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"What tumor suppressor gene does the E6 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""p53"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What tumor suppressor gene does the E6 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">p53</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg""></div>"
"What tumor suppressor does the E7 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rb&#x20;&#x28;specifically&#x20;p105&#x2D;Rb&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What tumor suppressor does the E7 protein from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) bind to and inhibit?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rb (specifically p105-Rb)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Conveniently, E6 inhibits p53, E7 inhibits Rb. 6 before 7; P before R</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"A&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sinonasal&#x20;papilloma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>benign tumor</u> of the <b>squamous mucosa of the sinuses</b> that is thought to be due to HPV infection""A&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sinonasal papilloma</span> is a <u>benign tumor</u> of the <b>squamous mucosa of the sinuses</b> that is thought to be due to HPV infection<br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Laryngeal&#x20;papillomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are benign <b>papillary</b>&nbsp;squamous proliferations commonly found on the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""true"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> vocal cords</b>, associated with <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">-<u>6</u></span> and <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">-<u>11</u></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Laryngeal papillomas</b></span> are benign <b>papillary</b>&nbsp;squamous proliferations commonly found on the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">true</span> vocal cords</b>, associated with <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">-<u>6</u></span> and <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">-<u>11</u></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>True vocal cords are made of <b>stratified squamous epithelium</b> - recall that HPV has a predilectation to SSE</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-21586505630272.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Koilocytes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> have characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>perinuclear</b></span> <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span></b> infections""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Koilocytes</b></span> have characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>perinuclear</b></span> <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span></b> infections<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><img src=""paste-11768210391221.jpg""><div><div><img src=""paste-42979737731225.jpg""></div></div></div>"
"What is the most common cause of Condyloma acuminata?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV6&#x3B;&#x20;HPV11"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the most common cause of Condyloma acuminata?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV6; HPV11</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Condyloma&#x20;Acuminatum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a type of Condyloma that is caused by HPV, typically types 6 and 11""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condyloma Acuminatum</span> is a type of Condyloma that is caused by HPV, typically types 6 and 11<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><img src=""paste-27908697489985.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Koilocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and are a hallmark of HPV infection""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Koilocytes</span> are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and are a hallmark of HPV infection<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i><br></i><div><i style=""""><b>Raisin-like nuclei, with perinuclear halos</b>; v</i><i>ery apparent in Condyloma Acuminatum</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-38805029519363.jpg""><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-93793495810464.jpg""><img src=""paste-43301860278559.jpg""></i></div></div>"
"What is the carcinoma risk associated with HPV 6 and HPV 11?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the carcinoma risk associated with HPV 6 and HPV 11?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Low</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg""></div>"
"What types of HPV are the cause of HPV-related vulvar carcinoma?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High&#x20;Risk&#x20;HPVs&#x20;&#x28;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What types of HPV are the cause of HPV-related vulvar carcinoma?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High Risk HPVs (16, 18, 31, 33)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></i></div>"
"Which type of Vulvar Carcinoma is typically seen in women of reproductive age?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-related</div>""Which type of Vulvar Carcinoma is typically seen in women of reproductive age?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV</span>-related</div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"What is the most common cause of <b>Vaginal</b> Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High&#x2D;risk&#x20;HPV&#x20;subtypes&#x20;&#x28;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the most common cause of <b>Vaginal</b> Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High-risk HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>16, 18 account for 70%</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"
"Which area of the <u>cervix</u> is especially targeted by <b>HPV</b>?<div><br><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transformation&#x20;zone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which area of the <u>cervix</u> is especially targeted by <b>HPV</b>?<div><br><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transformation zone</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>Columnar epithelium (endoderm) to Straified Squamous epithelium (ectoderm)</i><div><i><br></i><div><i><img src=""untitled1364872030570.png""></i></div></div></div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 16?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 16?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 18?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 18?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-23716809408963.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 31?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 31?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 33?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 33?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 6?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 6?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Low</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"">&nbsp;</div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 11?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV 11?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Low</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 are high risk</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"">&nbsp;<i><br></i></div></div>"
"Which protein from high-risk HPV strains binds to p53?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E6"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which protein from high-risk HPV strains binds to p53?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E6</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i><div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg""><br></div><div><img src=""paste-37787122270211 (1).jpg""><br></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E6"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E6</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<br><div><i>""6 before 7, P before R""</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">E6</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""p53"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">E6</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<br><div><i>""6 before 7, P before R""</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22183506084370.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E7"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E7</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div>Specifically p105-Rb<div><br><div><i>""6 before 7, P before R""</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">E7</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rb"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">E7</span> is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div>Specifically p105-Rb<div><br><div><i>""6 before 7, P before R""</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Rb, p53 are tumor suppressors that inhibit G1-S</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"Which protein from high-risk HPV binds to <b>Rb</b> (specifically <b>p105-Rb</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E7"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which protein from high-risk HPV binds to <b>Rb</b> (specifically <b>p105-Rb</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E7</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-22832046146035.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cervical&#x20;Intraepithelial&#x20;Neoplasia&#x20;&#x28;CIN&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span></b> following <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span> infection""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)</b></span> is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span></b> following <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span> infection<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>Recall that high risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33) encode proteins E6 and E7, which knock out p53 and Rb, respectively<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></div>"
"What are the most common types of high-risk HPV? (2)<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;16&#x3B;&#x20;HPV&#x20;18"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What are the most common types of high-risk HPV? (2)<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 16; HPV 18</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"" /></div>"
"What are the most common types of low-risk HPV? (2)<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV6&#x3B;&#x20;HPV11"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What are the most common types of low-risk HPV? (2)<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV6; HPV11</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg""></div>"
"What is the key risk factor for Cervical Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High&#x2D;risk&#x20;HPV&#x20;&#x28;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the key risk factor for Cervical Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High-risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>HPV 16 and 18 account for more than 70% of all Cervical Carcinoma</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"What is the <u>most common</u> type of <b>Cervical Carcinoma</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Squamous&#x20;Cell&#x20;Carcinoma&#x20;&#x28;80&#x25;&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <u>most common</u> type of <b>Cervical Carcinoma</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Squamous Cell Carcinoma (80%)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>Adenocarcinoma is 15% of cases; both are related to HPV</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></i></div></div>"
"What is the gold standard procedure for screening for Cervical Carcinoma?<div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pap&#x20;Smear"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""What is the gold standard procedure for screening for Cervical Carcinoma?<div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pap Smear</span></div></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-3715146711394.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"Which subtypes of HPV are covered by the current quadrivalent vaccine?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;6&#x2C;&#x20;11&#x2C;&#x20;16&#x2C;&#x20;18"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which subtypes of HPV are covered by the current quadrivalent vaccine?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 6, 11, 16, 18</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-31516470018627.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the most common cause of CIN and Cervical Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x20;&#x28;high&#x20;risk&#x20;HPV&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the most common cause of CIN and Cervical Carcinoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 16, 18, 31, 33 (high risk HPV)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></i></div>"
"What is the cancer risk associated with HPV42-44?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cancer risk associated with HPV42-44?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Low</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"What 2 urogenital disorders are associated with low-risk HPV subtypes?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Condylomas&#x20;and&#x20;warts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What 2 urogenital disorders are associated with low-risk HPV subtypes?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condylomas and warts</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>HPV 1-4 = verruca vulgaris (cutaneous warts)</i><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>HPV 6,11 = condyloma accuminata (anogenital warts)</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-26328149525064.jpg""></i></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Koilocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and involve a nucleus with a '<b>raisin-like</b>' shape""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Koilocytes</span> are a histological feature of HPV infected cells and involve a nucleus with a '<b>raisin-like</b>' shape<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><img src=""paste-5265629905230.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-93797790777760.jpg""></div></div>"
"What strains of HPV cause Condylomata Acuminatum?<div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV6&#x3B;&#x20;HPV11"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""What strains of HPV cause Condylomata Acuminatum?<div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV6; HPV11</span></div></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-26323854557768.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-6532645257480.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6562710028496.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the most common risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?<div><br /></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High&#x2D;risk&#x20;HPV&#x20;&#x5B;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x5D;&#x20;&#x28;66&#x25;&#x20;of&#x20;cases&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""What is the most common risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?<div><br /></div><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High-risk HPV [16, 18, 31, 33] (66% of cases)</span></div></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-28162100560450.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-7413113553274.jpg"" /></div>"
"Besides high-risk HPV, what is the second most major risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lack&#x20;of&#x20;circumcision&#x20;and&#x20;poorly&#x20;maintained&#x20;foreskin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Besides high-risk HPV, what is the second most major risk factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lack of circumcision and poorly maintained foreskin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Verruca&#x20;&#x28;Warts&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are soft, flesh-coloured, <b>cauliflower-like papules</b> that appear on the skin due to <b>HPV infection</b> of <u>keratinocytes</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Verruca (Warts)</span> are soft, flesh-coloured, <b>cauliflower-like papules</b> that appear on the skin due to <b>HPV infection</b> of <u>keratinocytes</u><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br></i></div><i>On the genitals it is called <b>Condyloma acuminatum</b></i><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""paste-21955872817443.jpg"">&nbsp;<i><br></i><div><i><img src=""paste-12292196401378.jpg""><img src=""paste-12313671237855.jpg""></i></div></div></div>"
"What is the cause of Verruca (Warts)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> infection of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Keratinocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the cause of Verruca (Warts)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV</span> infection of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Keratinocytes</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>HPV 1-4</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-21955872817443.jpg"">&nbsp;</div>"
"<div class=card>Which cell cycle checkpoint is blocked by p53?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G1&#x20;to&#x20;S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which cell cycle checkpoint is blocked by p53?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G1 to S</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br></div><i>Hence a mutation can cause uncontrolled cell division.</i><div><i>Also blocked by hypophosphorylated Rb&nbsp;<br></i><div><img src=""paste-661424963871.jpg""></div></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER biochemistry cellular_biochemistry general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which cell cycle checkpoint is blocked by hypophosphorylated Rb?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G1&#x20;to&#x20;S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which cell cycle checkpoint is blocked by hypophosphorylated Rb?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G1 to S</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><i>Hence a mutation can cause uncontrolled cell division.</i><br /><div><img src=""paste-661424963871.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER biochemistry cellular_biochemistry general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Why doesn't <i>Rickettsia</i>&nbsp;gram stain well?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Intracellular&#x20;parasite"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Why doesn't <i>Rickettsia</i>&nbsp;gram stain well?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Intracellular parasite</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which stain is used to best visualize <i>Chlamydia</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giemsa&#x20;stain"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which stain is used to best visualize <i>Chlamydia</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giemsa stain</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which stain is used to best visualize <i>Borrelia</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giemsa"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which stain is used to best visualize <i>Borrelia</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giemsa</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30588757082371.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which stain is best used to visualize<i>&nbsp;</i>Rickettsiae?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giemsa"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which stain is best used to visualize<i>&nbsp;</i>Rickettsiae?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giemsa</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which stain is used to visualize Trypanosomes?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giemsa"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which stain is used to visualize Trypanosomes?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giemsa</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which stain is used to visualize <i>Plasmodium</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giemsa"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which stain is used to visualize <i>Plasmodium</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giemsa</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-23106924052545.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30584462115075.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::2_Shapes_and_Stains Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which stain is used to visualize <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""India&#x20;ink"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which stain is used to visualize <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">India ink</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.3_-_Cryptococcus_neoformans Microbiology</div>-->"
"Which <u>special</u> culture media/agar is used to <i>isolate</i> <i><b>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</b></i>&nbsp;or <i><b>Neisseria meningitidis</b></i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Thayer&#x2D;Martin&#x20;&#x28;VPN&#x29;&#x20;media"" data-ordinal=""1"">[... aka ...]</span></div>""Which <u>special</u> culture media/agar is used to <i>isolate</i> <i><b>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</b></i>&nbsp;or <i><b>Neisseria meningitidis</b></i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Thayer-Martin (VPN) media</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-2903397892452.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2942052598113.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-1095216660625.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lowenstein&#x2D;Jensen&#x20;agar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which special culture media/agar]</span> is used to isolate&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i></span><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lowenstein-Jensen agar</span> is used to isolate&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i></span><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Eaton&#x20;agar&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which special culture media/agar]</span>&nbsp;is used to isolate <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span></i>, as it contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cholesterol</u></span> necessary for growth<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Eaton agar</b></span>&nbsp;is used to isolate <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span></i>, as it contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cholesterol</u></span> necessary for growth<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Sabouraud&#x20;agar&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which special culture media/agar]</span> is used to isolate&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>fungi</u></span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Sabouraud agar</b></span> is used to isolate&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>fungi</u></span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><b>Sab</b>&nbsp;is a <b>fun-guy</b>!</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Rickettsia&#x20;spp&#x2E;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia spp.</i></span> are <b>obligate intracellular</b>, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their own ATP.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia spp.</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia spp.</i></span> are <b>obligate intracellular</b>, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their own ATP.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-2452426326172.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia spp.</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Chlamydia&#x20;spp&#x2E;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are <b>obligate intracellular</b>, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their own ATP.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia spp.</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia spp.</i></span> are <b>obligate intracellular</b>, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacteria that cannot make their own ATP.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-2452426326172.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology</div>-->"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;meningitidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that is <b>encapsulated</b>.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span> is a species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that is <b>encapsulated</b>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-6360846565829.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the <b>urease</b> expression of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div>""What is the <b>urease</b> expression of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Positive</span></div><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-6107443495341.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the <b>urease</b> expression of <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <b>urease</b> expression of <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Positive</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-6111738462637.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-4565550235767.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Resistant"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Resistant</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><i><b>""NO S</b>t<b>RES</b>s""</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-4891967750576.jpg"" /><br /></i><div><img src=""paste-17252883628284.jpg"" /></div></div></div>"
"What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sensitive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the Novobiocin sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sensitive</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><i>""<b>NO</b>&nbsp;<b>S</b>t<b>RES</b>s""</i><div><i><img src=""paste-4647154614703.jpg"" /><br /></i><div><img src=""paste-17248588660988.jpg"" /></div></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Preformed&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;enterotoxins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which&nbsp;<u>exotoxin</u>]</span>&nbsp;from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;causes <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid</span></u>-onset food poisoning</b><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Preformed</u>&nbsp;<b>enterotoxins</b></span>&nbsp;from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;causes <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">rapid</span></u>-onset food poisoning</b><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div><i>Incubation period is very short (2-6 hrs) due to the toxins being pre-formed. The enterotoxin is heat stable and hence is not destroyed by cooking.</i></div><div><i>Also seen with Bacillus cereus and reheated rice</i></div></div>"
"Which <i>Staphylococcus </i>species is the <b>2nd most common</b>&nbsp;cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;saprophyticus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>Staphylococcus </i>species is the <b>2nd most common</b>&nbsp;cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</i></span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div><i>Escherichia coli is the most common.</i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 5.58.51 PM.png"" /></div></div>"
"<div class=card>Which <u>bacteria</u> is the most common cause of <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus&#x20;pneumoniae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div></div></div>""<div class=card>Which <u>bacteria</u> is the most common cause of <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /><div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i></span></div></div></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i><font color=""#ffff00"">C-MOPS</font>!<br /></i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-25396141621449.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26530012987655.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::1.4_Cephalosporins Microbiology</div>-->"
"Where in the body are Group D Streptococci (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>&nbsp;and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>) normally found?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Colon&#x20;&#x28;GI&#x29;&#x20;and&#x20;urogenital&#x20;&#x28;GU&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Where in the body are Group D Streptococci (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>&nbsp;and <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>) normally found?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Colon (GI) and urogenital (GU)</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div><i>Group D streptococci include:</i></div><div><i>Enterococcal</i></div><div><i>Non-enterococcal (Streptococcus bovis)</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">t</font><font color=""#ffff00"">herefore in instrumental procedures that involve the GI/GU tract, infection can occur</font></i></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Subacute&#x20;endocarditis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a cardiac complication caused by<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Group D Streptococci (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>)</span>&nbsp;following <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>GI</b></span>/<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>GU</b></span> procedures.<div><br /></div></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Subacute endocarditis</b></span> is a cardiac complication caused by<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Group D Streptococci (<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>Enterococcus faecium</i>)</span>&nbsp;following <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>GI</b></span>/<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>GU</b></span> procedures.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>U-World ?: ""The patient's medical history is most likely to include which of the following?"": cystoscopy (scoping of the genitourinary system)</div><div>-Subacute endocarditis with enterococcus is common after GI/GU procedures (normal flora of colon and urogenital tract)</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.23.02 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<div class=card>Which toxin from <i>Clostridium tetani</i>&nbsp;causes <b>Tetanus</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tetanospasmin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which toxin from <i>Clostridium tetani</i>&nbsp;causes <b>Tetanus</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tetanospasmin</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Remember, tetanospasmin travels <u>retrograde</u>&nbsp;through the motor neuron,&nbsp;cleaving SNARE proteins involved in neurotransmission. It prevents the release of GABA and Glycine, 2 inhibitory neurotransmitters, thereby causing <b>spastic paralysis</b>, trismus and risus sardonicus.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.2_clostridium_tetani Microbiology</div>-->"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Granulomatosis&#x20;Infantiseptica"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> is a complication of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i>&nbsp;infection in <b>neonates</b> that involves the formation of <b>pyogenic granulomas</b> distributed over the whole body.""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Granulomatosis Infantiseptica</span></b> is a complication of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i>&nbsp;infection in <b>neonates</b> that involves the formation of <b>pyogenic granulomas</b> distributed over the whole body.
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""></div>"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Pott&#x20;Disease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a possible complication of <b>extrapulmonary Tuberculosis</b> that involves spread of infection to <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">vertebral bodies</span></u>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Pott Disease</b></span> is a possible complication of <b>extrapulmonary Tuberculosis</b> that involves spread of infection to <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">vertebral bodies</span></u>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-48052094108001.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-48064979010087.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_8_-_Mycobacteria::8.1_TB Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What color colonies do <b>lactose</b>-fermenting enteric bacteria yield on <u>MacConkey agar</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pink"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What color colonies do <b>lactose</b>-fermenting enteric bacteria yield on <u>MacConkey agar</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pink</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><b>""</b>Ma<b>C</b>on<b>KEE</b>'<b>S</b>""</i></div><div><i><b>- C</b>itrobacter</i></div><div><i>- <b>K</b>lebsiella</i></div><div><i>- <b>E</b>nterobacter</i></div><div><i>- <b>E</b>scherichia</i></div><div><i>- <b>S</b>erratia (weak fermenter)</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::5.1_klebsiella,_enterobacter,_serratia Microbiology</div>-->"
"Which species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;ferments glucose <b>and</b>&nbsp;maltose?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;meningitidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;ferments glucose <b>and</b>&nbsp;maltose?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div><img src=""paste-7481833029991.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7494717931648.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;IgA&#x20;Protease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>protein secreted by</u> <i>Neisseria spp.</i>&nbsp;that functions to <u>cleave</u> secreted host <b>Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span></b> at its <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">hinge</span> region</b>.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA Protease</b></span> is a <u>protein secreted by</u> <i>Neisseria spp.</i>&nbsp;that functions to <u>cleave</u> secreted host <b>Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span></b> at its <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">hinge</span> region</b>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-4767413698915.jpg""><div>Allows colonization of mucosal surfaces</div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;gonorrheae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which species of&nbsp;<i>Neisseria</i>]</span>&nbsp;is often found <u>intracellularly</u> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neutrophils (PMNs)</b></span><div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria gonorrheae</i></span>&nbsp;is often found <u>intracellularly</u> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neutrophils (PMNs)</b></span><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>diplococci in a polynucleated cell</div><img src=""paste-14972255994214.jpg""><img src=""paste-1022202216727.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;meningitidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which species of&nbsp;<i>Neisseria</i>]</span>&nbsp;has a <b>polysaccharide capsule</b>, which <u>inhibits</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phagocytosis</span><div><br></div><div><br></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span>&nbsp;has a <b>polysaccharide capsule</b>, which <u>inhibits</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phagocytosis</span><div><br></div><div><br></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><font color=""#ffff00"">Vaccine</font> against polysaccharide capsule</div><div><img src=""paste-8465380540769.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;gonorrhoeae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that has <u>no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">vaccine</span></u> due to rapid <i>antigenic variation</i> of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">pilus</span> proteins.</b><div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i></span> is a species of <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that has <u>no <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">vaccine</span></u> due to rapid <i>antigenic variation</i> of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">pilus</span> proteins.</b><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>Aka fimbriae</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.47.35 PM.png""></div>"
"Which serotype of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>&nbsp;lacks a <b>vaccine</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Type&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which serotype of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>&nbsp;lacks a <b>vaccine</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Type B</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>most infections in the U.S. and other developed countries are caused by the type B strain; <b>UWorld says that vaccines for type B have recently been introduced!</b></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-8808977924449.jpg"" /></div>"
"<i>Neisseria <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">meningitidis</span> </i>is&nbsp;transmitted via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Respiratory&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Oral&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>secretions</b><div><b><br /></b></div>""<i>Neisseria <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">meningitidis</span> </i>is&nbsp;transmitted via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Respiratory</u></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Oral</u></span> <b>secretions</b><div><b><br /></b></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>spreads easily through college dorms (college aged kid with meningitis)</div><img src=""paste-8388071129539.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Fitz&#x2D;Hugh&#x2D;Curtis&#x20;Syndrome&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a rare complication of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</span></u>&nbsp;that involves inflammation of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">liver</span> capsule</b> and formation of ""<b>violin-string</b>"" adhesions.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome</b></span> is a rare complication of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)</span></u>&nbsp;that involves inflammation of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">liver</span> capsule</b> and formation of ""<b>violin-string</b>"" adhesions.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-17325898072422.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16952235917668.jpg"" /></div>"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neonatal&#x20;Conjunctivitis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> is an <b>early (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">2</span>-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5</span> days)&nbsp;</b>ocular infection seen in neonates due to&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span></i>&nbsp;infection during childbirth.""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neonatal Conjunctivitis</span></u> is an <b>early (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">2</span>-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">5</span> days)&nbsp;</b>ocular infection seen in neonates due to&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span></i>&nbsp;infection during childbirth.
