymidine kinase</u></i></div><img src=""paste-57028575756745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
{{c1::Virus}}-encoded <b>thymidine-kinase</b> <u>phosphorylation</u> is the rate determining activation step of <b>Acyclovir</b>"<div><i>is also the place where herpesviruses can gain resistance to acyclovir</i></div><img src=""paste-57028575756745.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
Lack of <u>thymidine-kinase</u> to phosphorylate <b>acyclovir</b> explains why the drug is not effective in {{c1::CMV}} and {{c1::EBV}}"<img src=""paste-57028575756745.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
Absense of <b>thymidine-kinase</b> confers <u>resistance</u> to {{c1::acyclovir}} in HSV"<img src=""paste-57720065491366.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
Which <u>viral DNA-polyermase inhibitors</u> <i>do not require</i> <b>thymidine-kinase</b> to become active?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cidofovir, Foscarnet}}</div>"<img src=""paste-58055072940482.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-59773059858860.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
What is the treatment of choice for multiple yearly episodes of <b>HSV recurrence</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Once daily oral <u>valacyclovir</u>}}</div>"<div><i>due to its better <u>oral bioavailability</u></i></div><img src=""paste-60833916780966.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
Which <u>acyclovir prodrug</u> has improved <b>oral bioavailability</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Valacyclovir}}</div>"<div><i>can be used to treat <u>recurrent episodes</u> of HSV</i></div><img src=""paste-60833916780966.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-61413737365949.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
What is the treatment of <b><u>serious</u>&nbsp;HSV</b> and <b>VZV</b> infections?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV acyclovir}}</div>"<div><i>HSV encephalitis, neonatal HSV infection, serious HSV and VZV infections</i></div><img src=""paste-62341450301858.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
What is the treatment of <b>neonatal HSV</b>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV acyclovir}}</div>"<div><i>HSV encephalitis, neonatal HSV infection, serious HSV and VZV infections</i></div><img src=""paste-62758062129594.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
What is the treatment of <b>HSV encephalitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV acyclovir}}</div>"<div><i>HSV encephalitis, neonatal HSV infection, serious HSV and VZV infections</i></div><img src=""paste-62758062129594.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
What <u>two</u> drugs are the <i>preferred</i>&nbsp;treatment of <b>VZV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Famciclovir; Valacyclovir}}</div>"<div>guanosine analogs; same class as acyclovir</div><img src=""paste-62895501083079.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
During active <u>Shingles infection</u> (herpes zoster),<div><b>valacyclovir</b> and <b>famciclovir</b> are<div>most effective if given within {{c1::3 days}} of symptom onset</div></div>"<img src=""paste-62895501083079.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<u>Prophylaxis of HSV</u> with <b>acyclovir</b> is important in&nbsp;{{c1::immunocompromised}} patients"<div><i>or the derivatives (valacyclovir, famciclovir)</i></div><img src=""paste-63282048139692.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<u>Pregnant patients</u> with recurrent <b>genital herpes</b> should receive <b>prophylactic</b>&nbsp;{{c1::acyclovir}}"<i>beginning at week <b>36</b></i><div><i><b><img src=""paste-63995012710828.jpg"" /></b></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Acyclovir</b> can cause <u>{{c2::interstitial nephritis}}</u> and&nbsp;<u>{{c1::crystalline nephropathy}}</u> (renal side effects)"<img src=""paste-64330020159948.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-64372969832816.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<u>Renal complications</u> of <b>acyclovir</b>&nbsp;can be avoided with&nbsp;{{c1::adequate hydration}}"<div><i>ie: crystalline nephropathy and interstitial nephritis</i></div><img src=""paste-64682207478187.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
Uncommon side-effects of <b>acyclovir</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;{{c1::delirium}}, <b>confusion</b>, <b>vertigo</b>, and <b>{{c1::hallucinations}}</b>"<img src=""paste-64982855188949.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir</b> and <b>Valganciclovir</b> are {{c1::guanosine}} analogsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir</b>&nbsp;must be {{c1::phosphorylated&nbsp;<u>three</u>&nbsp;times}} by intracellular enzymes to reach its&nbsp;<i>activated</i>&nbsp;nucleo<u>tide</u>&nbsp;formA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir</b>&nbsp;is converted to ganciclovir&nbsp;<u>monophosphate</u>&nbsp;by&nbsp;<b>virus-encoded kinases</b>&nbsp;via the&nbsp;{{c1::UL-97}} gene"<div><i>a CMV-encoded protein kinase</i></div><img src=""paste-68259915235756.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir monophosphate</b> is eventually converted to&nbsp;{{c1::ganciclovir <u>tri</u>phosphate}} by <b>cellular kinases</b>"<div><i>recall that the CMV UL-97 gene encodes enzymes that convert ganciclovir to ganciclovir monophosphate</i></div><img src=""paste-68560562946471.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
{{c1::Valganciclovir}} is the prodrug form of Ganciclovir that has better&nbsp;<b>oral bioavailability</b>."<img src=""paste-70695161692589.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir triphosphate</b> then incorporates into viral DNA, inhibiting&nbsp;{{c1::viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase}}"<img src=""paste-69556995359154.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>Valganciclovir</b>&nbsp;are commonly used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::CMV}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which&nbsp;<u>antiviral</u> is used during <b>solid-organ</b> and <b>bone marrow</b> <b>transplant</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Ganciclovir or Valganciclovir}}</div>"<div><i>prophylaxis of <b>CMV</b> infection</i></div><img src=""paste-71068823847335.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir</b> and <b>Valganciclovir</b> are used as prophylaxis of <b>CMV retinitis</b> in the {{c1::immunocompromised}}"<div>ie: organ transplant or AIDS patients</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-71433896067506.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
{{c1::<b>Leukopenia </b>(neutropenia)}},&nbsp;{{c2::<b>anemia</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c3::<b>thrombocytopenia</b>}} are <u>hematological</u> complications of <b>Ganciclovir</b>."<img src=""paste-71657234366896.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Ganciclovir</b> and <b>Valganciclovir</b> are associated with&nbsp;{{c1::bone marrow}} <u>suppression</u>"<div><i>thereby leading to leukopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia</i></div><img src=""paste-71657234366896.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
The <u>myelosuppression</u> of <b>Ganciclovir</b> may be <i>additive</i> in patients receiving&nbsp;{{c1::Zidovudine}} (NRTI therapy)"<div>worsened leuko/neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia</div><div><i><img src=""paste-72241349919151.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>CMV</b> can gain <i>resistance</i> to <b>ganciclovir</b> via mutations in the <u>{{c1::UL-97}} gene</u> or its <u>{{c2::DNA polymerase}}</u>"<img src=""paste-73010149065130.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-72992969195952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which drugs&nbsp;do<i> not</i> require phosphorylation via <b>CMV viral kinase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet; Cidofovir}}</div>"<div><i>hence are active even with mutations in the UL-97 gene</i></div><img src=""paste-73272142070189.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-76570676953509.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which drug is a <b>pyrophosphate analog</b> that directly inhibits <u>viral&nbsp;DNA polymerase</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Foscarnet</b> may induce {{c1::renal}} insufficiency (organ)"<img src=""paste-74895639708105.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which <u>ion imbalances</u> are associated with <b>Foscarnet</b> administration?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hypo-magnesemia, -kalemia, -calcemia}}</div>"<div><i>could be due to foscarnet induced renal insufficiency</i></div><img src=""paste-75226352189867.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-75243532059060.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which antiviral can cause <b>renal insufficiency</b> and&nbsp;<u>decreased</u> serum <b>Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺</b> and <b>K⁺</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet}}</div>"<img src=""paste-75857712382378.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-75969381532069.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-75947906695604.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which antiviral can cause <b>seizures</b> due to <u>electrolyte disturbances</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet}}</div>"<div><i>hypo-calcemia, -magnesemia, -kalemia, possibly due to renal insufficiency</i></div><img src=""paste-76141180223913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Foscarnet</b> can cause <b>{{c1::seizures}}</b> due to <u>electrolyte disturbances</u><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<div><i>hypo-calcemia, -magnesemia, -kalemia, possibly due to renal insufficiency</i></div><img src=""paste-76141180223913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which <u>two</u> antiviral drugs <u><b>directly</b></u> inhibit<b> DNA polymerase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Foscarnet and Cidofovir}}</div>"<i>thus do not require phosphorylation</i><div><i><img src=""paste-76897094468046.jpg"" /></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Resistance to <b>Cidofovir</b> and <b>Foscarnet</b> occurs with mutations to&nbsp;{{c1::viral DNA polymerase}}"<div>recall that these agents bind <u>directly</u>&nbsp;to the DNA polymerase</div><i><img src=""paste-76897094468046.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Cidofovir</b> is an antiviral drug that is&nbsp;{{c1::nephro}}<b>-toxic</b>"<div>administered with probenecid to decrease renal secretion</div><img src=""paste-77150497538508.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
What is administered (2) with <b>Cidofovir</b> to <u>reduce</u> its <b>nephrotoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV saline; Probenecid}}</div>"<div><i>probenecid blocks active tubular secretion of cidofovir</i></div><img src=""paste-77674483548625.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Which drug blocks <u>tubular secretion</u> of <b>Cidofovir</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Probenecid}}</div>"<div><i>thus limiting its nephrotoxic effects</i></div><img src=""paste-77670188581329.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
<b>Probenecid</b> <u>{{c1::increases}}</u> the <b>plasma concentration</b> of drugs (penicillin, methotrexate, NSAIDs, etc.)"<div><i>by decreasing the renal tubular secretion of these drugs</i></div><img src=""paste-78207059493324.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.2_CMV_drugs
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (<u>HAART</u>) consists of a minimum of {{c1::3}} drugs to <b>prevent resistance</b>"<img src=""paste-1576252997890.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::1_HAART_overview
HAART therapy consists of <u>{{c4::2 NRTIs}}</u> plus 1 of either a&nbsp;{{c1::<b>NNRTI</b>}},&nbsp;{{c2::<b>protease inhibitor</b>}}, or {{c3::<b>integrase inhibitor</b>}}"<div><img src=""paste-1812476198987.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-1571958030594.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::1_HAART_overview
Which type of HAART drug is <b>abacavir (ABC)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10595684319633.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>didanosine (ddl)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10415295693199.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>emtricitabine (FTC)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11347303596422.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>lamivudine (3TC)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7159710482824.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>stavudine (d4T)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><i><img src=""paste-8323646620050.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>tenofovir (TDF)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<div><i>nucleoTide reverse transcriptase inhibitor</i></div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7112465842577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>zidovudine (ZDV, </b>formerly<b> AZT)?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTI}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7413113553304.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Maraviroc?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::fusion inhibitor (inhibitor at attachment)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-48193828028880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Enfuvirtide?</b><div><br></div><div>{{c1::fusion inhibitor (inhibitor at penetration)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-50431505990093.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Dolutegravir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Integrase inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-gravir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Elvitegravir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Integrase inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-gravir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Raltegravir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Integrase inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-gravir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-56178172232088.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Atazanavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33088428048771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Darunavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33088428048771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Fosamprenavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33088428048771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Indinavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33088428048771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Lopinavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33092723016067.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Ritonavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33088428048771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Saquinavir?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}</div>"<div>-navir suffix</div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33088428048771.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Delavirdine?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NNRTI}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21745419420047.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Efavirenz?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NNRTI}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21745419420047.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which type of HAART drug is <b>Nevirapine?</b><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NNRTI}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-2400886719052.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21745419420047.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which classes of HAART drugs <u>directly inhibit</u>&nbsp;HIV&nbsp;<b>reverse transcriptase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTIs; NNRTIs}}</div><i>incorporate into viral DNA</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>NRTIs</b> are <u>nucleosides</u> or <u>nucleotides</u> that have an absent {{c1::3' hydroxl group}}"<img src=""paste-4595615007116.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>NRTIs</b> are incorporated into <u>{{c2::viral}} DNA</u>, causing <i>premature</i> <b>{{c1::chain termination}}</b>"<div>due to them <u>lacking</u> a <b>3’ hydroxyl group</b></div><img src=""paste-4690104287674.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>NRTIs</b> inhibit <u>{{c2::phosphodiester}} bond</u> formation in a <b>{{c1::3'}} to {{c1::5'}}</b> direction"<img src=""paste-4690104287674.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<i>Most</i> <b>NRTIs</b> are {{c1::nucleosides}} that must undergo {{c1::phosphorylation}} in order to be <b>active</b>"<div><i>the exception being tenofovir, which is a nucleo<u>tide</u></i></div><img src=""paste-5136780886429.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>NRTI’s</b> <u>lack a 3’ hydroxyl group</u>, causing strand termination when binding to {{c1::HIV reverse transcriptase}}"<img src=""paste-4690104287674.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>{{c1::Reverse transcriptase}} inhibitors</b> prevent transcription of <u>{{c2::ssRNA}}</u> into <u>{{c2::dsDNA}}</u> thereby <b>inhibiting viral replication</b><i>ie: NRTIs, NNRTIs</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>NRTIs</b> are associated with <u>{{c1::mitrochondrial}} toxicity</u> and <b>{{c2::lactic acidosis}}</b>"<img src=""paste-6107443495311.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6253472383361.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which HAART drugs are associated with <b>peripheral neuropathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>NRTIs</u>;&nbsp;<i>specifically lamivudine, stavudine, and didanosine</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-6455335846280.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which <b>NRTI</b> is a nucleo<u>t</u>ide and not a nucleo<u>s</u>ide?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tenofovir}}</div>"<div><u>T</u>enofovir = nucleo<u>t</u>ide</div><img src=""paste-6803228197271.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which <b>NRTI</b> does <u>not</u> require <b>phosphorylation</b> to become<b> active</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tenofovir}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7112465842577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>Lamivudine</b> and <b>tenofovir</b> are NRTIs with activity against&nbsp;{{c1::hepatitis B}} (liver pathology)"<div><i>used in conjunction with <u>pegylated interferon alpha</u></i></div><img src=""paste-7159710482824.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which <u>NRTI</u> is used to <i>reduce</i> <b>vertical transmission</b> of <b>HIV</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Zidovudine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7413113553304.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which NRTI is used during <b>pregnancy</b> and <b>breastfeeding</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Zidovudine}}</div>"<div><i>can reduce vertical transmission of HIV</i></div><img src=""paste-7413113553304.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which NRTI is associated with <b>myelosuppresion</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Zidovudine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7786775708055.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>Zidovudine</b> is associated with {{c1::myelosuppresion}}, which can result in <u>anemia</u>&nbsp;and <u>granulocytopenia</u>"<img src=""paste-7782480740759.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8117488189836.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which NRTI is associated with <b>anemia</b> and <b>granulocytopenia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Zidovudine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7782480740759.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8117488189836.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>Zidovudine</b> and <b>Stavudine</b>&nbsp;are associated with&nbsp;{{c1::lipodystrophy}} (tissue pathology)"<i>legs look like sticks while central adiposity increases;&nbsp;</i><u>more associated</u> with <b>protease inhibitors</b><div><div><i><img src=""paste-8323646620050.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>Bone marrow suppression</b> caused by <u>Zidovudine</u> can be reversed with&nbsp;<b>{{c1::G-CSF}}</b> and <b>{{c2::erythropoietin}}</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>recall that this myelosuppresion causes <u>granulocytopenia</u> and <u>anemia</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>Zidovudine</b> is used to <u>decrease</u> the vertical transmission of {{c1::HIV}}"<img src=""paste-7413113553304.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which NRTI is associated with dose-dependent&nbsp;<b>pancreatitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Didanosine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10415295693199.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which allele is <b>Abacavir</b> <u>hypersensitivity</u> associated with?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HLA-B 57:01}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10595684319633.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
<b>Abacavir</b> and the <b>HLA-B 57:01</b> allele are associated with a {{c1::type IV HSR (delayed-type)}}"<div><i>T-cell mediated</i></div><img src=""paste-11291469021592.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which NRTI is associated with a <u>hypersensitivity reaction</u> in patients with the <b>HLA-B 57:01 allele</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Abacavir}}</div>"<div><i>Type IV HSR (delayed type, T-cell mediated)</i></div><img src=""paste-10591389352337.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Which <u>NRTI</u> may cause <b>hyperpigmentation</b> of <b>palms</b> and <b>soles</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Emtricitabine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-11347303596422.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Do <b>NNRTIs</b> require <u>phosphorylation</u> to be activated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-28166395527629.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28063316312310.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
Which NRTI is associated with <b>Fanconi syndrome</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tenofovir}}</div><u>proximal tubule defect</u> in which <b>amino acids, glucose, HCO₃^-, and PO₄^3-</b> are excreted rather than reabsorbedA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Non-nucleoside RTIs (<b>NNRTIs</b>) <u>directly inhibit</u> {{c1::HIV reverse transcriptase}} by binding to a different site from <b>NRTIs</b>"<img src=""paste-14190571946449.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
Which class of HAART drugs <b>compete with nucleotides</b> for binding to <b>HIV</b>&nbsp;<b>reverse transcriptase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTIs}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.1_NRTIs
Do <b>NNRTIs</b> <u>compete with nucleotides</u> for binding to <b>reverse transcriptase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div><i>non-nucleoside, have a different mechanism and bind in a different site than NRTIs</i>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
<b>NNRTIs</b> can cause <u>{{c1::liver}} failure</u>, with resulting <b>{{c2::jaundice}}</b>&nbsp;cutaneously"<img src=""paste-14319420965327.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
Which HAART drugs (2) are <b>hepatotoxic</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::NNRTIs; Maraviroc}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14658723381709.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
Which NNRTI is associated with <b>vivid dreams</b> and <b>CNS symptoms</b>&nbsp;(psychosis, drowsiness, headache)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Efavirenz}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14710262989260.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
Which NNRTIs (2) are <b>teratogenic</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Delavirdine; Efavirenz}}</div>"<img src=""paste-15285788606923.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
<b>NNRTIs</b> have <u>varying effects</u> on&nbsp;{{c1::CYP450}} and thus may have many drug interactions"<img src=""paste-15474767167948.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
<b>NNRTIs</b> are associated with {{c1::Stevens-Johnson}} syndrome, a severe <u>cutaneous pathology</u> associated with the sloughing of skin"<img src=""paste-15848429322699.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
<b>NNRTIs</b> are associated with {{c1::rash}}, that can manifest as a more severe pathology such as <u>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</u>"<div><i>Toxicities associated with all NNRTIs include rash and hepatotoxicity</i></div><i><img src=""paste-15848429322699.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.2_NNRTIs
Do&nbsp;<b>protease inhibitors</b>&nbsp;require&nbsp;<u>phosphorylation</u>&nbsp;to be activated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No}}</div>"<i>-navir<br /><img src=""paste-33719788241286.jpg"" /></i>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals
Do&nbsp;<b>NRTIs</b>&nbsp;require&nbsp;<u>phosphorylation</u>&nbsp;to be activated?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Yes}}</div>"<div>*except <b>tenofovir</b></div><img src=""paste-5136780886429.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals
Which HAART drugs prevent <b>mature virion formation</b> from <b>large polypeptides</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitors}}</div>"<div><i>recall that viruses produce a large polypeptide that must be cleaved into smaller peptides for viral virion formation</i></div><img src=""paste-34643206209932.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which gene is <u>mutated</u> in HIV <b>protease inhibitor resistance</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>pol</i> gene}}</div>"<div><span style=""font-style: italic"">hence why<b> protease inhibitors</b> are <u>never used</u> as <u>mono-therapy</u>; resistance can occur quickly</span></div><img src=""paste-34999688495503.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which viral gene in HIV codes for its <b>Aspartate Protease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>pol</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-35373350650247.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which viral gene in HIV codes for the surface glycoproteins<b> gp120</b> and <b>gp41</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>env</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><span style=""font-style: italic"">The protein codes for gp160 which is cleaved into gp120 and gp41.</span></div><div><span style=""font-style: italic""><img src=""paste-38104949850718.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-45470818763221.jpg"" /></span></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which viral gene in HIV codes for its <b>Integrase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>pol</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-53691386167755.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which viral gene in HIV codes for the <b>p24 capsid protein</b>?<div><br />{{c1::<i>gag</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-38104949850718.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which viral gene in HIV codes for the <b>p17 matrix protein</b>?<div><br />{{c1::<i>gag</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-38104949850718.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which viral gene in HIV codes for its <b>Reverse Transcriptase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>pol</i>}}</div>"<br /><div><span style=""font-style: italic"">Remember, Reverse Transcriptase is an&nbsp;<b>RNA-dependent DNA Polymerase</b>&nbsp;which synthesizes dsDNA from RNA.</span></div><div><span style=""font-style: italic"">The formed dsDNA integrates into the host genome.</span></div><div><span style=""font-style: italic""><img src=""paste-53687091200459.jpg"" /></span></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>HIV reverse transcriptase</b> is a <u>{{c1::RNA}}-dependent {{c1::DNA}} polymerase</u> that synthesizes dsDNA from ssRNAA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which HAART drugs can result in <b>hyperglycemia</b> due to <u>insulin resistance</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitors}}</div>"<div><i>along with hyperlipidemia and lipodystrophy</i></div><img src=""paste-37031208026509.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>Protease inhibitors</b> can result in <u>hyperglycemia</u>&nbsp;due to {{c1::insulin}} resistance"<div><span style=""font-style: italic"">along with hyperlipidemia and lipodystrophy</span></div><img src=""paste-37026913059213.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which HAART drugs can result in <b>hyperlipidemia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitors}}</div>"<div><i>along with lipodystrophy, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance</i></div><img src=""paste-37336150704526.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
What side effect presents with <u>increased</u> <b>central adiposity</b> with <i>skinny legs</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Lipodystrophy}}</div>"<div><i>commonly seen in protease inhibitors, can also be seen with zidovudine and stavudine</i></div><img src=""paste-38276748542330.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38405597561222.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which HAART drugs commonly cause <b>lipodystrophy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Protease inhibitors}}</div>"<div><i>can also be seen in zidovudine and stavudine use (NRTIs)</i></div><img src=""paste-38405597561222.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>Protease inhibitors</b> can cause <u>hyperlipidemia</u> with {{c1::lipodystrophy}} (increased central adiposity)"<img src=""paste-38276748542330.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38405597561222.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which HIV&nbsp;<u>protease inhibitor</u> can result in <b>nephrolithiasis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Indinavir}}</div>"<div>adequate hydration to prevent</div><img src=""paste-39865886441867.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<u>Adequate hydration</u> helps prevent {{c1::nephrolithiasis}} with <b>Indinavir</b> use (protease inhibitor)"<img src=""paste-39861591474571.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-40235253629317.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>HIV protease inhibitors</b>&nbsp;<u>{{c1::inhibit}}</u> cytochrome P-450"<div><i>especially <b>ritonavir</b></i></div><img src=""paste-40501541601676.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which HIV <u>protease inhibitor</u> displays the <b>most potent inhibition </b>of<b> CYP450</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ritonavir}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-41089952121231.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>Rifampin</b>&nbsp;is a <b>CYP450</b>&nbsp;<u>{{c1::activator}}</u>&nbsp;and thus is contraindicated in HIV<div>due to it <u>{{c1::decreasing}}</u> HIV&nbsp;{{c2::<b>protease</b>}}<b>&nbsp;inhibitor</b> serum concentrations</div>"<div><i>instead, rifabutin is used (weaker inducer of cyp450)</i></div><img src=""paste-41510858916229.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which drug is used <u>instead of Rifampin</u> in patients on <b>HIV protease inhibitors</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rifabutin}}</div>"<div><i>weaker inducer of CYP450, thus does not affect serum concentration of protease inhibitors as much</i></div><img src=""paste-41510858916229.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>HIV</b> infects {{c2::CD4+ helper T-cells}}, {{c3::macrophages}}, and {{c1::dendritic cells}}"<img src=""paste-44409961841067.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which envelope protein on HIV functions to allow&nbsp;<b>attachment to host CD4+ T cells</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::gp120; the docking glycoprotein}}</div>"<img src=""paste-38109244818014.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46226733007281.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which envelope protein on HIV binds the <b>CD4 molecule</b> and a <b>chemokine receptor</b> (CXCR4 or CCR5)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::gp120}}</div>"<img src=""paste-47094316401091.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-47068546597288.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which HAART drug binds to <b>CCR5</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Maraviroc}}</div>"<div><i>on macrophages (effective early in the disease course)</i></div><img src=""paste-48193828028880.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
<b>Maraviroc</b> inhibits {{c1::<b>gp120</b>}} of HIV binding to the <u>chemokine receptor</u> {{c1::<b>CCR5 </b>(macrophages)}}"<div><i>recall that gp120 of HIV binds CD4 and a chemokine receptor (CXCR4 or CCR5) to attach to the host cell</i></div><img src=""paste-48189533061584.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which&nbsp;envelope protein on HIV functions to allow&nbsp;<b>HIV fusion and entry</b> into <u>host cells</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::gp41}}</div>"<img src=""paste-49976239456686.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which HAART drug binds to&nbsp;<b>gp41</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Enfuvirtide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-50431505990093.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
<b>Enfuvirtide</b>&nbsp;binds {{c2::<b>gp41</b>}} of HIV inhibiting viral cell <b>{{c3::fusion}}</b> with <u>host cells</u>"<img src=""paste-50431505990093.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
HIV <i>{{c2::env}}</i> encoded <b>{{c2::gp120}}</b> and <b>{{c2::gp41}}</b> are first sent<div>to the <b>{{c1::endoplasmic reticulum}}</b> of the cell for processing</div>"<div><i>are then sent to golgi apparatus -&gt; cell membrane (ER is processing center for surface proteins)</i></div><img src=""paste-51990579118544.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
<b>HIV RNA</b> is transcribed to <b>dsDNA</b> by {{c1::HIV reverse transcriptase}}"<img src=""paste-52518860095951.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which classes of drugs inhibit <b>HIV RNA</b> to <b>dsDNA</b> formation?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::NRTIs and NNRTIs}}</div>"<div><i>recall that viral <u>reverse transcriptase</u> converts this ssRNA to dsDNA to be incorporated into host cells</i></div><img src=""paste-53090090746304.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which enzyme allows for <b>HIV dsDNA</b> to integrate with <b>host cell DNA</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Integrase}}</div>"<div><i>encoded by the <u>pol</u> gene</i></div><img src=""paste-54099408060842.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which class of drugs <b>inhibits HIV DNA integration</b> into <u>host cell genomes</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Integrase inhibitors}}</div>"<div><i>thus inhibiting <b>HIV mRNA formation</b></i></div>recall reverse transcriptase turns HIV ssRNA to dsDNA, which then can be integrated<div>both enzymes, along with aspartate protease, are encoded by the <i><u>pol gene</u></i></div><div><i><u><img src=""paste-54576149430723.jpg"" /></u></i></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.4_fusion/integrase_inhibitors
Which enzyme is responsible for <b>mature HIV virion formation</b> from a <u>large polypeptide</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Aspartate protease}}</div>"HIV encodes an <b>aspartate protease</b> via its <u>pol gene</u><div><u><img src=""paste-34999688495503.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which class of HAART drugs inhibit <b>HIV mRNA</b> formation?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Integrase inhibitors}}</div>"<div><i>inhibit integration of HIV dsDNA into host cell genome</i></div><img src=""paste-56173877264792.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>Integrase inhibitors</b> will inhibit HIV {{c1::dsDNA}} integration into the <u>host cell genome</u>, preventing {{c1::mRNA}} production"<div><i>inhibit integration of HIV dsDNA into host cell genome</i></div><img src=""paste-56173877264792.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
Which HAART drugs can result in <b>rhabdomyolysis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Integrase inhibitors}}</div>"<img src=""paste-57861799412175.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
<b>Integrase inhibitors</b> can result in <b>rhabdomyolysis</b>, which will appear with <u>elevated</u>&nbsp;{{c1::creatine kinase}} levels"<img src=""paste-57861799412175.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::6_HIV_antivirals::6.3_protease_inhibitors
What are the <u>two</u> starting substrates of <b>folate synthesis</b> (prokaryotes)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::PABA and pteridine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-5699421602134.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<u>PABA</u> and <u>Pteridine</u> are combined by <b>{{c1::dihydropteroate synthase}}</b> to form <b>dihydropteroic acid</b>&nbsp;(prokaryotic folate synthesis)"<img src=""paste-5699421602134.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Dihydropteroic acid</b> is converted to {{c1::dihydrofolic acid}}&nbsp;(prokaryotic folate synthesis)"<img src=""paste-5695126634838.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Dihydrofolate</b> is converted to <b>tetrahydrofolate</b> via&nbsp;{{c1::dihydrofolate reductase}}"<img src=""paste-5695126634838.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
What is the <u>brand-name</u>&nbsp;for <b>TMP-SMX</b>&nbsp;(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bactrim}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfamethoxazole</b> (SMX) is a {{c1::<b>PABA</b>}} analog, thus inhibiting the enzyme&nbsp;<u>{{c2::dihydropteroate synthase}}</u>"<img src=""paste-6605659701594.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5699421602134.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
Which enzyme is inhibited by <b>trimethoprim</b> (TMP)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dihydrofolate reductase (prokaryotic)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-6970731921787.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5699421602134.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
Which enzyme is inhibited by <b>sulfamethoxazole</b> (SMX)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dihydropteroate synthase (prokaryotic)}}</div>"<div>SMX is a PABA analog</div><img src=""paste-6605659701594.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5699421602134.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
What is the <u>first-line</u> treatment of <b>uncomplicated</b>&nbsp;<b>UTIs</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::TMP-SMX}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7211250090371.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7232724926783.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>TMP-SMX</b> can be used to treat <b>acute {{c1::prostatitis}}</b> in <u>men</u>"<img src=""paste-7391638716799.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>TMP-SMX</b> have activity against <u>gram&nbsp;{{c1::negative}}</u> <b>GI</b> and <b>urinary tract</b> bacteria"<div>**Sulfamethoxazole also has activity against gram positives</div><img src=""paste-7559142441340.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfamethoxazole</b> has activity against <u>gram {{c2::positives}}</u>, even the highly resistant <b>MRSA</b>"<div>Use big-guns first - <b>Vanco, daptomycin, linezolid</b>; also has gram negative UTI coverage as TMP-SMX</div><img src=""paste-7756710936960.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfonamides</b> (ie: sulfamethoxazole) have activity against the <b>gram positive</b>&nbsp;<u>branching</u>,&nbsp;<u>filamentous</u> rod&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Nocardia</i>}}"<img src=""paste-8310761718144.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