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">First 2-5 days, vs. 1-2 weeks for chlamydia</font></i></div><img src=""paste-18678812770662.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Septic&#x20;Arthritis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, most commonly of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;knee&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a <u>musculoskeletal complication</u> of <i>Neisseria <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gonorrhoeae</span></i>&nbsp;infection.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Septic Arthritis</b></span>, most commonly of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>knee</b></span>&nbsp;is a <u>musculoskeletal complication</u> of <i>Neisseria <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gonorrhoeae</span></i>&nbsp;infection.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>joint-tap will show purulent synovial fluid that does <u>not</u>&nbsp;gram stain (bc infection is intracellular - PMNs)</div><img src=""paste-18154826760551.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the etiology of meningococcemia?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;meningitidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the etiology of meningococcemia?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""></div>"
"What is the treatment for <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ceftriaxone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Penicillin G</span></div>""What is the treatment for <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ceftriaxone</span> or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Penicillin G</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>Firefighter w/ 3 axes (cef-""tri-axe""-one)</div><img src=""paste-12292196401564.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-54421530607943.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12335146074564.jpg"" /></div>"
"<div class=card>What is the etiology of <b>Relapsing Fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Borrelia&#x20;recurrentis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the etiology of <b>Relapsing Fever</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Borrelia recurrentis</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-38306813313077.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card>How is <b>Relapsing Fever</b> (<i>Borrelia recurrentis</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Louse"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>How is <b>Relapsing Fever</b> (<i>Borrelia recurrentis</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Louse</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-38302518345781.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.1_borrelia_burgdoferi_(lyme_dz)_MV Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which <u>pet animals</u> are associated with <i>Campylobacter</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Puppies"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which <u>pet animals</u> are associated with <i>Campylobacter</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Puppies</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) Microbiology UWorld_step1 zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the etiology of <b>Endemic</b>&nbsp;Typhus?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Rickettsia&#x20;typhi&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the etiology of <b>Endemic</b>&nbsp;Typhus?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia typhi</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the treatment for all disorders caused by <i>Rickettsia spp</i>.?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Doxycycline"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the treatment for all disorders caused by <i>Rickettsia spp</i>.?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Doxycycline</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rocky&#x20;Mountain&#x20;Spotted&#x20;Fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a zoonotic infection caused by <i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>&nbsp;that presents with a rash that typically starts at the <b>wrists and ankles</b>&nbsp;and then spreads to the <b>trunk, palms and soles</b>.<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13151189860772.jpg"" /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</span> is a zoonotic infection caused by <i>Rickettsia rickettsii</i>&nbsp;that presents with a rash that typically starts at the <b>wrists and ankles</b>&nbsp;and then spreads to the <b>trunk, palms and soles</b>.<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13151189860772.jpg"" /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-14160507175097.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Q&#x20;Fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Rickettsial disease that can be obtained via aerosolized spores released from tick feces or cattle placenta.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Q Fever</span> is a Rickettsial disease that can be obtained via aerosolized spores released from tick feces or cattle placenta.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Q&#x20;Fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Rickettsial disorder caused by <i>Coxiella burnetti</i>&nbsp;that presents as pneumonia.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Q Fever</span> is a Rickettsial disorder caused by <i>Coxiella burnetti</i>&nbsp;that presents as pneumonia.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-15302968475811.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which serotypes of&nbsp;<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;are associated with Neonatal Conjunctivitis?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""D&#x2D;K"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which serotypes of&nbsp;<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;are associated with Neonatal Conjunctivitis?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">D-K</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Neonatal disease is typically acquired during childbirth through the birthing canal.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER clinical_bacteriology general_principles gram_negative Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia Microbiology zoonotics</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mucormycosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an opportunistic yeast infection that is mostly seen in ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucormycosis</span> is an opportunistic yeast infection that is mostly seen in ketoacidotic diabetic and leukemic patients.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><i>The fungi proliferate in the blood vessel wall when there is an excess of ketones and glucose. From there they penetrate the cribiform plate and enter the brain.</i><br /><div><i>Typically caused by Mucor sp. and Rhizopus spp.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mucormycosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with <b>rhinocerebral</b>&nbsp;and <b>frontal lobe abscesses</b>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucormycosis</span> is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with <b>rhinocerebral</b>&nbsp;and <b>frontal lobe abscesses</b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mucormycosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with <b>headache</b>, <b>facial pain</b>, and a <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">black necrotic eschar on the face</u>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucormycosis</span> is an opportunistic fungal infection that presents with <b>headache</b>, <b>facial pain</b>, and a <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">black necrotic eschar on the face</u>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>There may be cranial nerve involvement as well.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-6030134083835.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6043018985737.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Mucor&#x20;spp&#x2E;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a species of opportunistic fungus that presents as<b>&nbsp;nonseptate hyphae</b>&nbsp;branching at <u>wide angles</u>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucor spp.</i></span> is a species of opportunistic fungus that presents as<b>&nbsp;nonseptate hyphae</b>&nbsp;branching at <u>wide angles</u>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Fungi::Chapter_3_-_Opportunistic_Fungal_Infections::3.4_-_Mucormycosis Microbiology mycology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the treatment (2) for <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""TMP&#x2D;SMX"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pentamidine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the treatment (2) for <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">TMP-SMX</span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pentamidine</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-36dd7e1d04ac94d74c620e37452de31a515d7ea2.jpg""><br><div><img src=""paste-f89daa00cdb72f75876523a68d442b0461deef43.jpg""><br></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.1_TMP/SMX Microbiology mycology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Toxoplasmosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a CNS protozoal infection that presents with <b>brain abscesses</b>&nbsp;in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">HIV</span> patients; seen as <u>ring-enhancing</u> brain lesions on CT/MRI.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Toxoplasmosis</b></span> is a CNS protozoal infection that presents with <b>brain abscesses</b>&nbsp;in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">HIV</span> patients; seen as <u>ring-enhancing</u> brain lesions on CT/MRI.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>Toxoplasmosis presents w/ <u>multiple lesions</u>; primary CNS lymphoma presents with a solitary lesion</div><div><img src=""paste-11016591114345.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-10642928959971.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.1_toxoplasmosis Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which subspecies of <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;is from <b>East</b>&nbsp;Africa?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Trypanosoma&#x20;brucei&#x20;rhodiense&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which subspecies of <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;is from <b>East</b>&nbsp;Africa?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Rhod<b>esia</b> was located in south<b>east</b>&nbsp;Africa. Can't say I didn't try</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-16823386898914.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.2_Trypanosoma_brucei Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which subspecies of&nbsp;<i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;is from <b>West</b>&nbsp;Africa?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Trypanosoma&#x20;brucei&#x20;gambiense&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which subspecies of&nbsp;<i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;is from <b>West</b>&nbsp;Africa?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>The <b>G</b>'s are all from the <b>West</b>&nbsp;side.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-16823386898914.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.2_Trypanosoma_brucei Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""African&#x20;Sleeping&#x20;Sickness"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a CNS protozoal infection caused by <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;subspecies that is diagnosed by a <b>blood smear</b>.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">African Sleeping Sickness</span> is a CNS protozoal infection caused by <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>&nbsp;subspecies that is diagnosed by a <b>blood smear</b>.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>will see <b>Trypomastigotes </b>on blood smear</div><img src=""paste-4771708666084.jpg""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::2_CNS_protozoa::2.2_Trypanosoma_brucei Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Trypanosoma&#x20;cruzi&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is the etiology of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chagas Disease</span></b></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i></span>&nbsp;is the etiology of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chagas Disease</span></b></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-8942121910501.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20980915241125.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-27560805138916.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Chagas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;&lt;b&gt;Disease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a visceral <u>protozoal infection</u> that presents with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">dilated</span> cardiomyopathy</b>, <b>mega-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">colon</span></b>&nbsp;and <b>mega-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">esophagus</span></b></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chagas</b> <b>Disease</b></span> is a visceral <u>protozoal infection</u> that presents with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">dilated</span> cardiomyopathy</b>, <b>mega-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">colon</span></b>&nbsp;and <b>mega-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">esophagus</span></b></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-21698174779806.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Where does <b>Chagas Disease</b> predominantly occur?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""South&#x20;America"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Where does <b>Chagas Disease</b> predominantly occur?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">South America</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card>How is <b>Chagas Disease</b> (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Reduviid&#x20;bug&#x20;&#x28;aka&#x20;the&#x20;&quot;kissing&#x20;bug&quot;&#x29;&#x20;&lt;u&gt;feces&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>How is <b>Chagas Disease</b> (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>) transmitted?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Reduviid bug (aka the ""kissing bug"") <u>feces</u></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>The bug bite is <b>painless</b>.</i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-27595164877279.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-20985210208421.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Chagas&#x20;Disease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <b>visceral</b>&nbsp;protozoal infection that is diagnosed by the visualization of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Trypanosoma cruzi</span></i>&nbsp;on a peripheral <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">blood smear</span>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chagas Disease</b></span> is a <b>visceral</b>&nbsp;protozoal infection that is diagnosed by the visualization of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Trypanosoma cruzi</span></i>&nbsp;on a peripheral <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">blood smear</span>.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-11536282157510.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28806345654756.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology parasitology protozoa</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the most common etiology of Mononucleosis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""EBV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the most common etiology of Mononucleosis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">EBV</span></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>complication of EBV infection that presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mononucleosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a complication of <b>EBV infection&nbsp;</b>that presents with<div><u>fever</u>, <u>hepatosplenomegaly</u>, <u>pharyngitis</u> and <u>lymphadenopathy</u>.</div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mononucleosis</span> is a complication of <b>EBV infection&nbsp;</b>that presents with<div><u>fever</u>, <u>hepatosplenomegaly</u>, <u>pharyngitis</u> and <u>lymphadenopathy</u>.</div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Lymphadenopathy is especially seen at the <font color=""#ffff00"">posterior cervical nodes</font>.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mononucleosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a disease caused by EBV that is also commonly<div>referred to as ""<b>kissing disease</b>"" as it is often seen in teens and young adults.</div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mononucleosis</span> is a disease caused by EBV that is also commonly<div>referred to as ""<b>kissing disease</b>"" as it is often seen in teens and young adults.</div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Where is EBV latent?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""B&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Where is EBV latent?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">B cells</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>EBV infects B cells.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which receptor does EBV use to enter B cells?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CD21&#x20;&#x28;C3d&#x3B;&#x20;CR2&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which receptor does EBV use to enter B cells?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CD21 (C3d; CR2)</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>""You must <b>B</b>e <b>21</b>&nbsp;to drink at the <b>Epstein-Barr</b>""</i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-05 at 11.37.48 AM.png"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""EBV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Herpesvirus that can give rise to <b>atypical lymphocytes (Downey Cells) </b>on a peripheral blood smear.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">EBV</span> is a Herpesvirus that can give rise to <b>atypical lymphocytes (Downey Cells) </b>on a peripheral blood smear.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>The atypical cells are not B cells. <b>They are reactive cytotoxic T cells</b>.</i></div><div><img src=""paste-9152575308110.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which diagnostic test is used to detect EBV infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Monospot&#x20;Test"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which diagnostic test is used to detect EBV infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Monospot Test</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><i>Heterophile antibodies are detected by agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs.</i><br /><div><i>Positive result = results in agglutination = EBV infection.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Monospot&#x20;Test"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a diagnostic test that detects the <b>heterophile antibodies</b>&nbsp;seen in EBV infection via agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs.</div>""<div class=card>The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Monospot Test</span> is a diagnostic test that detects the <b>heterophile antibodies</b>&nbsp;seen in EBV infection via agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""EBV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">EBV</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with <b>endemic Burkitt Lymphoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""EBV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with <b>endemic Burkitt Lymphoma</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">EBV</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>also known as <u>african</u> burkitt lymphoma</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""EBV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">EBV</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>especially in east-<font color=""#ffff00"">asian</font> populations</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a <b>negative Monospot test</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a <b>negative Monospot test</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i>lack of heterophile antibody production - therefore no agglutination of sheep/horse blood</i></div><i><img src=""paste-25327422144865.jpg"" /></i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with causing <b>retinitis</b> in immunocompromised patients?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with causing <b>retinitis</b> in immunocompromised patients?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>""Sight""-o-megalovirus</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with characteristic <b>Owl's Eye inclusions</b>&nbsp;in infected cells?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with characteristic <b>Owl's Eye inclusions</b>&nbsp;in infected cells?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i>**not to be confused with the Owl's-eye binuclei seen in Reed-sternberg cells of hodgkins lymphoma (assoc. with EBV)</i></div><i><img src=""paste-10479720202575.jpg""></i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Herpesvirus that is latent in mononuclear cells.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span> is a Herpesvirus that is latent in mononuclear cells.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>whereas EBV is latent <u>just</u>&nbsp;in B-cells</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tzanck&#x20;smear"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a diagnostic test used to identify <b>HSV</b>&nbsp;or <b>VZV&nbsp;</b>through a smear of an opened skin vesicle.<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-11192684773794.jpg"" /></div></div>""<div class=card>The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tzanck smear</span> is a diagnostic test used to identify <b>HSV</b>&nbsp;or <b>VZV&nbsp;</b>through a smear of an opened skin vesicle.<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-11192684773794.jpg"" /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>A positive tzanck smear will show <b>multinucleated giant cells.</b></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""tzanck.png"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Etc::UW_Micro_(do_this_one_last) Microbiology UWorld_step1 virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which serological antigen from <b>EBV</b> is produced if the infection is <u>active</u> and <u>productive</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Viral&#x20;Capsid&#x20;Antigen&#x20;&#x28;VCA&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which serological antigen from <b>EBV</b> is produced if the infection is <u>active</u> and <u>productive</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA)</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which serological antigen from <b>EBV</b> is seen in <u>latent</u> infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Epstein&#x2D;Barr&#x20;Nuclear&#x20;Antigen&#x20;&#x28;EBNA&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which serological antigen from <b>EBV</b> is seen in <u>latent</u> infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>assoc. with Hodgkin's and Burkitt's lymphomas</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Epstein&#x2D;Barr&#x20;Nuclear&#x20;Antigen&#x20;&#x28;EBNA&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <b>serological antigen</b><div>from <b>EBV</b> that <i>contributes</i> to <u>Hodgkin's</u> or <u>Burkitt's Lymphoma</u>.</div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)</span> is a <b>serological antigen</b><div>from <b>EBV</b> that <i>contributes</i> to <u>Hodgkin's</u> or <u>Burkitt's Lymphoma</u>.</div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>found in <font color=""#ffff00"">latent</font> cells</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles herpesviruses Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Hairy&#x20;Leukoplakia&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a dermatological infection caused by<br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>EBV</b></span> in that commonly presents on the <b>lateral tongue</b>.</div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hairy Leukoplakia</b></span> is a dermatological infection caused by<br><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>EBV</b></span> in that commonly presents on the <b>lateral tongue</b>.</div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br></div><img src=""paste-8774618185990.jpg""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;CMV&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Herpesvirus that causes <b>retinitis</b> in HIV patients that presents with <b>cotton-wool spots</b>&nbsp;on fundoscopy.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>CMV</b></span> is a Herpesvirus that causes <b>retinitis</b> in HIV patients that presents with <b>cotton-wool spots</b>&nbsp;on fundoscopy.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>May present with esophagitis.</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-23278722744675.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Esophagitis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Colitis</b></span> are a GI complications that are often seen alongside <u>CMV Retinitis</u> in <b>immunosuppressed</b> patients.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Esophagitis</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Colitis</b></span> are a GI complications that are often seen alongside <u>CMV Retinitis</u> in <b>immunosuppressed</b> patients.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-23592255357281.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23948737642853.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What CD4+ cell count is associated with CMV retinitis in HIV patients?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&amp;lt&#x3B;&#x20;50&#x20;cells&#x2F;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What CD4+ cell count is associated with CMV retinitis in HIV patients?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">&lt; 50 cells/mm³</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Primary&#x20;B&#x2D;cell&#x20;CNS&#x20;Lymphoma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Lymphoma often associated with <b>EBV</b>&nbsp;that<div>can present as <u>focal or multiple lesions</u>, thereby differentiating it from Toxoplasmosis.</div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Primary B-cell CNS Lymphoma</span> is a Lymphoma often associated with <b>EBV</b>&nbsp;that<div>can present as <u>focal or multiple lesions</u>, thereby differentiating it from Toxoplasmosis.</div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Squamous&#x20;Cell&#x20;Carcinoma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a cancer caused by HPV in HIV patients that often presents at the anus (in MSM's) or the cervix.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Squamous Cell Carcinoma</span> is a cancer caused by HPV in HIV patients that often presents at the anus (in MSM's) or the cervix.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>most common type of cancer in HPV patients (80%)</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a Herpesvirus that causes <b>interstitial pneumonia</b> in <u>HIV patients</u>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span> is a Herpesvirus that causes <b>interstitial pneumonia</b> in <u>HIV patients</u>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Associated with owl eye inclusions.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles HIV_AIDS Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology virology</div>-->"
"Where on the body is <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis </i>found?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Skin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div>""Where on the body is <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis </i>found?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Skin</span></div><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 5.53.58 PM.png"" /></div>"
"What <b>food source</b> is associated with <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i><u>food poisoning</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Meats&#x3B;&#x20;Mayonnaise&#x3B;&#x20;Custard&#x20;&#x28;meats&#x20;and&#x20;cream&#x20;based&#x20;food&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <b>food source</b> is associated with <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i><u>food poisoning</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Meats; Mayonnaise; Custard (meats and cream based food)</span></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-37894496453029.jpg"" /><br /><div><i>Involves preformed enterotoxins</i></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus&#x3B;&#x20;Staphylococcus&#x20;epidermidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which strains of bacteria (2)]</span>&nbsp;are associated with <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Osteomyelitis</span></u> in patients that have received a <b>prosthetic joint replacement</b><div><br /><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis</i></span>&nbsp;are associated with <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Osteomyelitis</span></u> in patients that have received a <b>prosthetic joint replacement</b><div><br /><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-2241972928944.jpg"" /></div>"
"<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptococcus&#x20;agalactiae"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>,&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Escherichia coli</span></i>, and&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.</div>""<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus agalactiae</span></i>,&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Escherichia coli</span></i>, and&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>in order GBS &gt; E. coli &gt; Listeria</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus agalactiae</span></i>,&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Escherichia&#x20;coli"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>, and&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.</div>""<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus agalactiae</span></i>,&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Escherichia coli</span></i>, and&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>in order GBS &gt; E. coli &gt; Listeria</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus agalactiae</span></i>,&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Escherichia coli</span></i>, and&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Listeria&#x20;monocytogenes"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.</div>""<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus agalactiae</span></i>,&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Escherichia coli</span></i>, and&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i> are bacteria that all cause <b>meningitis</b> in <b>neonates</b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>in order GBS &gt; E. coli &gt; Listeria</i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.7_listeria Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>How is CMV transmitted?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sexual&#x20;contact"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>;&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Organ transplant</span>;&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Vertically through placenta</span></div></div>""<div class=card>How is CMV transmitted?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sexual contact</span>;&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Organ transplant</span>;&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Vertically through placenta</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rubella"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">CMV</span> are 2&nbsp;ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a <b>""blueberry muffin</b>"" rash.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rubella</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">CMV</span> are 2&nbsp;ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a <b>""blueberry muffin</b>"" rash.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rubella</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are 2&nbsp;ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a <b>""blueberry muffin</b>"" rash.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rubella</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">CMV</span> are 2&nbsp;ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a <b>""blueberry muffin</b>"" rash.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a&nbsp;ToRCHeS infection that presents with <b>hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash</b>&nbsp;and a <b>""blueberry muffin"" rash.</b></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span> is a&nbsp;ToRCHeS infection that presents with <b>hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash</b>&nbsp;and a <b>""blueberry muffin"" rash.</b></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which HPV strains cause Condyloma Acuminata?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV6&#x3B;&#x20;HPV11"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which HPV strains cause Condyloma Acuminata?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV6; HPV11</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-31920196944443.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Condyloma&#x20;Acuminata"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anogenital warts</span></b>&nbsp;and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">koilocytes</span></b>.""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condyloma Acuminata</span> is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anogenital warts</span></b>&nbsp;and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">koilocytes</span></b>.
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.40.49 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.41.35 AM.png"" /><div><img src=""paste-42618960478315.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-43301860278559.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neisseria&#x20;gonorrheae"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> </i><u>STI</u>&nbsp;that presents with <b>urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis</b>&nbsp;and a <b><u>white,&nbsp;</u></b><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">creamy purulent discharge</u>.<div><br /></div>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria gonorrheae</span> </i><u>STI</u>&nbsp;that presents with <b>urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis</b>&nbsp;and a <b><u>white,&nbsp;</u></b><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">creamy purulent discharge</u>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-16101832393060.jpg"" /></div>"
"<div class=card>What is the etiology of Syphilis?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Treponema&#x20;pallidum&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the etiology of Syphilis?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Treponema pallidum</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_9_MV::9.3_Treponema_pallidum Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"Which 2 bacteria are the most common causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?<div><br></div><div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chlamydia&#x20;tranchomatis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</i>(subacute; often undiagnosed);<i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i></span> (acute)</div><div><br></div>""Which 2 bacteria are the most common causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?<div><br></div><div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia tranchomatis</span>&nbsp;</i>(subacute; often undiagnosed);<i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i></span> (acute)</div><div><br></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>&nbsp;- aka&nbsp;<font color=""#ffff00"">salpingo-oophoritis</font></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-23 at 9.57.39 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<div class=card>Which bacteria often causes <b>subacute</b>&nbsp;Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and hence often goes <u>undiagnosed</u>?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Chlamydia&#x20;trachomatis&#x20;serotypes&#x20;D&#x2D;K&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which bacteria often causes <b>subacute</b>&nbsp;Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and hence often goes <u>undiagnosed</u>?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-5325759447435.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.1_chlamydia Microbiology STD systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"Which bacteria often causes <b>acute</b>&nbsp;Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;gonorrhoeae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div>""Which bacteria often causes <b>acute</b>&nbsp;Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?<div><br /><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i></span></div><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>which can cause scarring - this scarring can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies</div><div><br></div><div>Compared to chylamydia which causes <u>subacute</u>&nbsp;PID</div><img src=""paste-16037407883621.jpg""><div>uterus shaped chandelier with inflammation (candles) in the fallopian tubes</div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pelvic&#x20;Inflammatory&#x20;Disease&#x20;&#x28;PID&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a genitourinary disorder caused by <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;and <i>Neisseria gonorrheae</i>&nbsp;that presents with <b>purulent cervical discharge</b>.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)</span> is a genitourinary disorder caused by <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp;and <i>Neisseria gonorrheae</i>&nbsp;that presents with <b>purulent cervical discharge</b>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div>&nbsp;- aka&nbsp;<font color=""#ffff00"">salpingo-oophoritis</font></div><img src=""paste-24803436134755.jpg"" /><div>Gonorrhea is acute</div><div>Chlamydia is subacute</div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas&#x20;aeruginosa&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a gram-negative nocosomial bacterial infection that has <b>respiratory therapy equipment</b>&nbsp;as a risk factor.""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></span> is a gram-negative nocosomial bacterial infection that has <b>respiratory therapy equipment</b>&nbsp;as a risk factor.
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div><i>Think of Pseudomonas ""</i><u style=""font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; "">air</u><span style=""font-style: italic"">""-uginosa when <b>air</b>&nbsp;or <b>burns</b>&nbsp;are involved.</span></div></div>"
"<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with infecting an organ transplant recipient?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CMV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which Herpesvirus is associated with infecting an organ transplant recipient?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CMV</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.3_CMV Microbiology systemic_microbiology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pseudomembranous&#x20;colitis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a GI complication of <b>ampicillin use</b><div>that results from overgrowth of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;in the GI tract.</div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pseudomembranous colitis</span> is a GI complication of <b>ampicillin use</b><div>that results from overgrowth of <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;in the GI tract.</div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"Which 3rd generation Cephalosporin is used to treat <b>meningitis</b>&nbsp;and <b>gonorrhea</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ceftriaxone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div>""Which 3rd generation Cephalosporin is used to treat <b>meningitis</b>&nbsp;and <b>gonorrhea</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ceftriaxone</span></div><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-14285061226956.jpg"" /></div>"
"<div class=card>How do <b>Cephalosporin</b> antibiotics influence the <u>nephrotoxicity</u> of <b>Aminoglycosides</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Increase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>How do <b>Cephalosporin</b> antibiotics influence the <u>nephrotoxicity</u> of <b>Aminoglycosides</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Increase</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.6_aminoglycosides Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by <b>Chloramphenicol</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""50S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by <b>Chloramphenicol</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">50S</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>inhibiting peptidyltransferase</i><br /><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by <b>Linezolid</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""50S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which bacterial ribosomal subunit is targeted by <b>Linezolid</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">50S</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><i>inhibiting the formation of the <u>initiation complex</u></i><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.5_linezolid Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the primary clinical use of Tetracycline antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Borrelia&#x20;burgdorferi&#x3B;&#x20;Mycoplasma&#x20;pneumoniae&#x3B;&#x20;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;Intracellular&#x20;bugs&#x20;such&#x20;as&#x20;&lt;i&gt;Rickettsia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;and&#x20;&lt;i&gt;Chlamydiae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the primary clinical use of Tetracycline antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Borrelia burgdorferi; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; </i>Intracellular bugs such as <i>Rickettsia</i>&nbsp;and <i>Chlamydiae</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Also used to treat acne</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tetracyclines"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a class of <b>protein synthesis inhibiting</b>&nbsp;antibiotics that are effective against intracellular organisms by virtue of their ability to accumulate intracellularly.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tetracyclines</span> are a class of <b>protein synthesis inhibiting</b>&nbsp;antibiotics that are effective against intracellular organisms by virtue of their ability to accumulate intracellularly.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>e.g. Rickettsia spp., Chlamydiae spp.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_Ten_10_Gram_Indeterminate::10.5,_10.6,_10.7_rickettsia_MV Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the MOA of <b>Chloramphenicol</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Blocks&#x20;peptidyltransferase&#x20;at&#x20;the&#x20;50S&#x20;ribosomal&#x20;subunit"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the MOA of <b>Chloramphenicol</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blocks peptidyltransferase at the 50S ribosomal subunit</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-12803297510144.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anaemia&#x20;and&#x20;Aplastic&#x20;Anaemia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are <b>dose-dependent</b>&nbsp;<u>hematological</u> complications (2) of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> use.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anaemia and Aplastic Anaemia</span> are <b>dose-dependent</b>&nbsp;<u>hematological</u> complications (2) of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> use.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><img src=""paste-5497558139287.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5879810228632.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Gray&#x20;Baby&#x20;Syndrome&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a complication of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> use in premature infants as they lack hepatic <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase</span></b>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Gray Baby Syndrome</b></span> is a complication of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> use in premature infants as they lack hepatic <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase</span></b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-5939939770770.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the mechanism of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> resistance?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Plasmid&#x2D;encoded&#x20;acetyltransferases&#x20;that&#x20;inactivate&#x20;the&#x20;drug"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the mechanism of <b>Chloramphenicol</b> resistance?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Plasmid-encoded acetyltransferases that inactivate the drug</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clindamycin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <b>protein synthesis inhibiting</b>&nbsp;antibiotic that is known to treat anaerobic infections above the diaphragm (e.g. aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, oral infections).""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clindamycin</span> is a <b>protein synthesis inhibiting</b>&nbsp;antibiotic that is known to treat anaerobic infections above the diaphragm (e.g. aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, oral infections).
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div><i>- <b>Bacteroides spp.</b></i></div><div><i>- <b>Clostridium perfringens</b></i></div></div>"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pseudomembranous&#x20;colitis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a possible complication of <b>Clindamycin</b> use due to resultant <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;overgrowth.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pseudomembranous colitis</span> is a possible complication of <b>Clindamycin</b> use due to resultant <i>Clostridium difficile</i>&nbsp;overgrowth.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i>Also causes fever and diarrhea.</i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_2_MV::2.4_clostridium_difficile Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fluoroquinolones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a class of antibiotics that can possibly cause <b>leg cramps</b>&nbsp;and <b>myalgias</b>&nbsp;along with cartilage damage.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fluoroquinolones</span> are a class of antibiotics that can possibly cause <b>leg cramps</b>&nbsp;and <b>myalgias</b>&nbsp;along with cartilage damage.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antibiotics antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"The treatment for <i>Neisseria gonorrhea</i> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Ceftriaxone&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> +&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">azithromycin</span></b> <i>or</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>doxycycline</b></span> for possible <u>chlamydia infection</u><div><br /></div>""The treatment for <i>Neisseria gonorrhea</i> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ceftriaxone</b></span> +&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">azithromycin</span></b> <i>or</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>doxycycline</b></span> for possible <u>chlamydia infection</u><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""paste-13696650707398.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-18962280612197.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18872086298975.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<div class=card>What is the treatment (2) for <b>Chagas Disease</b> (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nifurtimox"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Benznidazole</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the treatment (2) for <b>Chagas Disease</b> (<i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nifurtimox</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Benznidazole</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-29523605193180.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antiprotozoals general_principles Lolnotacop::Bugs::Protozoa::_Parasites::3_Blood_protozoa::3.1_Trypanosoma_cruzi_(Chagas_disease) Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which viral enzyme <u>monophosphorylates</u> <b>Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir</b>, thereby activating it?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Thymidine&#x20;kinase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which viral enzyme <u>monophosphorylates</u> <b>Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir</b>, thereby activating it?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Thymidine kinase</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>Rate-limiting step</div><img src=""paste-55319178772906.jpg""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the mechanism of <u>resistance</u> to <b>Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mutated&#x2F;Absent&#x20;Thymidine&#x20;Kinase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the mechanism of <u>resistance</u> to <b>Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mutated/Absent Thymidine Kinase</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-57720065491366.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Foscarnet&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an antiviral agent that acts as a <b>viral <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DNA polymerase</span> inhibitor</b> by binding to the<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">pyrophosphate</span>-binding site</b>&nbsp;of the enzyme.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Foscarnet</b></span> is an antiviral agent that acts as a <b>viral <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">DNA polymerase</span> inhibitor</b> by binding to the<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">pyrophosphate</span>-binding site</b>&nbsp;of the enzyme.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra>forscarnet is a pyrophospahte analog<br><div><img src=""paste-1275605287686.jpg""><img src=""paste-60013578027428.jpg""></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the treatment for <u>CMV retinitis</u> in immunocompromised patients when <b>Ganciclovir</b> fails?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Foscarnet&#x20;or&#x20;Cidofovir"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the treatment for <u>CMV retinitis</u> in immunocompromised patients when <b>Ganciclovir</b> fails?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Foscarnet or Cidofovir</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-1275605287686.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the treatment for <b>Acyclovir-resistant HSV</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Foscarnet&#x20;or&#x20;Cidofovir"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the treatment for <b>Acyclovir-resistant HSV</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Foscarnet or Cidofovir</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i><img src=""paste-59777354826156.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-58055072940482.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the MOA of <b>Cidofovir</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Preferential&#x20;&lt;u&gt;direct&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;inhibition&#x20;of&#x20;viral&#x20;DNA&#x20;polymerase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the MOA of <b>Cidofovir</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Preferential <u>direct</u> inhibition of viral DNA polymerase</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-1275605287686.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-60576218743211.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials antivirals general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antivirals::8.1_herpes_drugs Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fluoroquinolones"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a class of antibiotics that are avoided in pregnancy as they cause <b>cartilage damage</b>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fluoroquinolones</span> are a class of antibiotics that are avoided in pregnancy as they cause <b>cartilage damage</b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-9307194130833.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::3.2_Fluoroquinolones Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chloramphenicol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an antibiotic that is avoided in pregnancy as it causes <b>""Gray Baby"" Syndrome</b>.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chloramphenicol</span> is an antibiotic that is avoided in pregnancy as it causes <b>""Gray Baby"" Syndrome</b>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><img src=""paste-7352984011068.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER antimicrobials general_principles Lolnotacop::Drugs::Antimicrobials_(Sketchy)::2.4_chloramphenicol Microbiology pharmacology</div>-->"
"Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;C5b&#x2D;C9&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;&#x28;terminal&#x20;complement&#x20;deficiency&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;membrane&#x20;attack&#x20;complex&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div>""Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>C5b-C9</u> (terminal complement deficiency - membrane attack complex)</span></div><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Neisseria have </font><font color=""#ffff00"">thin cell walls</font><font color=""#000080""> thus are susceptible to </font><font color=""#ffff00"">MAC attack</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.46.42 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<div class=card>Which strains of HPV are associated with cervical dysplasia or carcinoma <i>in situ</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV16&#x3B;&#x20;HPV18"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which strains of HPV are associated with cervical dysplasia or carcinoma <i>in situ</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV16; HPV18</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV pathology reproductive</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What viruses fall under Papilloma viruses: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What viruses fall under Papilloma viruses: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2016-12-25 at 12.47.10 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV Parvo</div>-->"