Which antibiotics are used for <u>prophylaxis</u> and <u>treatment</u> of <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> <b>pneumonia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)}}</div>"<div><b>Pentamidine</b>&nbsp;can also be used in <u>treatment</u>&nbsp;in those with sulfa allergies</div><img src=""paste-8839042695550.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole</b> (TMP-SMX)&nbsp;are used for <u>prophylaxis</u> and <u>treatment</u> of <i>{{c1::Pneumocystis jirovecii}}</i> <b>pneumonia</b><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-8839042695550.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<i>Pneumocystitis jirovecii</i> <b>prophylaxis</b> in <u>HIV patients</u> should be started at <b>CD4 counts &lt; </b>{{c1::200}} with <b>TMP-SMX</b>"<img src=""paste-9547712299356.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<i>Toxoplasmosis</i>&nbsp;<b>prophylaxis</b> in <u>HIV patients</u> should be started at <b>CD4 counts &lt; </b>{{c1::100}} with <b>TMP-SMX</b>"<img src=""paste-9547712299356.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<i>{{c2::Toxoplasmosis}} </i>and <i>Pneumocystitis jirovecii</i>&nbsp;are treated <u>prophylactically</u> in HIV patients with&nbsp;{{c1::Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (<b>TMP-SMX</b>)}}"<div>Prophylactically for toxo; prophylactic and treatement form pneumo jirovecii</div><img src=""paste-9547712299356.jpg"">v"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
What drugs should be used to&nbsp;<b>treat&nbsp;</b><i>Toxoplasmosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine}}</div>"<div>prophylaxis of toxo at CD4 &lt; 100 w/ TMP-SMX</div><img src=""paste-10874857193854.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Hematological</b> complications of <b>Trimethoprim </b>(TMP) use include <u>{{c1::pancytopenia}}</u>&nbsp;(granulocytopenia, leukopenia) and <u>{{c2::megaloblastic anemia}}</u>"<div>TMP <b>T</b>reats <b>M</b>arrow <b>P</b>oorly - due to it inhibiting folate synthesis (DNA precursors)</div><img src=""paste-11570641895806.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12648678687106.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>TMP-SMX</b> are&nbsp;{{c1::teratogenic}} and should be avoided due to inhibition of&nbsp;<b>folate</b> <b>metabolism</b>"<div><img src=""paste-12803297509760.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>TMP-SMX</b> are contraindicated in the&nbsp;{{c2::1st}} trimester (pregnancy), due to their effects on <b>folate metabolism</b>"<div><u>neural tube formation</u> is occuring in the first trimester (dependent on folate)</div><div><img src=""paste-12803297509760.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Hypersensitivty reactions</b> are common with <b>Sulfa drug</b> use; result in fever, hypotension, {{c1::urticaria}} and {{c2::rash}}"<div><u><img src=""paste-13421772800379.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfa drugs</b> are contraindicated in {{c1::<u>G6PD deficiency</u>}}, as they can precipitate <b>{{c2::hemolytic anemia}}</b>"<img src=""paste-13666585936254.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfa drugs</b> are associated with the <i>rare</i>&nbsp;cutaneous <u>skin</u> complication&nbsp;{{c1::Steven-Johnson syndrome}}"<img src=""paste-14005888352634.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
What renal&nbsp;<u>acid-base</u> disturbance can be caused by <b>TMP-SMX</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Type IV RTA (hyperkalemic)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-14778982465921.jpg"" /><img src=""tmp.png"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
What <u>nephrotoxicity</u> is caused by <b>Sulfonamides</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Acute interstitial nephritis}}</div>"<img src=""paste-15285788606847.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>TMP-SMX</b>&nbsp;(sulfonamides) can result in&nbsp;{{c1::photosensitivity}}, a <i>common</i>&nbsp;cutaneous <u>skin</u> complication"<div>with SJS syndrome being a rare complication of <b>sulfa drug</b> use</div><img src=""paste-15646565859713.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
How is <b>Warfarin</b> transported in the <u>blood</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bound to albumin}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
Which <u>antimicrobials</u> <i>displace</i><b>&nbsp;unconjugated bilirubin</b> from serum <b>albumin</b> in the blood?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sulfonamides}}</div>"<div>thus elevated UCB can result in kernicterus in neonates</div><img src=""paste-16067472654716.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfonamides </b>displace <u>unconjugated bilirubin</u> from <u>albumin</u>; can precipitate {{c1::kernicterus}} in <b>neonates</b>"<img src=""paste-16067472654716.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
Which class of drugs can displace <b>warfarin</b> (<i>and</i> <u>other drugs</u>) from serum <b>albumin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sulfonamides}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16926466113918.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
<b>Sulfonamides</b> increase the risk of {{c1::bleeding}} when taken along with <b>Warfarin</b>"<div>Warfarin normally bound to albumin -&gt; sulfa knock them off, increased free warfarin levels -&gt; increased anticoag effect</div><img src=""paste-17059610100097.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
Sulfonamides&nbsp;<u>{{c1::inhibit}}</u> cytochrome P450"<div>thus increasing the blood concentration of many drugs</div><img src=""paste-17407502451073.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX
What antimicrobial is similar to <b>sulfonamides</b>, <u>inhibiting</u> <b>dihydropteroate synthase</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dapsone}}</div>"<img src=""paste-20036022436313.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What drugs have the suffix <b>-oxacin</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin,&nbsp;moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, enoxacin<div><img src=""paste-21264383082867.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b> are indicated mostly for <u>gram&nbsp;{{c1::negative}}</u> infections"<div><b>-gram negative rods</b> of the <u>urinary</u> and <u>GI tracts</u> (including <i>Pseudomonas</i>)</div><div>-some gram positive activity (<i><b>Bacillus anthracis, strep pneumo</b>)</i></div><img src=""paste-21320217657678.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
Which <u>two</u> enzymes are inhibited by <b>fluoroquinolones</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::DNA topoisomerase II (<i>Prokaryotic</i>&nbsp;DNA gyrase); DNA topoisomerase IV}}</div>"<div>inhibit DNA replication, therefore are <b>bacterio<u>cidal</u></b></div><div><div>topoisomerase II introduces negative supercoils and and opens DNA to expose DNA to replication enzymes</div><div>topoisomerase IV prevents sister chromatid from getting twisted and recombined</div></div><img src=""paste-21517786153329.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What is the&nbsp;<u>first-line</u>&nbsp;treatment of&nbsp;<b>complicated</b>&nbsp;<b>UTIs</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<div>first line for <u>uncomplicated</u> is TMP-SMX (bactrim)</div><img src=""paste-22359599743347.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What drugs are used in the <u>empiric</u> treatment of <b>pyelonephritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23334557319536.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>acute {{c1::prostatitis}}</b>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<u>men</u>"<img src=""paste-23381801959793.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
Which <u>two</u> drugs are used in the treatment of <b>acute prostatitis</b>&nbsp;in males?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::TMP-SMX; Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<img src=""paste-23381801959793.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23566485553534.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b> can be used to treat <u>gram negative</u> <b>{{c1::gastrointestinal}}</b> and <b>{{c2::urinary tract}}</b> infections"<img src=""paste-23738284245363.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-24043226923373.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What drugs are used to treat <i>Salmonella</i><b><i>&nbsp;</i>gastroenteritis?</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</b></div>"<div><img src=""paste-24537148162381.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What drugs are used to treat <i>Salmonella</i><b><i>&nbsp;</i>osteomyelitis?</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</b></div>"<div>salmonella osteomyelitis is common in patients with&nbsp;<b>sickle cell anemia</b></div><div><img src=""paste-24537148162381.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Sickle cell anemia</b> patients are at an increased risk of <i>Salmonella typhi&nbsp;</i>{{c1::osteomyelitis}}"<div>treat with fluoroquinolones</div><img src=""paste-24850680775025.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What is the <u>first-line</u> treatment of gram-positive <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<div>doxycycline is second line</div><img src=""paste-24958054957424.jpg""><img src=""paste-5d675d634f95cdef96dedb6d2f4965cd4cb7d4aa.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
The fluoroquinolones&nbsp;{{c1::levofloxacin}} and&nbsp;{{c2::moxifloxacin}} can be used to treat<div><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus spp.&nbsp;</i>(<b>community-acquired</b> pneumonia)</div>"<div>these two fluoroquinolones have more coverage against gram positives (respiratory quinolones)</div><img src=""paste-25477746000239.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
The fluoroquinolones&nbsp;{{c1::levofloxacin}} and&nbsp;{{c2::moxifloxacin}} can be used to treat<div><i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila&nbsp;</i>(<b>atypical</b>&nbsp;pneumonia)</div>"<img src=""paste-25963077304698.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25975962206586.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b>&nbsp;can prolong the {{c1::QT interval}}, predisposing to&nbsp;<b>Torsades de pointes</b>"<img src=""paste-27655294419318.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
What are the <u>most common</u> <b>adverse effects</b>&nbsp;of <b>Fluoroquinolones</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::GI upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-28071906247031.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
Which antibiotics can result in <b>tendonitis,</b>&nbsp;<b>tendon rupture, </b>and&nbsp;<b>cartilage damage</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fluoroquinolones}}</div>"<div>especially in patients &gt; 60 y/o (<b><font color=""#ffff00"">elderly</font></b>) and glucocorticoid users</div><img src=""paste-28213640167800.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolone</b> risk of <u>tendon</u> and <u>cartilage damage</u> is <i>increased</i> with concurrent&nbsp;{{c1::corticosteroid (ie: prednisone)}} use"<div>another risk factor for patients is age &gt; 60 y/o</div><img src=""paste-28578712387961.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b> are&nbsp;{{c1::teratogenic}} due to them causing <u>cartilage damage</u> to the fetus"<img src=""paste-28892245000568.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b> are <i>contraindicated</i> in <b>children</b> {{c1::&lt; 18* years}} old due to damage to <u>growing cartilage</u>"<div>can result in arthropathy; *FA says less than 18, so do multiple other sources</div><img src=""paste-29149943038325.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Fluoroquinolones</b> are {{c1::nucleic acid}} synthesis inhibitors"inhibit DNA topoisomerase II (prokaryotic DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV<div><img src=""paste-21517786153329.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones
<b>Clonality</b> can be determined via {{c1::G6PD}} isoforms in <u>females</u>monoclonal vs polyclonal; can also be determined with <u>androgen receptor</u>&nbsp;isoformsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
The<b> G6PD</b> isoform genes are located on the {{c1::X-chromosome}}"<div>Multiple isoforms (e.g., G6PD_A, G6PD_B, and G6PD_C) exist; only <b>one isoform</b> is&nbsp;inherited from <u>each parent</u></div><div><u><img src=""paste-48477295870182.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>X chromosome</b> <u>inactivation</u> ({{c1::lyonization}}) can result in differential expression of <b>G6PD isoforms</b>"<div>random, therefore the <b>ratio</b> of the different isoforms (ie: G6PD_A to G6PD_B) would be <b><u>1:1</u></b></div><img src=""paste-48614734823650.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
The ratio of <b>G6PD isoforms</b> in {{c1::hyperplasia}} is still <b>1:1</b>"<div><u>polyclonal</u> - cells are derived from multiple cells</div><img src=""paste-49022756716812.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
The ratio of&nbsp;<b>G6PD isoforms</b>&nbsp;in {{c1::neoplasia}} is elevated"in neoplasia, all the daughter cells are derived from one mother cell (monoclonal)<div><img src=""paste-49409303773491.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Is <b>neoplasia</b> <u>reversible</u>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No (irreversible)}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Each<b> B-cell</b> expresses a <u>light chain</u> that is either a {{c1::<b>kappa</b>}} or {{c2::<b>lambda</b>}} isoform<u>clonality</u> of B-cells are determined by their light chain phenotypesA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
The typical ratio of <b>kappa</b> to <b>lambda</b>&nbsp;immunoglobulin <u>light chain phenotypes</u> is&nbsp;{{c1::3}}:{{c1::1}}"<img src=""paste-50968376901850.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
An <b>infection</b> with a proliferation of <u>B-cell</u> <b>kappa</b> and <b>lambda</b> <u>light chain phenotypes</u> would cause the 3:1 ratio to&nbsp;{{c1::stay the same::change or stay the same}}"<div>hyperplasia - polyclonal so ratio of isoforms remains the same!</div><img src=""paste-51238959841497.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A <b>lymphoma</b>&nbsp;with a proliferation of&nbsp;<u>B-cell</u>&nbsp;<b>kappa</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>lambda</b>&nbsp;<u>light chain phenotypes</u>&nbsp;would cause the 3:1 ratio to&nbsp;{{c1::change::change or stay the same}}"<div>Increases to &gt;6:1 or becomes inverted (ie: 1:3)</div><img src=""paste-51604032061646.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
An <u>increase</u> in lymph node<b> size</b> due to <b>infection</b> is known as&nbsp;{{c1::reactive hyperplasia}}polyclonal increase in kappa:lambda - therefore ratio is maintainedA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Neoplasia</b> can either be&nbsp;{{c1::benign}} or {{c1::malignant}} (malignancy)both are <u>monoclonal</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Benign}} neoplastic tumors remain <u>localized</u> and <b>do not</b> metastasizeA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Malignant}} neoplastic tumors <u>invade locally</u> and <b>have potential</b> to metastasizemalignant neoplastic tumors = cancerA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Can you have a <u>benign</u> proliferation of <b>lymphocytes</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::No (always malignant)}}</div>"<div>either lymphoma or leukemia</div><img src=""paste-52673478918317.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Cancer</b> is the&nbsp;{{c1::2nd}} leading cause of death in <u>both</u>&nbsp;adults and childrenA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Cardiovascular disease (CVD)</b>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;{{c1::1st}} leading cause of death in <u>adults</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Cerebrovascular disease</b>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;{{c1::3rd}} leading cause of death in <u>adults</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Accidents</b>&nbsp;are the&nbsp;{{c1::1st}} leading cause of death in <u>children</u>Leukemia is the 1st leading cause of <u>cancer</u>&nbsp;deaths in childrenA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Congenital defects</b>&nbsp;are the&nbsp;{{c1::3rd}} leading cause of death in <u>children</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Breast/prostate</b> cancer is the {{c1::1st}} most common cancer by <u>incidence</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Lung</b> cancer is the {{c1::2nd}} most common cancer by <u>incidence</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Colorectal</b> cancer is the {{c1::3rd}} most common cancer by <u>incidence</u>&nbsp;and <u>mortality</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Lung</b> cancer is the {{c1::1st}} most common cancer by <u>mortality</u>due to <u>lack</u>&nbsp;of practical screening methodology - therefore lung cancer is found late in the disease course (higher mortality)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Breast/prostate</b> cancer is the {{c1::2nd}} most common cancer by <u>mortality</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the <u>best</u>&nbsp;treatment of <b>cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Early detection}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
How many <u>cellular divisions</u> occur before the earliest clinical symptoms of <b>cancer</b>&nbsp;arise?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::About 30}}</div>remember that cancer arises from a single cell (<u>monoclonal</u>)<div><br /></div><div><b>prognosis</b>&nbsp;depends on whether the clinical symptoms arise early/late in disease course (when was the cancer detected)</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Agents that damage <b>DNA</b> are known as&nbsp;{{c1::carcinogens}}chemicals, oncogenic viruses, radiationA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Alcohol&nbsp;</b>is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::<b>squamous cell carcinoma</b>}} of the {{c1::<u>oropharynx</u>}} and {{c1::<u>upper esophagus</u>}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Arsenic</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::squamous cell}} carcinoma of the <u>skin</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Arsenic</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::angiosarcoma}} of the <u>liver</u>&nbsp;(cancer)along with vinyl chlorideA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Arsenic</b> is commonly found in {{c1::cigarette smoke}}, hence its association with <u>lung cancer</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Cigarette smoke</b> contains the carcinogens&nbsp;<b>arsenic, naphthylamine</b> and <b>{{c1::polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons}}</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the key <u>risk factor</u>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b> of <b>urothelium</b> (epithelium of bladder, kidney)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Cigarette smoke}}</div><div>Especially <b><u>naphthylamine</u></b></div><div><br></div>carcinogens of cigarette smoke enter blood, filtered by kidney and sit in bladder until voided - bladder + kidney cancerA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which type of <u>stomach carcinoma</u> are <b>nitrosamines</b>&nbsp;related to?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<u>Intestinal</u> type of Stomach Carcinoma}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma</b> of the <b>bladder</b> can arise from {{c1::naphthylamine}}, a derivative of <u>cigarette smoke</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Chromium</b>&nbsp;exposure is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::lung}} carcinomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Beryllium</b>&nbsp;exposure is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::lung}} carcinomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Silica</b>&nbsp;exposure is associated with&nbsp;{{c2::lung}} carcinomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>EBV</b>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::nasopharyngeal}} <b>carcinoma</b>, especially in <u>Asian</u> and <u>African males</u>classically a <u>neck mass</u> in a chinese maleA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>EBV</b>&nbsp;is associated with {{c1::CNS lymphoma}}, especially in <u>AIDS patients</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>EBV</b>&nbsp;is associated with {{c1::Burkitt lymphoma}}, the <u>endemic/african</u> formJaw/neck massA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Viruses such as <b>EBV, HHV-8, HBV/HCV, etc</b> are said to be&nbsp;<u>{{c1::oncogenic}} viruses</u> due to them causing <b>cancer</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Ionizing}} radiation is associated with&nbsp;<b>acute myelocytic leukemia</b>Sources of ionizing radiation include&nbsp;<u>nuclear reactor accidents</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>radiotherapy</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div>individuals who lived close to the <b>chernobyl nuclear accident</b>&nbsp;had higher rates of AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Ionizing}} radiation is associated with&nbsp;<b>chronic myelocytic leukemia</b>Sources of ionizing radiation include&nbsp;<u>nuclear reactor accidents</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>radiotherapy</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div>individuals who lived close to the <b>chernobyl nuclear accident</b>&nbsp;had higher rates of AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Ionizing}} radiation is associated with&nbsp;<b>papillary carcinoma of the thyroid</b>Sources of ionizing radiation include&nbsp;<u>nuclear reactor accidents</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>radiotherapy</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div>individuals who lived close to the <b>chernobyl nuclear accident</b>&nbsp;had higher rates of AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>{{c2::Ionizing}} radiation</b> results in the formation of <u>double-stranded</u> <b>breaks</b> in DNA and&nbsp;<u>{{c1::hydroxyl free radicals}}</u> which <b>damage DNA</b>"H₂O in tissues hit with ionizing radiation -&gt; *OH free radicals generated<div><br /></div><div>associated with AML, CML, and papillary thyroid carcinoma</div><div><img src=""paste-e5e7d7be6bde49d1fa19219d6270de39bf0be14c.jpg"" /><br class=""Apple-interchange-newline"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Xeroderma pigmentosum}} results from lack of <b>excision endonuclease</b> activity to remove <u>pyrimidine dimers</u>"<div>defective nucleotide excision repair</div><img src=""paste-75952201662763.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Carcinoma}} implies the cancer is of <u>epithelial</u> originA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
{{c1::Sarcoma}} implies the cancer is of <u>mesenchymal</u> originsoft tissues (ie: fat, musle, bone, etc)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Upregulation of&nbsp;{{c1::telomerase}}&nbsp;<u>prevents</u>&nbsp;<b>chromosomal shortening</b>&nbsp;and cell death&nbsp;in tumorsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Tumor {{c1::grading}}</u> defines the degree of <b>cellular differentiation</b> and <b>mitotic activity</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Tumor {{c1::staging}}</u> defines the degree of <b>localization/spread</b>"<img src=""paste-79340930859188.jpg""><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Low grade</b> tumors are {{c1::well}} differentiatedTumor <u>grading</u>&nbsp;is based on differentitationA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>High grade</b> tumors are {{c1::poorly}} differentiatedcan also be said to be <u>undifferentiated</u> or <u>anaplastic</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A {{c1::hamartoma}} is an <u>overgrowth</u> of tissues in their <b>native location</b>ie: <b>bronchial</b> hamartoma consists of <u>lung tissue</u> and <u>cartilage</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A {{c1::choristoma}} is the presence of&nbsp;<u>normal tissue</u>&nbsp;in a&nbsp;<b>foreign location</b>ie: gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel diverticulumA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Blood vessels</u>&nbsp;can give rise to a {{c1::<b>hemangioma</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>angiosarcoma</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Smooth muscle</u>&nbsp;can give rise to a {{c1::<b>leiomyoma</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>leiomyosarcoma</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Striated muscle</u>&nbsp;can give rise to a {{c1::<b>rhabdomyoma</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>rhabdomyosarcoma</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Connective tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to a {{c1::<b>fibroma</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>fibrosarcoma</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Bone</u>&nbsp;can give rise to a {{c1::<b>osteoma</b>}} (benign) and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>osteosarcoma</b>}} (malignant)&nbsp;A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the <u>most common</u> <b>cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Skin cancer}}</div>basal &gt; squamous &gt;&gt;&gt; melanomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the <u>most common</u>&nbsp;<b>skin</b>&nbsp;cancer?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Basal cell carcinoma}}</div>basal &gt; squamous &gt;&gt;&gt; melanomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the <u>most common</u> <b>cancer</b> in <b>children</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Leukemia}}</div>"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-81608673591538.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What <u>microbe</u> can increase the risk of <b>penile/anal carcinoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::High risk HPV}}</div>16, 18, 31, 33A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What <u>microbe</u> can increase the risk of <b>gastric adenocarcinoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>H pylori</i>}}</div>as well as MALTomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What <u>microbe</u> can increase the risk of <b>gastric</b>&nbsp;<b>MALT lymphoma</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::<i>H pylori</i>}}</div>along with gastric adenocarcinomaA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What <u>microbe</u> can increase the risk of <b>cholangiocarcinoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Liver fluke (<i>Clonorchis sinensis</i>)}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What <u>microbe</u> can increase the risk of <b>squamous cell <u>bladder</u>&nbsp;cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Growth factor</b> receptors are&nbsp;{{c1::receptor tyrosine kinases}} (receptor class)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What type of <u>oncogene</u> is <b>PDGFB</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Platelet derived <u>growth factor</u>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89979564851750.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the <u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>PDGFB oncogene</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Overexpression}}</div>"<div>results in an <u>autocrine loop</u></div><div><img src=""paste-94132798226718.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the <u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>overexpression</b> of the&nbsp;<b>PDGFB oncogene</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Astrocytoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of <u>oncogene</u> is <b>HER2/neu (c-erbB2)</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Epidermal <u>growth factor receptor</u>}}</div><div><br /></div>"<div>recall that growth factor receptors work as receptor<b> tyrosine kinases</b></div><div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the <u>mechanism</u> that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<!--anki--><b>HER2/neu (c-erbB2)</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Amplification}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>amplification</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>HER2/neu (c-erbB2)</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Breast carcinoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>RET</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neural&nbsp;<u>growth factor receptor</u>}}</div>"<div>recall that growth factor receptors work as receptor tyrosine kinases</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>RET</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::point mutation}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What are the&nbsp;<u>associated tumors</u>&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;that result from&nbsp;<b>point mutation</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>RET</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::MEN2A; MEN2B; medullary thyroid carcinoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>KIT</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Stem cell&nbsp;<u>growth factor receptor</u>}}</div><div><br /></div>"<div>recall that growth factor receptors work as receptor tyrosine kinases</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>KIT</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::point mutation}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>point mutation</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>KIT</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)}}</div>"<div><b>systemic mastocytosis</b> is also associated with KIT mutations</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>RAS</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::GTP-binding protein (signal transducer)}}</div>"<div>""70-80% of tumors have some type of RAS mutation"" -Dr. Sattar</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>RAS</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::point mutation}}</div>"<div>commonly results in a lack of <b>GAP</b> (GTP-ase activating protein)</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is <b>ABL</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Tyrosine kinase (signal transducer)}}</div>"<div>also known as <b><font color=""#ffff00"">BCR-ABL</font></b></div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>ABL</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::t(9;22) with BCR}}</div>"<div>9;22 translocation result in overactivation; this defines <u>CML</u></div><div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>9;22 translocation</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>ABL</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::CML; some forms of ALL}}</div>"<div>9;22 translocation result in overactivation; this defines <u>CML</u></div><div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Ras</b> is associated with growth factor receptors in an <u>inactive</u>&nbsp;{{c1::GDP}}-bound state"<img src=""paste-95734821028135.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Growth factor <u>binding</u> to <u>receptor</u> results in <b>Ras</b> replacing {{c1::GDP}} with {{c1::GTP}}"<div>RAS is part of the MAPKinase pathway</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-95782065668393.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Activated Ras</u> (Ras-{{c1::GTP}} complex) sends signals to the <b>nucleus</b>"<img src=""paste-95833605275921.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Ras</b> shuts off its nuclear signalling via {{c1::GAP}} cleavage of <u>GTP</u> to <u>GDP</u>"<div>GTPase associated protein</div><img src=""paste-95880849916194.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A common <b>Ras</b> pathway mutation results in mutations of <b>GAP</b>, resulting in a lack of {{c1::GTP}} to {{c1::GDP}} <u>inactivation</u>"<div>excess signal to the nucleus causes the cell to overgrow</div><img src=""paste-96099893248324.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>c-MYC, N-MYC, L-MYC</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Transcription factor (nuclear regulator)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>c-MYC</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::t(8;14) involving IgH}}</div>"<div>IgH - immunoglobulin heavy chain</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>translocation 8;14</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>c-MYC</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Burkitt lymphoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
The immunoglobulin heavy chain (<b>IgH</b>) sits on chromosome {{c1::14}}"<div>Burkitt lymphoma is a B-cell lymphoma, therefore they will be expressing IgH (gene will be ""on"")</div><div>Also associated with mantle cell lymphoma (cyclin D1), follicular lymphoma (Bcl2)</div><img src=""paste-97409858273603.jpg""><img src=""paste-102546639159623.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A&nbsp;<i>translocation</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>c-MYC</b>}} from chromosome {{c2::<b>8</b>}} to&nbsp;{{c2::<b>14</b>}} results in overexpression and ultimately&nbsp;<u>{{c3::Burkitt lymphoma}}</u>"<div>excessive <b>transcription factor </b>production</div><img src=""paste-98127117812061.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>c-MYC </b>is a <u>transcription factor</u> that sits on chromosome {{c1::8}}"<div><br></div><div>assoc. with t(8;14) - Burkitt lymphoma</div><img src=""paste-98122822844765.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>N-MYC</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::amplification}}</div>"<div>amplification of a transcription factor -&gt; neuroblastoma</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>amplification</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>N-MYC</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Neuroblastoma}}</div></div>"<div><u>N</u>-MYC - <u>N</u>euroblastoma</div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>L-MYC</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::amplification}}</div>"<div>amplification of a transcription factor -&gt; small cell lung carcinoma<br></div><div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>amplification</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>L-MYC</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Small cell lung carcinoma}}</div>"<div><u>L</u>-MYC -&nbsp;small cell <u>L</u>ung carcinoma</div><div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>cyclin D1</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::cyclin (cell cycle regulator)}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>cyclin D1</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::t(11;14) involving IgH}}</div>"<div>IgH = immunoglobulin heavy chain</div><div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>translocation 11;14</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>cyclin D1</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::mantle cell lymphoma}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A <b>mantle cell lymphoma</b> is a lymphoma of {{c1::B}}-cells<div><br /></div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Where do <b>mantle cell lymphomas</b> occur?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mantle zone of the lymph node}}</div>"<div>can also have follicular lymphomas, marginal lymphomas</div><img src=""paste-101374113087749.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Cyclin D1</b>&nbsp;sits on chromosome {{c1::11}}"<img src=""paste-101713415504220.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A&nbsp;<i>translocation</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>cyclin D1</b>}} from chromosome {{c2::<b>11</b>}} to&nbsp;{{c2::<b>14</b>}} results in overexpression and ultimately&nbsp;<u>{{c3::Mantle cell lymphoma}}</u>"<div>cyclin D allows the cell to progress from G₁-&gt;S phase (activates CDKs)</div><img src=""paste-101850854457681.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the region <u>next to</u> the <b>follicle</b> of the <b>lymph node</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Mantle}}</div>"<img src=""paste-101374113087749.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>CDK4</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::cyclin depedent kinase (cell cycle regulator)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What is the&nbsp;<u>mechanism</u>&nbsp;that results in malignancy from the&nbsp;<b>CDK4</b>&nbsp;oncogene?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::amplification}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>amplification</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>CDK4</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::melanoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89975269884454.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>ALK</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::receptor tyrosine kinase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the&nbsp;<u>associated tumor</u>&nbsp;that results from&nbsp;<b>gain of function</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>ALK</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::lung adenocarcinoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>Blc-2</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::anti-apoptotic molecule}}</div>"<img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What are the&nbsp;<u>associated tumors (2)</u>&nbsp;that result from&nbsp;<b>gain of function</b>&nbsp;of the&nbsp;<b></b><b>Bcl-2</b>&nbsp;oncogene?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::follicular and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas}}</div>"<div>Excess anti-apoptotic molecules -&gt; lack of apoptosis during negative selection</div><div><br></div><div>Follicular lymphoma can progress to DLBCL</div><img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>BRAF</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::serine/threonine kinase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Gain of functions in the <b>BRAF oncogene</b>&nbsp;result in&nbsp;{{c1::melanoma}}, {{c2::non-hodgkins}} lymphoma and {{c3::papillary thyroid}} carcinoma"<img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<div>What type of&nbsp;<u>oncogene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>JAK2</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::tyrosine kinase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Gain of functions in the&nbsp;<b>{{c1::JAK2}} oncogene</b>&nbsp;result in <u>chronic myeloproliferative disorders</u>"<div>Receptor associated tyrosine kinase (signals for things such as erythropoietin, thrombopoietin); hence there is activation of <b>STATs</b></div><img src=""paste-104784317120832.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A&nbsp;<i>translocation</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>BCR-ABL</b>}} from chromosome {{c2::<b>9</b>}} to&nbsp;{{c2::<b>22</b>}} results in overexpression and ultimately&nbsp;<u>{{c3::CML}}</u>, some forms of&nbsp;<u>{{c3::ALL}}</u><br />"this translocation is known as the <b>philadelphia chromosome</b><br /><div><b><br /></b></div><div><img src=""paste-29820f542f5525668feb0175167b086d8b6db455.jpg"" /><b><br /></b></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</b> is characterized by <u>multiple malgnancies</u> at an&nbsp;{{c1::early}} age"<img src=""paste-115959822024803.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Loss of copies of a <b>tumor suppressor gene</b>&nbsp;(knudson two-hit hypothesis)<div>arise&nbsp;from&nbsp;<u>{{c1::germline}}</u>&nbsp;(inherited) or&nbsp;<u>{{c1::somatic}}</u>&nbsp;(sporadic) mutations</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A&nbsp;<i>translocation</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>Bcl2</b>}} from chromosome {{c2::<b>18</b>}} to&nbsp;{{c2::<b>14</b>}} results in overexpression and ultimately&nbsp;<u>{{c3::follicular lymphoma}}</u>"-Mitochondrial membrane is further stabilized by increased Bcl2, which blocks the release of cytochrome c and inhibits apoptosis.<div><br /></div><div>-B cells that would normally undergo apoptosis during somatic hypermutation in the lymph node germinal center accumulate, leading to lymphoma.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-121723668136143.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