"<div class=card>HPV 1-4 causes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""verruca&#x20;vulgaris&#x20;&#x28;cutaneous&#x20;common&#x20;wart&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what symptom]</span></div>""<div class=card>HPV 1-4 causes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">verruca vulgaris (cutaneous common wart)</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-03 at 1.21.31 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Cutaneous common wart (verruca vulgaris) are caused by what strains of HPV?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;1&#x2D;4"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>Cutaneous common wart (verruca vulgaris) are caused by what strains of HPV?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 1-4</span><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-03 at 1.39.09 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Laryngeal papillomatosis and condyloma acuminata are caused by what strains of HPV?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;6&#x2C;&#x20;HPV&#x20;11"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Laryngeal papillomatosis and condyloma acuminata are caused by what strains of HPV?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 6, HPV 11</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.07.01 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>E6 encoded by HPV promotes proteolysis of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""p53"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>E6 encoded by HPV promotes proteolysis of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">p53</span>.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>6 before 7, P before R (E6 E7 P53 Rb)</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.11.31 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>E7 encoded by HPV promotes proteolysis of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rb"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>E7 encoded by HPV promotes proteolysis of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rb</span>.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.09.26 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Buzz word for <b>HPV</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cervical</b></span> <b>cancer</b>: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;post&#x2D;coital&#x20;bleeding&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Buzz word for <b>HPV</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cervical</b></span> <b>cancer</b>: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>post-coital bleeding</u></span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>HPV encodes E6 and E7 which promotes proteolysis of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""p53"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rb"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>HPV encodes E6 and E7 which promotes proteolysis of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">p53</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rb</span>.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>6 before 7, p before r</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.39.05 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.39.11 AM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Pathological change seen in invasive carcinoma of the cervix: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""koilocytic&#x20;change"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Pathological change seen in invasive carcinoma of the cervix: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">koilocytic change</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2016-12-25 at 1.51.08 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Guardasil HPV vaccine protects against what strains of HPV?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""6&#x2C;&#x20;11&#x2C;&#x20;16&#x2C;&#x20;18"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>Guardasil HPV vaccine protects against what strains of HPV?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">6, 11, 16, 18</span><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i>Note: cervarix, female age 10-15</i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 6.01.53 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Guardasil HPV vaccine is what type of vaccine? <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Subunit"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>Guardasil HPV vaccine is what type of vaccine? <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Subunit</span><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i>Note: cervarix, female age 10-15</i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 5.58.46 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis are associated with what DNA viruses?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis are associated with what DNA viruses?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 16, 18, 31, 33</span><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-01 at 5.56.40 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Starry sky appearance on histology, large jaw lesion and swelling<div>Assoc. with EBV</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Endemic&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;african&#x29;&#x20;Burkitt&#x20;Lymphoma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Starry sky appearance on histology, large jaw lesion and swelling<div>Assoc. with EBV</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Endemic</u>&nbsp;(african) Burkitt Lymphoma</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><i><font color=""#000080"">Remember, </font><b><font color=""#ffff00"">sporadic (non-endemic)</font></b><font color=""#000080"">&nbsp;form is most </font><font color=""#ffff00"">commonly seen in</font><font color=""#000080""> the </font><font color=""#ffff00"">abdomen</font><font color=""#000080""> (had a U-world question on this; pt. had mass around the intestines, high mitotic index, etc.)</font></i><br /><div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2016-12-29 at 8.45.29 AM (10).png"" /></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.2_EBV</div>-->"
"Which&nbsp;<u>three</u> drugs are used to treat&nbsp;<b>acute gout?</b><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""NSAIDs&#x20;&#x28;do&#x20;not&#x20;use&#x20;salicylates&#x29;&#x2C;&#x20;glucocorticoids&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;colchicine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""Which&nbsp;<u>three</u> drugs are used to treat&nbsp;<b>acute gout?</b><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">NSAIDs (do not use salicylates), glucocorticoids, and colchicine</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><img src=""paste-22110491640291.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<div class=card>What type of vaccine is used for HBV? <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Subunit&#x20;&#x28;recombinant&#x20;HBsAg&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What type of vaccine is used for HBV? <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Subunit (recombinant HBsAg)</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Only two subunit vaccines are HPV (6, 11, 16, 18) and HBV (HBsAg)</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.39.40 AM.png"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"All <u>RNA viruses</u> replicate in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cytoplasm"" data-ordinal=""1"">[cytoplasm or nucleus</b>]</span> except for:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>influenza and retroviruses</b></span>.<div><br /></div>""All <u>RNA viruses</u> replicate in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cytoplasm</span> except for:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>influenza and retroviruses</b></span>.<div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-08 at 6.03.35 PM.png"" />"
"<div class=card><b>Spe<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""A"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""C"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes&nbsp;</i>are considered <u>superantigens</u></div>""<div class=card><b>Spe<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">A</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">C</span></b>&nbsp;of <i>Streptococcus pyogenes&nbsp;</i>are considered <u>superantigens</u></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Spe = Strep pyogenes exotoxin</font></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the function of GAS M-protein?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Antiphagocytic&#x2C;&#x20;inhibits&#x20;activation&#x20;of&#x20;complement"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What is the function of GAS M-protein?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Antiphagocytic, inhibits activation of complement</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>Binds cellular fibrinogen and then complement control proteins, inhibiting opsonization and ultimately complement activation</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-14 at 2.43.43 PM.png""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Antiphagocytic virulence factor for GAS:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x2D;protein&#x2C;&#x20;capsule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Antiphagocytic virulence factor for GAS:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">M-protein, capsule</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-14 at 2.43.43 PM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-14 at 2.52.24 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What GAS virulence factor can be given to patients with clots?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptokinase&#x3A;&#x20;converts&#x20;plasminogen&#x20;to&#x20;plasmin&#x2C;&#x20;which&#x20;is&#x20;fibrinolytic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What GAS virulence factor can be given to patients with clots?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptokinase: converts plasminogen to plasmin, which is fibrinolytic</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Streptokinase is a virulence factor for what Gram + species?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GAS"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Streptokinase is a virulence factor for what Gram + species?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GAS</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra>Streptococcus pyogenes</div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Scarlet fever is associated with what toxin?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Erythrogenic&#x20;exotoxin&#x20;&#x28;SPE&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Scarlet fever is associated with what toxin?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Erythrogenic exotoxin (SPE)</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra>SPE = streptococcus pyogenes exotoxin<br><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.45.24 PM.png""></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Patient with sore-throat has red-rash that begins on the trunk and neck, then spreads to the extremities before eventually desquamating<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Scarlet&#x20;Fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Patient with sore-throat has red-rash that begins on the trunk and neck, then spreads to the extremities before eventually desquamating<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Scarlet Fever</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i><font color=""#000080""><b>GAS</b></font></i></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">FYI: Sketchy says it spares the face, other sources say otherwise</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.45.24 PM.png"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What clinical syndrome is associated with ""beefy-red tongue"" concurrent with pharyngitis?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Scarlet&#x20;Fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What clinical syndrome is associated with ""beefy-red tongue"" concurrent with pharyngitis?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Scarlet Fever</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.47.35 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Toxic Shock Like Syndrome is caused by what organism?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GAS&#x20;&#x28;S&#x2E;&#x20;pyogenes&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br></div></div>""<div class=card>Toxic Shock Like Syndrome is caused by what organism?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GAS (S. pyogenes)</span><div><br></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.32.30 PM.png"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Infection caused by <i>Strep pyogenes</i>&nbsp;that presents with erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Scarlet&#x20;Fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Infection caused by <i>Strep pyogenes</i>&nbsp;that presents with erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Scarlet Fever</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Erysipelas"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics caused by <b>GAS</b>, and presents with a well-defined demarcation between infected and normal skin.</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Erysipelas</span> is an infection of the upper dermis and superficial lymphatics caused by <b>GAS</b>, and presents with a well-defined demarcation between infected and normal skin.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.54.45 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Cellulitis</u></span> characterized by an infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues<div>is caused <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;font&#x2D;style&#x3A;&#x20;italic&#x3B;&#x20;&quot;&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus&#x2C;&#x20;Streptococcus&#x20;pyogenes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[by what (2) organisms?]</span></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Cellulitis</u></span> characterized by an infection of the deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues<div>is caused <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b style=""font-style: italic; "">Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes</b></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><img src=""paste-57067230462006.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Necrotizing&#x20;fasciitis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> is caused by GAS and enters through trauma openings causing infection and ultimately necrotic skin with large bullae.&nbsp;</div>""<div class=card><b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Necrotizing fasciitis</span></b> is caused by GAS and enters through trauma openings causing infection and ultimately necrotic skin with large bullae.&nbsp;</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><i>associated with SpeB</i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 9.58.37 PM.png""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rheumatic&#x20;fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a type II HR that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis.&nbsp;<div><br></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rheumatic fever</span> is a type II HR that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis.&nbsp;<div><br></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.31.30 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Post&#x2D;strep&#x20;Glomerulonephritis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>type III HS</u> that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis or skin infection.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Post-strep Glomerulonephritis</span> is a <u>type III HS</u> that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis or skin infection.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.21.47 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x2D;protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What GAS virulence factor causes antibody production that cross-reacts myosin in the heart, causing rheumatic fever?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">M-protein</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Molecular mimicry</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.22.33 PM.png"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""PSGN&#x20;&#x28;post&#x20;strep&#x20;glomerulonephritis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with <b>hematuria (cola-colored urine) and facial swelling.</b></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">PSGN (post strep glomerulonephritis)</span> is a complication of GAS pharyngitis or skin infection that presents with <b>hematuria (cola-colored urine) and facial swelling.</b></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 10.05.21 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><u>GAS erythrogenic toxin</u> genes are encoded in a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lysogenic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[lytic or lysogenic]</span> phage</b> through <i>specialized</i> transduction.</div>""<div class=card><u>GAS erythrogenic toxin</u> genes are encoded in a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lysogenic</span> phage</b> through <i>specialized</i> transduction.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-17 at 10.08.04 PM.png""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.3_Strep_pyogenes_Group_A_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>&nbsp;shows what kind of <b>hemolysis pattern</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""B&#x2D;hemolytic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>&nbsp;shows what kind of <b>hemolysis pattern</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">B-hemolytic</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-32061930865059.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-32173600014517.jpg"" /><div>kind of looks like glowing light on a red backdrop</div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <u>only Staph organism</u> that is <b>coagulase <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">+</span>.</b>&nbsp;</div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph aureus</i></span> is the <u>only Staph organism</u> that is <b>coagulase <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">+</span>.</b>&nbsp;</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-31997506355621.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which bacteria turns <b>bright yellow </b>on <u>mannitol salt agar</u>:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Which bacteria turns <b>bright yellow </b>on <u>mannitol salt agar</u>:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>salt selects for staphylococcus, can ferment mannitol so it is staph aureus</div><div><img src=""paste-32461362823597.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4574140170724.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Staphylcoccus aureus</i> will turn <u>what agar</u> <b>bright yellow</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mannitol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card><i>Staphylcoccus aureus</i> will turn <u>what agar</u> <b>bright yellow</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mannitol</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>as it can ferment mannitol</div><img src=""paste-32461362823597.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Where does <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>normally colonize?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nares"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Where does <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>normally colonize?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nares</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>nose of sphinx is missing</div><img src=""paste-33706903339414.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which <i>S. aureus</i> toxin <b>nonspecifically</b> binds <b>MHC-II </b>(on APCs)<b> </b>and<b> </b>the<b> T-cell receptor</b><div><u>producing cytokine storm</u> and <u>toxic shock</u>: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""TSST&#x2D;1&#x20;superantigen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>Which <i>S. aureus</i> toxin <b>nonspecifically</b> binds <b>MHC-II </b>(on APCs)<b> </b>and<b> </b>the<b> T-cell receptor</b><div><u>producing cytokine storm</u> and <u>toxic shock</u>: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">TSST-1 superantigen</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-37245956391313.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><b>Scalded skin syndrome</b> is caused by what organism?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card><b>Scalded skin syndrome</b> is caused by what organism?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-36180804501921.jpg"" /><div>exofoliative exotoxin destroys the keratinocyte attachments in the stratum granulosum, resulting in the skin sloughing off</div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What kind of toxin produces <b>scalded-skin syndrome</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Exfoliative&#x20;toxin&#x20;A&#x20;and&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What kind of toxin produces <b>scalded-skin syndrome</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Exfoliative toxin A and B</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>staphylococcus aureus; cleaves desmoglein in the stratum granulosum</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.27.58 PM.png""></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the MOA of <b>exfoliative</b> <b>toxin</b> in Scalded-Skin Syndrome?&nbsp;<i>destroys</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;keratinocyte"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> attachments in <u>statum <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">granulosum</span></u>, causing <u>skin to slough off</u><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the MOA of <b>exfoliative</b> <b>toxin</b> in Scalded-Skin Syndrome?&nbsp;<i>destroys</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>keratinocyte</span></u> attachments in <u>statum <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">granulosum</span></u>, causing <u>skin to slough off</u><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>staphylococcus aureus</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.26.24 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Enterotoxin</u></span> is a <b>pre-formed&nbsp;heat stable </b>exotoxin found in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;that causes <u>food poisoning</u> from eating<b> meat, cream-based foods</b></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Enterotoxin</u></span> is a <b>pre-formed&nbsp;heat stable </b>exotoxin found in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;that causes <u>food poisoning</u> from eating<b> meat, cream-based foods</b></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-37739877630368.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-37795712205220.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Rash that occurs in neonates; will have + Nikolsky sign:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Scalded&#x2D;Skin&#x20;Syndrome"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Rash that occurs in neonates; will have + Nikolsky sign:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Scalded-Skin Syndrome</span></div>
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<div class=extra><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Nikolsky sign: minor pressure induces skin seperation</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.29.38 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> of<i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> of<i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><div><br /></div></div>
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<div class=extra><div>binds the Fc region of the antibody, preventing IgG from phagocytosing the bug (recall that the Fc region would bind to a macrophage/other phagocyte, acting as an opsonin and enhacing phagocytosis)</div><img src=""paste-33371895890303.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33389075759397.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-33350421053650.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Function of <b>Protein A</b>:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;binds&#x20;IgG&#x20;Fc&#x20;region&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x2C;&#x20;preventing&#x20;&lt;u&gt;opsonization&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;and&#x20;ultimately&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;u&gt;phagocytosis&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Function of <b>Protein A</b>:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>binds IgG Fc region</u>, preventing <u>opsonization</u>&nbsp;and ultimately&nbsp;<u>phagocytosis</u></span></div>
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<div class=extra><div>virulence factor (exotoxin) of Staph aureus</div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.39.28 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>S. aureus</i> <b>pneumonia</b> is most common after&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Influenza&#x20;infection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (post-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""viral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>)</div>""<div class=card><i>S. aureus</i> <b>pneumonia</b> is most common after&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Influenza infection</span> (post-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">viral</span>)</div>
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<div class=extra><div>superimposed (bacterial) pneumonia</div><div><img src=""paste-34394098106789.jpg""></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;is the most common cause of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">septic</span> arthritis</b>&nbsp;in adults</div>""<div class=card><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;is the most common cause of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">septic</span> arthritis</b>&nbsp;in adults</div>
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<div class=extra><img src=""paste-34475702485404.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><b><u>Septic arthritis</u></b> is an invasion of the synovial membrane which produces a yellow, turbid synovial fluid with high neutrophils. This is most commonly found with infection by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.</div>""<div class=card><b><u>Septic arthritis</u></b> is an invasion of the synovial membrane which produces a yellow, turbid synovial fluid with high neutrophils. This is most commonly found with infection by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span>.</div>
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<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.42.09 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which <i>bug</i>&nbsp;is the most common cause of <b>skin abscesses</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Which <i>bug</i>&nbsp;is the most common cause of <b>skin abscesses</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span></div>
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<div class=extra><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Collection of pus in walled-off infection within deeper layers of skin</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.13.01 PM.png"" /><img src=""paste-47777216201130.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><b>Furuncles</b> and <b>carbuncles</b> are associated with what <u>coagulase + organism</u>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card><b>Furuncles</b> and <b>carbuncles</b> are associated with what <u>coagulase + organism</u>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph aureus</i></span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-39204461478323.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-48082158879104.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Acute</span></u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">bacterial&nbsp;endocarditis</span></b> is most commonly caused by&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i></div>""<div class=card><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Acute</span></u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">bacterial&nbsp;endocarditis</span></b> is most commonly caused by&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><div><b>subacute</b> = Strep viridans</div><div><img src=""paste-34677565948322.jpg""></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Most common etiology of <u>endocarditis</u> from S. aureus:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IVDU"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Most common etiology of <u>endocarditis</u> from S. aureus:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">IVDU</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Hence it will be most commonly on tricuspid valve</font></i></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.43.59 PM.png"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><u>Which valve</u> is most commonly affected with <b>S. aureus endocarditis</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tricuspid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card><u>Which valve</u> is most commonly affected with <b>S. aureus endocarditis</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tricuspid</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-48533130445183.jpg""><img src=""paste-48644799594817.jpg""><div>as the tricuspid is the first encountered by venous blood, most commonly arises from IVDU</div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Which <i>bug</i> is the most common cause of <b>osteomyelitis</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Which <i>bug</i> is the most common cause of <b>osteomyelitis</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-19 at 8.45.24 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lactational mastitis</span></b> occurs from breast-feeding and is most commonly associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which bug]</span></div>""<div class=card><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lactational mastitis</span></b> occurs from breast-feeding and is most commonly associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span></div>
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<div class=extra><img src=""paste-51578262257712.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Common etiologies of Toxic shock syndrome?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Leaving&#x20;gauze&#x2C;&#x20;sutures&#x2C;&#x20;or&#x20;tampons&#x20;in&#x20;for&#x20;too&#x20;long"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Common etiologies of Toxic shock syndrome?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Leaving gauze, sutures, or tampons in for too long</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What are implicated foods in <i>S. aureus </i>gastroenteritis?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Meats&#x2C;&#x20;cream&#x2D;based&#x20;foods"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What are implicated foods in <i>S. aureus </i>gastroenteritis?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Meats, cream-based foods</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><br /><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Think custard, mayo with <b>short-onset</b></font></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>How does <b>MRSA</b> obtain <u>methicillin&nbsp;resistance</u>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Alters&#x20;PBP&#x20;&#x28;penicillin&#x2D;binding&#x20;proteins&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>How does <b>MRSA</b> obtain <u>methicillin&nbsp;resistance</u>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Alters PBP (penicillin-binding proteins)</span></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><div>methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus</div><img src=""paste-38147899523480.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Alteration of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">penicillin-binding proteins</b> (PBP)<b></span></b> allows <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">methicillin</span> resistance</u> in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MRSA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.</div>""<div class=card>Alteration of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">penicillin-binding proteins</b> (PBP)<b></span></b> allows <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">methicillin</span> resistance</u> in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MRSA</span>.</div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-38135014621597.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38147899523480.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Treatment for <i><b>Staph aureus</b></i> infections (not MRSA):&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nafcillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Treatment for <i><b>Staph aureus</b></i> infections (not MRSA):&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nafcillin</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-38482906972585.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-89893665505607.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Treatment for <b>MRSA </b>(methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Vancomycin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>Treatment for <b>MRSA </b>(methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Vancomycin</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-38418482463135.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.1_Staph_aureus sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>Group <u>B</u> Strep (<i>S. agalactiae</i>) hydrolyzes <b>sodium</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hippurate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>Group <u>B</u> Strep (<i>S. agalactiae</i>) hydrolyzes <b>sodium</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hippurate</span>.<div><br /></div></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><i><img src=""paste-1636382540133.jpg"" /></i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Group B Strep (S. galactiae)</i> has a <b>positive</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CAMP"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>test</b>, meaning it enhances the zone of hemolysis when plated with <i>S. aureus</i>.</div>""<div class=card><i>Group B Strep (S. galactiae)</i> has a <b>positive</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CAMP</span> <b>test</b>, meaning it enhances the zone of hemolysis when plated with <i>S. aureus</i>.</div>
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<div class=extra><div>will have an ""<font color=""#ffff00"">arrowhead zone</font>"" of hemolysis</div><div><img src=""paste-3981434683742.jpg"" /></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What is the <i>most</i> <i>common</i> cause of <b>meningitis</b> in <u>neonates</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Group&#x20;B&#x20;Strep&#x20;&#x28;&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus&#x20;agalactiae&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What is the <i>most</i> <i>common</i> cause of <b>meningitis</b> in <u>neonates</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group B Strep (<i>Streptococcus agalactiae)</i></span></div></div>
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<div class=extra><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Will not present with classic signs (stiff neck, etc.)</font></i></div><img src=""paste-3470333575522.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (GBS) produces what <u>neonatal</u> <b>respiratory</b> complication?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neonatal&#x20;pneumonia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card><i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> (GBS) produces what <u>neonatal</u> <b>respiratory</b> complication?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neonatal pneumonia</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What age demographic is typically affected with <i>Strep agalactiae (GBS)</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neonates"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What age demographic is typically affected with <i>Strep agalactiae (GBS)</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neonates</span></div></div>
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<div class=extra>Group <b>B</b> strep<br /><div><i><b>B </b>for <b>Babys </b>and <b>B-hemolytic</b></i></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.4_strep_agalactiae_Group_B_Strep sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What risk factor leads to <i>Pseudomonas</i> infection of the cornea, causing <b>corneal ulcers/keratitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Contact&#x20;lens&#x20;wearers"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What risk factor leads to <i>Pseudomonas</i> infection of the cornea, causing <b>corneal ulcers/keratitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Contact lens wearers</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""paste-125473174585883.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_5_Gram_-_bacilli_enteric_(MV)::Chapter_5_MV::5.9_pseudomonas sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Strep pneumoniae</i> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""encapsulated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and thus will present a problem in<b> sickle cell/asplenic patients</b>.&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><i>Strep pneumoniae</i> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">encapsulated</span> and thus will present a problem in<b> sickle cell/asplenic patients</b>.&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
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<br>
<div class=extra><i><img src=""paste-8946416877923.jpg"" /></i></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Strep pneumoniae</i> <b>polysaccharide </b>vaccine in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;adults&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> produces an Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> response.&nbsp;</div>""<div class=card><i>Strep pneumoniae</i> <b>polysaccharide </b>vaccine in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>adults</b></span> produces an Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">M</span> response.&nbsp;</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra>as it is <u>not</u> conjugated to a protein<div><br /></div><div><font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>onjugate vaccine for <font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>hildren<br /><div><img src=""paste-13773960118625.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Strep pneumonia</i> <b>conjugate</b> vaccine for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;children&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> produces an Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> response.</div>""<div class=card><i>Strep pneumonia</i> <b>conjugate</b> vaccine for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>children</b></span> produces an Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G</span> response.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div>as it <u>is</u>&nbsp;conjugated to a protein</div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>onjugate vaccine for <font color=""#ffff00"">c</font>hildren</div><img src=""paste-13778255085921.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Strep pneumonia</i> contains <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IgA&#x20;protease"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize the <b>mucous membranes</b>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><i>Strep pneumonia</i> contains <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">IgA protease</span>, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize the <b>mucous membranes</b>.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><font color=""#ffff00"">S</font>HiN</div><img src=""paste-11725260718433.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-4282082394169.jpg"" /><br /><div><br /></div></div></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card><i>Strep pneumonia</i> shares the same virulence factor as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x2E;&#x20;influenza&#x20;type&#x20;b"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neisseria"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.</div>""<div class=card><i>Strep pneumonia</i> shares the same virulence factor as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza type b</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria</span>.</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><font color=""#ffff00"">SHiN</font></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">Cleaves IgA, allowing bacteria to adhere and colonize mucous membranes</font></i></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-30 at 3.33.18 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What <u>gram positive</u> organisms (3) commonly colonize&nbsp;<b>previously damaged</b> heart valves?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus&#x20;viridans&#x3B;&#x20;Enterococcus&#x20;spp&#x2E;&#x3B;&#x20;Strep&#x20;bovis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What <u>gram positive</u> organisms (3) commonly colonize&nbsp;<b>previously damaged</b> heart valves?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Streptococcus viridans; Enterococcus spp.; Strep bovis</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What organism is formed on dental plaques?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;S&#x2E;&#x20;viridans&#x20;&#x28;&lt;font&#x20;color&#x3D;&quot;&#x23;ffff00&quot;&gt;mutans&lt;&#x2F;font&gt;&#x20;and&#x20;&lt;font&#x20;color&#x3D;&quot;&#x23;ffff00&quot;&gt;sanguinis&lt;&#x2F;font&gt;&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>What organism is formed on dental plaques?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>S. viridans (<font color=""#ffff00"">mutans</font> and <font color=""#ffff00"">sanguinis</font>)</i></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER bacteriology basic_bacteriology gram_positive Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_1_Gram_+_Cocci_MV::1.5_Strep_Pneumoniae_&_Viridans sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Vancomycin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> resistance occurs in <b><i>Enterococcus spp. (VRE)</i></b> via amino acid modification of D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Ala</span> to D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lac</span>.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Vancomycin</span> resistance occurs in <b><i>Enterococcus spp. (VRE)</i></b> via amino acid modification of D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Ala</span> to D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lac</span>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-31 at 1.27.19 PM.png"" /><div><br /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Vancomycin</span> resistance occurs in <b><i>Enterococcus spp. (VRE)</i></b> via amino acid modification of D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ala"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> to D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lac"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>.<div><br /></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Vancomycin</span> resistance occurs in <b><i>Enterococcus spp. (VRE)</i></b> via amino acid modification of D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Ala</span> to D-Ala-D-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lac</span>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-31 at 1.27.19 PM.png"" /><div><br /></div></div>"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">VanA</span> gene</b> from <u>vancomycin-resistant</u> <i>Enterococcus</i> to <i>S. aureus</i> is an example of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;transposition&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.<div><br /></div>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">VanA</span> gene</b> from <u>vancomycin-resistant</u> <i>Enterococcus</i> to <i>S. aureus</i> is an example of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposition</b></span>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-31 at 1.29.31 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""VanA"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> gene</b> from <u>vancomycin-resistant</u> <i>Enterococcus</i> to <i>S. aureus</i> is an example of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposition</b></span>.<div><br /></div>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">VanA</span> gene</b> from <u>vancomycin-resistant</u> <i>Enterococcus</i> to <i>S. aureus</i> is an example of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposition</b></span>.<div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-01-31 at 1.29.31 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<div class=card><i>Neisseria&nbsp;</i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;gonorrhea&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><i>&nbsp;</i><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">does not</u>&nbsp;have polysaccharide capsule<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><i>Neisseria&nbsp;</i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>gonorrhea</i></span><i>&nbsp;</i><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">does not</u>&nbsp;have polysaccharide capsule<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00"">Meningitidis is capsulated</font></i></div><img src=""paste-15629385990501.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>There is no <i>N. gonorrhea </i>vaccine due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""antigenic&#x20;variation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of the <b>pilus proteins</b>.<div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card>There is no <i>N. gonorrhea </i>vaccine due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">antigenic variation</span> of the <b>pilus proteins</b>.<div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-02-17 at 9.47.35 PM.png"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.1_Neisseria_overview sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>What kind of discharge is seen with <i>Gonorrhea</i>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Creamy&#x2C;&#x20;white&#x2C;&#x20;purulent&#x20;discharge"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div class=card>What kind of discharge is seen with <i>Gonorrhea</i>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Creamy, white, purulent discharge</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Chlamydia is thin and watery</font></i></div><img src=""paste-16106127360356.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea sketchymicro</div>-->"
"<div class=card>In addition to <u>Ceftriaxone</u> for <i>Gonorrhea</i>, what other possible <b>co-infection</b> should you treat?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chlamydia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<div class=card>In addition to <u>Ceftriaxone</u> for <i>Gonorrhea</i>, what other possible <b>co-infection</b> should you treat?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra><div><br /></div><div><i><font color=""#000080"">Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin/Doxycycline</font></i></div><img src=""paste-18962280612197.jpg"" /></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology Lolnotacop::Bugs::Bacteria::Chapter_4_-_Gram-Negative_Cocci::4.3_Nesseria_gonorrhea sketchymicro</div>-->"
"Two distinct etiologies of oral cancer<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tobacco&#x2F;Alcohol&#x20;use&#x3B;&#x20;HPV&#x20;&#x28;human&#x20;papilloma&#x20;virus&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""Two distinct etiologies of oral cancer<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Tobacco/Alcohol use; HPV (human papilloma virus)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>Recall that HPV infects stratified squamous epithelium</i></div></div>"
"What infection is associated with cancer of the tonsil, base of the tongue and oropharynx?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""What infection is associated with cancer of the tonsil, base of the tongue and oropharynx?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>laryngeal papillomatosis (<b><u>HPV 6, 11</u></b>) can turn into laryngeal carcinoma</i></div></div>"
"Reversible inhibition of growth<div><br /></div><div>Bacterio-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""static"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Reversible inhibition of growth<div><br /></div><div>Bacterio-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">static</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"Irreversible inhibition of growth<div><br /></div><div>Bacterio-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cidal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Irreversible inhibition of growth<div><br /></div><div>Bacterio-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cidal</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"Lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents visible growth of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Minimal&#x20;inhibitory&#x20;concentration&#x20;&#x28;MIC&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Lowest concentration of an antibiotic that prevents visible growth of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.35.25 PM.png""><br></div></div>"
"<b>Penicillins</b> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""β&#x2D;lactams"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Penicillins</b> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">β-lactams</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.50.54 PM.png""><img src=""paste-49770081026127.jpg""></div>"
"<b>Cephalosporins</b> are what class of antibiotic?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""β&#x2D;lactam"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Cephalosporins</b> are what class of antibiotic?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">β-lactam</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 9.31.47 AM.png"" /></div>"
"<b>Carbapenems</b> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""β&#x2D;lactams"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Carbapenems</b> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">β-lactams</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 9.32.35 AM.png""></div>"
"<u>Monobactams</u> such as <i>Aztreonam</i> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""β&#x2D;lactams"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>Monobactams</u> such as <i>Aztreonam</i> are what class of antibiotics?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">β-lactams</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-14 at 9.32.35 AM.png"" /></div>"
"What <u>bacterial enzyme</u>&nbsp;hydrolyzes the <b>β-lactam ring</b> of certain&nbsp;<i>penicillins</i> and <i>cephalosporins</i> (β-lactams), <u>rendering them inactive?</u><div><div>&nbsp;</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""β&#x2D;lactamase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""What <u>bacterial enzyme</u>&nbsp;hydrolyzes the <b>β-lactam ring</b> of certain&nbsp;<i>penicillins</i> and <i>cephalosporins</i> (β-lactams), <u>rendering them inactive?</u><div><div>&nbsp;</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">β-lactamase</span></div></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>O=C --- N bond is the weakest bond, thus it is the site of resistance for many&nbsp;β-lactamase producing bacteria</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-429320635940867.jpg"" /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.50.54 PM.png"" /></div>"
"All&nbsp;β-lactam antibiotics are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bactericidal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, as cell walls of bacteria are essential for growth and development""All&nbsp;β-lactam antibiotics are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bactericidal</span>, as cell walls of bacteria are essential for growth and development<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-83537113907300.jpg""></div></div>"
"<b>β-lactam antibiotics</b> <u>inhibit what family of enzymes</u> involved in <i>cell wall synthesis</i>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Penicillin&#x20;binding&#x20;protein&#x20;transpeptidases"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>β-lactam antibiotics</b> <u>inhibit what family of enzymes</u> involved in <i>cell wall synthesis</i>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Penicillin binding protein transpeptidases</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>PBP's are enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis leads to activation of <b>autolytic </b>system</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-464273079795715.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"
"What gram staining group have porins in their wall?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gram&#x20;negative&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;thus&#x20;can&#x20;downregulate&#x20;porins&#x20;in&#x20;β&#x2D;lactam&#x20;resistance"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What gram staining group have porins in their wall?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gram negative, and thus can downregulate porins in β-lactam resistance</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>Aminopenicillins and antipseudomonal penicillins are effective against&nbsp;gram (-) bacteria because they are able to enter through these pores</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.54.38 PM.png"" /></div>"
"Gram-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria have a cell wall that is easily crossed by&nbsp;<b>β-lactams</b> and does not require presence of porins""Gram-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> bacteria have a cell wall that is easily crossed by&nbsp;<b>β-lactams</b> and does not require presence of porins<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><div>Therefore, gram positive bacteria are commonly sensitive to beta-lactams</div><br /><div>Gram - have porins that can be altered, thus increasing B-lactam resistance</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-09 at 4.54.38 PM.png"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Penicillinase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a type of&nbsp;β-lactamase that cleaves penicillins""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Penicillinase</span> is a type of&nbsp;β-lactamase that cleaves penicillins<br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cephalosporinase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a type of&nbsp;β-lactamase that cleaves cephalosporins""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cephalosporinase</span> is a type of&nbsp;β-lactamase that cleaves cephalosporins<br>
<div class=extrafield>
</div>"
"<b>Peptigoglycan</b> <u>cell walls</u> have repeating&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""D&#x2D;alanyl&#x2D;D&#x2D;alanine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> oligopeptides""<b>Peptigoglycan</b> <u>cell walls</u> have repeating&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">D-alanyl-D-alanine</span> oligopeptides<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>P</i><i>enicillin-binding proteins then pop off a D-ala in order to cross link the peptidoglycan</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""screenshot1582935369@1X.png""><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-61508226646364.jpg""></i></div>"