A <u>follicular lymphoma</u> due to <b>Bcl-2 overexpression</b> results from a {{c1::t(14;18)}} mutation"<img src=""paste-121723668136143.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Bcl2&nbsp;</b>is an&nbsp;<u>anti-apoptotic molecule</u>&nbsp;that sits on chromosome {{c1::18}}"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-122166049767725.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Overexpression of<b> Bcl2</b> in the <u>follicle</u> of a <b>lymph node</b> results in a <u>lack&nbsp;of apoptosis</u> of {{c1::B-cells}} during <b>somatic hypermutation</b>"<img src=""paste-122720100548913.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Telomerase</b> activity is <u>{{c1::upregulated}}</u>&nbsp;in <b>cancer</b><div>Normally, telomeres shorten with serial cell divisions, eventually resulting in cellular senescene.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cancers often have&nbsp;upregulated&nbsp;telomerase, which <u>preserves telomeres</u>.&nbsp;</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Abnormal proteins</u> produced endogenously by cells are typically expressed on <b>MHC</b> {{c1::I}}CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells will bind and cause apoptosisA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Tumor cells</b> evade <b>CD{{c1::8+}} T-cell</b>&nbsp;immune surveillance by <u>down-regulating</u> <b>MHC {{c1::I}}</b> expressionnormally, MHC I expresses abnormal proteins on cell surface and bind CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells<div><br /></div><div>hence why immunodeficiency can result in tumor growth</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Immunodeficiency</b> increases the risk for&nbsp;{{c1::cancer}} due to lack of <b>immune surveillence</b> for tumorsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis<b> (FAP)</b>&nbsp;and <b>colorectal cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>APC</i>}}</div>"<div>on chromosome <b>5q</b></div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor genes</u>&nbsp;are associated with <b>breast, ovarian, fallopian and pancreatic cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>BRCA1/BRCA2</i>}}</div>"<img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>melanoma </b>and<b> pancreatic cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>CDKN2A</i>}}</div>"<div>autosomal dominant mutation on chromosome 9p21 that leads to loss of CDKN2A -&gt; loss of p16</div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-104625403330563.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>colon cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>DCC</i>}}</div>"<div>DCC = <u>d</u>eleted in <u>c</u>olon <u>c</u>ancer</div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>pancreatic cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>DPC4/SMAD4</i>}}</div>"<div>DPC = <u>d</u>eleted in <u>p</u>ancreatic&nbsp;<u>c</u>ancer</div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>MEN1</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>neurofibramatosis type 1</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>NF1</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>neurofibramatosis type 2</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>NF2</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated with <b>breast, prostate and endometrial cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>PTEN</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor genes</u>&nbsp;are associated with <b>tuberous sclerosis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>TSC1, TSC2</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor gene</u>&nbsp;is associated with <b>von Hippel-Lindau disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>VHL</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>tumor suppressor genes</u>&nbsp;are associated with <b>Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<i>WT1, WT2</i>}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>{{c2::APC}}</b> is a <b>tumor suppressor gene</b> that encodes a <u>negative</u>&nbsp;regulator of the <b>{{c1::β-catenin/WNT}}</b> pathway"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>{{c2::CDKN2A}}</b> is a <b>tumor suppressor gene</b> that encodes <b>{{c1::p16}}</b> which blocks the&nbsp;<b>{{c3::G₁}}&nbsp;to {{c3::S}} phase</b> of the cell cycle"<div>autosomal dominant mutation in 9p21 (dysplastic nevus syndrome)</div><div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>MEN1</b>&nbsp;is a <b>tumor suppressor gene</b> that encodes <b>{{c1::Menin}}</b>, a tumor suppressor protein"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>NF1</b>&nbsp;is a <b>tumor suppressor gene</b> that encodes for the protein&nbsp;<b>{{c1::neurofibromin}}</b>"<div>a Ras GTPase activating protein (GAP)</div><div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg""></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Neurofibromin</b> (from <i>NF1</i>) is a Ras&nbsp;{{c1::GTPase activating protein (<u>GAP</u>)}}"<div>GAP = GTPase activating protein (cleaves GTP from Ras, inactivating it and stop the signal transduction pathway)</div><div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>NF2</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<b>tumor suppressor gene</b>&nbsp;that encodes for the protein&nbsp;<b>{{c1::merlin (schwannomin)}}</b>"<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::TSC1}}</b><b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b>is a<b>&nbsp;tumor suppressor gene&nbsp;</b>that encodes for the protein<b>&nbsp;</b><b>{{c1::Hamartin}}</b>""<div>chromosome 9</div><div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::TSC2}}</b><b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b>is a<b>&nbsp;tumor suppressor gene&nbsp;</b>that encodes for the protein<b>&nbsp;</b><b>{{c1::Tuberin}}</b>""<div>chromosome 16</div><div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::VHL}}&nbsp;</b>is a<b>&nbsp;tumor suppressor gene</b>&nbsp;whose product <u>inhibits</u>&nbsp;{{c1::hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (<b>HIF-1α</b>)}}""<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c2::WT1}}&nbsp;</b>is a<b>&nbsp;tumor suppressor gene&nbsp;</b>that encodes a <u>transcription factor</u>&nbsp;which regulates {{c1::<b>urogenital</b>}} <b>development</b>&nbsp;""<div><img src=""paste-136524125438419.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Epithelial cells</b> are <u>attached</u> to one another via <b>cellular adhesion molecules</b> (ie: {{c1::E-cadherin}})downregulation of E-cadherin leads to dissociation of attached cellsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<u>Downregulation</u> of {{c1::E-cadherin}} allows for dissociation and <b>spread </b>of<b> tumor cells</b>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Tumor cells</b>&nbsp;can attach to&nbsp;<u>{{c1::laminin}}</u>&nbsp;and destroy the basement membrane (type IV collagen) via&nbsp;<b>{{c2::collagenase}}</b>"<div>allowing cells to move into the <b>extracellular matrix</b></div><img src=""paste-148760487264525.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Once <b>tumor cells</b> enter the <u>extracellular matrix</u>&nbsp;they will attach themselves to&nbsp;{{c1::fibronectin}}"<div>can then either spread via the <u>lymphatics</u> or the blood vessels&nbsp;(<u>hematogenous</u>)</div><img src=""paste-148975235629402.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which type of cancer <i>tends</i>&nbsp;to metastasize via the <b>lymphatics</b>&nbsp;to regional <b>lymph nodes</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carcinomas}}</div>"<div><div>recall that carcinomas are a malignancy of&nbsp;<u>epithelial</u>&nbsp;tissue</div></div><div><br /></div><div>circle = normal lymph follicles; box = abnormal tumor histology (adenocarcinoma)</div><img src=""paste-149486336737631.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which type of cancer <i>tends</i>&nbsp;to metastasize <b>hematogenously</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sarcomas (and 4 carcinomas)}}</div>"<div>recall that sarcomas are a malignancy of <u>mesenchymal</u> tissue</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>F</b>our <b>C</b>arcinomas <b>R</b>oute <b>H</b>ematogenously: <b>F</b>ollicular thyroid carcinoma, <b>C</b>horiocarcinoma, <b>R</b>enal cell carcinoma, and <b>H</b>epatocellular carcinoma."A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>four</u> <i>carcinomas</i> route <b>hematogenously</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Follicular thyroid carcinoma}}</div><div>{{c2::Choriocarcinoma}}</div><div>{{c3::Renal cell carcinoma}}</div><div>{{c4::Hepatocellular carcinoma}}</div><b>F</b>our <b>C</b>arcinomas <b>R</b>oute <b>H</b>ematogenously: <b>F</b>ollicular thyroid carcinoma, <b>C</b>horiocarcinoma, <b>R</b>enal cell carcinoma, and <b>H</b>epatocellular carcinoma.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Renal cell carcinoma</b> commonly invades into the&nbsp;{{c1::renal vein}} (blood vessel)<b>F</b>our&nbsp;<b>C</b>arcinomas&nbsp;<b>R</b>oute&nbsp;<b>H</b>ematogenously:&nbsp;<b>F</b>ollicular thyroid carcinoma,&nbsp;<b>C</b>horiocarcinoma,&nbsp;<b>R</b>enal cell carcinoma, and&nbsp;<b>H</b>epatocellular carcinoma.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>Hepatocellular carcinoma</b> commonly invades into the&nbsp;{{c1::hepatic vein}} (blood vessel)<b>F</b>our&nbsp;<b>C</b>arcinomas&nbsp;<b>R</b>oute&nbsp;<b>H</b>ematogenously:&nbsp;<b>F</b>ollicular thyroid carcinoma,&nbsp;<b>C</b>horiocarcinoma,&nbsp;<b>R</b>enal cell carcinoma, and&nbsp;<b>H</b>epatocellular carcinoma.A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
Which <u>carcinoma</u> has a tendency to <b>seed body cavities</b>&nbsp;(ie: the peritoneum)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Ovarian carcinoma}}</div>"<div>normal bowel with cancer circled below it - ""<b>omental caking</b>""</div><img src=""paste-151337467642215.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b>Ovarian carcinoma</b> is associated with ""{{c1::<u>omental caking</u>}}"", which occurs from <b>seeding of the {{c2::peritoneum}}</b> with layers upon layers of tumor cell growth""<div>normal bowel with cancer circled below it - ""<b>omental caking</b>""</div><img src=""paste-151337467642215.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
<b>{{c1::Benign}} </b>tumors are slow-growing"<img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are rapidly growing""<div>tumors grow within months to 1 year</div><img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are poorly circumscribed""<div>cannot separate it from the surrounding tissue</div><img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are well circumscribed""<div>clearly separated from the surrounding tissue (distinct)</div><img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are <u>distinct</u> and <u>separate</u> from the tissue from which they are growing""<img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are mobile""<div>you can move the mass around (tells you the mass has not invaded into local tissues, has not attached itself)</div><img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are <u>infiltrative</u> into local tissues""<div><img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;are <u>fixed</u> to surrounding tissues""<div><img src=""paste-155074089189577.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the only way to make an <u>absolute</u>&nbsp;diagnosis of <b>cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Biopsy/excision of the tissue}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;usually display <u>organized growth</u>""<img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;usually display <u>uniform nuclei</u>""<img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;usually display a <u>low</u>&nbsp;nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio""<img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors&nbsp;usually display <u>minimal</u>&nbsp;mitotic activity""<img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Benign}}&nbsp;</b>tumors have&nbsp;<u>no</u>&nbsp;metastatic potential""<img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors usually&nbsp;display&nbsp;<u>disorganized growth</u>""<img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors usually&nbsp;display nuclear <u>pleomorphism</u>""<div>some nuclei will be big, other nuclei will be small</div><img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors usually&nbsp;display nuclear <u>hyperchromasia</u>&nbsp;(dark blue)""<div><img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors usually&nbsp;display&nbsp;a&nbsp;<u>high</u>&nbsp;nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio""<div><img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
"<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">{{c1::Malignant}}&nbsp;</b>tumors usually&nbsp;display&nbsp;a&nbsp;<u>high</u>&nbsp;mitotic activity""<div><img src=""paste-156688996892941.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What is the only factor used to make an&nbsp;<u>absolute</u>&nbsp;diagnosis of&nbsp;<b>benign or malignant</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Metastatic potential}}</div><b>benign</b> tumors do <u>NOT</u> metastasizeA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Etc::Pathoma_Chapter_3_(Neoplasia_-_upgrade)
What <u>enzyme</u> and <u>cofactor</u> catalyze conversion of <b>dUMP</b> to <b>dTMP</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Thymidylate synthase (methylene-THF as cofactor)}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-3d00d6da89dac3811aeb14a60e10fc762f55e4cf.jpg"" /><br /></div><img src=""paste-27535035335085.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Conversion of <b>dUMP</b> to <b>dTMP</b> via <u>Thymidylate synthase</u> converts the <i>cofactor</i> {{c1::methylene THF}} to {{c1::DHF}}"<img src=""paste-27535035335085.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-698305847755277.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What enzyme converts <b>DHF</b> back to <b>THF</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dihydrofolate reductase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-698305847755277.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What enzyme is inhibited by <b>Methotrexate</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Dihydrofolate reductase (eukaryotic)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-698305847755277.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28875065131438.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Administration of&nbsp;<b>methotrexate</b>&nbsp;results in a build-up of&nbsp;{{c1::DHF}} in cells"<div>due to inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase</div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28969554411946.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;{{c1::folate}} analog"<div>inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase in eukaryotes</div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28969554411946.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which phase of the <u>cell cycle</u> does <b>methotrexate</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis)</div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29446295781806.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which phase of the <u>cell cycle</u> does <b>5-fluorouracil</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA <b>S</b>ynthesis phase (inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis)</div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29446295781806.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which phase of the <u>cell cycle</u> does <b>hydroxyurea</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis)</div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29446295781806.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Medical abortions</b> can be performed with a combination of <u>mifepristone</u>, {{c1::<u>methotrexate</u>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<u>misoprostol</u>}}"<div>misoprostol is a PGE₁&nbsp;analog; mifepristone is a progesterone receptor antagonist</div><img src=""paste-29996051595691.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which <u>chemotherapeutic</u> drug can be used in the treatment of <b>ectopic pregnancy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Methotrexate}}</div>"<img src=""paste-30386893619628.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which <u>chemotherapeutic</u> drug can be used in the treatment of a&nbsp;<b>hydatidiform mole</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Methotrexate}}</div>"<img src=""paste-30558692311467.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which <u>chemotherapeutic</u> drug can be used in the treatment of <b>choriocarcinoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Methotrexate}}</div>"<img src=""paste-30558692311467.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which <u>chemotherapeutic</u> drug can be used in the treatment of <b>psoriasis </b>and <b>psoriatic arthritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Methotrexate}}</div>"<div>characterized by plaques with silver-scale and hyperproliferation&nbsp;of the epidermis</div><img src=""paste-30623116820909.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Chemotherapeutic drugs</b> are effective against <u>{{c1::rapidly}}</u>&nbsp;dividing cellsaka <b>labile</b>&nbsp;cellsA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b> has an <u>{{c1::immunosuppressive}}</u> effect, hence why it is useful in the treatment of IBD, vasculitis, SLE, dermatomyositis, etc."<div>folate antagonist, hence will cause problems with immune cell production</div><div><img src=""paste-32169305047466.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b> is <u>first-line</u> in treating {{c1::rheumatoid arthritis}} (joint pathology)"<div>short-term relief with glucocorticoids and NSAIDs</div><img src=""paste-31542239822251.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is <i>first-line</i> in the treatment of&nbsp;<b>rheumatoid arthritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Methotrexate}}</div>"<img src=""paste-31542239822251.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What type of <u>anemia</u>&nbsp;results from <b>methotrexate</b>&nbsp;use?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia}}</div>"<img src=""paste-32534377267628.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What <u>vitamin</u> deficiency&nbsp;results from <b>methotrexate</b>&nbsp;use?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Folate (B₉)}}</div>"<div>inhibits reactivation of DHF to THF, therefore there is a relative folate deficiency</div><img src=""paste-32800665239980.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Thymidine synthesis inhibitor</b>&nbsp;(MTX, 5-FU, hydroxyurea) use&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::myelo}}-suppression and&nbsp;{{c1::pan}}-cytopenia"<img src=""paste-32843614912942.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Thymidine synthesis inhibitor</b> (MTX, 5-FU, hydroxyurea) use can result in increased risk for {{c1::infection}} due to <u>immunosuppression</u>"<img src=""paste-33225867002284.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b>&nbsp;can result in pulmonary fibrosis and ultimately&nbsp;{{c1::<u>restrictive</u> lung}} disease"<div>MTX, bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone</div><img src=""paste-33754147979690.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Pulmonary {{c1::fibrosis}} (<u>late</u> stage) results in a <b>honeycomb lung</b>&nbsp;on CT"<img src=""paste-47373489275163.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b>&nbsp;is associated with pulmonary and {{c1::hepato}}-toxicity (organ)"<div>hence LFTs should be continually monitored</div><img src=""paste-34527242092972.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::alopecia}} (hair pathology)"<div><u>chemotherapeutic</u> drugs target <b>rapidly&nbsp;</b>dividing cells (aka labile cells)</div><img src=""paste-35059818037678.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Methotrexate</b>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::mucositis}} (ie: mouth ulcers)"<img src=""paste-35270271435178.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What drug is used to reverse <b>methotrexate</b>&nbsp;toxicity?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Leucovorin}}</div>"<div>Leucovorin is folinic acid - it is converted to THF without requiring DHF reductase, and starts allowing thymidylate synthetase to synthesize thymidine</div><img src=""paste-35330400977324.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
{{c1::Leucovorin}} is <b>folinic acid</b> and does <u>not</u> require DHF reductase for the synthesis of thymidine"<div><img src=""paste-35330400977324.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<u>Myelosuppression</u> due to <b>methotrexate</b> is reversible with&nbsp;{{c1::leucovorin}}"<div><img src=""paste-35330400977324.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>5-fluorouracil</b> is a&nbsp;{{c1::pyrimidine}} analog"<div>inhibition of thymidylate synthase</div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36026185679277.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>5-fluorouracil</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::thymidylate synthase}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36026185679277.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>5-fluorouracil</b>&nbsp;is a prodrug that is converted to its active form&nbsp;{{c1::5-fdUMP}}"<img src=""paste-e6a0b0d78002adbecd3b67db2f6c2f4e490db850.jpg""><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
{{c2::<b>Capecitabine</b>}}&nbsp;is a prodrug of&nbsp;{{c1::<b>5-fluorouracil</b>}} with similar activityA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Administration of <b>5-fluorouracil</b> results in a build-up of&nbsp;{{c1::dUMP}} in cells"<img src=""paste-28999619183103.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-37048387895724.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is the most <i>widely-used</i> treatment of&nbsp;<b>colorectal cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::5-fluorouracil}}</div>"<img src=""paste-37482179592617.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>5-fluorouracil</b> can be used <u>topically</u> to treat&nbsp;{{c1::basal cell carcinoma}}"<img src=""paste-37477884625321.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>5-fluorouracil</b> can cause damage to the rapidly dividing cells of the <u>GI tract</u>, with resultant&nbsp;{{c1::diarrhea}}"<img src=""paste-37778532336041.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Cutaneous complications of <b>5-fluorouracil</b>&nbsp;use include&nbsp;{{c1::photosensitivity}} and hyperpigmentation"<img src=""paste-38044820308394.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
The effects of&nbsp;<b>5-fluorouracil&nbsp;</b>can be&nbsp;<u>{{c2::potentiated}}</u>&nbsp;with {{c1::<b>leucovorin</b>}}A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<b>hand-foot syndrome&nbsp;</b>(palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia)?<div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::5-fluorouracil}}</div></div>"<div><img src=""paste-12ded9f9fba7bb91be876cb5c039456bfde96d72.jpg""><br></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>5-fluorouracil</b> is known to cause&nbsp;{{c1::hand-foot syndrome}} (palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia)<div><br></div><div><br></div>"<img src=""paste-12ded9f9fba7bb91be876cb5c039456bfde96d72.jpg""><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What&nbsp;<u>enzyme</u>&nbsp;catalyzes the conversion of&nbsp;<b>UDP</b>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>dUDP</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ribonucleotide reductase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-38946763440638.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-39200166511020.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
What enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>Hydroxyurea</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Ribonucleotide reductase}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-6d900152901cf755dfd885f186beca132ae43473.jpg""><br></div><img src=""paste-40192303956399.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug can be used in the treatment of <b>sickle cell anemia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hydroxyurea}}</div>"<div>raises HbF levels</div><img src=""paste-40578851013035.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug can be used to <i>raise</i> <b>fetal hemoglobin</b> (HbF) levels?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Hydroxyurea}}</div>"<img src=""paste-40681930228139.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
<b>Hydroxyurea</b> is indicated for use in {{c1::myeloproliferative}} disorders (CML, polycythemia vera, etc)A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.1_mtx,_leucovorin,_5-FU,_hydroxyurea
Administration of <b>hydroxyurea</b>&nbsp;can lead to a build-up of&nbsp;{{c1::UDP}} or CTP in the cell"<div>
<img src=""paste-6d900152901cf755dfd885f186beca132ae43473.jpg""><br>
</div>
<img src=""paste-cc2f4c198c216c536a42fe907e233f9079a66d09.jpg"">&nbsp;<br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics
<b>Methotrexate</b>, <b>5-fluorouracil</b> and <b>hydroxyurea</b> <u>inhibit</u> {{c1::thymidine}} synthesis"<img src=""paste-3d00d6da89dac3811aeb14a60e10fc762f55e4cf.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
{{c1::IMP}} is the precursor to <b>GMP</b> and <b>AMP</b> in <u>purine</u> synthesis"<img src=""paste-702549275443545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-44573170598296.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-44822278701455.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
What are the two <b>purine</b> nucleo<u>tide</u>&nbsp;monophosphates?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::AMP and GMP}}</div>"<div>the purine <u>bases</u> are <b>adenine</b> and <b>guanine</b>; PURe As Gold</div><img src=""paste-702549275443545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-44946832753043.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine</b> is converted to <b>{{c1::6-mercaptopurine}}</b>, a cytotoxic <u>{{c2::purine}}</u> analog"<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-702549275443545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-45183055954321.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
What enzyme is necessary for <u>activation</u> of <b>6-mercaptopurine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::HGPRT}}</div>"<img src=""paste-45479408697745.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-03-79_17-21-26.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine</b> and <b>6-mercaptopurine</b> <u>increase</u> cellular levels of&nbsp;{{c1::PRPP}}"<img src=""paste-702377476751554.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>azathioprine</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibition of purine synthesis)</div><img src=""paste-46604690129299.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>6-mercaptopurine</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibition of purine synthesis)</div><img src=""paste-46604690129299.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>6-mercaptopurine</b> is used to treat {{c1::hematologic (ie: ALL)}} malignancies&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-46832323395983.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine/6-MP</b>&nbsp;have an&nbsp;<u>{{c1::immunosuppressive}}</u>&nbsp;effect, hence why they are useful in the treatment of graft rejection, SLE, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, etc."<img src=""paste-47090021433746.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is the most&nbsp;<i>widely-used</i>&nbsp;treatment of a&nbsp;<b>organ/graft rejection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Azathioprine/6-MP}}</div>"<img src=""paste-47618302411155.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine/6-MP</b> can be used to treat {{c1::rheumatoid}} arthritis"<div>methotrexate is still first-line</div><img src=""paste-47970489729424.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine/6-MP</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat {{c1::inflammatory bowel}} disease (crohn's, ulcerative colitis)"<div>use is limited due to concerns of toxicity</div><img src=""paste-48056389075345.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine/6-MP</b> can result in {{c1::myelo}}-suppression (-cytopenias)"<div>leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, etc</div><img src=""paste-48331266982288.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine/6-MP</b> use can result in increased risk for {{c1::infection}} due to&nbsp;<u>immunosuppression</u>"<div>can result in reactivation of herpes zoster (VZV), exacerbation of chronic viral hepatitis</div><img src=""paste-48739288875409.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is associated with <b>pancreatitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Azathioprine/6-MP}}</div>"<img src=""paste-49027051684241.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine/6-MP</b>&nbsp;is associated with pancreatitis and&nbsp;<u>{{c1::hepato}}-toxicity</u>&nbsp;(organ)"<img src=""paste-49589692400016.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which <i>class</i> of medications can <u>increase</u>&nbsp;risk of <b>azathioprine/6-MP</b>&nbsp;side effects?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol, febuxostat)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-49950469652881.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which enzyme is inhibited by <b>azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::PRPP amidotransferase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-702549275443545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-702377476751554.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Azathioprine</b> and <b>6-mercaptopurine</b> are metabolized by&nbsp;{{c1::xanthine oxidase}} (enzyme)"hence why <u>allopurinol</u> and <u>febuxostat</u> can increase risk of side-effects<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-50749333569934.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is used to&nbsp;<b>wean patients off steroids</b>&nbsp;in chronic disease?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Azathioprine/6-MP}}</div>"<img src=""paste-50800873177189.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>mycophenolate mofetil</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::IMP (inosine monophosphate) dehydrogenase}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-702549275443545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-51019916509588.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Mycophenolate mofetil</b> will&nbsp;<u>increase</u>&nbsp;cellular levels of&nbsp;{{c1::IMP}}"<img src=""paste-702549275443545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-52420075848081.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Mycophenolate mofetil</b>&nbsp;is a <i>powerful</i>&nbsp;inhibitor of <b>{{c1::lymphocyte </b>(B and T cell)<b>}} </b>proliferation&nbsp;(cell type)<div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-52415780880785.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is used in the treatment of <b>lupus nephritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::mycophenolate mofetil}}</div>"<img src=""paste-53545357279332.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
What are common <u>side-effects</u> of <b>mycophenolate mofetil</b> use?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::GI upset (nausea, diarrhea, cramping)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-53798760350098.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Mycophenolate mofetil</b>&nbsp;can result in {{c1::myelo}}-suppression (-cytopenias)"<img src=""paste-54017803682196.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Mycophenolate mofetil</b>&nbsp;use can result in increased risk for {{c1::infection}} due to&nbsp;<u>immunosuppression</u>"<img src=""paste-54086523158929.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Mycophenolate mofetil</b>&nbsp;use is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::hyper}}-tension"<img src=""paste-54292681588840.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Mycophenolate mofetil</b>&nbsp;use is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::hyper}}-glycemia"<img src=""paste-54292681588840.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is associated with <i>invasive</i>&nbsp;<b>CMV infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::mycophenolate mofetil}}</div>"<img src=""paste-54288386621544.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.2_azathioprine,_6-mp,mycophenolate,_mofetil
<b>Cladribine</b>&nbsp;is a cytotoxic {{c1::purine}} analog"<img src=""paste-55856049684887.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>cladribine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::DNA polymerase (α and β)}}</div>"<div>along with <b>adenosine deaminase</b></div><img src=""paste-56654913601940.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>cytarabine</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::DNA polymerase (α and β)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-56654913601940.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>gemcitabine</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::DNA polymerase (α and β)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-56654913601940.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>cladribine</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibits DNA polymerase)</div><img src=""paste-57007100920214.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>cytarabine</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibits DNA polymerase)</div><img src=""paste-57007100920214.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>gemcitabine</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S phase}}</div>"<div>DNA&nbsp;<b>S</b>ynthesis&nbsp;phase (inhibits DNA polymerase)</div><img src=""paste-57007100920214.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is used to treat <b>hairy cell leukemia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cladribine}}</div>"<div>along with <b>pentostatin</b></div><img src=""paste-57208964383123.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cladribine</b> is a <u>DNA polymerase inhibitor</u> that treats&nbsp;{{c1::hairy cell}} leukemia"<div>along with <b>pentostatin</b></div><img src=""paste-57208964383123.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cladribine&nbsp;</b>can result in {{c1::myelo}}-suppression (-cytopenias)"<img src=""paste-57612691308952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cytarabine&nbsp;</b>can result in {{c1::myelo}}-suppression (-cytopenias)"<img src=""paste-57612691308952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Gemcitabine&nbsp;</b>can result in {{c1::myelo}}-suppression (-cytopenias)"<img src=""paste-57612691308952.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cladribine</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::<u>immunosuppression</u>}} with increased risk for <b>infection</b>"<img src=""paste-57767310131608.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cytarabine</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::<u>immunosuppression</u>}} with increased risk for <b>infection</b>"<img src=""paste-57767310131608.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Gemcitabine</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::<u>immunosuppression</u>}} with increased risk for <b>infection</b>"<img src=""paste-57767310131608.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cladribine</b>&nbsp;use can result in {{c1::nephro}}-toxicity and {{c1::neuro}}-toxicity"<img src=""paste-58385785421897.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Cytarabine</b>&nbsp;is a cytotoxic {{c1::pyrimidine}} analog"<img src=""paste-60464549593492.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
<b>Gemcitabine</b>&nbsp;is a cytotoxic {{c1::pyrimidine}} analog"<img src=""paste-61800284422551.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which type of <u>anemia</u> can result from <b>cytarabine</b> use?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia}}</div>"<img src=""paste-60962765799496.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which DNA polyermase inhibiting&nbsp;<b>pyrimidine analog</b>&nbsp;is used to treat<div>both <u>hematologic</u>&nbsp;malignancies and <u>solid</u>&nbsp;tumors?</div><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Gemcitabine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-61907658604949.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
Which DNA polyermase inhibiting&nbsp;<b>pyrimidine analog</b>&nbsp;is used to treat<div><u>hematologic</u>&nbsp;malignancies only?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cytarabine}}</div></div>"<img src=""paste-60778082206100.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::1.3_cladribine,_cytarabine,_gemcitabine
What <u>class</u> of drugs does <b>cyclophosphamide</b> belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-64007897612684.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
What <u>class</u> of drugs does <b>ifosfamide</b> belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
What <u>class</u> of drugs does <b>busulfan</b> belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-74831215198600.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
What <u>class</u> of drugs do&nbsp;<b>nitrosoureas</b> belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Alkylating agents (cytotoxic chemo)}}</div>"include carmustine, lomustine, and streptozocin<div><img src=""paste-76008036237706.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
What <u>class</u> of drugs does <b>carmustine</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77408195576201.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
What <u>class</u> of drugs does <b>lomustine</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77403900608905.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
What <u>class</u> of drugs does <b>streptozocin</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas (alkylating agent)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77502684856712.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Alkylating agents</b> donate an {{c1::<b>alkyl</b>}} group that <u>{{c1::cross-links}}</u> {{c2::<b>DNA</b>}}, resulting in cell apoptosis"<div>cell cycle non-specific; cell division is brought to a halt and the cell undergoes apoptosis</div><img src=""paste-64634962837899.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;do <b>alkylating agents</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::act <u>throughout</u>&nbsp;the cell cycle}}</div>"<div>cross-link DNA -&gt; cell division is brought to a halt and the cell undergoes apoptosis</div><img src=""paste-64634962837899.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drugs&nbsp;<b>cross-link DNA</b> at the <b>guanine N-7</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide; Ifosfamide}}</div>"<div>attaches an alkyl group to the seventh nitrogen of guanine</div><img src=""paste-64634962837899.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b>&nbsp;attaches an <u>alkyl group</u> to the {{c1::seventh nitrogen (N-7)}} of {{c2::<b>guanine</b>}}<div><br /></div>"<div>thereby cross-linking DNA</div><div><img src=""paste-64634962837899.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Ifosfamide</b>&nbsp;attaches an <u>alkyl group</u> to the {{c1::seventh nitrogen (N-7)}} of {{c2::<b>guanine</b>}}<div><br /></div>"<div>thereby cross-linking DNA</div><div><img src=""paste-64634962837899.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which <u>two</u> alkylating agents must be <i>activated</i> by <b>CYP450</b>&nbsp;in the <b>liver</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-67005784785290.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-67263482822741.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> is <u>{{c1::activated}}</u>&nbsp;by <b>CYP450</b> in the liver"<img src=""paste-67005784785290.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-67263482822741.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Ifosfamide</b> is <u>{{c1::activated}}</u>&nbsp;by <b>CYP450</b> in the liver"<img src=""paste-67005784785290.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-67263482822741.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which <u>alkylating agent</u> is used to treat both <b>hematologic malignancies</b> (leukemia, lymphoma) and <b>solid tumors</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-67714454389130.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> has a <u>potent</u>&nbsp;{{c1::immunosuppressive}} effect; hence it can be used for a variety of <b>autoimmune conditions</b>"<img src=""paste-68015102099850.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::myelo}}-suppression with resultant -cytopenias"<div>make sure you continually check the patient's CBCs!</div><img src=""paste-68457483731339.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drugs are associated with&nbsp;<b>hemorrhagic cystitis</b> <i>with</i>&nbsp;<b>acrolein</b> in urine?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide; Ifosfamide}}</div>"<div>bleeding is from the bladder in hemorrhagic cystitis</div><img src=""paste-69093138891147.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> use can result in <b>{{c1::hemorrhagic cystitis}}</b>, with the&nbsp;<u>bladder toxicity</u> arising from the metabolite {{c1::<b>acrolein</b>}}"<div>acrolein is toxic to the bladder and hence can cause bleeding from the bladder (hemorrhagic cystitis)</div><img src=""paste-70050916598156.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-04-107_17-40-26.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Ifosfamide</b> use can result in <b>{{c1::hemorrhagic cystitis}}</b>, with the&nbsp;<u>bladder toxicity</u> arising from the metabolite {{c1::<b>acrolein</b>}}"<div>acrolein is toxic to the bladder and hence can cause bleeding from the bladder (hemorrhagic cystitis)</div><img src=""paste-70050916598156.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which drug can <u>bind acrolein</u> and <i>prevent</i> <b>hemorrhagic cystitis</b> in cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide use?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::<u>MESNA</u> (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate)}}</div>"<div>recall that acrolein is a toxic metabolite of -phosphamides</div><img src=""paste-70888435220873.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