"Penicillin <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>V</b></span> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""acid&#x20;&lt;u&gt;stable&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, meaning it can be given <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>orally</b></span>""Penicillin <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>V</b></span> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">acid <u>stable</u></span>, meaning it can be given <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>orally</b></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Can survive the acid of the stomach</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Only indicated in minor infections because of its poor bioavailability</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>***Also known as penicillin VK</i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00""><br /></font></i></div><img src=""paste-48683454300537.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Penicillin&#x2D;binding&#x20;proteins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are <b>bacterial</b> <b>enzymes</b> involved in cell wall synthesis that are the <b>target</b> <b>site</b> for<b> β</b>-<b>lactam</b> <b>antibiotics</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Penicillin-binding proteins</span> are <b>bacterial</b> <b>enzymes</b> involved in cell wall synthesis that are the <b>target</b> <b>site</b> for<b> β</b>-<b>lactam</b> <b>antibiotics</b><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>PBPs cross-link peptidoglycan D-ala-D-ala on the cell wall, forming D-ala-D-lys&nbsp;</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Penicillins mimic the structure of D-ala, binding to PBPs and inhibiting cell wall formation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 12.12.51 PM.png"" /></i></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is a <u>β-lactamase producing</u> bacteria <b>resistant to penicillin</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph aureus</i></span>&nbsp;is a <u>β-lactamase producing</u> bacteria <b>resistant to penicillin</b><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><div>Therefore use anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin) that have bulky R-groups, protecting them from beta-lactamase enzymes</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 12.46.57 PM.png"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Anti&#x2D;staph&#x20;penicillins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are anti-bacterials that have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>bulky-R groups</u></span> that <i>block access of β-lactam ring</i>, making them <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>penicillinase/beta-lactamase</b></span> <i>resistant</i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Anti-staph penicillins</b></span> are anti-bacterials that have <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>bulky-R groups</u></span> that <i>block access of β-lactam ring</i>, making them <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>penicillinase/beta-lactamase</b></span> <i>resistant</i><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Therefore they are effective against penicillinase producing Staph aureus (just not MRSA)</i></div><div><br /></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-63647120359743.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-63720134803638.jpg"" /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-103809359544671.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"<div><b>Anti-staph penicillins</b> <u>penicillinase</u> susceptibility?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Resistant&#x20;&#x28;bulky&#x20;R&#x2D;groups&#x20;block&#x20;access&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div><b>Anti-staph penicillins</b> <u>penicillinase</u> susceptibility?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Resistant (bulky R-groups block access)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>S. aureus penicillinase is <b>ineffective</b> against anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, methcillin)</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 1.04.26 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<u>Anti-staph penicillins</u> have activity against what organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;aureus&#x20;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x28;except&#x20;MRSA&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>Anti-staph penicillins</u> have activity against what organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph aureus </i>(except MRSA)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>***Have a narrower spectrum - bulky R-group protects them from penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i></i><i><img src=""paste-65167538782519.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"
"<u>Anti-staph penicillins</u> are <i>ineffective</i> against what bug and why?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MRSA&#x20;&lt;u&gt;due&#x20;to&#x20;altered&#x20;PBP&#x20;target&#x20;site&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>Anti-staph penicillins</u> are <i>ineffective</i> against what bug and why?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MRSA <u>due to altered PBP target site</u></span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><div><div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by staph aureus</i></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-66254165508405.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MRSA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> has an <b>altered PBP target site</b> and is thus <u>resistant to anti-Staph penicillins</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MRSA</span> has an <b>altered PBP target site</b> and is thus <u>resistant to anti-Staph penicillins</u><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-66258460475701.jpg"" /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-63715839836342.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"Cell wall synthesis inhibitors used in the treatment of <i>S. aureus </i><b>folliculitis</b>, <b>abscesses </b>(2)<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anti&#x2D;staph&#x20;penicillins&#x20;&#x28;nafcillin&#x2C;&#x20;oxacillin&#x2C;&#x20;dicloxacillin&#x20;etc&#x2E;&#x29;&#x3B;&#x20;1st&#x20;gen&#x20;cephalosporins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</div>""Cell wall synthesis inhibitors used in the treatment of <i>S. aureus </i><b>folliculitis</b>, <b>abscesses </b>(2)<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin etc.); 1st gen cephalosporins</span>&nbsp;</div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><img src=""paste-65764539236674.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-70643622085081.jpg""><br><div><img src=""paste-89893665505607.jpg""></div></div></div>"
"Treatment of MSSA&nbsp;<i>S. aureus</i> osteomyelitis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anti&#x2D;staph&#x20;penicillins&#x20;&#x28;nafcillin&#x2C;&#x20;oxacillin&#x2C;&#x20;dicloxacillin&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Treatment of MSSA&nbsp;<i>S. aureus</i> osteomyelitis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>Recall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by staph aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><img src=""paste-65983582568772.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"Treatment of <i>Staph aureus </i>right-sided endocarditis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anti&#x2D;staph&#x20;penicillins&#x20;&#x28;nafcillin&#x2C;&#x20;oxacillin&#x2C;&#x20;dicloxacillin&#x2C;&#x20;methicillin&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Treatment of <i>Staph aureus </i>right-sided endocarditis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anti-staph penicillins (nafcillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>R<i>ecall that the bulky R-group confers resistance of anti-staph penicillins to the penicillinase produced by Staph aureus</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-65906273157434.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-89897960472903.jpg"" /></div>"
"Amoxicillin, ampicillin (<b>aminopenicillins</b>) <u>β-lactamase susceptibility</u>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sensitive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Amoxicillin, ampicillin (<b>aminopenicillins</b>) <u>β-lactamase susceptibility</u>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sensitive</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><img src=""paste-74015171412284.jpg""></i></div><div><img src=""paste-67448166416544.jpg""></div></div>"
"Spectrum of amoxicillin, ampicillin (<b>aminopenicillins</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Broad&#x20;spectrum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Spectrum of amoxicillin, ampicillin (<b>aminopenicillins</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Broad spectrum</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>Can enter the pores of gram negative bacteria</i></div><div><i><font color=""#ffff00""><br /></font></i></div><i><img src=""paste-68165425955140.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-67357972103497.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-68792491180148.jpg"" /></i><div></div></div>"
"<b>Aminopenicillins</b> that work against <i>H. influenzae?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amoxicillin&#x2C;&#x20;ampicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Aminopenicillins</b> that work against <i>H. influenzae?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amoxicillin, ampicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 1.52.21 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<b>Beta-lactam</b> used to treat <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> <u>meningitis</u><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ampicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Beta-lactam</b> used to treat <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> <u>meningitis</u><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ampicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-73426760892734.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-91422673862659.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Ampicillin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an&nbsp;<b>aminopenicillin</b> that can be used to treat <i>Enterococcus</i> infection (<i>E. faecalis, E. faecium</i>)""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ampicillin</b></span> is an&nbsp;<b>aminopenicillin</b> that can be used to treat <i>Enterococcus</i> infection (<i>E. faecalis, E. faecium</i>)<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-72584947302720.jpg"" /></div>"
"What <b>aminopenicillin</b> has a <u>long oral bioavailability</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amoxicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <b>aminopenicillin</b> has a <u>long oral bioavailability</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amoxicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-69015829479739.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Amoxicillin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an <b>aminopenicillin</b> that should be used to treat <b>Lyme disease</b> in <u>pregnant women</u> and <u>children</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amoxicillin</b></span> is an <b>aminopenicillin</b> that should be used to treat <b>Lyme disease</b> in <u>pregnant women</u> and <u>children</u><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Doxycycline is normally first-line - contraindicated in pregnancy and young children</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Can also use 3rd gen cephalosporin <b>Ceftriaxone</b></i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><i><img src=""paste-71597104824644.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"Treatment for <i>Strep pneumoniae,&nbsp;H. influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis</i>&nbsp;<b>otitis media and sinusitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amoxicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Treatment for <i>Strep pneumoniae,&nbsp;H. influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis</i>&nbsp;<b>otitis media and sinusitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amoxicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-70592082477388.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<b>Aminopenicillin</b> used as part of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> <u>triple therapy</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amoxicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Aminopenicillin</b> used as part of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> <u>triple therapy</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amoxicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>Due to its <u>long oral bioavailability</u></i></div><div><i><u><br /></u></i></div><i><img src=""paste-71335111819585.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"<b>Ampicillin</b> treats <u>meningitis</u> produced by<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Listeria&#x20;monocytogenes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>""<b>Ampicillin</b> treats <u>meningitis</u> produced by<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Listeria monocytogenes</span></i><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-73422465925438.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-91422673862659.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<b>Aminopenicillins </b>(amoxicillin and ampicillin) can treat <u>pneumonia</u> caused by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Strep&#x20;pneumoniae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>H. influenzae</i></span>""<b>Aminopenicillins </b>(amoxicillin and ampicillin) can treat <u>pneumonia</u> caused by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Strep pneumoniae</i></span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>H. influenzae</i></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-71086003716410.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-71219147702595.jpg"" /></div>"
"<b>Aminopenicillins </b>(amoxicillin and ampicillin) can treat <u>pneumonia</u> caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Strep pneumoniae</i></span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;H&#x2E;&#x20;influenzae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<b>Aminopenicillins </b>(amoxicillin and ampicillin) can treat <u>pneumonia</u> caused by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Strep pneumoniae</i></span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>H. influenzae</i></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-71086003716410.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-71219147702595.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Sulbactam&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>tazobactam</b></span> are <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">β-lactamase inhibitors</span></b> that can be added with <u>ampicillin</u> or <u>piperacillin</u> to extend their activity""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Sulbactam</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>tazobactam</b></span> are <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">β-lactamase inhibitors</span></b> that can be added with <u>ampicillin</u> or <u>piperacillin</u> to extend their activity<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Extends the activities of the penicillins so they are not cleaved and inactivated by the bacteria</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-75179107549503.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Sulbactam</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;tazobactam&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">β-lactamase inhibitors</span></b> that can be added with <u>ampicillin</u> or <u>piperacillin</u> to extend their activity""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Sulbactam</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>tazobactam</b></span> are <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">β-lactamase inhibitors</span></b> that can be added with <u>ampicillin</u> or <u>piperacillin</u> to extend their activity<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Extends the activities of the penicillins so they are not cleaved and inactivated by the bacteria</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-75179107549503.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"<u>Anti-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">pseudomonal</span></u> <b>penicillins</b> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;piperacillin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ticarcillin</b></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>carbenicillin</b></span>""<u>Anti-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">pseudomonal</span></u> <b>penicillins</b> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>piperacillin</b></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ticarcillin</b></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>carbenicillin</b></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-78486232367417.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-78202764525753.jpg"" /><div><br /></div></div></div>"
"<b>Piperacillin</b> and <b>ticarcillin</b> are <u>antipseudomonal penicillins</u> that are used with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""β&#x2D;lactamase&#x20;inhibitors"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to extend their activity""<b>Piperacillin</b> and <b>ticarcillin</b> are <u>antipseudomonal penicillins</u> that are used with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">β-lactamase inhibitors</span> to extend their activity<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>Clavulunate: piperacillin, amoxicillin</div><div>Sulbactam, tazobactam: piperacillin, ampicillin</div><br><div><img src=""paste-78486232367417.jpg""><img src=""paste-78572131713328.jpg""></div></div>"
"Prophylaxis antibiotic against <u>encapsulated bacteria</u> (<i>S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae</i>)&nbsp;in <b>asplenic patients</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amoxicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Prophylaxis antibiotic against <u>encapsulated bacteria</u> (<i>S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae</i>)&nbsp;in <b>asplenic patients</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amoxicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-75484050227513.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Aminopenicillins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a <b>group of penicillins</b> that can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</u></span>,<div>a reaction that produce bullae formation, fever, and <b>sloughing of the skin</b> at the dermal-epidermal junction</div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aminopenicillins</b></span> are a <b>group of penicillins</b> that can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</u></span>,<div>a reaction that produce bullae formation, fever, and <b>sloughing of the skin</b> at the dermal-epidermal junction</div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-76566381986115.jpg""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 2.58.34 PM.png""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 2.58.20 PM.png""></div><img src=""paste-86586540687601.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aminopenicillins</b></span> are a <b>group of penicillins</b> that can cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Stevens&#x2D;Johnson&#x20;syndrome&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>,<div>a reaction that produce bullae formation, fever, and <b>sloughing of the skin</b> at the dermal-epidermal junction</div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aminopenicillins</b></span> are a <b>group of penicillins</b> that can cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</u></span>,<div>a reaction that produce bullae formation, fever, and <b>sloughing of the skin</b> at the dermal-epidermal junction</div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-76566381986115.jpg""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 2.58.34 PM.png""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 2.58.20 PM.png""></div><img src=""paste-86586540687601.jpg""></div>"
"Prophylaxis before <b>dental procedures</b> in patients at <u>high risk for endocarditis</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amoxicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Prophylaxis before <b>dental procedures</b> in patients at <u>high risk for endocarditis</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amoxicillin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-76231374537016.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Ampicillin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an <b>aminopenicillin</b> that can produce <u>pseudomembranous colitis</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ampicillin</b></span> is an <b>aminopenicillin</b> that can produce <u>pseudomembranous colitis</u><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>Poor oral bioavailability means it sits in the gut, allowing ultimately for C. Diff growth</i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><b>Amp </b>up the diarrhea - C. difficile</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-89099096555805.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><span style=""font-style: italic""><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 3.01.01 PM.png"" /></span></i></div></div>"
"<b>Ampicillin</b> is oral and poorly absorbed (so it can be found in high concentrations in the gut) which&nbsp;predisposes to infection by what organism?<div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clostridium&#x20;difficile"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""<b>Ampicillin</b> is oral and poorly absorbed (so it can be found in high concentrations in the gut) which&nbsp;predisposes to infection by what organism?<div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium difficile</span></div></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>Although it is clindamycin that classically results in pseudomembranous colitis</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><img src=""paste-89103391523101.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 3.01.01 PM.png"" /></div><div><br /></div></div>"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Aminopenicillins</span></b> can cause a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">maculopapillary&nbsp;<b>rash</b></span> if&nbsp;given in the setting of <u>viral illnesses</u>, such as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;EBV&#x20;infectious&#x20;mononucleosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Aminopenicillins</span></b> can cause a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">maculopapillary&nbsp;<b>rash</b></span> if&nbsp;given in the setting of <u>viral illnesses</u>, such as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>EBV infectious mononucleosis</i></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Often mistaken for S. pharyngitis, so if you suspect Strep and give amoxicillin/ampicillin and rash develops -&gt; <b>EBV</b></i><br></div><i><br></i><div><i><img src=""paste-77854872174917.jpg""><img src=""paste-85723252261188.jpg""></i></div><div></div><div></div></div>"
"If a patient suspected of having <i>GAS pharyngitis is&nbsp;</i>given amoxicillin/ampicillin, and develops a rash, what would this most likely be due to?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Patient&#x20;is&#x20;infected&#x20;with&#x20;&lt;u&gt;EBV&#x20;&#x28;infectious&#x20;mono&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x2C;&#x20;not&#x20;Strep"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""If a patient suspected of having <i>GAS pharyngitis is&nbsp;</i>given amoxicillin/ampicillin, and develops a rash, what would this most likely be due to?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Patient is infected with <u>EBV (infectious mono)</u>, not Strep</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 3.03.08 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<u>Extended-spectrum penicillins</u> used to treat <i>Pseudomonas aeurginosa</i> infections? (3)<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Piperacillin&#x2C;&#x20;ticarcillin&#x2C;&#x20;carbenicllin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>Extended-spectrum penicillins</u> used to treat <i>Pseudomonas aeurginosa</i> infections? (3)<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Piperacillin, ticarcillin, carbenicllin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-79113297592628.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-91753386344588.jpg""></div></div>"
"What <u>generation of cephalosporins</u> can be used to treat <b>UTI's</b> caused by <b>gram negative bacteria</b> (<b>PEcK</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""1st&#x20;generation&#x20;cephalosporins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <u>generation of cephalosporins</u> can be used to treat <b>UTI's</b> caused by <b>gram negative bacteria</b> (<b>PEcK</b>)?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">1st generation cephalosporins</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>2nd gen also cover these organisms</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-3521873183143.jpg"" /></div>"
"1st generation cephalosporins can treat UTIs caused by what bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Proteus&#x2C;&#x20;E&#x2E;&#x20;coli&#x2C;&#x20;Klebsiella&#x20;&#x2D;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;PEcK&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""1st generation cephalosporins can treat UTIs caused by what bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella -&nbsp;<b>PEcK</b></span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-3517578215847.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2340757176614.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cefazolin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <b>cephalosporin</b> that can be used for <u>surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis</u> to prevent <i>S. aureus </i>wound infections""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cefazolin</span> is a <b>cephalosporin</b> that can be used for <u>surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis</u> to prevent <i>S. aureus </i>wound infections<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>1st generation</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><i><img src=""paste-3886945403301.jpg""></i></div>"
"What cephalosporin has a long half-life, making it useful for surgical prophylaxis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cefazolin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What cephalosporin has a long half-life, making it useful for surgical prophylaxis?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cefazolin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>First gen</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.05.31 PM.png"" /></i></div>"
"<u>1st generation cephalosporins</u> that can be used to treat <b>skin</b> and <b>soft tissue infections</b> by <i>Staph</i> and <i>Strep?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cephalexin&#x2C;&#x20;Cefazolin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>1st generation cephalosporins</u> that can be used to treat <b>skin</b> and <b>soft tissue infections</b> by <i>Staph</i> and <i>Strep?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cephalexin, Cefazolin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""paste-2869038154172.jpg"" /></div>"
"What <b>gram negative species</b> are covered by <u>2nd generation cephalosporins</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;H&#x2E;&#x20;influenzae&#x2C;&#x20;Enterobacter&#x20;aerogenes&#x2C;&#x20;Neisseria&#x20;spp&#x2E;&#x2C;&#x20;Serratia&#x20;marcescens&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;HENS&#x29;&#x20;&#x2B;&#x20;PEcK"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <b>gram negative species</b> are covered by <u>2nd generation cephalosporins</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Serratia marcescens</i>&nbsp;(HENS) + PEcK</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-4634269712825.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-4436701217030.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4647154614562.jpg"" /></div>"
"DOC for <u>ampicillin-resistant</u> <i>H. influenzae?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ceftriaxone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""DOC for <u>ampicillin-resistant</u> <i>H. influenzae?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ceftriaxone</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.21.37 PM.png"" /></div></div>"
"What <u>cephalosporin</u> is used as prophylaxis before <b>abdominal surgery</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cefoxitin&#x20;&#x28;cephamycin&#x20;group&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <u>cephalosporin</u> is used as prophylaxis before <b>abdominal surgery</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cefoxitin (cephamycin group)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>2nd generation&nbsp;</i><div><i><br></i><div><i><img src=""paste-4891967750399.jpg""></i></div></div></div>"
"DOC for gonorrhea?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ceftriaxone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""DOC for gonorrhea?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ceftriaxone</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>3rd generation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.27.43 PM.png"" /></i></div>"
"<b>Ceftriaxone</b> is the DOC for what <u>STD</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gonorrhea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</div>""<b>Ceftriaxone</b> is the DOC for what <u>STD</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gonorrhea</span>&nbsp;</div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<i>First line!</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-22183506084252.jpg"" /></i></div></div>"
"<div><u>Cephalosporin</u> that can be used to treat <i>disseminated</i> <b>Lyme disease</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ceftriaxone"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div><u>Cephalosporin</u> that can be used to treat <i>disseminated</i> <b>Lyme disease</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ceftriaxone</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>3rd generation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.28.42 PM.png"" /></i></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Amoxicillin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;ceftriaxone&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can be used to treat <u>Lyme disease</u> in children and pregnant women (beta-lactams)""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amoxicillin</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>ceftriaxone</b></span> can be used to treat <u>Lyme disease</u> in children and pregnant women (beta-lactams)<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><div><b>Doxycycline</b> is 1st choice but contraindicated in these patient populations</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.30.04 PM.png"" /></div>"
"What cephalosporins are <u>first line</u> for<i> empiric treatment </i>of <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Ceftriaxone&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x2C;&#x20;&lt;u&gt;Cefotaxime&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;&#x28;3rd&#x20;gen&#x2E;&#x20;cephalosporins&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What cephalosporins are <u>first line</u> for<i> empiric treatment </i>of <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Ceftriaxone</u>, <u>Cefotaxime</u> (3rd gen. cephalosporins)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>Vancomycin is used for more gram-positive coverage; ampicillin can be added to cover Listeria</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""paste-6322191860139.jpg"" /></i></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Ceftriaxone&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>cephalosporin</u> that can be used to treat <b>endocarditis</b> by <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S. viridans</span> </i>and ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HACEK</span>""<b> </b>organisms""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ceftriaxone</b></span> is a <u>cephalosporin</u> that can be used to treat <b>endocarditis</b> by <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">S. viridans</span> </i>and ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HACEK</span>""<b> </b>organisms<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i><br></i></div><div><i>3rd generation</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i></i><i>HACEK =&nbsp;Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus), Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><img src=""paste-21225728377263.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-12777527705956.jpg""></div></div>"
"Cephalosporin β-lactamase susceptibility ?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Resistant"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Cephalosporin β-lactamase susceptibility ?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Resistant</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>If the bacteria produces specific cephalosporinases, however, then cephalosporins are sensitive</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><i><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 5.41.28 PM.png"" /></i></div>"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">4th generation cephalosporins</u><u></span></u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cefepime&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">4th generation cephalosporins</u><u></span></u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cefepime</b></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-22462678958503.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22376779612248.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"Which&nbsp;<u>generations of cephalosporins</u> have the largest spectrum of activity?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4th&#x20;&#x28;cefepime&#x29;&#x20;and&#x20;5th&#x20;&#x28;ceftaroline&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which&nbsp;<u>generations of cephalosporins</u> have the largest spectrum of activity?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">4th (cefepime) and 5th (ceftaroline)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-23076859281823.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23429046600114.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"What non-3rd generation group of cephalosporins can be used to treat <b>bacterial meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4th&#x20;gen&#x2E;&#x20;&lt;u&gt;Cefepime&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What non-3rd generation group of cephalosporins can be used to treat <b>bacterial meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">4th gen. <u>Cefepime</u></span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>3rd generation is 1st line empiric treatment</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-23283017712040.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>5th generation cephalosporins</u></span> include <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Ceftaroline&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>5th generation cephalosporins</u></span> include <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ceftaroline</b></span>&nbsp;<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""paste-23794118820261.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23755464114481.jpg"" /></div>"
"What <u>cephalosporin</u> can bind the <i>altered PBPs</i> of&nbsp;<b>MRSA</b>?&nbsp;<div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Ceftaroline"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""What <u>cephalosporin</u> can bind the <i>altered PBPs</i> of&nbsp;<b>MRSA</b>?&nbsp;<div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Ceftaroline</span></div></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><i>5th generation</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-24086176596386.jpg"" /></div>"
"<u>Disulfiram-like reaction</u> is an adverse effect of what <b>β-lactam antibiotics</b>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cephalosporins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>Disulfiram-like reaction</u> is an adverse effect of what <b>β-lactam antibiotics</b>?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cephalosporins</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""paste-25507810771206.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"Why should <b>tetracyclines</b>, <b>fluoroquinolones</b> be <u>avoided with milk</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Divalent&#x20;cations&#x20;will&#x20;&lt;u&gt;chelate&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;the&#x20;drug&#x2C;&#x20;&lt;i&gt;decreasing&#x20;absorption&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Why should <b>tetracyclines</b>, <b>fluoroquinolones</b> be <u>avoided with milk</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Divalent cations will <u>chelate</u> the drug, <i>decreasing absorption</i></span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺</div><div>^<br></div><img src=""paste-26663156973943.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-4a03cbc2fe74e4df6a3f896846e75321d78d6998.jpg""><br></div></div>"
"Linezolid is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can treat <b>nosocomial pneumonia</b> caused by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MRSA&#x20;infections"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Linezolid is a protein synthesis inhibitor that can treat <b>nosocomial pneumonia</b> caused by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">MRSA infections</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-15 at 6.03.37 PM.png""><br></div></div>"
"<b>Trimethoprim</b> can produce what <u>teratogenic</u> defects?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neural&#x20;tube&#x20;defects"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Trimethoprim</b> can produce what <u>teratogenic</u> defects?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neural tube defects</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>Due to its inhibition of folate metabolism (dihydrofolate reductase)<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-5352c9a37df1758d076a763cd1694fe8c73ad1f4.jpg""><br></div>"
"Which urinary <b>antiseptic</b> is used for <u>uncomplicated UTI's</u> in <b>pregnancy</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nitrofurantoin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which urinary <b>antiseptic</b> is used for <u>uncomplicated UTI's</u> in <b>pregnancy</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Nitrofurantoin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>2 things to know:</div><div><br /></div><div>Used for UTIs in pregnancy and can trigger hemolysis in G6PD</div><div><br /></div><div>TMP-SMX, quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.02.16 PM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.03.17 PM.png"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Nitrofurantoin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>urinary antiseptic</u> that can trigger <b>hemolysis</b> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>G6PD deficiency</b> patients</span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitrofurantoin</b></span> is a <u>urinary antiseptic</u> that can trigger <b>hemolysis</b> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>G6PD deficiency</b> patients</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>2 things to know:</div><div><br></div><div>Used for UTIs in pregnancy and can trigger hemolysis in G6PD</div><div><br></div><div>TMP-SMX, quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.02.16 PM.png""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.03.17 PM.png""></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitrofurantoin</b></span> is a <u>urinary antiseptic</u> that can trigger <b>hemolysis</b> in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;G6PD&#x20;deficiency&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;patients"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitrofurantoin</b></span> is a <u>urinary antiseptic</u> that can trigger <b>hemolysis</b> in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>G6PD deficiency</b> patients</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>2 things to know:</div><div><br></div><div>Used for UTIs in pregnancy and can trigger hemolysis in G6PD</div><div><br></div><div>TMP-SMX, quinolones are contraindicated in pregnancy</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.02.16 PM.png""></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-18 at 6.03.17 PM.png""></div></div>"
"Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming gram + bacilli that can be treated by what <b>cell wall synthesis</b> inhibitor?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Penicillin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><br /></div><div>What other drug is used in the primary treatment of Clostridium perfringens?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clindamycin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming gram + bacilli that can be treated by what <b>cell wall synthesis</b> inhibitor?&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Penicillin</span></div><div><br /></div><div>What other drug is used in the primary treatment of Clostridium perfringens?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clindamycin</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-12 at 12.24.47 PM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-03-19 at 4.12.25 PM.png"" /></div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-52381421142019.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&#x20;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x28;germ&#x20;tubes&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-52381421142019.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans </i>(germ tubes)</span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
<!-- if comment, but no 'show on all cards', insert <hr> -->
<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
yeast stage
<!-- if comment, and 'show on all cards' present, place comment above <hr> -->
</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-58016418234371.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Blastomyces&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x20;&lt;i&gt;dermatitidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-58016418234371.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Blastomyces</i> <i>dermatitidis</i></span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
<!-- if comment, but no 'show on all cards', insert <hr> -->
<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
<div>broad based budding</div><div><br /></div>Contrast with Cryptococcus below -- which shows significant variation in size and narrow budding<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-89378269429763.jpg"" /></div>
<!-- if comment, and 'show on all cards' present, place comment above <hr> -->
</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-60932701028355.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x20;&lt;i&gt;fumigatus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-60932701028355.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Aspergillus</i> <i>fumigatus</i></span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
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<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
Note the septate hyphae that branch at 45-degree angles<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-116745801039875.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""Xnip2018-03-84_12-22-19.jpg"" /></div>
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</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-106717052403715.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-106717052403715.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Candida albicans</i></span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
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<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
Note the budding yeast with pseudo-hyphae
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</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-74242804678659.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Coccidioides&#x20;immitis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-74242804678659.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Coccidioides immitis</i></span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
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<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
Note the spherules (round encapsulated structure containing many endospores)
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</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>coagulase&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<b>coagulase&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><div>Along with&nbsp;<i>saprophyticus </i>and in contrast to <i>aureus</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><img src=""paste-6528350290354.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6644314407342.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;epidermidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is normal flora of the skin and thus can contaminate blood cultures""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph epidermidis</i></span> is normal flora of the skin and thus can contaminate blood cultures<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-09 at 5.56.47 PM.png"" /></div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-77236396883971.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasma&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-77236396883971.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6""><i>Histoplasma</i></span>&nbsp;</div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
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<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
Note the small size and that they are in MΦ<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-119507465011203.jpg"" /></div>
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</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-81716047773699.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Rhizopus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""7"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-81716047773699.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7""><i>Rhizopus</i></span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
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<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
Note the broad ribbon-like hyphae with rare septations<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-113107963740163.jpg"" /></div>
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</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-86178518794243.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus&#x20;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x2D;&#x2D;&#x20;in&#x20;India&#x20;ink"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-86178518794243.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8""><i>Cryptococcus </i>-- in India ink</span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
<!-- if comment, but no 'show on all cards', insert <hr> -->
<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
<img src=""paste-89373974462467.jpg"" />
<!-- if comment, and 'show on all cards' present, place comment above <hr> -->
</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-27599459844097 (1).jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Malasezzia&#x20;furfur&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""9"">[...]</span></div>
</div>
""
<div class=clozestyle>
What fungus is shown below?<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-27599459844097 (1).jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""9""><i>Malasezzia furfur</i></span></div>
</div>
<div class=mycomments>
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<hr style=""height:1px;color:black;"">
Note the ""spaghetti and meatballs"" appearance
<!-- if comment, and 'show on all cards' present, place comment above <hr> -->
</div>
<div class=idstyle>
<br><br>
QID: 109
</div>"
"Characteristic petechial rash in meningococcemia indicates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""thrombocytopenia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (platelet levels)""Characteristic petechial rash in meningococcemia indicates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">thrombocytopenia</span> (platelet levels)<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-22 at 11.02.04 AM.png"" /></div></div>"
"<b>IgA protease</b>&nbsp;is a virulence factor used by <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that allows <b>bacteria to colonize and adhere</b> to&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mucous&#x20;membranes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>""<b>IgA protease</b>&nbsp;is a virulence factor used by <i>Neisseria</i>&nbsp;that allows <b>bacteria to colonize and adhere</b> to&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mucous membranes</span></u><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div>SHiN -&nbsp;Strep pneumo, H. influenza Type B and Neisseria<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13284333846531.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"What is the etiology of laryngeal papillomatosis?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV&#x20;6&#x20;and&#x20;11"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the etiology of laryngeal papillomatosis?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HPV 6 and 11</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>Can lead to laryngeal carcinoma</div><div><br></div><div><div><i>Generally a result of fetuses born to a mother with condyloma acuminata</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Due to the fact that HPV infects&nbsp;<b>stratified squamous epithelium -&nbsp;</b>true vocal cords contain SSE</i></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.43.01 AM.png""></div>"
"HPV has a predilection for what for what type of epithelium?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratified&#x20;squamous&#x20;epithelium"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""HPV has a predilection for what for what type of epithelium?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratified squamous epithelium</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>Questions may ask about ""patient with verrucous lesions"" or some way to describe HPV and they will expect you to know what other areas it can affect</div><div><br></div><div>E.g. stratified squamous of the true vocal cords --&gt; laryngeal papillomatosis</div></div>"
"Which part of the respiratory epithelium can HPV infect? Results in what?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""True&#x20;vocal&#x20;cords&#x20;&#x28;producing&#x20;laryngeal&#x20;papillomatosis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which part of the respiratory epithelium can HPV infect? Results in what?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">True vocal cords (producing laryngeal papillomatosis)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div>Sort of deviating from micro here, but recall that HPV has a tropism for stratified squamous; this question can then be turned to test your understanding of basic histology, like of the upper respiratory tract</div><div><br></div><div>The true vocal cords are the only part of the URT with <b>stratified squamous epithelium</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.46.58 AM.png""><div><img src=""IMG_5694.JPG.jpeg""></div></div>"
"What are 4 characteristics of HPV itself?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Non&#x2D;enveloped&#x20;&#x28;naked&#x29;&#x2C;&#x20;icosahedral&#x2C;&#x20;circular&#x2C;&#x20;dsDNA&#x20;virus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""What are 4 characteristics of HPV itself?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Non-enveloped (naked), icosahedral, circular, dsDNA virus</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-38847979192416.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Naked with blue overtones on each side of the table</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-14306536063469.jpg"" /></div>"
"Which type of genome do <b>papilloma</b> viruses have?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Circular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[linear or circular]</span></div>
""Which type of genome do <b>papilloma</b> viruses have?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Circular</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-38847979192416.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-14658723381706.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"Treatment for Cutaneous Warts?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Salicyclic&#x20;acid&#x2F;Liquid&#x20;Nitrogen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""Treatment for Cutaneous Warts?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Salicyclic acid/Liquid Nitrogen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-14817637171884.jpg"" /></div>"
"Cervical cancer malignancies in HPV are more common with <b>what other disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HIV&#x2F;AIDS"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""Cervical cancer malignancies in HPV are more common with <b>what other disease</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HIV/AIDS</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><div><i>Immunosuppressed state allows virus to thrive and leads more readily to cancers</i></div><br><div><i>Recall that HPV can be cleared by the immune system in immunocompetent hosts</i></div></div>"
"What do the vaccines for <b>HPV</b> 6, 11, 16, 18, target?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Capsid&#x20;proteins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of the virus</div>
""What do the vaccines for <b>HPV</b> 6, 11, 16, 18, target?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Capsid proteins</span> of the virus</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15393162789397.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;epidermidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a coagulase-negative <i>Staph </i>that has the ability to <b><u>synthesize extracellular polysaccharide matrix (biofilm).</u></b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph epidermidis</i></span> is a coagulase-negative <i>Staph </i>that has the ability to <b><u>synthesize extracellular polysaccharide matrix (biofilm).</u></b>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><br /><div>Seen with foreign body infections (i.e. kid with ventriculoperitoneal shunt develops infection)</div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Laryngeal papillomas</b></span> are benign <b>papillary</b>&nbsp;squamous proliferations commonly found on the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">true</span> vocal cords</b>, associated with <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;&lt;u&gt;6&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;&lt;u&gt;11&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Laryngeal papillomas</b></span> are benign <b>papillary</b>&nbsp;squamous proliferations commonly found on the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">true</span> vocal cords</b>, associated with <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">-<u>6</u></span> and <u>HPV</u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">-<u>11</u></span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>True vocal cords are made of <b>stratified squamous epithelium</b> - recall that HPV has a predilectation to SSE</div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-21586505630272.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)</b></span> is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""p53"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rb"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> following <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span> infection""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)</b></span> is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span></b> following <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span> infection<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>Recall that high risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33) encode proteins E6 and E7, which knock out p53 and Rb, respectively<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)</b></span> is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span></b> following <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> infection""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)</b></span> is a dysplastic pre-cancerous lesion of the cervix that commonly manifests following the loss of the tumor suppressors <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">p53</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rb</span></b> following <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span> infection<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><div>Recall that high risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33) encode proteins E6 and E7, which knock out p53 and Rb, respectively<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""paste-28157805593154.jpg""></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condyloma Acuminata</span> is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anogenital&#x20;warts"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">koilocytes</span></b>.""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condyloma Acuminata</span> is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">anogenital warts</span></b>&nbsp;and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">koilocytes</span></b>.
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.40.49 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.41.35 AM.png"" /><div><img src=""paste-42618960478315.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-43301860278559.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condyloma Acuminata</span> is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anogenital warts</span></b>&nbsp;and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""koilocytes"" data-ordinal=""3"">[what cellular pathology]</span></b>.""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Condyloma Acuminata</span> is an STD caused by HPV6 or HPV11 that presents with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anogenital warts</span></b>&nbsp;and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">koilocytes</span></b>.
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size:20px;""><div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.40.49 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-04-26 at 10.41.35 AM.png"" /><div><img src=""paste-42618960478315.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-43301860278559.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Koilocytes</b></span> have characteristic <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;perinuclear&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span></b> infections""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Koilocytes</b></span> have characteristic <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>perinuclear</b></span> <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span></b> infections<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><img src=""paste-11768210391221.jpg""><div><div><img src=""paste-42979737731225.jpg""></div></div></div>"
"<div class=card>Buzz word for <b>HPV</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cervical&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>cancer</b>: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>post-coital bleeding</u></span></div>""<div class=card>Buzz word for <b>HPV</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cervical</b></span> <b>cancer</b>: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>post-coital bleeding</u></span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER HPV Lolnotacop::Bugs::DNA_Viruses::3.8_HPV</div>-->"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Koilocytes</b></span> have characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>perinuclear</b></span> <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HPV"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></b> infections""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Koilocytes</b></span> have characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>perinuclear</b></span> <b>halos</b> that are hallmarks of <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">HPV</span></b> infections<br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br></div><img src=""paste-11768210391221.jpg""><div><div><img src=""paste-42979737731225.jpg""></div></div></div>"
"What types of HPV encode for the proteins E6 and E7?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High&#x20;Risk&#x20;&#x28;HPV&#x20;16&#x2C;&#x20;18&#x2C;&#x20;31&#x2C;&#x20;33&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>
""What types of HPV encode for the proteins E6 and E7?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High Risk (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: Arial; color: white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><i>bind p53 and Rb, respectively - inability to inhibit cell cycle - tumorgenesis</i></div></div>"
"<b><i>S. bovis</i></b> can produce subacute <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""endocarditis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><i>S. bovis</i></b> can produce subacute <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">endocarditis</span><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><br /></div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-19 at 8.22.03 AM.png"" /></div>"
"What procedure should be performed with <i>S. bovis </i>infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Colonoscopy&#x20;&#x28;suspect&#x20;colon&#x20;cancer&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What procedure should be performed with <i>S. bovis </i>infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Colonoscopy (suspect colon cancer)</span></div><br>
<div class=extrafield>
<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-05-19 at 8.22.03 AM.png"" /></div></div>"
"In contrast to <u>hyperplasia</u>, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>polyclonal</b></span>, <u>neoplasia</u> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;monoclonal&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.&nbsp; ""In contrast to <u>hyperplasia</u>, which is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>polyclonal</b></span>, <u>neoplasia</u> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>monoclonal</b></span>.&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"In contrast to <u>hyperplasia</u>, which is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;polyclonal&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <u>neoplasia</u> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>monoclonal</b></span>.&nbsp; ""In contrast to <u>hyperplasia</u>, which is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>polyclonal</b></span>, <u>neoplasia</u> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>monoclonal</b></span>.&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<b>Clonality</b> can also be determined by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""androgen&#x20;receptor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> isoforms (besides G6PD), which are also present on the <b>X chromosome</b> ""<b>Clonality</b> can also be determined by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">androgen receptor</span> isoforms (besides G6PD), which are also present on the <b>X chromosome</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<b>Clonality</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;B&#x20;lymphocytes&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is determined by immunoglobulin <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">light chain</span></b> <b>phenotype</b> ""<b>Clonality</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>B lymphocytes</u></span> is determined by immunoglobulin <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">light chain</span></b> <b>phenotype</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>Either kappa or lambda</div>
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"<b>Clonality</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>B lymphocytes</u></span> is determined by immunoglobulin <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""light&#x20;chain"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> <b>phenotype</b> ""<b>Clonality</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>B lymphocytes</u></span> is determined by immunoglobulin <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">light chain</span></b> <b>phenotype</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>Either kappa or lambda</div>
"
"In <b>lymphoma</b>, which is <u>monoclonal</u>, the kappa:lambda light chain ratio&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;increases&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;to&#x20;&lt;u&gt;&amp;gt&#x3B;&#x20;6&#x3A;1&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>inverted</b></span>&nbsp;(e.g. kappa:lambda ratio = 1:3) ""In <b>lymphoma</b>, which is <u>monoclonal</u>, the kappa:lambda light chain ratio&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>increases</b> to <u>&gt; 6:1</u></span> or is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>inverted</b></span>&nbsp;(e.g. kappa:lambda ratio = 1:3)
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"In <b>lymphoma</b>, which is <u>monoclonal</u>, the kappa:lambda light chain ratio&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>increases</b> to <u>&gt; 6:1</u></span> or is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;inverted&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;(e.g. kappa:lambda ratio = 1:3) ""In <b>lymphoma</b>, which is <u>monoclonal</u>, the kappa:lambda light chain ratio&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>increases</b> to <u>&gt; 6:1</u></span> or is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>inverted</b></span>&nbsp;(e.g. kappa:lambda ratio = 1:3)
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;adenomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenocarcinomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>adenomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenocarcinomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><u><font color=""#ffff00"">glandular</font></u></div>
"
"<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>adenomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;adenocarcinomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>adenomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenocarcinomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><u><font color=""#ffff00"">glandular</font></u></div>
"
"<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;papillomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>papillary carcinomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>papillomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>papillary carcinomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>papillary <font color=""#ffff00"">finger-like</font> structures (have epithelium overlying, will have blood vessel in center)<div><img src=""paste-52544629899398.jpg"" /></div></div>
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"<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>papillomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;papillary&#x20;carcinomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<u>Epithelial tissue</u>&nbsp;can give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>papillomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>papillary carcinomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>papillary <font color=""#ffff00"">finger-like</font> structures (have epithelium overlying, will have blood vessel in center)<div><img src=""paste-52544629899398.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Mesenchymal tissue</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lipomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>liposarcomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<u>Mesenchymal tissue</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lipomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>liposarcomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>mesenchyme is the soft tissue of the body (fat, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, etc)<div><br /></div><div>another example: osteoma and osteosarcoma</div></div>
"
"<u>Mesenchymal tissue</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lipomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;liposarcomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<u>Mesenchymal tissue</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lipomas</b></span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>liposarcomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>mesenchyme is the soft tissue of the body (fat, bone, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, etc)<div><br /></div><div>another example: osteoma and osteosarcoma</div></div>
"
"<b>Lymphocytic neoplasia</b>&nbsp;gives rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lymphomas&#x2F;leukemias"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<b>Lymphocytic neoplasia</b>&nbsp;gives rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lymphomas/leukemias</span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Melanocytes&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nevi</b>&nbsp;(mole)</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>melanomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Melanocytes</u></span> give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nevi</b>&nbsp;(mole)</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>melanomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Melanocytes</u></span> give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;nevi&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;mole&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>melanomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Melanocytes</u></span> give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nevi</b>&nbsp;(mole)</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>melanomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Melanocytes</u></span> give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nevi</b>&nbsp;(mole)</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;melanomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> (malignant)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Melanocytes</u></span> give rise to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nevi</b>&nbsp;(mole)</span> (benign) and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>melanomas</b></span> (malignant)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Pap smears</b> are used to detect cervical&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;dysplasia&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;CIN&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp; ""<b>Pap smears</b> are used to detect cervical&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>dysplasia</u>&nbsp;(CIN)</span> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>all screening procedures look to catch <b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes <b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect <b>carcinoma </b>before clinical symptoms arise</div>
"
"<u>Mammography</u> is used to detect <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;in&#x20;situ&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> breast cancer <u>before it invades</u> or <b>invasive carcinoma</b> before it becomes <b>clinically <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">palpable</span></b> ""<u>Mammography</u> is used to detect <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>in situ</b></span> breast cancer <u>before it invades</u> or <b>invasive carcinoma</b> before it becomes <b>clinically <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">palpable</span></b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>all screening procedures look to catch&nbsp;<b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect&nbsp;<b>carcinoma&nbsp;</b>before clinical symptoms arise<div><br /></div><div>detected size on physical exam - <b>2cm</b></div><div>detected size on mammography - <b>1cm</b></div></div>
"
"<u>Mammography</u> is used to detect <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>in situ</b></span> breast cancer <u>before it invades</u> or <b>invasive carcinoma</b> before it becomes <b>clinically <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""palpable"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> ""<u>Mammography</u> is used to detect <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>in situ</b></span> breast cancer <u>before it invades</u> or <b>invasive carcinoma</b> before it becomes <b>clinically <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">palpable</span></b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>all screening procedures look to catch&nbsp;<b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect&nbsp;<b>carcinoma&nbsp;</b>before clinical symptoms arise<div><br /></div><div>detected size on physical exam - <b>2cm</b></div><div>detected size on mammography - <b>1cm</b></div></div>
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"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Prostate&#x20;specific&#x20;antigen&#x20;&#x28;PSA&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">digital rectal</span> exam</b> are used to detect <u>prostate carcinoma</u> before it spreads ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Prostate specific antigen (PSA)</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">digital rectal</span> exam</b> are used to detect <u>prostate carcinoma</u> before it spreads
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>regular exams after age 50</div>
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"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Prostate specific antigen (PSA)</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""digital&#x20;rectal"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> exam</b> are used to detect <u>prostate carcinoma</u> before it spreads ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Prostate specific antigen (PSA)</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">digital rectal</span> exam</b> are used to detect <u>prostate carcinoma</u> before it spreads
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>regular exams after age 50</div>
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"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Hemoccult&#x20;test&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>colonoscopy</b></span> are used to detect <b>colonic adenoma</b> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>colonic carcinoma</b> or <b>colonic carcinoma</b> before it <u>spreads</u> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hemoccult test</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>colonoscopy</b></span> are used to detect <b>colonic adenoma</b> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>colonic carcinoma</b> or <b>colonic carcinoma</b> before it <u>spreads</u>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>all screening procedures look to catch&nbsp;<b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect&nbsp;<b>carcinoma&nbsp;</b>before clinical symptoms arise</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hemoccult test</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;colonoscopy&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are used to detect <b>colonic adenoma</b> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>colonic carcinoma</b> or <b>colonic carcinoma</b> before it <u>spreads</u> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hemoccult test</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>colonoscopy</b></span> are used to detect <b>colonic adenoma</b> <i>before</i> it becomes <b>colonic carcinoma</b> or <b>colonic carcinoma</b> before it <u>spreads</u>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>all screening procedures look to catch&nbsp;<b>dysplasia</b>&nbsp;before it becomes&nbsp;<b>carcinoma</b>&nbsp;or detect&nbsp;<b>carcinoma&nbsp;</b>before clinical symptoms arise</div>
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"During carcinogenesis, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>mutations</u> eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for <b>tumor</b> <b>promotion</b> and <b>progression</b> ""During carcinogenesis, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNA</span> <u>mutations</u> eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for <b>tumor</b> <b>promotion</b> and <b>progression</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Aflatoxins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (carcinogen from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Aspergillus</span></i>) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aflatoxins</b></span> (carcinogen from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Aspergillus</span></i>) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>contaminate stored grains</div>
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"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aflatoxins</b></span> (carcinogen from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Aspergillus</span></i>) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;hepatocellular&#x20;carcinoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aflatoxins</b></span> (carcinogen from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Aspergillus</span></i>) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>contaminate stored grains</div>
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"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Alkylating&#x20;agents&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>leukemia/lymphoma</b></span> (side effect of <u>chemotherapy</u>) ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alkylating agents</b></span> are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>leukemia/lymphoma</b></span> (side effect of <u>chemotherapy</u>)
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alkylating agents</b></span> are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;leukemia&#x2F;lymphoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (side effect of <u>chemotherapy</u>) ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alkylating agents</b></span> are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>leukemia/lymphoma</b></span> (side effect of <u>chemotherapy</u>)
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
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"<b>Alcohol</b>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;hepatocellular&#x20;carcinoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> of the liver (cancer) ""<b>Alcohol</b>&nbsp;is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></span> of the liver (cancer)
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>Alcohol -&gt; cirrhosis -&gt; HCC</div>
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"<b>Aflatoxins</b> are derived from&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus</i>, which can contaminate&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stored&#x20;rice&#x20;and&#x20;grains"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> ""<b>Aflatoxins</b> are derived from&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus</i>, which can contaminate&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">stored rice and grains</span>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Arsenic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (carcinogen) is associated with <b>squamous cell carcinoma </b>of <u>skin</u>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lung cancer</b></span>, and <b>angiosarcoma</b> of the <u>liver</u> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Arsenic</b></span> (carcinogen) is associated with <b>squamous cell carcinoma </b>of <u>skin</u>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lung cancer</b></span>, and <b>angiosarcoma</b> of the <u>liver</u>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Arsenic</b></span> (carcinogen) is associated with <b>squamous cell carcinoma </b>of <u>skin</u>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lung&#x20;cancer&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>, and <b>angiosarcoma</b> of the <u>liver</u> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Arsenic</b></span> (carcinogen) is associated with <b>squamous cell carcinoma </b>of <u>skin</u>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lung cancer</b></span>, and <b>angiosarcoma</b> of the <u>liver</u>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Asbestos</b> is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lung&#x20;carcinoma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mesothelioma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp; ""<b>Asbestos</b> is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">lung carcinoma</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">mesothelioma</span>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>more likely to develop lung cancer than mesothelioma</div>
"
"Exposure to <b>asbestos</b> is <u>more</u> likely to lead to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lung&#x20;cancer"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> than <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mesothelioma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp; ""Exposure to <b>asbestos</b> is <u>more</u> likely to lead to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">lung cancer</span> than <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">mesothelioma</span>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;kidney&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>bladder</u></span>, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8""><u>pancreas</u></span></div></div> ""<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>kidney</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>bladder</u></span>, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8""><u>pancreas</u></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>kidney</u></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;bladder&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""7"">[...]</span>, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8""><u>pancreas</u></span></div></div> ""<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>kidney</u></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>bladder</u></span>, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""8""><u>pancreas</u></span></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>kidney</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>bladder</u></span>, and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;pancreas&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""8"">[...]</span></div></div> ""<b>Cigarette smoke</b> is associated with&nbsp;carcinoma<div>of the <u>oropharynx</u>, <u>esophagus</u>, <u>lung</u>,<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>kidney</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>bladder</u></span>, and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""8""><u>pancreas</u></span></div></div>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cigarette&#x20;smoke&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <u>most common</u> <b>carcinogen</b> <i>worldwide</i> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cigarette smoke</b></span> is the <u>most common</u> <b>carcinogen</b> <i>worldwide</i>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Nitrosamines&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are found in <u>smoked foods</u> and are associated with&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">stomach (gastric)</span> carcinoma</b> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitrosamines</b></span> are found in <u>smoked foods</u> and are associated with&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">stomach (gastric)</span> carcinoma</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br><div><br></div><div>specifically, the <b>intestinal type</b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitrosamines</b></span> are found in <u>smoked foods</u> and are associated with&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stomach&#x20;&#x28;gastric&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> carcinoma</b> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitrosamines</b></span> are found in <u>smoked foods</u> and are associated with&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">stomach (gastric)</span> carcinoma</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br><div><br></div><div>specifically, the <b>intestinal type</b></div></div>
"
"<b>Nitrosamines</b> are found in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;smoked&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span><b> foods</b> ""<b>Nitrosamines</b> are found in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>smoked</b></span><b> foods</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>responsible for the high rate of <b>gastric carcinoma (intestinal type)</b> in <u>Japan</u></div>
"
"<b>Vinyl chloride</b> is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""angiosarcoma&#x20;of&#x20;the&#x20;liver"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<b>Vinyl chloride</b> is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">angiosarcoma of the liver</span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>Occupational exposure. Used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use in pipes</div></div>
"
"<b>Nickel</b> exposure is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lung"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> carcinoma ""<b>Nickel</b> exposure is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">lung</span> carcinoma
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div>Occupational exposure</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;HHV&#x2D;8&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Kaposi sarcoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>HHV-8</b></span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Kaposi sarcoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div>Common in Eastern European males, AIDS patients, and transplant patients</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>HHV-8</b></span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Kaposi&#x20;sarcoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>HHV-8</b></span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Kaposi sarcoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div>Common in Eastern European males, AIDS patients, and transplant patients</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&lt;b&gt;B&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;V"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">H<b>C</b>V</span> are associated with <u>hepatocellular carcinoma</u> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">H<b>B</b>V</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">H<b>C</b>V</span> are associated with <u>hepatocellular carcinoma</u>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>HBV = hepadnavirus (DNA)<div>HCV = falvivirus (RNA)</div><div><br></div><div>*according to FA so is H<b>D</b>V</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H<b>B</b>V</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&lt;b&gt;C&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;V"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> are associated with <u>hepatocellular carcinoma</u> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H<b>B</b>V</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">H<b>C</b>V</span> are associated with <u>hepatocellular carcinoma</u>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>HBV = hepadnavirus (DNA)<div>HCV = falvivirus (RNA)</div><div><br></div><div>*according to FA so is H<b>D</b>V</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;HTLV&#x2D;1&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>HTLV-1</b></span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br><div>Stands for Human T lymphotropic virus</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>HTLV-1</b></span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;adult&#x20;T&#x2D;cell&#x20;leukemia&#x2F;lymphoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (type of cancer)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>HTLV-1</b></span> (oncogenic virus) is associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma</b></span> (type of cancer)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br><div>Stands for Human T lymphotropic virus</div></div>
"
"High-risk <b>HPV</b> (16, 18, 31, 33) is associated with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">adenocarcinoma</span></b> of the <u>cervix</u> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""squamous&#x20;cell&#x20;carcinoma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> of the <u>vulva</u>, <u>vagina</u>, <u>anus</u>, and <u>cervix</u> ""High-risk <b>HPV</b> (16, 18, 31, 33) is associated with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">adenocarcinoma</span></b> of the <u>cervix</u> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell carcinoma</span></b> of the <u>vulva</u>, <u>vagina</u>, <u>anus</u>, and <u>cervix</u>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>*HPV can cause SCC or adenocarcinoma of the cervix, <b>squamous cell is more common</b>&nbsp;(at transformation zone)</div>
"
"High-risk <b>HPV</b> (16, 18, 31, 33) is associated with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""adenocarcinoma"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></b> of the <u>cervix</u> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell carcinoma</span></b> of the <u>vulva</u>, <u>vagina</u>, <u>anus</u>, and <u>cervix</u> ""High-risk <b>HPV</b> (16, 18, 31, 33) is associated with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">adenocarcinoma</span></b> of the <u>cervix</u> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell carcinoma</span></b> of the <u>vulva</u>, <u>vagina</u>, <u>anus</u>, and <u>cervix</u>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>*HPV can cause SCC or adenocarcinoma of the cervix, <b>squamous cell is more common</b>&nbsp;(at transformation zone)</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""basal&#x20;cell"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp; ""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>UVB sunlight is the most common source of nonionizing radiation&nbsp;</div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""squamous&#x20;cell"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp; ""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>UVB sunlight is the most common source of nonionizing radiation&nbsp;</div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""melanoma"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp; ""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>UVB sunlight is the most common source of nonionizing radiation&nbsp;</div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nonionizing"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp; ""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">basal cell</span> carcinoma, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma, and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">melanoma</span> of the <u>skin</u>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>UVB sunlight is the most common source of nonionizing radiation&nbsp;</div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> results in formation of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pyrimidine&#x20;dimers"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> in DNA, which are normally excised by <b>restriction endonuclease</b> ""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> results in formation of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pyrimidine dimers</span></u> in DNA, which are normally excised by <b>restriction endonuclease</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>commonly from <b>UVB sunlight</b></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nonionizing"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> radiation</b> results in formation of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">pyrimidine dimers</span></u> in DNA, which are normally excised by <b>restriction endonuclease</b> ""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nonionizing</span> radiation</b> results in formation of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">pyrimidine dimers</span></u> in DNA, which are normally excised by <b>restriction endonuclease</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>commonly from <b>UVB sunlight</b></div>
"
"<b>Proto-oncogenes</b> are essential for <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cell&#x20;growth"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and differentiation ""<b>Proto-oncogenes</b> are essential for <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cell growth</span> and differentiation
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>Growth factor, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear receptor and cell cycle regulators<div><br /><div><b>Mutations</b> of proto-oncogenes form <u>oncogenes</u> that lead to <b>unregulated</b> cellular growth&nbsp;</div><div><img src=""paste-84731114815826.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""1&#x29;&#x20;Growth&#x20;factors"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div> ""Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2&#x29;&#x20;Growth&#x20;factor&#x20;receptors"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div> ""Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""3&#x29;&#x20;Signal&#x20;transducers"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div> ""Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4&#x29;&#x20;Nuclear&#x20;regulators"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div> ""Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div>
<br>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""5&#x29;&#x20;Cell&#x20;cycle&#x20;regulators"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div><div><br></div> ""Categories of <b>proto-oncogenes</b> include:<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">1) Growth factors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">2) Growth factor receptors</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">3) Signal transducers</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">4) Nuclear regulators</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">5) Cell cycle regulators</span></div><div><br></div>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>
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"<b>Growth factors</b> induce <u>cellular&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""growth"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> ""<b>Growth factors</b> induce <u>cellular&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">growth</span></u>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div>type of proto-oncogene</div><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Signal transducers</b> relay receptor activation to the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""nucleus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (<i>e.g., </i>ras) ""<b>Signal transducers</b> relay receptor activation to the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">nucleus</span> (<i>e.g., </i>ras)
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>type of proto-oncogene<div><img src=""paste-84417582203220.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cyclins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cyclin-dependent kinases <b>(CDKs)</b></span> form a complex which <u>phosphorylates</u> proteins that drive the cell through the <b>cell cycle</b>.&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cyclins</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cyclin-dependent kinases <b>(CDKs)</b></span> form a complex which <u>phosphorylates</u> proteins that drive the cell through the <b>cell cycle</b>.&nbsp;
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cyclins</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cyclin&#x2D;dependent&#x20;kinases&#x20;&lt;b&gt;&#x28;CDKs&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> form a complex which <u>phosphorylates</u> proteins that drive the cell through the <b>cell cycle</b>.&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cyclins</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">cyclin-dependent kinases <b>(CDKs)</b></span> form a complex which <u>phosphorylates</u> proteins that drive the cell through the <b>cell cycle</b>.&nbsp;
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;p53&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Rb</u> (retinoblastoma)</span> are classic examples of <b>tumor suppressor genes</b> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>p53</u></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Rb</u> (retinoblastoma)</span> are classic examples of <b>tumor suppressor genes</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>Regulate cell growth. Decrease (or suppress) the risk of tumor formation.&nbsp;</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>p53</u></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Rb&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;&#x28;retinoblastoma&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are classic examples of <b>tumor suppressor genes</b> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>p53</u></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Rb</u> (retinoblastoma)</span> are classic examples of <b>tumor suppressor genes</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><br /><div>Regulate cell growth. Decrease (or suppress) the risk of tumor formation.&nbsp;</div></div>
"
"<b>p53</b> regulates progression of the cell cycle from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> phase&nbsp; ""<b>p53</b> regulates progression of the cell cycle from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G1</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">S</span> phase&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-34643206209882.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In response to DNA damage, <b>p53</b> <u>slows</u> the cell cycle and <u>upregulates</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNA&#x20;repair"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> <b>enzymes</b> ""In response to DNA damage, <b>p53</b> <u>slows</u> the cell cycle and <u>upregulates</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">DNA repair</span> <b>enzymes</b>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>if DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces BAX (apoptosis pathway)</div>
"
"If DNA repair is <i>not possible</i>, <b>p53</b> induces&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""apoptosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> via BAX upregulation ""If DNA repair is <i>not possible</i>, <b>p53</b> induces&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">apoptosis</span> via BAX upregulation
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>upregulates BAX which disrupts Bcl-2<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-115139483271444.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>p53</b> induces apoptosis by <u>upregulating</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;BAX&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which <i>disrupts</i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Bcl2</b></span> ""<b>p53</b> induces apoptosis by <u>upregulating</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>BAX</b></span>, which <i>disrupts</i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Bcl2</b></span>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>if DNA repair is not possible, p53 will induce apoptosis<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-115143778238740.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>p53</b> induces apoptosis by <u>upregulating</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>BAX</b></span>, which <i>disrupts</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Bcl2&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> ""<b>p53</b> induces apoptosis by <u>upregulating</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>BAX</b></span>, which <i>disrupts</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Bcl2</b></span>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>if DNA repair is not possible, p53 will induce apoptosis<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-115143778238740.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Activation of <u>apoptosis</u> occurs when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cytochrome&#x20;c&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> leaks from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mitochondria</b></span> due to disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> ""Activation of <u>apoptosis</u> occurs when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cytochrome c</b></span> leaks from the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mitochondria</b></span> due to disruption of <b>Bcl2</b>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>recall that p53 activates BAX which disrupts Bcl2 -&gt; cytochrome c leakes out and <b><u>activates caspases</u></b></div>
"
"Activation of <u>apoptosis</u> occurs when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cytochrome c</b></span> leaks from the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mitochondria&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> due to disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> ""Activation of <u>apoptosis</u> occurs when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cytochrome c</b></span> leaks from the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mitochondria</b></span> due to disruption of <b>Bcl2</b>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>recall that p53 activates BAX which disrupts Bcl2 -&gt; cytochrome c leakes out and <b><u>activates caspases</u></b></div>
"
"In the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Knudson&#x20;two&#x2D;hit&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> hypothesis, <u>both copies</u> of a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">tumor suppressor</span> gene</b> must be knocked out for <b>tumor formation</b> ""In the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Knudson two-hit</b></span> hypothesis, <u>both copies</u> of a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">tumor suppressor</span> gene</b> must be knocked out for <b>tumor formation</b>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>ie: both copies of p53 or both copies of Rb<div><br /></div><div>loss of the copies can be from <u>germline</u>&nbsp;(inherited) or <u>somatic</u>&nbsp;(spontaneous) mutations</div></div>
"
"<b>Loss of p53</b> is seen in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&amp;gt&#x3B;&#x20;50&#x25;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of cancers (frequency)&nbsp; ""<b>Loss of p53</b> is seen in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">&gt; 50%</span> of cancers (frequency)&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-115594749804640.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Germline p53 mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Li&#x2D;Fraumeni&#x20;syndrome"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (second hit is somatic), characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of <u>carcinomas</u> and <u>sarcomas</u>&nbsp; ""<b>Germline p53 mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Li-Fraumeni syndrome</span> (second hit is somatic), characterized by the propensity to develop multiple types of <u>carcinomas</u> and <u>sarcomas</u>&nbsp;
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-117063628619873.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Rb</b>&nbsp;(retinoblastoma)&nbsp;regulates progression of the cell cycle from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> phase ""<b>Rb</b>&nbsp;(retinoblastoma)&nbsp;regulates progression of the cell cycle from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G1</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">S</span> phase
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-34643206209882.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Rb</b> ""holds"" the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E2F"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> transcription factor, which is <i>necessary</i> for transition to the <b>S phase&nbsp;</b> ""<b>Rb</b> ""holds"" the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E2F</span> transcription factor, which is <i>necessary</i> for transition to the <b>S phase&nbsp;</b>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div>phosphorylation of Rb by CDKs releases E2F, allowing progression</div><img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;E2F&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is released when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rb</b></span> is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cyclinD/CDK4</u> complex</span> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E2F</b></span> is released when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rb</b></span> is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cyclinD/CDK4</u> complex</span>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E2F</b></span> is released when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Rb&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cyclinD/CDK4</u> complex</span> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E2F</b></span> is released when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rb</b></span> is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cyclinD/CDK4</u> complex</span>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E2F</b></span> is released when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rb</b></span> is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;cyclinD&#x2F;CDK4&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;complex"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E2F</b></span> is released when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rb</b></span> is <i>phosphorylated</i> by the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cyclinD/CDK4</u> complex</span>
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<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Rb mutation</b> results in constitutively free <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E2F"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, allowing progression through the cell cycle and <u>uncontrolled</u><b> cellular growth</b> ""<b>Rb mutation</b> results in constitutively free <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">E2F</span>, allowing progression through the cell cycle and <u>uncontrolled</u><b> cellular growth</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-32418413150536.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sporadic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> (<i>i.e., </i>both hits are somatic) is characterized by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>unilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span> ""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sporadic</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> (<i>i.e., </i>both hits are somatic) is characterized by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>unilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div>mutations occur <b>solely</b>&nbsp;in the retinal cells</div><img src=""paste-119361436123492.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sporadic</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> (<i>i.e., </i>both hits are somatic) is characterized by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;unilateral&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;&lt;b&gt;retinoblastoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> ""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sporadic</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> (<i>i.e., </i>both hits are somatic) is characterized by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>unilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div>mutations occur <b>solely</b>&nbsp;in the retinal cells</div><img src=""paste-119361436123492.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Germline"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>familial</b> retinoblastoma</span> (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>bilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>osteosarcoma</b></span></div> ""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Germline</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>familial</b> retinoblastoma</span> (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>bilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>osteosarcoma</b></span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Germline</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;familial&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;retinoblastoma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>bilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>osteosarcoma</b></span></div> ""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Germline</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>familial</b> retinoblastoma</span> (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>bilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>osteosarcoma</b></span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Germline</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>familial</b> retinoblastoma</span> (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;bilateral&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;&lt;b&gt;retinoblastoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;osteosarcoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div> ""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Germline</span></u> <b>Rb mutation</b> results in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>familial</b> retinoblastoma</span> (second hit is somatic),<div>characterized by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>bilateral</u> <b>retinoblastoma</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>osteosarcoma</b></span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bcl2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> normally <u>stabilizes</u> the <b>mitochondrial membrane</b>, blocking <i>release</i> of <b>cytochrome c</b> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bcl2</span> normally <u>stabilizes</u> the <b>mitochondrial membrane</b>, blocking <i>release</i> of <b>cytochrome c</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> allows <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cytochrome c</b></span> to leave the <u>mitochondria</u> and <b>activate <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""caspases"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> and thusly apoptosis&nbsp; ""Disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> allows <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cytochrome c</b></span> to leave the <u>mitochondria</u> and <b>activate <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">caspases</span></b> and thusly apoptosis&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> allows <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cytochrome&#x20;c&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> to leave the <u>mitochondria</u> and <b>activate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">caspases</span></b> and thusly apoptosis&nbsp; ""Disruption of <b>Bcl2</b> allows <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cytochrome c</b></span> to leave the <u>mitochondria</u> and <b>activate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">caspases</span></b> and thusly apoptosis&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Bcl2</b> is an <u>anti-apoptotic molecule</u> that is a overexpressed in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;follicular&#x20;lymphoma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diffuse large B-cell lymphoma</span></b> ""<b>Bcl2</b> is an <u>anti-apoptotic molecule</u> that is a overexpressed in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>follicular lymphoma</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diffuse large B-cell lymphoma</span></b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>Follicular lymphoma can progress to DLBCL</div>
"
"<b>Bcl2</b> is an <u>anti-apoptotic molecule</u> that is a overexpressed in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>follicular lymphoma</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diffuse&#x20;large&#x20;B&#x2D;cell&#x20;lymphoma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> ""<b>Bcl2</b> is an <u>anti-apoptotic molecule</u> that is a overexpressed in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>follicular lymphoma</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">diffuse large B-cell lymphoma</span></b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>Follicular lymphoma can progress to DLBCL</div>
"
"<b>Angiogenic factors</b>&nbsp;commonly produced by&nbsp;<u>tumor cells</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;fibroblast&#x20;growth&#x20;factor&#x20;&#x28;FGF&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;vascular&#x20;endothelial&#x20;growth&#x20;factor&#x20;&#x28;VEGF&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> ""<b>Angiogenic factors</b>&nbsp;commonly produced by&nbsp;<u>tumor cells</u>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>fibroblast growth factor (FGF)</b></span>&nbsp;and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)</b></span>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Kerratin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>epithelium</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Kerratin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>epithelium</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>hence, carcinomas will be keratin + (carcinomas are <u>epithelial</u>&nbsp;tumors)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Kerratin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;epithelium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Kerratin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>epithelium</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>hence, carcinomas will be keratin + (carcinomas are <u>epithelial</u>&nbsp;tumors)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Vimentin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mesenchyme</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Vimentin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mesenchyme</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>hence, sarcomas will be vimentin + (sarcomas are&nbsp;<u>mesenchymal</u>&nbsp;tumors)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Vimentin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mesenchyme&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Vimentin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mesenchyme</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>hence, sarcomas will be vimentin + (sarcomas are&nbsp;<u>mesenchymal</u>&nbsp;tumors)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Desmin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>muscle</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Desmin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>muscle</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Desmin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;muscle&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Desmin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>muscle</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;GFAP&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neuroglia</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>GFAP</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neuroglia</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>GFAP</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;neuroglia&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>GFAP</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neuroglia</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Neurofilament&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neurons</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Neurofilament</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neurons</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Neurofilament</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;neurons&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Neurofilament</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is an <u>intermediate filament</u> associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neurons</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;PSA&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;&#x28;prostate&#x20;specific&#x20;antigen&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>prostatic epithelium</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>PSA</b> (prostate specific antigen)</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>prostatic epithelium</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>PSA</b> (prostate specific antigen)</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;prostatic&#x20;epithelium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>PSA</b> (prostate specific antigen)</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>prostatic epithelium</b></span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>ER</b> (estrogen receptor) (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""breast&#x20;epithelium"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<b>ER</b> (estrogen receptor) (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">breast epithelium</span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Thyroglobulin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>thyroid follicular</b> cells</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Thyroglobulin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>thyroid follicular</b> cells</span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Thyroglobulin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;thyroid&#x20;follicular&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Thyroglobulin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>thyroid follicular</b> cells</span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Chromogranin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neuroendocrine</b> cells</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chromogranin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neuroendocrine</b> cells</span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><i>e.g.,&nbsp;</i>small cell carcinoma of the lung, carcinoid tumors</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chromogranin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;neuroendocrine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;cells"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (tissue type)&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chromogranin</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>neuroendocrine</b> cells</span> (tissue type)&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><i>e.g.,&nbsp;</i>small cell carcinoma of the lung, carcinoid tumors</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;S&#x2D;100&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <b>melanoma</b> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>S-100</b></span> (immunohistochemical stain) is associated with <b>melanoma</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<u>Serum tumor markers</u> are useful for screening, monitoring <b>response to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""treatment"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>, and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""recurrence"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;of tumors ""<u>Serum tumor markers</u> are useful for screening, monitoring <b>response to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">treatment</span></b>, and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">recurrence</span></b>&nbsp;of tumors
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>**a diagnosis of cancer cannot be made w/o <u>tissue biopsy</u></div>
"
"<u>Elevated</u> levels of <b>serum tumor markers</b>&nbsp;require <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tissue&#x20;biopsy"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> for definitive diagnosis ""<u>Elevated</u> levels of <b>serum tumor markers</b>&nbsp;require <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tissue biopsy</span> for definitive diagnosis
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Grading&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the microscopic assessment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>differentiation</b></span> in a cancer ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Grading</b></span> is the microscopic assessment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>differentiation</b></span> in a cancer
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>asks the question: ""Does the tumor look like the tissue in which it is growing""</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Grading</b></span> is the microscopic assessment of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;differentiation&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> in a cancer ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Grading</b></span> is the microscopic assessment of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>differentiation</b></span> in a cancer
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'>asks the question: ""Does the tumor look like the tissue in which it is growing""</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Well"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> differentiated (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""low"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> grade) cancers <b>resemble</b> normal parent tissue&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Well</span> differentiated (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">low</span> grade) cancers <b>resemble</b> normal parent tissue&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Poorly"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> differentiated (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""high"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> grade) cancers <b>do not resemble</b> normal parent tissue&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Poorly</span> differentiated (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">high</span> grade) cancers <b>do not resemble</b> normal parent tissue&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Well</b>-differentiated cancers have a better <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""prognosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> than <b>poorly</b>-differentiated cancers ""<b>Well</b>-differentiated cancers have a better <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">prognosis</span> than <b>poorly</b>-differentiated cancers
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div>tumor <b>grading</b> is <u>less important</u> than tumor <b>staging</b> in prognosis, however</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Staging&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the assessment of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>size and spread</b></span> of a cancer ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Staging</b></span> is the assessment of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>size and spread</b></span> of a cancer
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-167177307029626.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Staging</b></span> is the assessment of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;size&#x20;and&#x20;spread&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> of a cancer ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Staging</b></span> is the assessment of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>size and spread</b></span> of a cancer
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-167177307029626.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Tumor staging</b> is a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""more"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> important <u>prognostic factor</u> than <b>tumor</b>&nbsp;<b>grading</b> ""<b>Tumor staging</b> is a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">more</span> important <u>prognostic factor</u> than <b>tumor</b>&nbsp;<b>grading</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Staging</b> of a cancer is determined after final <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""surgical&#x20;resection"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of the tumor ""<b>Staging</b> of a cancer is determined after final <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">surgical resection</span> of the tumor
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;T&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;umor&#x20;size&#x20;and&#x2F;or&#x20;depth&#x20;of&#x20;invasion"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>N: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Spread to regional lymph <u>n</u>odes</span></div><div>M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>M</u>etastasis</span></div> ""Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>T</u>umor size and/or depth of invasion</span></div><div>N: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Spread to regional lymph <u>n</u>odes</span></div><div>M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>M</u>etastasis</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>T</u>umor size and/or depth of invasion</span></div><div>N: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Spread&#x20;to&#x20;regional&#x20;lymph&#x20;&lt;u&gt;n&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;odes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div>M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>M</u>etastasis</span></div> ""Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>T</u>umor size and/or depth of invasion</span></div><div>N: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Spread to regional lymph <u>n</u>odes</span></div><div>M: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>M</u>etastasis</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>T</u>umor size and/or depth of invasion</span></div><div>N: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Spread to regional lymph <u>n</u>odes</span></div><div>M: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;M&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;etastasis"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div> ""Tumor <b>staging</b> utilizes the TNM system:<div><br /></div><div>T: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>T</u>umor size and/or depth of invasion</span></div><div>N: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Spread to regional lymph <u>n</u>odes</span></div><div>M: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>M</u>etastasis</span></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Spread&#x20;to&#x20;regional&#x20;lymph&#x20;nodes&#x20;&#x28;N&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the <u>second most</u> important <b>prognostic</b> factor for a <b>cancer</b>&nbsp; ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Spread to regional lymph nodes (N)</span> is the <u>second most</u> important <b>prognostic</b> factor for a <b>cancer</b>&nbsp;
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Metastasis&#x20;&#x28;M&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the single <u>most</u> important <b>prognostic</b> factor for a <b>cancer</b> ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Metastasis (M)</span> is the single <u>most</u> important <b>prognostic</b> factor for a <b>cancer</b>
<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style:italic; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-167177307029626.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: Hematology and Oncology</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><b>Rasburicase </b>is&nbsp;a recombinant <b>Uricase</b>&nbsp;that metabolizes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""uric&#x20;acid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""allantoin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>; indicated for the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Tumor Lysis Syndrome</b></span><div><br></div>""<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: Hematology and Oncology</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><b>Rasburicase </b>is&nbsp;a recombinant <b>Uricase</b>&nbsp;that metabolizes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">uric acid</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">allantoin</span>; indicated for the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Tumor Lysis Syndrome</b></span><div><br></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<div><i>same MOA as <b><font color=""#ffff00"">pegloticase</font></b></i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-39135742001153.jpg"" /></div>"
"<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div><br /></div><b>Colchicine</b> is indicated for the treatment of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Familial&#x20;Mediterranean&#x20;Fever&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, an autoinflammatory disease related to a mutated protein of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>inflammasome</b></span> called&nbsp;pyrin, in which the mutation leads to massive upregulation of <b>neutrophil activity</b><div><br /></div>""<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div><br /></div><b>Colchicine</b> is indicated for the treatment of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Familial Mediterranean Fever</b></span>, an autoinflammatory disease related to a mutated protein of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>inflammasome</b></span> called&nbsp;pyrin, in which the mutation leads to massive upregulation of <b>neutrophil activity</b><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<i><b>Pyrin</b>&nbsp;normally negatively regulates the inflammsome, and when knocked out allows for unregulated activation of the inflammasome leading to excess IL-1B in your system, which&nbsp;<br /></i><div><b><i></i></b><b><i><img src=""Fig-1-Protein-interactions-in-the-cryopyrin-ASC-caspase-1-and-IL-1-pathways-in.png"" /></i></b></div></div>"
"<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div><br /></div><b>Colchicine</b> is indicated for the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Familial Mediterranean Fever</b></span>, an autoinflammatory disease related to a mutated protein of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;inflammasome&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> called&nbsp;pyrin, in which the mutation leads to massive upregulation of <b>neutrophil activity</b><div><br /></div>""<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div><br /></div><b>Colchicine</b> is indicated for the treatment of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Familial Mediterranean Fever</b></span>, an autoinflammatory disease related to a mutated protein of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>inflammasome</b></span> called&nbsp;pyrin, in which the mutation leads to massive upregulation of <b>neutrophil activity</b><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<i><b>Pyrin</b>&nbsp;normally negatively regulates the inflammsome, and when knocked out allows for unregulated activation of the inflammasome leading to excess IL-1B in your system, which&nbsp;<br /></i><div><b><i></i></b><b><i><img src=""Fig-1-Protein-interactions-in-the-cryopyrin-ASC-caspase-1-and-IL-1-pathways-in.png"" /></i></b></div></div>"
"<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b></b>Along with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anakinra</b></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;colchicine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is indicated for <b>Behcet's Disease</b><div><b><br /></b></div>""<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b></b>Along with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anakinra</b></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>colchicine</b></span> is indicated for <b>Behcet's Disease</b><div><b><br /></b></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<div><i style=""font-weight: bold; "">Behcets Disease&nbsp;</i><i>is a small vessel vasculitis with a triad of Arthritis, Uveitis, and Painful Apthous Ulcers</i></div></div>"
"<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b></b>Along with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;anakinra&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>colchicine</b></span> is indicated for <b>Behcet's Disease</b><div><b><br /></b></div>""<div><i>BlueGalaxies Pharmacology:</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b></b>Along with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anakinra</b></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>colchicine</b></span> is indicated for <b>Behcet's Disease</b><div><b><br /></b></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<div><i style=""font-weight: bold; "">Behcets Disease&nbsp;</i><i>is a small vessel vasculitis with a triad of Arthritis, Uveitis, and Painful Apthous Ulcers</i></div></div>"
"<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: MSK</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>The most prolific hematological side effect of <b>Colchicine </b>is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Agranulocytosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div>""<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: MSK</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>The most prolific hematological side effect of <b>Colchicine </b>is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Agranulocytosis</b></span><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<div><i>recall that <u>colchicine inhibits neutrophil</u> migration into tissue</i></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-97839355002881.jpg"" /></div>"
"<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: MSK</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><i><br /></i></div><b>Colchicine</b>&nbsp;can affect the muscle, resulting in a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;myopathy&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div>""<div><i>First Aid Pharmacology: MSK</i></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><i><br /></i></div><b>Colchicine</b>&nbsp;can affect the muscle, resulting in a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>myopathy</b></span><div><br /></div>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 18px;color:white;"">
<img src=""paste-100016903421953.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the route of <b><u>giardia</u></b> transmission?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fecal&#x2D;oral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the route of <b><u>giardia</u></b> transmission?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fecal-oral</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>individuals (typically ""world travelers"") become infected when they visit a region indigenous to giardia and drink unfiltered water - water is typically infected with animal, or human, feces<div><img src=""paste-19958713024964.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-19975892894124.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"When individuals consume water filled with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cysts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of <b><u>Giardia</u></b>, infection occurs""When individuals consume water filled with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cysts</span> of <b><u>Giardia</u></b>, infection occurs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><img src=""paste-19975892894124.jpg"" /></div><div>cysts of giardia are transmitted fecal-orally</div></div>
"
"What parasite is commonly associated with individuals who go <b>camping</b> and <i>do not</i>&nbsp;purify their <b>water</b> before consumption?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giardia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What parasite is commonly associated with individuals who go <b>camping</b> and <i>do not</i>&nbsp;purify their <b>water</b> before consumption?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-20521353740747.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20534238642630.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u>Giardia</u></b> is a parasite commonly transmitted through <i>consumption</i> of <u>poorly purified</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""water"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><u>Giardia</u></b> is a parasite commonly transmitted through <i>consumption</i> of <u>poorly purified</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">water</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-20534238642630.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u>Giardia</u></b> (parasite) commonly presents with <b>bloating</b>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""flatulence"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <i>foul</i>-<i>smelling</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><u>Giardia</u></b> (parasite) commonly presents with <b>bloating</b>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">flatulence</span> and <i>foul</i>-<i>smelling</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">diarrhea</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b>Steatorrhea</b><br><div><img src=""paste-20791936680409.jpg""></div></div>
"
"The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Giardia</span> infection is due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""steatorrhea&#x2A;&#x20;&#x28;fatty&#x20;diarrhea&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Giardia</span> infection is due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">steatorrhea* (fatty diarrhea)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>*buzzword!</div><img src=""paste-20933670601143.jpg""><div>fatty, yellow stools - due to fat malabsorption</div></div>
"
"The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giardia"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what parasite's]</span> infection is due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">steatorrhea* (fatty diarrhea)</span>""The foul-smelling diarrhea seen in a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Giardia</span> infection is due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">steatorrhea* (fatty diarrhea)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>*buzzword!</div><img src=""paste-20933670601143.jpg""><div>fatty, yellow stools - due to fat malabsorption</div></div>
"
"The <b>steatorrhea</b> in <u><b>Giardia</b></u> is <i>hypothesized</i> to stem from excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mucus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> production that <i>impairs</i> <b>fat absorption</b> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""intestines"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The <b>steatorrhea</b> in <u><b>Giardia</b></u> is <i>hypothesized</i> to stem from excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mucus</span> production that <i>impairs</i> <b>fat absorption</b> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">intestines</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-21191368638861.jpg"" /><div>fatty, yellow, foul-smelling stools</div></div>
"
"What vitamin deficiencies can occur with a <b><u>Giardia</u></b> infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fat&#x20;Soluble&#x20;&#x28;ADEK&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What vitamin deficiencies can occur with a <b><u>Giardia</u></b> infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fat Soluble (ADEK)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>excess mucus production impairs fat absorption in the intestines, results in steatorrhea</div>
"
"Weight&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""loss"" data-ordinal=""1"">[gain or loss]</span> is commonly seen in <b><u>Giardia</u></b> infections""Weight&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">loss</span> is commonly seen in <b><u>Giardia</u></b> infections<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>excess mucus production inhibits fat absorption in the intestines, leading to steatorrhea</div>
"
"<u>Giardia</u> is <i>ingested</i> in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cyst</b></span> form. After ingestion, it <i>differentiates</i> into the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;trophozoite&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form.""<u>Giardia</u> is <i>ingested</i> in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cyst</b></span> form. After ingestion, it <i>differentiates</i> into the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>trophozoite</b></span> form.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Trophozoite - multiplying stage of protozoa<div><img src=""paste-21560735826358.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>notice that in this form has <b>flagella</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-21586505630122.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Giardia</u> is <i>ingested</i> in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cyst&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> form. After ingestion, it <i>differentiates</i> into the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>trophozoite</b></span> form.""<u>Giardia</u> is <i>ingested</i> in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cyst</b></span> form. After ingestion, it <i>differentiates</i> into the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>trophozoite</b></span> form.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Trophozoite - multiplying stage of protozoa<div><img src=""paste-21560735826358.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>notice that in this form has <b>flagella</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-21586505630122.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Does the <b>trophozoite</b> form of <b>Giardia </b><i>invade</i> the <u>intestinal wall</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""No&#x2C;&#x20;just&#x20;attaches"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Does the <b>trophozoite</b> form of <b>Giardia </b><i>invade</i> the <u>intestinal wall</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">No, just attaches</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>therefore, there is <b>no</b> bloody diarrhea (dysentery)</div>
"
"Does the <b>trophozoite</b> form of <b>Giardia</b> present with <u>bloody diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""No"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Does the <b>trophozoite</b> form of <b>Giardia</b> present with <u>bloody diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">No</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>attaches but does not invade the intestinal wall</div>
"
"<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Trophozoites"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stool"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>diagnostic</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><u>Giardia</u></b>&nbsp;infection</div>""<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Trophozoites</span> in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stool</span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>diagnostic</i>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><u>Giardia</u></b>&nbsp;infection</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-21865678504340.jpg"" /><div>recall that trophozoites of giardia attach to the intestinal walls</div><div><img src=""paste-21994527523205.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"What diagnostic <b><u>test(s)</u></b>&nbsp;is/are run to test for <b>Giardia</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stool&#x20;O&amp;amp&#x3B;P&#x20;&#x28;ova&#x20;and&#x20;parasites&#x29;&#x3B;&#x20;ELISA&#x20;stool&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What diagnostic <b><u>test(s)</u></b>&nbsp;is/are run to test for <b>Giardia</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites); ELISA stool antigen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22183506084250.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22239340659098.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <b>Giardia trophozoites</b> in stool turn into <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cysts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, thereby allowing them to <u>infect other people</u>""The <b>Giardia trophozoites</b> in stool turn into <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cysts</span>, thereby allowing them to <u>infect other people</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"What is an ELISA looking for when testing for <b><u>Giardia</u></b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stool&#x20;antigens"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is an ELISA looking for when testing for <b><u>Giardia</u></b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool antigens</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22243635626394.jpg"" /></div>
"
"How is <b><u>Giardiasis</u></b> treated?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Metronidazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""How is <b><u>Giardiasis</u></b> treated?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Metronidazole</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><i>- Since it causes watery diarrhea, also remember to rehydrate patients</i><div><i>- Tell patients to avoid alcohol (disulfiram like reaction)<br /></i><div><img src=""paste-23587960390047.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"Does the&nbsp;<b>trophozoite</b>&nbsp;form of&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>&nbsp;present with&nbsp;<u>bloody diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Yes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Does the&nbsp;<b>trophozoite</b>&nbsp;form of&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>&nbsp;present with&nbsp;<u>bloody diarrhea</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Yes</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28724741276058.jpg""><div>Amoebiasis = amoebic dysentery</div></div>
"
"How many <u>life-cycle stages</u> does&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> have?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""How many <u>life-cycle stages</u> does&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> have?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>As is common in parasites (cyst and trophozoite)</div>
"
"Which form of <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> is infectious when ingested?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cyst&#x20;form"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which form of <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> is infectious when ingested?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cyst form</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25546465477023.jpg""><div>Typically via contaminated water</div></div>
"
"Which <u>intestinal parasite(s)</u> is/are ingested via <i>contaminated water</i> in the <b>cyst</b> form?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giardia&#x3B;&#x20;Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica&#x3B;&#x20;Cryptosporidium"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>intestinal parasite(s)</u> is/are ingested via <i>contaminated water</i> in the <b>cyst</b> form?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia; Entamoeba histolytica; Cryptosporidium</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-19975892894124.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25765508809114.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-36451387441562.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What <u>demographic</u> is <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MSMs&#x20;&#x28;men&#x20;who&#x20;have&#x20;sex&#x20;w&#x2F;&#x20;men&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <u>demographic</u> is <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">MSMs (men who have sex w/ men)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26268019982745.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What <u>transmission</u> is <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anal&#x2D;oral&#x20;transmission"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <u>transmission</u> is <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b> associated with?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anal-oral transmission</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26268019982745.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cyst"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> form of <b><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i></b> resides in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small intestines</span></u>,<div>while differentation to the <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""trophozoite"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> form occurs in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span></u></div>""The <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cyst</span></i> form of <b><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i></b> resides in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small intestines</span></u>,<div>while differentation to the <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">trophozoite</span></i> form occurs in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span></u></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Differentiation of&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>&nbsp;to the <i>trophozoite</i> form in the <u>colon</u> allows the parasite to enter the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""portal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> circulation and, eventually, the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""liver"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Differentiation of&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>&nbsp;to the <i>trophozoite</i> form in the <u>colon</u> allows the parasite to enter the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">portal</span> circulation and, eventually, the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">liver</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Specifically, the right lobe</div>
"
"Which lobe of the liver is most commonly involved with <b>amoebic liver abscesses</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Right&#x20;lobe"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>""Which lobe of the liver is most commonly involved with <b>amoebic liver abscesses</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Right lobe</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Via entamoeba histolytica</div><img src=""paste-26920855011729.jpg""><div>70-80% of lesions are solitary</div></div>
"
"Patients with <b>amoebic liver abscesses</b> complain of&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""right&#x20;upper"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> quadrant pain</u>&nbsp;with <i>hepatomegaly</i>""Patients with <b>amoebic liver abscesses</b> complain of&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">right upper</span> quadrant pain</u>&nbsp;with <i>hepatomegaly</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26920855011729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-27255862460825.jpg"" /><div>70-80% of lesions are solitary</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;amoebic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;liver&#x20;abscesses&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which are described as having ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anchovy paste</b></span>"" consistency""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>amoebic</b>&nbsp;<b>liver abscesses</b></span>, which are described as having ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anchovy paste</b></span>"" consistency<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27676769255839.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>amoebic</b>&nbsp;<b>liver abscesses</b></span>, which are described as having ""<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;anchovy&#x20;paste&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>"" consistency""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>amoebic</b>&nbsp;<b>liver abscesses</b></span>, which are described as having ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anchovy paste</b></span>"" consistency<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27676769255839.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;intestinal&#x20;amebiasis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27960237097376.jpg""><div>The ulcerations have a <b>flask shaped </b>appearance</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ulcerations"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""colon"" data-ordinal=""2"">[where (be specific)]</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27960237097376.jpg""><div>The ulcerations have a <b>flask shaped </b>appearance</div></div>
"
"What <i>shape</i> do the <u>lesions</u>&nbsp;present as in&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br /></div><div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Flask&#x2D;shaped"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""</div>""What <i>shape</i> do the <u>lesions</u>&nbsp;present as in&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br /></div><div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Flask-shaped</span>""</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-30773440676248.jpg"" /><div>seen with the man drinking from an erlenmeyer flask</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27960237097376.jpg""><div>The ulcerations have a <b>flask shaped </b>appearance</div></div>
"
"What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stool&#x20;O&amp;amp&#x3B;P&#x20;&#x28;ova&#x20;and&#x20;parasites&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ELISA stool+serum antigen test</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies</span></div>""What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ELISA stool+serum antigen test</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28960964477339.jpg"" /><div>looks for cysts and trophozites in stool</div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trophozoites</span></u> that contain endocytosed <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>RBCs</b></span> are diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trophozoites</span></u> that contain endocytosed <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>RBCs</b></span> are diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Entamoeba histolytica</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29304561861001.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29317446762904.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trophozoites</span></u> that contain endocytosed <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;RBCs&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Entamoeba histolytica</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trophozoites</span></u> that contain endocytosed <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>RBCs</b></span> are diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Entamoeba histolytica</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29304561861001.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29317446762904.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Trophozoites"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></u> that contain endocytosed <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>RBCs</b></span> are diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Entamoeba histolytica</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trophozoites</span></u> that contain endocytosed <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>RBCs</b></span> are diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Entamoeba histolytica</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29304561861001.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-29317446762904.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ELISA&#x20;stool&#x2B;serum&#x20;antigen&#x20;test"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies</span></div>""What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">ELISA stool+serum antigen test</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28960964477339.jpg"" /><div>looks for cysts and trophozites in stool</div></div>
"
"What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ELISA stool+serum antigen test</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Serology&#x20;to&#x20;detect&#x20;Entamoeba&#x20;antibodies"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div>""What <i>tests </i>(3) are used to diagnose <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)</span>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ELISA stool+serum antigen test</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28960964477339.jpg"" /><div>looks for cysts and trophozites in stool</div></div>
"
"What&nbsp;<i>tests&nbsp;</i>(3)&nbsp;are used to diagnose&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stool&#x20;O&amp;amp&#x3B;P&#x20;&#x28;ova&#x20;and&#x20;parasites&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ELISA&#x20;stool&#x2B;serum&#x20;antigen&#x20;test"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Serology&#x20;to&#x20;detect&#x20;Entamoeba&#x20;antibodies"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What&nbsp;<i>tests&nbsp;</i>(3)&nbsp;are used to diagnose&nbsp;<b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stool O&amp;P (ova and parasites)</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ELISA stool+serum antigen test</span>; <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<u>Intestinal biopsy</u> with <b>flask-shaped lesions</b> is diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Intestinal biopsy</u> with <b>flask-shaped lesions</b> is diagnostic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Entamoeba histolytica</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-30769145708952.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What is the first-line treatment for <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Metronidazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the first-line treatment for <b>Entamoeba histolytica</b>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Metronidazole</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31125627994514.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Metronidazole is used as treatment for which <b><i>intestinal</i>&nbsp;parasites?</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giardia&#x3B;&#x20;Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b></div>""Metronidazole is used as treatment for which <b><i>intestinal</i>&nbsp;parasites?</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia; Entamoeba histolytica</span></b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-510121c98d3657649238657bf8743c6d34888de9.jpg""><img src=""paste-31129922961810.jpg""></div>
"
"Which two drugs <i>eliminate</i> <b>cysts</b> of <u>Entamoeba histolytica</u> in the <b>lumen</b>&nbsp;of the <b>intestine</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Paromomycin&#x3B;&#x20;Iodoquinol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which two drugs <i>eliminate</i> <b>cysts</b> of <u>Entamoeba histolytica</u> in the <b>lumen</b>&nbsp;of the <b>intestine</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Paromomycin; Iodoquinol</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Considered <b>luminal agents</b><div><b><img src=""paste-31855772434844.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-31894427140500.jpg"" /></b></div><div><b>pair of mice running into the tunnel; queen iodo's head in the dig site</b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Echinococcus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Entamoeba histolytica or Echinococcus]</span> presents as a <u>mass in the liver</u> that is treated <b>surgically</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Echinococcus</span> presents as a <u>mass in the liver</u> that is treated <b>surgically</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Entameoeba is treated with antimicrobials (metronidazole +/- iodoquinol or paromomycin)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Entamoeba histolytica or Echinococcus]</span> presents as a <u>mass in the liver</u> that is treated <b>pharmacologically</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Entamoeba histolytica</span> presents as a <u>mass in the liver</u> that is treated <b>pharmacologically</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>you do not drain the liver abscesses of Entamoeba histolytica, instead <b>treat with metronidazole + paromomycin/iodoquinol</b></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Cyptosporidium&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>parasite</u> that causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diarrhea</b></span> in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">immunocompromised/suppressed</span> </b>(ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HIV/AIDS</span>)&nbsp;patients""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Cyptosporidium</u></span> is a <u>parasite</u> that causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diarrhea</b></span> in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">immunocompromised/suppressed</span> </b>(ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HIV/AIDS</span>)&nbsp;patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>most common organism identified in HIV+ patients who have unrelenting diarrhea</div><img src=""paste-35338990911900.jpg"" /><div>in individuals who are immunocompetent, crytosporidium causes mild, watery diarrhea</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Cyptosporidium</u></span> is a <u>parasite</u> that causes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;diarrhea&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">immunocompromised/suppressed</span> </b>(ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HIV/AIDS</span>)&nbsp;patients""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Cyptosporidium</u></span> is a <u>parasite</u> that causes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diarrhea</b></span> in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">immunocompromised/suppressed</span> </b>(ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">HIV/AIDS</span>)&nbsp;patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>most common organism identified in HIV+ patients who have unrelenting diarrhea</div><img src=""paste-35338990911900.jpg"" /><div>in individuals who are immunocompetent, crytosporidium causes mild, watery diarrhea</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Cyptosporidium</u></span> is a <u>parasite</u> that causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diarrhea</b></span> in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompromised&#x2F;suppressed"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> </b>(ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HIV&#x2F;AIDS"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>)&nbsp;patients""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Cyptosporidium</u></span> is a <u>parasite</u> that causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diarrhea</b></span> in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">immunocompromised/suppressed</span> </b>(ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">HIV/AIDS</span>)&nbsp;patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>most common organism identified in HIV+ patients who have unrelenting diarrhea</div><img src=""paste-35338990911900.jpg"" /><div>in individuals who are immunocompetent, crytosporidium causes mild, watery diarrhea</div></div>
"
"<b>Cryptosporidia</b> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""uni"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-cellular, partially <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""acid&#x2D;fast"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> staining organisms""<b>Cryptosporidia</b> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">uni</span>-cellular, partially <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">acid-fast</span> staining organisms<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35875861823894.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38177964294548.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<div><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptosporidium</span></i><b> oocysts</b> can be visualized with an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Acid&#x2D;Fast&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;Ziehl&#x2D;Nielsen&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stain</div>""<div><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptosporidium</span></i><b> oocysts</b> can be visualized with an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Acid-Fast</u>&nbsp;(Ziehl-Nielsen)</span> stain</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35875861823894.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38182259261844.jpg"" /><div>***only parasite we learn about through sketchy that stains acid fast</div></div>
"
"<b>Cryptosporidium</b> is passed via <i>infectious</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cysts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> present in <u>stool</u>""<b>Cryptosporidium</b> is passed via <i>infectious</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cysts</span> present in <u>stool</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36451387441562.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The cysts of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which parasite]</span> consist of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">4</span> motile <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sporozoites</b></span>""The cysts of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span> consist of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">4</span> motile <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sporozoites</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38328288149914.jpg""></div>
"
"The cysts of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span> consist of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4"" data-ordinal=""2"">[#]</span> motile <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;sporozoites&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""The cysts of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span> consist of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">4</span> motile <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sporozoites</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38328288149914.jpg""></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sporozoites"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of <b>cryptosporidium</b> <u>attach</u> to the <u>intestinal wall</u>, causing <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></i> and <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small</span> intestine damage</i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sporozoites</span> of <b>cryptosporidium</b> <u>attach</u> to the <u>intestinal wall</u>, causing <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></i> and <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">small</span> intestine damage</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>cryptosporidium is associated with the <b>small intestine</b></div><img src=""paste-38470022070675.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sporozoites</span> of <b>cryptosporidium</b> <u>attach</u> to the <u>intestinal wall</u>, causing <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what symptom]</span></i> and <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""small"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> intestine damage</i>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sporozoites</span> of <b>cryptosporidium</b> <u>attach</u> to the <u>intestinal wall</u>, causing <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></i> and <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">small</span> intestine damage</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>cryptosporidium is associated with the <b>small intestine</b></div><img src=""paste-38470022070675.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oocysts</span></i>&nbsp;that stain <b>acid-fast</b> on Stool O&amp;P are indicative of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oocysts</span></i>&nbsp;that stain <b>acid-fast</b> on Stool O&amp;P are indicative of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39054137622866.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oocysts"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;that stain <b>acid-fast</b> on Stool O&amp;P are indicative of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Oocysts</span></i>&nbsp;that stain <b>acid-fast</b> on Stool O&amp;P are indicative of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39054137622866.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompetent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> hosts to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b><i>Cryptosporidium</i></b></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompetent</span></b> hosts to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b><i>Cryptosporidium</i></b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39767102194056.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Nitazoxanide&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompetent</span></b> hosts to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b><i>Cryptosporidium</i></b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompetent</span></b> hosts to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b><i>Cryptosporidium</i></b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39767102194056.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u>Cryptosporidium</u></b> is highly resistant to <i>chlorination</i>, therefore <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""filtration"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is used to remove the parasite from <u>water</u>""<b><u>Cryptosporidium</u></b> is highly resistant to <i>chlorination</i>, therefore <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">filtration</span> is used to remove the parasite from <u>water</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39930310951291.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span> can be treated with the <u>macrolide antibiotic</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;spiramycin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span> can be treated with the <u>macrolide antibiotic</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>spiramycin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-40003325395359.jpg"" /><div>***not FDA approved in the US</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[<b>which parasite</b>]</span> can be treated with the <u>macrolide antibiotic</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>spiramycin</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span> can be treated with the <u>macrolide antibiotic</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>spiramycin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-40003325395359.jpg"" /><div>***not FDA approved in the US</div></div>
"
"<b>Giardia (parasite)</b>&nbsp;is transmitted through passage of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;cyst&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>form</u> in the <i>intestinal tract</i>&nbsp;and out as <b>stool</b>""<b>Giardia (parasite)</b>&nbsp;is transmitted through passage of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>cyst</u></span> <u>form</u> in the <i>intestinal tract</i>&nbsp;and out as <b>stool</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Which <u>parasite</u> causes <b>amoebiasis</b> (amoebic dysentery)?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Entamoeba&#x20;Histolytica"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br></div>""Which <u>parasite</u> causes <b>amoebiasis</b> (amoebic dysentery)?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span><br></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Bloody diarrhea</b> is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dysentery"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Bloody diarrhea</b> is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dysentery</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>amoebic</b>&nbsp;<b>liver abscesses</b></span>, which are described as having ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anchovy paste</b></span>"" consistency""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>amoebic</b>&nbsp;<b>liver abscesses</b></span>, which are described as having ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anchovy paste</b></span>"" consistency<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27676769255839.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[which parasite]</span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><u>Entamoeba histolytica</u></span>&nbsp;can cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>intestinal amebiasis</b></span>, with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcerations</span></b> along the walls of the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span> </b>and <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27960237097376.jpg""><div>The ulcerations have a <b>flask shaped </b>appearance</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompetent</span></b> hosts to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> is an <u>antiprotozoal</u> used exclusively in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompetent</span></b> hosts to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b><i>Cryptosporidium</i></b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39767102194056.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Protozoa</b> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""eukaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[prokaryotes or eukaryotes]</span>""<b>Protozoa</b> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">eukaryotes</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-21934397980908.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which form of <i>protozoa</i> develops <u>inside the body</u>, is known as the ""<b>feeding form</b>""?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Trophozoite"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which form of <i>protozoa</i> develops <u>inside the body</u>, is known as the ""<b>feeding form</b>""?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Trophozoite</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22174916149479.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which form of <i>protozoa</i>&nbsp;is found in <u>feces of animals</u>, penetrating the <u>water supply</u> and allowing for new infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cyst"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which form of <i>protozoa</i>&nbsp;is found in <u>feces of animals</u>, penetrating the <u>water supply</u> and allowing for new infection?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cyst</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22174916149479.jpg"" /></div>
"
"All <i>GI protozoa</i> have a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fecal&#x2D;oral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> transmission""All <i>GI protozoa</i> have a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">fecal-oral</span> transmission<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Giardia, entamoeba histolytica, cryptosporidium</div><img src=""paste-22484153794778.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giardia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22737556865325.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Entamoeba&#x20;Histolytica"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22737556865325.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Trichomonas"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22737556865325.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Metronidazole&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Metronidazole</u></b></span> is used to treat which <i>3 protozoal infections</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Trichomonas</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-22737556865325.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Iodoquinol</b> and <b>Paromomycin</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Entamoeba&#x20;Histolytica"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which protozoa?]</span>""<b>Iodoquinol</b> and <b>Paromomycin</b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Entamoeba Histolytica</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>along with Metronidazole</div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Nitazoxanide</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cryptosporidium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which protozoa?]</span>""<b>Nitazoxanide</b>&nbsp;can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cryptosporidium</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>along with spiramycin</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""><img src=""paste-7e520872a3348b14ea3e3203df1c4b2191a5b70a.jpg""></div><div>Knitted socks</div><div><br></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Suramin and Melarsoprol</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Trypanosoma&#x20;brucei&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which protozoa?]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Suramin and Melarsoprol</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trypanosoma brucei</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>aka african sleeping sickness</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Suramin&#x20;and&#x20;Melarsoprol"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which drugs (2)]</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trypanosoma brucei</b></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Suramin and Melarsoprol</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trypanosoma brucei</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>aka african sleeping sickness</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Atovaquone"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which drug]</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Babesia</b>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Atovaquone</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Babesia</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>mild to moderate cases- atovaquone + azithromycin</div><div>Severe - clindamycin + quinine</div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nifurtimox</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Chagas&#x20;disease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which protozoa?]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nifurtimox</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chagas disease</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>or <u>benznidazole</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nifurtimox"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which drug]</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chagas disease</b></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nifurtimox</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Chagas disease</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>or <u>benznidazole</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sodium&#x20;stibogluconate"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which drug]</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Leishmaniasis</b>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Sodium stibogluconate</span></b> can be used to treat&nbsp;<b>Leishmaniasis</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis; visceral leishmaniasis requires amphotericin</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-22733261898029.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Most often, <u>severe</u>&nbsp;<i>fungal</i> infections occur in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompromised&#x2F;suppressed"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> patients""Most often, <u>severe</u>&nbsp;<i>fungal</i> infections occur in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompromised/suppressed</span> patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"What fungus causes <b><u>histoplasmosis</u></b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasma&#x20;Capsulatum&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What fungus causes <b><u>histoplasmosis</u></b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Histoplasma Capsulatum</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasma&#x20;Capsulatum&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungus]</span> is associated with&nbsp;<b style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bat</span> </b>and<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bird</span></b>&nbsp;droppings, therefore <u>spelunkers</u> who explore <b>caves</b> are at risk, or <u>farmers</u> with <b>chicken coops</b>.""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Histoplasma Capsulatum</i></span> is associated with&nbsp;<b style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bat</span> </b>and<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bird</span></b>&nbsp;droppings, therefore <u>spelunkers</u> who explore <b>caves</b> are at risk, or <u>farmers</u> with <b>chicken coops</b>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27410481283521.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Histoplasma Capsulatum</i></span> is associated with&nbsp;<b style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bat"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> </b>and<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b><b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bird"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;droppings, therefore <u>spelunkers</u> who explore <b>caves</b> are at risk, or <u>farmers</u> with <b>chicken coops</b>.""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Histoplasma Capsulatum</i></span> is associated with&nbsp;<b style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">bat</span> </b>and<b style=""font-weight: bold; "">&nbsp;</b><b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">bird</span></b>&nbsp;droppings, therefore <u>spelunkers</u> who explore <b>caves</b> are at risk, or <u>farmers</u> with <b>chicken coops</b>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27410481283521.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Histoplasma</b></span> is endemic to the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;central&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;midwestern&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> United States""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Histoplasma</b></span> is endemic to the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>central</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>midwestern</b></span> United States<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>along the <b><u>mississippi and ohio river valleys</u></b><div><img src=""paste-27650999452089.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Histoplasma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what fungus]</span> is endemic to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>central</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>midwestern</b></span> United States""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Histoplasma</b></span> is endemic to the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>central</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>midwestern</b></span> United States<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>along the <b><u>mississippi and ohio river valleys</u></b><div><img src=""paste-27650999452089.jpg""></div></div>
"
"Transmission of <i>Histoplasma</i> occurs through the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""respiratory"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> tract""Transmission of <i>Histoplasma</i> occurs through the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">respiratory</span> tract<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>along with the rest of systemic fungi</div><div>spores in bird and bat droppings are inhaled and enter the lungs, where they are ingested by macrophages (resulting in oval bodies)</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-27698244092317.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Histoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;will characteristically present on <u>histology</u> as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;macrophages&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oval"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bodies</b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Histoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;will characteristically present on <u>histology</u> as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>macrophages</b></span> with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">oval</span> bodies</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>after staining with KOH prep</div><div><img src=""paste-f970169699696ade4a50faa1b11ffb336db6c476.gif""><br></div><img src=""paste-28097676050854.jpg""><img src=""paste-28522877813080.jpg""><div>symbolizes what macrophages with ovoid bodies filled with histoplasma look like</div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Histoplasma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span></i>&nbsp;will characteristically present on <u>histology</u> as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>macrophages</b></span> with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">oval</span> bodies</b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Histoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;will characteristically present on <u>histology</u> as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>macrophages</b></span> with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">oval</span> bodies</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>after staining with KOH prep</div><div><img src=""paste-f970169699696ade4a50faa1b11ffb336db6c476.gif""><br></div><img src=""paste-28097676050854.jpg""><img src=""paste-28522877813080.jpg""><div>symbolizes what macrophages with ovoid bodies filled with histoplasma look like</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Serum&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Urine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <u>rapid antigen tests</u> can also be used to detect&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasma</i></span>&nbsp;""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Serum</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Urine</b></span> <u>rapid antigen tests</u> can also be used to detect&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasma</i></span>&nbsp;<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28467043238310.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Histoplasma</i> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""smaller&#x20;than"" data-ordinal=""1"">[larger than/smaller than/the same size as]</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>""<i>Histoplasma</i> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">smaller than</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Since we see many histoplasmas inside a macrophage, this should make sense, since a macrophage is only slightly larger than a RBC<div><img src=""paste-38517266710928.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Histoplasma</i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dimorphic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, meaning the <u>temperature</u> of its surroundings determines the <b>form of the fungus</b>""<i>Histoplasma</i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dimorphic</span>, meaning the <u>temperature</u> of its surroundings determines the <b>form of the fungus</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>another feature shared amongst <b>all systemic fungi</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>mold in the cold (soil), yeast in the heat (body, 37 C)</b></div><div><b><img src=""paste-28999619183026.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"<i>Histoplasma, Blastomycosis and most* other systemic fungi</i>&nbsp;are found in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mold"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form in <u>soil</u> and the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""yeast&#x2A;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form in the <u>body</u>""<i>Histoplasma, Blastomycosis and most* other systemic fungi</i>&nbsp;are found in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mold</span> form in <u>soil</u> and the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">yeast*</span> form in the <u>body</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>all systemic fungi are <b>dimorphic</b></div><div><b>**Coccidioidomycosis </b>is found in a <b>spherules of endospores</b>&nbsp;in the body</div><div><img src=""paste-28995324215730.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<i><b>Chronic</b></i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Histoplasmosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[fungal infection]</span> can look similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>TB</b></span>, with <u>cavitary lesions</u> in the <i>upper</i> lobes of the lungs and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>calcified</b></span> nodules with fibrotic scarring""<i><b>Chronic</b></i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>Histoplasmosis</i></b></span> can look similar to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>TB</b></span>, with <u>cavitary lesions</u> in the <i>upper</i> lobes of the lungs and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>calcified</b></span> nodules with fibrotic scarring<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>in general, <b>systemic fungi are asymptomatic - </b>severe infections (for instance, those in immunocompromised patients) result in major symptoms<div><b><br /></b></div><div>calcifications common in the <b>hilar regions</b><br /><div><b><img src=""paste-29437705847199.jpg"" /></b></div></div><div><b><img src=""paste-29459180683546.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"<i><b>Chronic</b></i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>Histoplasmosis</i></b></span> can look similar to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;TB&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, with <u>cavitary lesions</u> in the <i>upper</i> lobes of the lungs and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;calcified&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> nodules with fibrotic scarring""<i><b>Chronic</b></i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>Histoplasmosis</i></b></span> can look similar to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>TB</b></span>, with <u>cavitary lesions</u> in the <i>upper</i> lobes of the lungs and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>calcified</b></span> nodules with fibrotic scarring<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>in general, <b>systemic fungi are asymptomatic - </b>severe infections (for instance, those in immunocompromised patients) result in major symptoms<div><b><br /></b></div><div>calcifications common in the <b>hilar regions</b><br /><div><b><img src=""paste-29437705847199.jpg"" /></b></div></div><div><b><img src=""paste-29459180683546.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"<i>Histoplasmosis</i> can also cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""erythema&#x20;nodosum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, characterized by <b>painful red nodules</b>, typically on the shins""<i>Histoplasmosis</i> can also cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">erythema nodosum</span>, characterized by <b>painful red nodules</b>, typically on the shins<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Cocci is more associated than histo, but use the regions of the U.S. to distinguish b/t the two</div><img src=""paste-29648159244703.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Dissemination of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>liver</u></span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>spleen</u></span>&nbsp;results in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;hepatosplenomegaly&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;calcifications&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Dissemination of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>liver</u></span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>spleen</u></span>&nbsp;results in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hepatosplenomegaly</b></span>, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>calcifications</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;targets the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;reticuloendothelial&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> system, ultimately resulting in dissemination to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;targets the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>reticuloendothelial</b></span> system, ultimately resulting in dissemination to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>gross presentation may reveal <b>calcifications</b>&nbsp;in these organs</div><img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Dissemination</b> of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u> occurs in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompromised"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> patients""<b>Dissemination</b> of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u> occurs in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompromised</span> patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-30288109371802.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>, <b>mild</b> infections of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;azole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what suffix]</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fluconazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ketoconazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Local</b>, <b>mild</b> infections of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">fluconazole</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ketoconazole</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>pinecones for ""<b>cone</b>-azoles""</div><img src=""paste-30730491003297.jpg"" /><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<b>Systemic </b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amphotericin&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Systemic </b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of <i>Histoplasmosis</i> are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amphotericin B</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>reserved only for potentially life-threatening infections due to side-effect profile<div><img src=""paste-30880814858652.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-30893699760442.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Great lakes</b> and <b>Ohio river valley</b> are buzzwords for which <u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Great lakes</b> and <b>Ohio river valley</b> are buzzwords for which <u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-32066225832323.jpg""><div>As well as along the <b>east coast</b></div></div>
"
"<b>Mississippi river valley</b>&nbsp;and <b>Ohio river valley</b> are buzzwords for which <u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasmosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Mississippi river valley</b>&nbsp;and <b>Ohio river valley</b> are buzzwords for which <u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Central and midwestern US</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Blastomycosis</b></span>&nbsp;can also appear on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;east&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> coast""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Blastomycosis</b></span>&nbsp;can also appear on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>east</b></span> coast<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31615254266239.jpg""><div>Along with the <b>great lakes and ohio river valley</b></div></div>
"
"<i>Blastomycosis</i> is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dimorphic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> fungus that changes form with different temperatures""<i>Blastomycosis</i> is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dimorphic</span> fungus that changes form with different temperatures<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>mold in the cold (soil), yeast in the heat (body)<div><br /></div><div>inhale mold in the soil, once it colonizes lungs and reaches body temperature, turns to yeast<br /><div><img src=""paste-32521492365702.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"Transmission of <i>Blastomycosis</i> occurs via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""inhalation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aerosol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-<b>ized</b> <b>spores</b>""Transmission of <i>Blastomycosis</i> occurs via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">inhalation</span> of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aerosol</span>-<b>ized</b> <b>spores</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>inhalation of soil mold spores, where it colonizes the lungs, reaches body temperature, and changes to yeast (dimorphic)</div><img src=""paste-32744830665096.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Once inside the body, <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">blastomycosis</span></i> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>yeast</u></span><u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;broad&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;based&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;budding&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Once inside the body, <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">blastomycosis</span></i> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>yeast</u></span><u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>broad</b></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>based</b></span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>budding</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b>b</b>lastomycosis exhibits <b>b</b>road <b>b</b>ased <b>b</b>udding (alliteration at its finest)</div><img src=""paste-32899449487749.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-33178622362011.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-33221572034786.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Once inside the body, <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""blastomycosis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what fungus]</span></i> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>yeast</u></span><u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>broad</b></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>based</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>budding</b></span>""Once inside the body, <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">blastomycosis</span></i> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>yeast</u></span><u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>broad</b></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>based</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>budding</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b>b</b>lastomycosis exhibits <b>b</b>road <b>b</b>ased <b>b</b>udding (alliteration at its finest)</div><img src=""paste-32899449487749.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-33178622362011.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-33221572034786.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""the&#x20;same&#x20;size&#x20;as"" data-ordinal=""1"">[larger than/smaller than/the same size as]</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>""<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">the same size as</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38517266710928.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>patchy alveolar</u></span><u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungus]</span> on CXR, along with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs""A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>patchy alveolar</u></span><u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> on CXR, along with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""haziness""</div><img src=""paste-34071975559559.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-34140695036120.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;patchy&#x20;alveolar&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span><u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> on CXR, along with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs""A <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>patchy alveolar</u></span><u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> on CXR, along with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""haziness""</div><img src=""paste-34071975559559.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-34140695036120.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>patchy alveolar</u></span><u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> on CXR, along with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lesions&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs""A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>patchy alveolar</u></span><u> infiltrate</u> is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> on CXR, along with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or <b>cavities</b> in the lungs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""haziness""</div><img src=""paste-34071975559559.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-34140695036120.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Dissemination of <i>blastomycosis</i> commonly occurs in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompromised"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> patients""Dissemination of <i>blastomycosis</i> commonly occurs in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompromised</span> patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>when in the lungs, is considered a <b>local</b> infection</div>
"
"<i>Blastomycosis</i> commonly occurs near the <u>Great Lakes</u> yes, but also in the <u>eastern</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;southern&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> US as well""<i>Blastomycosis</i> commonly occurs near the <u>Great Lakes</u> yes, but also in the <u>eastern</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>southern</u></span> US as well<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>hence the statue of Robert E. Lee</div><img src=""paste-34548716929368.jpg""></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Systemic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>effects</b> of&nbsp;<i>blastomycosis</i> typically occur when patients are in an <u>immunocompromised</u> state""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Systemic</span> <b>effects</b> of&nbsp;<i>blastomycosis</i> typically occur when patients are in an <u>immunocompromised</u> state<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>dissemination occurs in an immunocompromised state, local lung infection otherwise<div><img src=""paste-34690450850165.jpg"" /></div><div>(cane)</div></div>
"
"<u>Dissemination</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungal infection]</span> from the lungs is most likely to occur in the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">skin</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bone</span></b>""<u>Dissemination</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> from the lungs is most likely to occur in the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">skin</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bone</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35317516075365.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Dissemination</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> from the lungs is most likely to occur in the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""skin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bone"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>""<u>Dissemination</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span> from the lungs is most likely to occur in the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">skin</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">bone</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35317516075365.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Chronic</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;may cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Osteomyelitis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what&nbsp;<u>bone pathology</u>]</span>""<i>Chronic</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;may cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Osteomyelitis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>dissemination from lungs commonly occurs to skin and bone</div><img src=""paste-34995393528202.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Besides <i>histoplasmosis</i>, which other <u>fungus</u> can be detected through <b>urine antigen testing?</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Besides <i>histoplasmosis</i>, which other <u>fungus</u> can be detected through <b>urine antigen testing?</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35437775159662.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;azole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what suffix]</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Itraconazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Itraconazole</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35764192674167.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amphotericin&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Blastomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amphotericin B</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35931696398723.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is found in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Southwestern&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> United States""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is found in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Southwestern</b></span> United States<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36777804956073.jpg"" /><div><i>San Jaoquin Valley Fever</i></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Coccidioidomycosis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what fungus]</span></i> is found in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Southwestern</b></span> United States""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is found in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Southwestern</b></span> United States<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36777804956073.jpg"" /><div><i>San Jaoquin Valley Fever</i></div></div>
"
"The route of transmission of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;coccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungus]</span> is through <u>inhalation of spores</u> in <b>dust</b>""The route of transmission of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i></span> is through <u>inhalation of spores</u> in <b>dust</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ie: dust storms, earthquakes in the san joaquin valley of california - hence coccidioidomycosis is also known as&nbsp;<b>san joaquin valley fever</b></div><img src=""paste-37009733190059.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-37696927957141.jpg""></div><div>coccidioido = ""presidio"" san joaquin</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Earthquakes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are a risk factor for the spread of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>coccidoidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;infection due to their ability to <b>kick up dust</b> and their high prevalence in the Southwestern U.S. due to the San Andreas Fault""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u><b>Earthquakes</b></u></span> are a risk factor for the spread of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>coccidoidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;infection due to their ability to <b>kick up dust</b> and their high prevalence in the Southwestern U.S. due to the San Andreas Fault<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-37735582663076.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i> is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dimorphic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> fungus, as its form changes based on the <u>temperature</u> of its environment""<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i> is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dimorphic</span> fungus, as its form changes based on the <u>temperature</u> of its environment<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>does <b>NOT</b>&nbsp;follow the adage ""mold in cold, yeast in heat""</div><div>mold in cold, spherule of endospores in the heat, which rupture and release their endospores</div><img src=""paste-38126424687016.jpg""><img src=""paste-38147899523341.jpg""></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mold&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in the <u>soil</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;spherules&#x20;of&#x20;endospores&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in the <u>body</u>, which can <i>rupture</i> and <i>spread</i> throughout the <u>lungs and rest of the body</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mold</b></span> in the <u>soil</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>spherules of endospores</b></span> in the <u>body</u>, which can <i>rupture</i> and <i>spread</i> throughout the <u>lungs and rest of the body</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""<b>thick walled</b> <b>spherules</b> filled with <b>endospores</b>"" (larger than surrounding RBCs)</div><div><img src=""coccidio.png"" /></div><img src=""paste-38147899523341.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><img src=""paste-38126424687016.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Coccidioidomycosis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span></i> is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mold</b></span> in the <u>soil</u> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>spherules of endospores</b></span> in the <u>body</u>, which can <i>rupture</i> and <i>spread</i> throughout the <u>lungs and rest of the body</u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mold</b></span> in the <u>soil</u> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>spherules of endospores</b></span> in the <u>body</u>, which can <i>rupture</i> and <i>spread</i> throughout the <u>lungs and rest of the body</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""<b>thick walled</b> <b>spherules</b> filled with <b>endospores</b>"" (larger than surrounding RBCs)</div><div><img src=""coccidio.png"" /></div><img src=""paste-38147899523341.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><img src=""paste-38126424687016.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"<i>Coccidioidomycosis </i><u>spherules of endospores</u>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""larger&#x20;than"" data-ordinal=""1"">[larger than/smaller than/the same size as]</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>""<i>Coccidioidomycosis </i><u>spherules of endospores</u>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">larger than</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38521561678224.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38886633898212.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6107443495399.jpg"" /><div><b>Coccidioides spherule containing endospores.</b></div></div>
"
"The clinical manifestation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cough</b></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>fever</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;arthralgias&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The clinical manifestation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cough</b></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>fever</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>arthralgias</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38951058407842.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The clinical manifestation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cough&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;fever&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>arthralgias</b></span>""The clinical manifestation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cough</b></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>fever</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>arthralgias</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38951058407842.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The clinical manifestation of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Coccidioidomycosis"" data-ordinal=""3"">[what fungal infection]</span></i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cough</b></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>fever</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>arthralgias</b></span>""The clinical manifestation of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccidioidomycosis</span></i> is similar to <u>acute pneumonia</u>; <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cough</b></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>fever</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>arthralgias</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38951058407842.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u><b>clear</b></u></span> CXR&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>possible</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;in the lungs is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Coccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungus]</span>""A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u><b>clear</b></u></span> CXR&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>possible</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;in the lungs is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioidomycosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39393440039334.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;clear&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> CXR&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>possible</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lesions&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> or&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;in the lungs is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioidomycosis</i></span>""A <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u><b>clear</b></u></span> CXR&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>possible</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>lesions</b></span> or&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;in the lungs is characteristic of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioidomycosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-39393440039334.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;can also cause <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""erythema&#x20;nodosum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, characterized by&nbsp;<b>painful red nodules</b>, typically on the shins""<i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;can also cause <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">erythema nodosum</span>, characterized by&nbsp;<b>painful red nodules</b>, typically on the shins<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Cocci is more associated than histo, but use the regions of the U.S. to distinguish b/t the two</div><img src=""paste-39848706572692.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Erythema&#x20;Nodosum&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> symbolizes a <u>robust immune response</u>, therefore this <b>symptom</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i> and <i>histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;typically occurs in <u>otherwise healthy patients</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Erythema Nodosum</b></span> symbolizes a <u>robust immune response</u>, therefore this <b>symptom</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i> and <i>histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;typically occurs in <u>otherwise healthy patients</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-40140764348816.jpg""><div>Typically occurs more often in cocci, but use region of country to differentiate b/t cocci and histo</div></div>
"
"<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;skin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lungs&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bone</b></span> and <b>meninges</b>""<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bone</b></span> and <b>meninges</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-40467181863336.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-40613210751370.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-40454296961446.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;bone&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <b>meninges</b>""<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bone</b></span> and <b>meninges</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-40467181863336.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-40613210751370.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-40454296961446.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>fungal infection</u> can, when disseminated, infect the <b>meninges</b> and cause <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Coccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>fungal infection</u> can, when disseminated, infect the <b>meninges</b> and cause <b>meningitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioidomycosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>results in the classic headache and stiff neck</div><img src=""paste-40853728919973.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;KOH&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stain or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>culture</b></span> gives physicians a definitive diagnosis in <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis (fungal infections)</i>""A <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>KOH</b></span> stain or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>culture</b></span> gives physicians a definitive diagnosis in <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis (fungal infections)</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>KOH</b></span> stain or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;culture&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> gives physicians a definitive diagnosis in <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis (fungal infections)</i>""A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>KOH</b></span> stain or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>culture</b></span> gives physicians a definitive diagnosis in <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis (fungal infections)</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Serology with Ig<u style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>&nbsp;antibodies to <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis </i>(systemic fungi)&nbsp;signifies <u><b>recent</b></u> infection""Serology with Ig<u style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">M</span></u>&nbsp;antibodies to <i>histoplasmosis</i>, <i>blastomycosis</i>,&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis </i>(systemic fungi)&nbsp;signifies <u><b>recent</b></u> infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Systemic </b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amphotericin&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Systemic </b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amphotericin B</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-41476499177894.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Paracoccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> has a geographical distribution localized to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>South America</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span> has a geographical distribution localized to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>South America</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>referred to as the ""Brazillian Blastomycoses""<div><img src=""paste-41815801594275.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-42520176230566.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span> has a geographical distribution localized to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;South&#x20;America&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span> has a geographical distribution localized to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>South America</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>referred to as the ""Brazillian Blastomycoses""<div><img src=""paste-41815801594275.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-42520176230566.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Which fungal infection is characterized by a <b>yeast</b> form with <b>multiple buds</b>&nbsp;that <i>radiate out</i>&nbsp;from a <u>central vacuole</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Paracoccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which fungal infection is characterized by a <b>yeast</b> form with <b>multiple buds</b>&nbsp;that <i>radiate out</i>&nbsp;from a <u>central vacuole</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>yeast form in the <b>lungs</b><div><img src=""paste-42047729828214.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""1024px-Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dimorphic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> fungus that changes form with different temperatures""<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dimorphic</span> fungus that changes form with different temperatures<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>mold in cold (environment), yeast in heat (body)<div><img src=""paste-43099996815786.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""larger&#x20;than"" data-ordinal=""1"">[larger than/smaller than/the same size as]</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b>""<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">larger than</span>&nbsp;<b>RBCs</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43138651521407.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Transmission of <i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i> occurs via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""respiratory&#x20;droplets"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Transmission of <i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i> occurs via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">respiratory droplets</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43495133807011.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Dissemination</b> of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span> can result in&nbsp;<u>cervical</u>, <u>axillary</u>, and&nbsp;<u>inguinal</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lymphadenopathy&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Dissemination</b> of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span> can result in&nbsp;<u>cervical</u>, <u>axillary</u>, and&nbsp;<u>inguinal</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lymphadenopathy</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43963285242278.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Dissemination</b> of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;paracoccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span> can result in&nbsp;<u>cervical</u>, <u>axillary</u>, and&nbsp;<u>inguinal</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lymphadenopathy</b></span>""<b>Dissemination</b> of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span> can result in&nbsp;<u>cervical</u>, <u>axillary</u>, and&nbsp;<u>inguinal</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lymphadenopathy</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43963285242278.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Progression of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;can result in spreading from <u>cervical lymph nodes</u> to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lungs&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, causing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;granulomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Progression of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;can result in spreading from <u>cervical lymph nodes</u> to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, causing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>granulomas</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""granulomatous nature"" to paracoccidioidomycosis</div><img src=""paste-44109314130343.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcers</span> </b>in the <u>upper <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">respiratory</span> tract</u> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>mouth</u></span> is characteristic of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Paracoccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungal infection?]</span>""<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcers</span> </b>in the <u>upper <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">respiratory</span> tract</u> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>mouth</u></span> is characteristic of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>gums of mouth - have ragged borders with small spots of hemorrhage<div><img src=""paste-44306882625958.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-44470091383053.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ulcers"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> </b>in the <u>upper <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">respiratory</span> tract</u> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>mouth</u></span> is characteristic of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span>""<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcers</span> </b>in the <u>upper <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">respiratory</span> tract</u> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>mouth</u></span> is characteristic of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>gums of mouth - have ragged borders with small spots of hemorrhage<div><img src=""paste-44306882625958.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-44470091383053.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcers</span> </b>in the <u>upper <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""respiratory"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> tract</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;mouth&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> is characteristic of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span>""<b>Mucosal</b>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ulcers</span> </b>in the <u>upper <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">respiratory</span> tract</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>mouth</u></span> is characteristic of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>gums of mouth - have ragged borders with small spots of hemorrhage<div><img src=""paste-44306882625958.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-44470091383053.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Mucocutaneous lesions</b> and <b>lymphadenopathy</b> should point you towards which <u>fungal infection</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Paracoccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>Mucocutaneous lesions</b> and <b>lymphadenopathy</b> should point you towards which <u>fungal infection</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44650480009617.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;azole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what suffix]</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Itraconazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Itraconazole</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44938242818471.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of <i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amphotericin&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of <i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amphotericin B</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44933947851175.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Dissemination of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasmosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what fungus]</span>&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>liver</u></span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>spleen</u></span>&nbsp;results in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hepatosplenomegaly</b></span>, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>calcifications</b></span>""Dissemination of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>liver</u></span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>spleen</u></span>&nbsp;results in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hepatosplenomegaly</b></span>, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>calcifications</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Dissemination of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;liver&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;spleen&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>&nbsp;results in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hepatosplenomegaly</b></span>, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>calcifications</b></span>""Dissemination of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;in <b>immunocompromised</b> patients to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>liver</u></span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>spleen</u></span>&nbsp;results in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hepatosplenomegaly</b></span>, with gross pathology of these organs showing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>calcifications</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasmosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span>&nbsp;targets the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>reticuloendothelial</b></span> system, ultimately resulting in dissemination to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;targets the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>reticuloendothelial</b></span> system, ultimately resulting in dissemination to the <u>liver</u> and <u>spleen</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>gross presentation may reveal <b>calcifications</b>&nbsp;in these organs</div><img src=""paste-29880087478693.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Serum</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Urine</b></span> <u>rapid antigen tests</u> can also be used to detect&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Histoplasma&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span>&nbsp;""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Serum</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Urine</b></span> <u>rapid antigen tests</u> can also be used to detect&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Histoplasma</i></span>&nbsp;<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28467043238310.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>San Joaquin Valley fever</b>&nbsp;are buzzwords for which&nbsp;<u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Coccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<b>San Joaquin Valley fever</b>&nbsp;are buzzwords for which&nbsp;<u>fungus</u>?<div><br></div>
<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioidomycosis</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what fungus]</span>&nbsp;can also appear on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>east</b></span> coast""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Blastomycosis</b></span>&nbsp;can also appear on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>east</b></span> coast<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31615254266239.jpg""><div>Along with the <b>great lakes and ohio river valley</b></div></div>
"
"Once inside the body, <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">blastomycosis</span></i> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;yeast&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span><u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>broad</b></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>based</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>budding</b></span>""Once inside the body, <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">blastomycosis</span></i> in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>yeast</u></span><u> form</u>&nbsp;replicates via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>broad</b></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>based</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>budding</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b>b</b>lastomycosis exhibits <b>b</b>road <b>b</b>ased <b>b</b>udding (alliteration at its finest)</div><img src=""paste-32899449487749.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-33178622362011.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-33221572034786.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Erythema Nodosum</b></span> symbolizes a <u>robust immune response</u>, therefore this <b>symptom</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;coccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x20;and&#x20;&lt;i&gt;histoplasmosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which two fungal infections]</span>&nbsp;typically occurs in <u>otherwise healthy patients</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Erythema Nodosum</b></span> symbolizes a <u>robust immune response</u>, therefore this <b>symptom</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i> and <i>histoplasmosis</i></span>&nbsp;typically occurs in <u>otherwise healthy patients</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-40140764348816.jpg""><div>Typically occurs more often in cocci, but use region of country to differentiate b/t cocci and histo</div></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of <i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;azole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what suffix]</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ketoconazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;<br>""<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of <i>Coccidioidomycosis</i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ketoconazole</span>&nbsp;<br><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-fc0b92d6961346effeb3b20a8c3dfa7da8231766.jpg""><br></div>
"
"Progression of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;paracoccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungal infection]</span>&nbsp;can result in spreading from <u>cervical lymph nodes</u> to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, causing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>granulomas</b></span>""Progression of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>paracoccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;can result in spreading from <u>cervical lymph nodes</u> to the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, causing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>granulomas</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""granulomatous nature"" to paracoccidioidomycosis</div><img src=""paste-44109314130343.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Rickettsia is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""obligate&#x20;intracellular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[intracellular/extracellular obligate/facultative]</span> organism.""Rickettsia is a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">obligate intracellular</span> organism.<br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.10.19 AM.png"" />"
"Ricketssia is technically a gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative&#x20;organism"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, however&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">it doesn't gram stain well at all</span>""Ricketssia is technically a gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative organism</span>, however&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">it doesn't gram stain well at all</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.12.40 AM.png"" />"
"Ricketssia is technically a gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative organism</span>, however&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""it&#x20;doesn&#x27;t&#x20;gram&#x20;stain&#x20;well&#x20;at&#x20;all"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Ricketssia is technically a gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative organism</span>, however&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">it doesn't gram stain well at all</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.12.40 AM.png"" />"
"Rickettsia organisms are unable to produce&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CoA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">NAD⁺</span>""Rickettsia organisms are unable to produce&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CoA</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">NAD⁺</span><br>
This is why the organism is obligate intracellular, because it needs to get these from the host.<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.14.20 AM.png"" /></div>"
"Rickettsia organisms are unable to produce&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">CoA</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""NAD&lt;sup&gt;&#x2B;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Rickettsia organisms are unable to produce&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">CoA</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">NAD⁺</span><br>
This is why the organism is obligate intracellular, because it needs to get these from the host.<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.14.20 AM.png"" /></div>"
"Rickettsia are described as having a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""coccobacilliary&#x20;shape&#x20;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[shape]</span>""Rickettsia are described as having a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">coccobacilliary shape </span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.15.49 AM.png"" />"
"The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""weil&#x2D;felix&#x20;test"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an agglutination test used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">rickettsial infection</span>""The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">weil-felix test</span> is an agglutination test used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">rickettsial infection</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.17.19 AM.png"" />"
"The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">weil-felix test</span> is an agglutination test used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rickettsial&#x20;infection"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">weil-felix test</span> is an agglutination test used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">rickettsial infection</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.17.19 AM.png"" />"
"The weil-felix test tests the cross reactivity of rickettsia and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""proteus&#x20;vulgaris"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.""The weil-felix test tests the cross reactivity of rickettsia and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">proteus vulgaris</span>.<br>
The test is not sensitive or specific."
"The general prodromal symptoms with a rickettsial infection are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""headache&#x20;and&#x20;fever"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The general prodromal symptoms with a rickettsial infection are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">headache and fever</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.19.33 AM.png"" />"
"A unique symptom of rickettsia species is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""vasculitis&#x20;with&#x20;rash"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""A unique symptom of rickettsia species is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">vasculitis with rash</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.21.00 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.20.28 AM.png"" />"
"The treatment for rickettsia species is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""doxycycline"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The treatment for rickettsia species is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">doxycycline</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.22.04 AM.png"" />"
"The rash associated with Rickettsia prowazekii&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""starts&#x20;at&#x20;the&#x20;trunk&#x20;and&#x20;spreads&#x20;towards&#x20;the&#x20;extremities"" data-ordinal=""1"">[(rash pattern)]</span>""The rash associated with Rickettsia prowazekii&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">starts at the trunk and spreads towards the extremities</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.25.27 AM.png"" />"
"The rash from rickettsia prowazekii spares the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hands&#x2C;&#x20;feet&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;head"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The rash from rickettsia prowazekii spares the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hands, feet, and head</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.26.03 AM.png"" />"
"In which situations are outbreaks of rickettsia prowazekii seen?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Military&#x20;camp&#x20;recruits&#x20;and&#x20;prisoners&#x20;of&#x20;war"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""In which situations are outbreaks of rickettsia prowazekii seen?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Military camp recruits and prisoners of war</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.27.50 AM.png"" />"
"The natural life cycle of rickettsia prowazekii generally involves a vertebrate (usually squirrel) and an invertebrate host <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""human&#x20;body&#x20;louse"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The natural life cycle of rickettsia prowazekii generally involves a vertebrate (usually squirrel) and an invertebrate host <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">human body louse</span><br>
<div>The louse defacates near feeding sites, you scratch this site allowing the larvae to get into your blood.</div><div><br /></div>Side note R. prowazekii also appears to be the closest free-living relative to mitochondria.<div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.33.05 AM.png"" /></div>"
"The name of the illness caused by Rickettsia prowazekii is known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""epidemic&#x20;typhus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The name of the illness caused by Rickettsia prowazekii is known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">epidemic typhus</span><br>
Epidemic meaning this is a widespread rampant infection..<div><br /></div><div>NOTE: This is different from endemic typhus (from Rickettsia typhi)</div><div><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.35.28 AM.png"" /></div>"
"The symptoms of epidemic typhus include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""arthralgias&#x2C;&#x20;pneumonia&#x2C;&#x20;encephalitis&#x2C;&#x20;and&#x20;the&#x20;rash"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The symptoms of epidemic typhus include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">arthralgias, pneumonia, encephalitis, and the rash</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.39.54 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.39.41 AM.png"" /><img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.39.21 AM.png"" />"
"Rickettsia rickettsia is transmitted through&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""direct&#x20;biting"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> from the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">dermacentor tick</span>""Rickettsia rickettsia is transmitted through&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">direct biting</span> from the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">dermacentor tick</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.43.34 AM.png"" />"
"Rickettsia rickettsia is transmitted through&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">direct biting</span> from the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dermacentor&#x20;tick"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Rickettsia rickettsia is transmitted through&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">direct biting</span> from the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">dermacentor tick</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.43.34 AM.png"" />"
"The incubation period for rickettsia rickettsii is somewhere between&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2&#x2D;14"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> days""The incubation period for rickettsia rickettsii is somewhere between&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2-14</span> days<br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.45.21 AM.png"" />"
"The rash from Rickettsia rickettsii is distinctly different from that of rickettsia prowazekii in that&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""this&#x20;rash&#x20;begins&#x20;at&#x20;the&#x20;extremities&#x20;and&#x20;moves&#x20;towards&#x20;the&#x20;trunk"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The rash from Rickettsia rickettsii is distinctly different from that of rickettsia prowazekii in that&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">this rash begins at the extremities and moves towards the trunk</span><br>
<img src=""Screen Shot 2017-07-14 at 7.47.34 AM.png"" />"
"<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;coccidioidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[which fungus]</span>&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bone</b></span> and <b>meninges</b>""<b>Infection</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>coccidioidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;occurs commonly in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lungs</b></span>, with <u>dissemination</u> to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bone</b></span> and <b>meninges</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-40467181863336.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-40613210751370.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-40454296961446.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The fungus <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Malassezia&#x20;furfur&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b></span>""The fungus <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>Malassezia furfur</i></b></span> causes <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>malice seezia, pity rye asis<div><img src=""paste-1404454306016.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The fungus <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>Malassezia furfur</i></b></span> causes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Pityriasis&#x20;Versicolor&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""The fungus <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>Malassezia furfur</i></b></span> causes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>malice seezia, pity rye asis<div><img src=""paste-1404454306016.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Which <i>fungus</i> has a ""<b>spaghetti and meatball</b>"" appearance on <u>KOH prep</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Malassezia&#x20;furfur&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>fungus</i> has a ""<b>spaghetti and meatball</b>"" appearance on <u>KOH prep</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Malassezia furfur</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-2564095475927.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2589865279731.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-1524713390489.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Malassezia furfur</span></i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;skin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> flora, thriving in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hot</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>humid</b></span> conditions""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Malassezia furfur</span></i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> flora, thriving in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hot</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>humid</b></span> conditions<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>humidity allows M. furfur to convert to its disease form</div><img src=""paste-1662152343971.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Malassezia furfur</span></i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> flora, thriving in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;hot&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;humid&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> conditions""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Malassezia furfur</span></i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> flora, thriving in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hot</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>humid</b></span> conditions<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>humidity allows M. furfur to convert to its disease form</div><img src=""paste-1662152343971.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Malassezia&#x20;furfur"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> flora, thriving in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hot</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>humid</b></span> conditions""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Malassezia furfur</span></i> is a fungus part of normal&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> flora, thriving in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>hot</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>humid</b></span> conditions<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>humidity allows M. furfur to convert to its disease form</div><img src=""paste-1662152343971.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b> is characterized by <u>hyper</u> or <u>hypo<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pigmented"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> <u>patches</u> on a patient's <b>skin</b>""<b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b> is characterized by <u>hyper</u> or <u>hypo<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pigmented</span></u> <u>patches</u> on a patient's <b>skin</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Malassezia furfur results in pityriasis versicolor in <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">healthy</u>&nbsp;individuals<div><img src=""paste-2345052144038.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Hyper/hypopigmented patches</i> of <b><u>Pityriasis Versicolor</u></b> on the skin commonly occur on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;chest&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;back&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, especially in individuals who spend a lot of time in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;sun&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i>Hyper/hypopigmented patches</i> of <b><u>Pityriasis Versicolor</u></b> on the skin commonly occur on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>chest</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>back</b></span>, especially in individuals who spend a lot of time in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>sun</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-4093103833474.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4118873637038.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2349347111334.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> <i>degradation</i> produces <b>acid</b>&nbsp;that damages <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""melanocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>&nbsp;in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Pityriasis Versicolor</span> </b>(results in hypo/hyperpigmentation)""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipid</span></u> <i>degradation</i> produces <b>acid</b>&nbsp;that damages <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">melanocytes</span></u>&nbsp;in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Pityriasis Versicolor</span> </b>(results in hypo/hyperpigmentation)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>caused my <i>M. furfur</i></div><div><img src=""paste-2628519985561.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2345052144038.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipid</span></u> <i>degradation</i> produces <b>acid</b>&nbsp;that damages <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">melanocytes</span></u>&nbsp;in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pityriasis&#x20;Versicolor"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what M. furfur manifestation]</span> </b>(results in hypo/hyperpigmentation)""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipid</span></u> <i>degradation</i> produces <b>acid</b>&nbsp;that damages <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">melanocytes</span></u>&nbsp;in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Pityriasis Versicolor</span> </b>(results in hypo/hyperpigmentation)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>caused my <i>M. furfur</i></div><div><img src=""paste-2628519985561.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-2345052144038.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Malassezia&#x20;furfur&#x20;&#x28;M&#x2E;&#x20;furfur&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which fungus]</span> produces <b>melanocyte damaging</b>&nbsp;acids via <u>lipid degradation</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i></span> produces <b>melanocyte damaging</b>&nbsp;acids via <u>lipid degradation</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>results in the hypo/hyperpigmentation seen in <b><u>pityriasis versicolor</u></b><div><img src=""paste-2838973383066.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Which <u>layer of the skin</u> does the fungus <i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>&nbsp;reside?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Stratum&#x20;Corneum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>layer of the skin</u> does the fungus <i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>&nbsp;reside?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Stratum Corneum</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>most <b>superficial layer - </b>makes sense - M. furfur sits on top of the skin, therefore infects the top layer (corn sprinkled on top layer of lasagna)<div><b><img src=""paste-2985002271144.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2997887172777.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"<i>Malassezia furfur</i> can cause many more problems, other than just <b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b>, in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompromised"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> patients""<i>Malassezia furfur</i> can cause many more problems, other than just <b>Pityriasis Versicolor</b>, in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">immunocompromised</span> patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Malassezia&#x20;furfur&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which fungus]</span>&nbsp;can infect the <u>blood</u>&nbsp;(<u>fungicemia</u>)&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neonates</span></b> receiving <u>TPN</u>, causing <b>severe</b>&nbsp;symptoms""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Malassezia furfur</i></span>&nbsp;can infect the <u>blood</u>&nbsp;(<u>fungicemia</u>)&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neonates</span></b> receiving <u>TPN</u>, causing <b>severe</b>&nbsp;symptoms<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>due to lipids in the TPN (<b>M. furfur is lipophilic</b>) - can infect adults, but symptoms are NOT as severe<div><img src=""paste-3388729196967.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Malassezia furfur</i></span>&nbsp;can infect the <u>blood</u>&nbsp;(<u>fungicemia</u>)&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""neonates"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> receiving <u>TPN</u>, causing <b>severe</b>&nbsp;symptoms""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Malassezia furfur</i></span>&nbsp;can infect the <u>blood</u>&nbsp;(<u>fungicemia</u>)&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">neonates</span></b> receiving <u>TPN</u>, causing <b>severe</b>&nbsp;symptoms<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>due to lipids in the TPN (<b>M. furfur is lipophilic</b>) - can infect adults, but symptoms are NOT as severe<div><img src=""paste-3388729196967.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"What <i>characteristic</i> of <i>Malassezia furfur</i> makes it problematic for <b>neonates</b> receiving <u>TPN</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipophilic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <i>characteristic</i> of <i>Malassezia furfur</i> makes it problematic for <b>neonates</b> receiving <u>TPN</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipophilic</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>due to lipids in the TPN (<b>M. furfur is lipophilic</b>) - can infect line that is infusing TPN into blood, resulting in <b>fungisemia</b> - can infect adults, but symptoms are NOT as severe<div><img src=""paste-3388729196967.jpg""></div></div>
"
"What is the treatment of choice for <i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Selenium&#x20;sulfide&#x20;&#x28;selsun&#x20;blue&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the treatment of choice for <i>Malassezia furfur (M. furfur)</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Selenium sulfide (selsun blue)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>promotes shedding of the stratum corneum, which is where M. furfur infects the skin<div><img src=""paste-3908420239788.jpg""><img src=""paste-10093ba40d6cc112cec885bd7c344cb433691bbc.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<u>Selenium Sulfide (Selsun Blue)</u> is used as treatment for <b><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M. furfur</span></i></b> due to it promoting shedding of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;stratum&#x20;corneum&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Selenium Sulfide (Selsun Blue)</u> is used as treatment for <b><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">M. furfur</span></i></b> due to it promoting shedding of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>stratum corneum</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3904125272492.jpg""><div>M. Fufur infects the stratum corneum</div></div>
"
"<u>Selenium Sulfide (Selsun Blue)</u> is used as treatment for <b><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x2E;&#x20;furfur"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span></i></b> due to it promoting shedding of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>stratum corneum</b></span>""<u>Selenium Sulfide (Selsun Blue)</u> is used as treatment for <b><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">M. furfur</span></i></b> due to it promoting shedding of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>stratum corneum</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3904125272492.jpg""><div>M. Fufur infects the stratum corneum</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Dermatophytes&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[What cutaneous fungi]</span>&nbsp;are responsible for rashes known as <u style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Tinea</span></u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Dermatophytes</i></span>&nbsp;are responsible for rashes known as <u style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Tinea</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Dermatophytes colonize the skin, Tinea is the disease it causes - multiple types of each<div><img src=""paste-4750233829801.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Dermatophytes</i></span>&nbsp;are responsible for rashes known as <u style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tinea"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Dermatophytes</i></span>&nbsp;are responsible for rashes known as <u style=""font-weight: bold; ""><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Tinea</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Dermatophytes colonize the skin, Tinea is the disease it causes - multiple types of each<div><img src=""paste-4750233829801.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Where do the fungi <i>Dermatophytes</i>&nbsp;reside in the body?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Skin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Where do the fungi <i>Dermatophytes</i>&nbsp;reside in the body?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Skin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>cutaneous fungi - dermatophyte in greek means ""skin plant""<div>therefore they implant themselves on the skin and rarely ever invade<br /><div><img src=""paste-4784593568150.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;dermatophytes&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div>""The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4771708666282.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Microsporum&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>""The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4771708666282.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Epidermophyton&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div>""The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4771708666282.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Trichophyton&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div>""The <u>3</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b><i>dermatophytes</i></b></span> are:<div>1. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Trichophyton</i></span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Epidermophyton</i></span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Microsporum</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4771708666282.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Tinea</b> is commonly referred to as ""<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;ringworm&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""""<b>Tinea</b> is commonly referred to as ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>ringworm</u></span>""<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>caused by <b>dermatophytes</b><div><b><img src=""paste-5205500363178.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>capitis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""head"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""scalp"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>capitis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">head</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">scalp</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5342939316643.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>corporis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""body"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>corporis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">body</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5437428597164.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>cruris</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""groin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>cruris</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">groin</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>a.k.a ""jock itch""</div><img src=""paste-5471788335524.jpg"" /><div>Recall that <b>crura</b> attaches the base of the penis to the ischiopubic rami</div></div>
"
"<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>pedis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""foot"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Tinea</b> <u><b>pedis</b></u> affects the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">foot</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>a.k.a athlete's foot</div><img src=""paste-5669356831142.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What demographic of people are at risk for <b><u>Tinea</u></b> (ringworm) infections?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Athletes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What demographic of people are at risk for <b><u>Tinea</u></b> (ringworm) infections?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Athletes</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>swimmers that walk barefoot, wrestlers that have body contact with mats<div><img src=""paste-5703716569520.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Animals&#x2F;pets"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can be a source of <i><b>dermatophytes</b></i>&nbsp;and, therefore,&nbsp;<b>Tinea infection</b>, especially in <u>younger</u>&nbsp;individuals""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Animals/pets</span> can be a source of <i><b>dermatophytes</b></i>&nbsp;and, therefore,&nbsp;<b>Tinea infection</b>, especially in <u>younger</u>&nbsp;individuals<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5858335392169.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Dermatophytes</i> cause <b>Tinea</b> lesions that are often&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pruritic&#x20;&#x28;itchy&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what symptom]</span>""<i>Dermatophytes</i> cause <b>Tinea</b> lesions that are often&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pruritic (itchy)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5965709574564.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Hyphae</u></span> of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>dermatophytes</i></span> are seen with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;KOH&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> prep of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;skin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> scrapings""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Hyphae</u></span> of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>dermatophytes</i></span> are seen with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>KOH</u></span> prep of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> scrapings<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6090263626162.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6120328397028.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6158983102691.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6171868004575.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Hyphae&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>dermatophytes</i></span> are seen with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>KOH</u></span> prep of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> scrapings""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Hyphae</u></span> of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>dermatophytes</i></span> are seen with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>KOH</u></span> prep of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> scrapings<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6090263626162.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6120328397028.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6158983102691.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6171868004575.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Hyphae</u></span> of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;dermatophytes&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> are seen with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>KOH</u></span> prep of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> scrapings""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Hyphae</u></span> of <b>Tinea</b> lesions due to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>dermatophytes</i></span> are seen with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>KOH</u></span> prep of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>skin</b></span> scrapings<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6090263626162.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6120328397028.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6158983102691.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6171868004575.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The dermatophyte <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Microsporum</i></b></span>&nbsp;can be indentified via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Wood&#x27;s&#x20;lamp&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The dermatophyte <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Microsporum</i></b></span>&nbsp;can be indentified via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Wood's lamp</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Wood's lamp can <b>only</b>&nbsp;identify microsporum<div><img src=""paste-6369436500395.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-6335076761858.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6347961663742.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"The dermatophyte <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Microsporum&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;can be indentified via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Wood's lamp</b></span>""The dermatophyte <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Microsporum</i></b></span>&nbsp;can be indentified via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Wood's lamp</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Wood's lamp can <b>only</b>&nbsp;identify microsporum<div><img src=""paste-6369436500395.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-6335076761858.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6347961663742.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"What is the mainstay treatment for <i>dermatophytes</i>/<b>Tinea</b> infections?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Topical&#x20;&#x2D;azoles&#x20;&#x28;clotrimazole&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the mainstay treatment for <i>dermatophytes</i>/<b>Tinea</b> infections?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Topical -azoles (clotrimazole)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>clotrimazole = lotrimin</div><img src=""paste-6627134538157.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Onychomycosis</span></u> describes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;dermatophyte&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> infection of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;nails&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Onychomycosis</span></u> describes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>dermatophyte</i></span> infection of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>nails</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Onychomycosis is also known as&nbsp;<b><u>Tinea unguium</u></b></div><div>""-oneycomb"" mycosis</div><img src=""paste-6764573491611.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Onychomycosis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u> describes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>dermatophyte</i></span> infection of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>nails</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Onychomycosis</span></u> describes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>dermatophyte</i></span> infection of the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>nails</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Onychomycosis is also known as&nbsp;<b><u>Tinea unguium</u></b></div><div>""-oneycomb"" mycosis</div><img src=""paste-6764573491611.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <i>oral antifungal</i>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Terbinafine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is used to treat <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>onychomycosis</b> (<i>dermatophyte</i> infection of nails)</span>""The <i>oral antifungal</i>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Terbinafine</b></span> is used to treat <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>onychomycosis</b> (<i>dermatophyte</i> infection of nails)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>terbin</u>afine turbin</div><div>""oneycomb""-mycosis&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-6807523164576.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <i>oral antifungal</i>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Terbinafine</b></span> is used to treat <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;onychomycosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;&