The {{c1::thiol}} group of <b>MESNA</b> <u>binds acrolein</u>, preventing hemorrhagic cystitis due to cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide use"<img src=""paste-72211285148041.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Besides <b>MESNA</b>, {{c1::N-acetylcysteine}} can also be used to <i>prevent</i> <u>hemorrhagic cystitis</u> from cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide use"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-72735271157845.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is known to <i>cause</i>&nbsp;<b>bladder cancer</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72821170504076.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which <u>type</u>&nbsp;of bladder cancer is <b>cyclophosphamide</b> known to cause?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Transitional cell carcinoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-72821170504076.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is known to cause <b>SIADH</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-73748883440012.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::<b>SIADH</b>}}, with resultant <u>{{c2::hypo}}-natremia</u>"<div>excess free water reabsorption due to excess ADH</div><img src=""paste-73748883440012.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> is known to cause {{c1::infertility}} in <u>men</u>"<div>decreased sperm count or even azospermia if severe</div><img src=""paste-74251394613644.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Cyclophosphamide</b> is known to cause {{c1::premature menopause}} in <u>women</u>"<img src=""paste-74251394613644.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is used in <b>bone marrow ablation</b>&nbsp;prior to&nbsp;<b>marrow transplant</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Busulfan}}</div>"<div>depletes bone marrow</div><img src=""paste-74960064217480.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Busulfan</b> is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::lung}} toxicity (organ)"<img src=""paste-75458280423817.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which <u>alkylating agent</u>&nbsp;can result in <b>hyperpigmentation</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Busulfan}}<br></div>"<div>""<b>busulfan tan</b>""</div><img src=""paste-75578539508103.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Busulfan</b>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::myelo}}-suppression with resultant -cytopeniasactually useful in <b>prepping </b>a patient's<b> bone marrow</b> before <u>bone marrow transplant</u>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which of the <u>alkylating agents</u> are <b>nitrogen mustards</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide}}</div>"<img src=""paste-76583561855061.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Busulfan</b> can result in pulmonary fibrosis and ultimately&nbsp;{{c1::<u>restrictive</u>&nbsp;lung}} disease"methotrexate, bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone<div><br /><div><img src=""paste-76970108911670.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>recall that late-stage fibrosis will present with <b>honeycomb</b>&nbsp;lung on CT</div><div><img src=""paste-47373489275163.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which class of alkylating agents require <u>bioactivation</u> via <b>non-enzymatic hydroxylation</b> in the <b>liver</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas}}</div>"<img src=""paste-77850577207361.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which of the&nbsp;<u>alkylating agents</u>&nbsp;can cross the <b>blood-brain barrier</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas}}</div>"<div>lomustine, carmustine, streptozocin</div><img src=""paste-78039555768714.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which of the&nbsp;<u>alkylating agents</u>&nbsp;can be used to treat <b>glioblastoma multiforme</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas}}</div>"<div>carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-78039555768714.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
<b>Nitrosoureas</b> cross the <u>blood-brain</u> barrier and can thus treat <b>brain</b> tumors (ie: {{c1::glioblastoma multiforme}})"<img src=""paste-78039555768714.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which of the <u>alkylating agents</u> can cause <b>neurotoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas}}</div>"<div>can cross the blood-brain barrier!</div><img src=""paste-78597901517194.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which of the <u>alkylating agents</u> can cause <b>convulsions, dizziness, ataxia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Nitrosoureas}}</div>"<div>can cross the blood-brain barrier!</div><img src=""paste-78597901517194.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Which of the <u>antimetabolite</u>&nbsp;chemo drugs&nbsp;can cause <b>neurotoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cladribine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-78980153606216.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.1_alkylating_agents
Drugs that end in <b>-platin</b> (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) are cytotoxic&nbsp;{{c1::platinum}} analogs"<img src=""paste-80509161964018.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Platinum analogs</b> (-platin suffix) bind {{c1::DNA}} and form <u>intra-strand</u> and <u>inter-strand</u>&nbsp;{{c1::cross-links}}"<div>thus causing <b>apoptosis</b> of the cell</div><img src=""paste-80689550590454.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;do&nbsp;<b>platinum analogs</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::act&nbsp;<u>throughout</u>&nbsp;the cell cycle}}</div>cross-link DNA -&gt; cell division is brought to a halt and the cell undergoes apoptosisA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Platinum analogs</b> are used to treat {{c1::<u>solid</u> tumor}} malignancies&nbsp;"<img src=""paste-81411105096161.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Platinum analogs</b> are associated with&nbsp;{{c1::nephro}}-toxicity and&nbsp;{{c1::oto}}-toxicity"<div><b>NO</b>pe</div><img src=""paste-81758997446775.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which of the <u>platinum analogs</u> is <i>most</i>&nbsp;commonly associated with <b>otoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cisplatin}}</div>"<div>N<b>O</b>PE</div><img src=""paste-82063940125153.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Cisplatin</b> targets the&nbsp;<u>{{c1::outer hair}} cells</u> within the {{c1::organ of corti}}, resulting in <b>tinnitus</b> and <b>sensorineural hearing loss</b>"<img src=""paste-82059645157857.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Platinum analogs</b> are known to cause {{c1::peripheral neuropathy}} in a <u>stocking-glove</u> distribution"<div>NO<b>P</b>E</div><img src=""paste-82454782149091.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drugs are associated with <b>nephrotoxicity</b>, <b>ototoxicity</b>, and <b>peripheral neuropathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Platinum analogs}}</div>"especially <u>cisplatin</u>; NOPE<div><u><img src=""paste-82888573845631.jpg""></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which of the&nbsp;<u>platinum analogs</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>most</i>&nbsp;commonly associated with&nbsp;<b>nephrotoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cisplatin}}</div>"<div>acute tubular necrosis -&gt; granular, muddy brown casts</div><img src=""paste-83124797047266.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which of the&nbsp;<u>platinum analogs</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>most</i>&nbsp;commonly associated with&nbsp;<b>peripheral neuropathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cisplatin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-82450487181795.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Platinum</b>&nbsp;based antineoplastics can cause side effects which might make ya say&nbsp;<b>NOPE</b><div><b><br /></b><div>- {{c1::<b>Nephrotoxicity</b>}}, in particular {{c1::<b>Acute Tubular Necrosis</b>}}</div><div>- {{c2::<b>Ototoxicity</b>}}</div><div>- {{c3::<b>Peripheral Neuropathy</b>}}</div><div>- {{c4::<b>Emesis</b>}}</div></div>"<img src=""Xnip2018-04-107_17-40-26.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is known to cause <b>acute tubular necrosis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cisplatin}}</div>"<div>as well as other platinum analogs</div><img src=""paste-83549998809557.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is known to result in&nbsp;<b>muddy brown casts</b>&nbsp;found in <b>urine</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cisplatin}}</div>"<div>as well as other platinum analogs</div><img src=""paste-83549998809557.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which drug is used to prevent <u>cisplatin-induced</u> <b>nephrotoxicity</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Amifostine}}</div>"<div>used in conjunction with <b>IV saline diuresis</b></div><img src=""paste-84713934946787.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Amifostine</b>&nbsp;scavenges {{c1::<b>free radicals</b>}} produced by&nbsp;{{c2::<b>cisplatin</b>}}&nbsp;in the <u>kidney</u>"<img src=""paste-84713934946787.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
<b>Diuresis</b> with&nbsp;{{c1::IV saline}} prevents cisplatin-induced <u>nephrotoxicity</u>"<div>along with the free-radical scavenging amifostine</div><img src=""paste-84997402788324.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
What <i>must</i> be used in <u>all patients</u>&nbsp;treated with <b>cisplatin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::IV saline}}</div>"<div>to prevent possible nephrotoxicity; along with <b>amifostine</b></div><img src=""paste-84993107821028.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which of the&nbsp;<u>platinum analogs</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>most</i>&nbsp;commonly associated with&nbsp;<b>myelosuppression</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carboplatin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-85800561672672.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which of the&nbsp;<u>platinum analogs</u>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>most</i>&nbsp;commonly associated with&nbsp;<b>immunosuppression</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Carboplatin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-85800561672672.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
What&nbsp;<u>class</u>&nbsp;of drugs does&nbsp;<b>bleomycin</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::antitumor antibiotics}}</div>"<img src=""paste-87471303950803.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
What&nbsp;<u>class</u>&nbsp;of drugs does&nbsp;<b>actinomycin D</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::antitumor antibiotics}}</div>"also known as <u>Dactinomycin</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><u><img src=""paste-96349001351643.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
What&nbsp;<u>class</u>&nbsp;of drugs does&nbsp;<b>doxorubicin</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anthracyclines (antitumor antibiotics)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89953795047898.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
What&nbsp;<u>class</u>&nbsp;of drugs does&nbsp;<b>daunorubicin</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anthracyclines (antitumor antibiotics)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89953795047898.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Bleomycin</b> has a {{c1::DNA}} <u>binding region</u> and an {{c1::iron}} <u>binding region</u>"<div>chelates metal ions and produces a rxn that <u>forms free radicals</u>&nbsp;-&gt; creates breaks in DNA</div><u><img src=""paste-87741886890459.jpg"" /></u>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Bleomycin</b> forms {{c1::free radicals}} which cause breaks in {{c1::DNA}}"<div>binds DNA and chelates metal ions to form free radicals, thereby inducing breaks into the bound DNA</div><img src=""paste-87956635255258.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-04-107_17-40-26.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>bleomycin</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::G₂}}</div>"<img src=""paste-88321707475420.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Bleomycin</b> treats both&nbsp;{{c1::hematologic}} malignancies and&nbsp;{{c1::solid}} tumors"<img src=""paste-88497801134556.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Bleomycin</b>&nbsp;can result in pulmonary fibrosis and ultimately&nbsp;{{c1::<u>restrictive</u>&nbsp;lung}} disease"<div>methotrexate, bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone</div><img src=""paste-88781268976093.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Bleomycin</b> is associated with <u>skin toxicity</u>, such as rash and {{c1::hyperpigmentation}}"<img src=""paste-88983132439001.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which of the <u>antitumor antibiotics</u> can cause <b>hyperpigmentation</b> of <b>skin</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bleomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-88983132439001.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which of the&nbsp;<u>antitumor antibiotics</u>&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<b>mucositis</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>stomatitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bleomycin, Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89567247991257.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which of the&nbsp;<u>antitumor antibiotics</u>&nbsp;can cause <b>alopecia</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::All of them*}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89567247991257.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-89739046682882.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
What <u>suffix</u> is associated with <b>Anthracyclines</b> (antitumor antibiotics)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::-rubicin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-89953795047898.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Anthracycline</b> antitumor antibiotics were first isolated from a species of&nbsp;{{c1::<i>Actinomyces</i>}} <u>bacteria</u>"<img src=""paste-89953795047898.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Anthracyclines </b>(doxorubicin, daunorubicin)&nbsp;form {{c1::free radicals}} which cause breaks in {{c1::DNA}}"<div>as well as intercalating into DNA</div><img src=""paste-90512140796379.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-90658169684446.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drugs form <b>free radicals</b> and <i>also </i><b>intercalate</b> into <b>DNA</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-90512140796379.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-90658169684446.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which&nbsp;<u>antitumor antibiotic</u>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;<i>soley</i> forms&nbsp;<b>free radicals</b>, causing strand breaks in DNA?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Bleomycin}}</div>"whereas&nbsp;Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) form free radicals <u>and</u>&nbsp;intercalate into DNA<div><u><img src=""paste-87741886890459.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which&nbsp;<u>antitumor antibiotic</u>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;<i>soley</i> <b>intercalates</b> into&nbsp;<b>DNA</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Actinomycin D}}</div>"whereas&nbsp;Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) form free radicals&nbsp;<u>and</u>&nbsp;intercalate into DNA<div><img src=""paste-96370476188121.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Anthracyclines</b> (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) {{c1::<u>intercalate</u>}} into {{c2::<b>DNA</b>}}, blocking DNA and RNA synthesis"<div>as well as causing free radical formation</div><img src=""paste-92303142158812.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Doxorubicin</b> has a <b>{{c1::broad}} range</b> of chemotherapeutic uses and is <u>commonly used</u> in clinical practice"<img src=""paste-92655329477084.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Anthracyclines</b>&nbsp;(doxorubicin, daunorubicin)&nbsp;treat both&nbsp;{{c1::hematologic}} malignancies and&nbsp;{{c1::solid}} tumors"<img src=""paste-92651034509788.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
What is the main <u>adverse effect</u> of <b>anthracyclines</b> (doxorubicin, daunorubicin)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Cardiotoxicity (dilated cardiomyopathy)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-93102006075875.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-04-107_17-40-26.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is associated with <b>dilated cardiomyopathy</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxorubicin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-93102006075875.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which <i>form</i> of <b>anthracyclines</b> (doxorubicin, daunorubicin) <u>decrease</u>&nbsp;their risk of <b>cardiotoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::liposomal form}}</div>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which <u>drug</u> can <i>prevent</i>&nbsp;<b>cardiotoxicity</b> of <b>anthracyclines</b> (doxorubicin, daunorubicin)?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Dexrazoxane}}</div>"<div><b>iron</b>-chelator&nbsp;</div><img src=""paste-94729798681054.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Dexrazoxane</b> is an&nbsp;{{c1::iron}} chelator"<div>prevents the cardiotoxicity associated with <u>Doxorubicin</u> and <u>Daunorubicin</u></div><img src=""paste-95288144429532.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which of the <u>antitumor antibiotics</u> is associated with <b><i>minimal</i> myelosuppression</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Bleomycin}}</div>"<img src=""paste-95464238088445.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which of the&nbsp;<u>antitumor antibiotics</u>&nbsp;(3)&nbsp;are associated with<b>&nbsp;myelosuppression</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Doxorubicin, daunorubicin, actinomycin D}}</div>"<img src=""paste-95666101551582.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
Which&nbsp;<u>chemotherapeutic</u>&nbsp;drug is used to treat <b>pediatric</b>&nbsp;(childhood)<b>&nbsp;tumors</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Actinomycin D}}</div>"<img src=""paste-96473555403225.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Actinomycin D</b> can be used to treat the <u>pediatric</u> tumors&nbsp;{{c1::Wilms}} tumor,&nbsp;{{c2::Ewing}} sarcoma, and&nbsp;{{c3::rhabdomyosarcoma}}"<img src=""paste-96473555403225.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
<b>Actinomycin D</b> {{c1::<u>intercalates</u>}} into {{c2::<b>DNA</b>}}, blocking DNA and RNA synthesis&nbsp;<br>"<div>inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase</div><img src=""paste-97935845ad154b9ed02aac5b4dfbcccc8efe6ab9.jpg""><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.3_bleomycin,_doxorubicin,_daunorubicin,_actinomycin_D
What is the mechanism of <b>plantinum analog</b>&nbsp;<u>cytotoxicity</u>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Cross-link DNA}}<br></div>"<div>thus act <u>throughout</u>&nbsp;the cell cycle</div><img src=""paste-722e2760a53cf10e4af5933116675a05374b5e64.jpg""><br>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.2_cisplatin,_carboplatin,_oxaliplatin,_amifostine
Which enzyme is inhibited by <b>etoposide</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::topoisomerase II}}</div>"<div>specifically, inhibits the <u>religation</u> of breaks that topoisomerase II first caused&nbsp;</div><img src=""paste-1155346203120.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which enzyme is inhibited by <b>teniposide</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::topoisomerase II}}</div>"<div>specifically, inhibits the&nbsp;<u>religation</u>&nbsp;of breaks that topoisomerase II first caused&nbsp;</div><img src=""paste-1155346203120.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which enzymes <u>relieve</u> <b>DNA supercoiling</b> during DNA replication?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::topoisomerases}}</div>"<img src=""paste-1352914698736.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Topoisomerases</b> relieve <u>DNA {{c1::supercoiling}}</u> that occurs during DNA replication"<img src=""paste-1352914698736.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Topoisomerase</b> {{c1::II}} induces breaks in <u>both</u>&nbsp;the positive <i>and</i> negative DNA strands (double stranded breaks)"<img src=""paste-1713691951599.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Topoisomerase</b> {{c1::I}} induces breaks in <u>single strands</u>&nbsp;of DNA"<div>relieves <u>negative</u>&nbsp;supercoiling</div><img src=""paste-3740916515311.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Etoposide</b> and <b>teniposide</b> inhibit the {{c1::religation}} of <b>double stranded breaks</b> caused by topoisomerase II"<div>this results in chromosomal break accumulation and eventual cell death</div><img src=""paste-1894080578029.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>etoposide</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S <i>and</i>&nbsp;G₂&nbsp;phase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2362232013292.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2349347111406.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>teniposide</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S&nbsp;<i>and</i>&nbsp;G₂&nbsp;phase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2362232013292.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2349347111406.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Etoposide</b> and <b>teniposide</b> have activity against both {{c1::hematological}} and {{c1::solid tumor}} malignancies"<img src=""paste-2761663971822.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which <u>two</u>&nbsp;<i>solid tumors</i> specifically can <b>etoposide</b> and <b>teniposide</b> (topoisomerase II inhibitors) be used to treat?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Testicular carcinoma}},&nbsp;{{c2::Small cell lung carcinoma}}</div>"<img src=""paste-2761663971822.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Etoposide</b> and <b>teniposide</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::myelo}}-suppression and&nbsp;{{c1::immuno}}-suppression"<img src=""paste-3191160701425.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3259880178161.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Etoposide</b>&nbsp;and <b>teniposide</b>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::alopecia}} (hair pathology)"<img src=""paste-3362959393262.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>topotecan</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::topoisomerase I}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3612067496430.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which enzyme is inhibited by&nbsp;<b>irinotecan</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::topoisomerase I}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3612067496430.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>topotecan</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S&nbsp;<i>and</i>&nbsp;G₂&nbsp;phase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3762391351790.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>irinotecan</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::S&nbsp;<i>and</i>&nbsp;G₂&nbsp;phase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3762391351790.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which <u>topoisomerase I inhibitor</u> is indicated in <b>ovarian</b> and <b>small cell lung</b> cancer?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::topotecan}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3912715207153.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which <u>topoisomerase I inhibitor</u> is indicated in <b>colon</b>&nbsp;cancer?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::irinotecan}}</div>"<img src=""paste-3912715207153.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
<b>Irinotecan</b> and <b>topotecan</b> can result in&nbsp;{{c1::myelo}}-suppression"<img src=""paste-4105988735471.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which of the <u>topoisomerase inhibitors</u> (2) are associated with severe&nbsp;<b>diarrhea</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::irinotecan, topotecan}}</div>"<img src=""paste-4187593114095.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.4_etoposide,_teniposide,_topotecan,_irinotecan
Which <u>two</u> drugs are cytotoxic <b>vinca alkaloids</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine; Vinblastine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-5265629905392.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6262062318060.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors <u>bind</u> <b>β-tubulin</b> and <u>inhibit</u><b>&nbsp;polymerization</b>?<div><br></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine; Vinblastine}}</div>"<div>thus preventing mitotic spindle formation</div><img src=""paste-5523327943149.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors <u>prevent</u> <b>mitotic spindle formation</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine; Vinblastine}}</div>"<div>via binding to&nbsp;<b>β</b>-tubulin&nbsp;and&nbsp;inhibit&nbsp;its<b>&nbsp;</b>polymerization</div><img src=""paste-5523327943149.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;do&nbsp;<b>vincristine</b>&nbsp;and <b>vinblastine</b>&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::M phase}}</div>"<div>prevent mitotic spindle formation (specifically the <u>prophase</u>&nbsp;of mitosis)</div><img src=""paste-6300717023727.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Vinblastine</b> and <b>Vincristine</b> treat <u>both</u> {{c1::hematologic}} and {{c1::solid tumor}} malignancies"<img src=""paste-6996501725673.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the <u>vinca alkaloids</u> is more commonly used in <b>Hodgkin's lymphoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vinblastine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7301444403329.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the <u>vinca alkaloids</u> is more commonly used in <b>Non-hodgkin's lymphoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7301444403329.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the <u>vinca alkaloids</u> is more commonly associated with <b>neurotoxicity</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-7486127997422.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-7301444403329.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the <u>vinca alkaloids</u> is more commonly associated with <b>areflexia </b>and <b>peripheral neuritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine}}</div>"<div><img src=""paste-7490422964718.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-7301444403329.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the&nbsp;<u>vinca alkaloids</u>&nbsp;is more commonly associated with&nbsp;<b>paralytic ileus</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vincristine}}</div>"<img src=""paste-7597797147116.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Vincristine</b> is associated with <u>neurotoxicity</u>, specifically&nbsp;{{c1::peripheral neuropathy (glove &amp; stocking)}}"<div>microtubule transport in neurons in out (lack of nutrients to distal nerve)<br></div><img src=""paste-7486127997422.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Vincristine</b> is associated with <u>autonomic dysfunction</u>, specifically&nbsp;{{c1::paralytic ileus}} and <b>constipation</b>"<img src=""paste-7597797147116.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Vincristine</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>vinblastine</b>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::alopecia}} (hair pathology)"<img src=""paste-8173322764782.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the&nbsp;<u>vinca alkaloids</u>&nbsp;is more commonly associated with&nbsp;<b>myelosuppression</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vinblastine}}</div>"*vincristine is as well, however it is much <u>milder</u><div><u><img src=""paste-8297876816367.jpg"" /></u></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
What&nbsp;<u>class</u>&nbsp;of drugs does&nbsp;<b>paclitaxel</b>&nbsp;belong to?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Taxanes (cytotoxic plant alkaloids)}}</div>"<div>microtubule inhibitor</div><img src=""paste-8641474200049.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors&nbsp;<u>bind</u>&nbsp;<b>microtubules</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>inhibit</u>&nbsp;their<b>&nbsp;depolymerization</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paclitaxel (taxanes)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-8963596747245.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the cytotoxic microtubule inhibitors&nbsp;<u>enhance</u>&nbsp;<b>mitotic spindle formation</b>?<br /><div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paclitaxel (taxanes)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-8963596747245.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Paclitaxel</b> (taxanes) <u>inhibits</u> <b>mitotic spindle <i>breakdown</i></b>, which occurs in&nbsp;{{c1::telophase*}} of mitosis"<div>*first aid says that <b>anaphase</b> cannot occur with paclitaxel</div><img src=""paste-31275951849820.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which phase of the&nbsp;<u>cell cycle</u>&nbsp;does&nbsp;<b>paclitaxel</b> (taxanes)&nbsp;act at?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::M phase}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10522669875691.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Paclitaxel</b>&nbsp;(taxanes) can result in&nbsp;{{c1::alopecia}} (hair pathology)"<img src=""paste-10557029614062.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>{{c2::Paclitaxel}}</b> is a cytotoxic <u>plant</u> alkaloid associated with&nbsp;<b>{{c1::peripheral neuropathy}}</b>&nbsp;(neurotoxicity)"<div>microtubule transport in neurons in out (lack of nutrients to distal nerve)</div><img src=""paste-10599979287023.jpg"" /><img src=""Xnip2018-04-107_17-40-26.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Paclitaxel</b>&nbsp;can result in&nbsp;{{c1::myelo}}-suppression"<img src=""paste-10776072946160.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
Which of the cytotoxic <u>microtubule inhibitors</u>&nbsp;is associated with <b>hypersensitivity reaction</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Paclitaxel (taxanes)}}</div>"<img src=""paste-10960756539481.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
<b>Paclitaxel</b> and other taxanes can be used to treat&nbsp;{{c1::ovarian}} and&nbsp;{{c1::breast}} carcinoma"<img src=""paste-10956461572185.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::2.5_vincristine,_vinblastine,_paclitaxel
What&nbsp;<u>suffix</u>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;small molecule<b> kinase inhibitors</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::-nib}}</div>"<img src=""paste-13176959664630.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
What&nbsp;<u>suffix</u>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;<b>tyrosine&nbsp;kinase inhibitors</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::-tinib}}</div>"<img src=""paste-13292923781618.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Imatinib</b> is a small molecule {{c1::tyrosine kinase}} inhibitor"<div>'-tinib' suffix</div><div><br /></div><div>-treats CML caused by a BCR-ABL t(9;22)&nbsp;</div><div>-treats GIST caused by c-kit point mutation</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-13370233192949.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
Which <u>kinase inhibitor</u> can be used to treat <b>CML</b> due to <b>t9;22</b> of <b>BCR-ABL</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::imatinib}}</div>"<div>specifically, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor</div><div><img src=""paste-13572096655862.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13791139987959.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Chronic myeloid leukemia</b> is characterized by <u>increased</u> levels of mature {{c1::<b>granulocytes </b>(eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)}}"<div><img src=""paste-13559211753976.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>{{c2::Chronic myeloid}}&nbsp;</b><b>leukemia</b>&nbsp;is commonly caused by <u>translocation</u> of <b>{{c3::BCR-ABL}}</b> from chromosome {{c1::9}} to chromosome {{c1::22}}"<div><div>can also cause ALL</div><div><img src=""paste-13791139987959.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13572096655862.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
The&nbsp;<b>t(9;22) translocation</b>&nbsp;(BCR-ABL)&nbsp;is also known as the&nbsp;<b>{{c1::Philadelphia}} chromosome</b>&nbsp;"<div><div><i>most commonly seen in CML; rarely seen with ALL</i></div><div><img src=""paste-13791139987959.jpg"" /></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
Which&nbsp;<u>kinase inhibitor</u>&nbsp;can <i>inhibit</i> the&nbsp;<b>c-kit</b>&nbsp;tyrosine kinase&nbsp;that causes&nbsp;<b>GIST</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::imatinib}}</div>"<div><div><i>a point mutation in c-kit can lead to GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-14972255994363.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
{{c1::<i>c-kit</i>}} is a&nbsp;{{c2::<u>tyrosine</u>}}<u>&nbsp;kinase</u>&nbsp;gene&nbsp;that undergoes a point mutation to form&nbsp;<b>GIST</b> (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)<div><br></div><div><br></div>"<div>inhibit with <b>imatinib</b></div><img src=""paste-15406047691257.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
What is the main <u>side effect</u> of <b>imatinib</b> therapy?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Fluid retention}}</div>"<div>hence ankle and periorbital edema may develop</div><img src=""paste-15612206121459.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>{{c2::Erlotinib}}</b> works as an <b>{{c1::EGFR tyrosine kinase}}</b> inhibitor"<div>EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor; a first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer</div><img src=""paste-16080357556725.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Erlotinib</b> is a first-line treatment of {{c1::non-small cell lung}} cancer"<div>EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor</div><img src=""paste-16488379449845.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
Which&nbsp;<u>kinase inhibitor</u>&nbsp;can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>non-small cell lung</b>&nbsp;cancer due to <b>EGFR</b>&nbsp;overexpression?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Erlotinib}}</div>"<img src=""paste-16488379449845.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Erlotinib</b> therapy is associated with&nbsp;{{c1::acneiform skin rash}} and <b>diarrhea </b>(adverse effects)"<div>EGFR = <b>epidermal</b> growth factor, hence skin effects</div><img src=""paste-16600048599542.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16634408337907.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>{{c3::Sunitinib}}</b> and <b>{{c2::sorafenib}}</b> are small molecules that inhibit the <b>{{c1::VEGFR tyrosine kinase}}</b>"<div>VEGFR = vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (a tyrosine kinase)</div><img src=""paste-17055315132916.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Sunitinib</b> and <b>sorafenib</b> treat cancer due to <b>VEGFR</b> <u>overexpression</u>, such as&nbsp;{{c1::renal cell}} carcinoma"<img src=""paste-17454747091448.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Sunitinib</b> and <b>sorafenib</b> are associated with <u>cutaneous</u>&nbsp;{{c1::hyperkeratosis}} and <b>skin rashes</b>&nbsp;(adverse effects)"<img src=""paste-17626545783286.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Sunitinib</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>sorafenib</b>&nbsp;are associated with an <u>increased</u> risk of {{c1::hemorrhage}}"<div>inhibits the VEGFR (<u>vascular</u> endothelial growth factor receptor)</div><img src=""paste-17832704213491.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
Which <u>two</u> tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with <b>hyperkeratosis</b>&nbsp;and <b>hemorrhage</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Sunitinib and sorafenib}}</div>"<img src=""paste-17832704213491.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3371549327861.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>{{c2::Vemurafenib}}</b>&nbsp;and dabrafenib work as&nbsp;<b>{{c1::BRAF kinase}}</b>&nbsp;inhibitors"<div>BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase</div><img src=""paste-18013092839924.jpg"">"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
<b>Vemurafenib</b> treats {{c1::<b>V600E BRAF</b>}} <u>positive</u> malignant {{c2::<b>melanoma</b>}}"<img src=""paste-18446884536819.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
Which&nbsp;<u>kinase inhibitor</u>&nbsp;can be used to treat malignant&nbsp;<b>melanoma</b>&nbsp;due to&nbsp;<b>V600E BRAF kinase</b>&nbsp;overexpression?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Vemurafenib}}</div>"<img src=""paste-18446884536819.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.1_kinase_inhibitors
The two <u>chimeric</u>&nbsp;antitumor monoclonal antibodies are&nbsp;{{c1::<b>rituximab</b>}} and&nbsp;{{c2::<b>cetuximab</b>}}"<div>chimeric = retains protein fragments from another animal species</div><img src=""paste-19872813679077.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
<b>Rituximab</b> is a chimeric, monoclonal, Ig{{c1::G}} antibodyA_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
Which <u>antitumor</u>&nbsp;monoclonal antibody targets <b>CD20</b> of B-cells?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rituximab}}</div>"<img src=""paste-20963735372260.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
<b>Rituximab</b> is an&nbsp;<u>antitumor</u>&nbsp;monoclonal antibody that targets <b>{{c1::CD20</b><b>}}&nbsp;</b>of&nbsp;B-cells<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>"<img src=""paste-20963735372260.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
<b>Rituximab</b> binds CD20 of B-cells and tags it for&nbsp;<b>natural killer cells</b>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<u>antibody-{{c1::dependent}}</u> cytotoxicity"<img src=""paste-21565030793703.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
<b>Rituximab</b> can be used to treat <u>CD20+</u> {{c1::non-hodgkin's (ie: follicular)}} lymphoma"<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-5321464479887.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
<b>Rituximab</b> can be used to treat {{c1::chronic lymphocytic}} leukemia"<div>targets CD20 of B-cells</div><img src=""paste-22265110462945.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-5317169512591.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
Which <u>antitumor</u> monoclonal antibody can treat&nbsp;<b>rheumatoid arthritis</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rituximab}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22316650070503.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
Which&nbsp;<u>antitumor</u>&nbsp;monoclonal antibody can treat&nbsp;<b>vasculitides</b>?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rituximab}}</div>"<img src=""paste-22733261898216.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
<b>Rituximab</b> is associated with <u>{{c1::immunosuppression}}</u>&nbsp;and has been known to <u>reactivate</u> <b>hepatitis B</b>"<img src=""paste-22969485099493.jpg"" />"A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antineoplastics::3.2_monoclonal_antibodies
Which&nbsp;<u>antitumor</u>&nbsp;monoclonal antibody can cause&nbsp;<b>progessive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</b>&nbsp;(PML)?<div><br /></div><div>{{c1::Rituximab}}</div>"<div>reactivation of the JC virus that almost exclusively occurs in immunosuppressed individuals</div><img src=""paste-23222888169956.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-5317169512591.jpg"" /></div>"A_MASTER Lolnotacop: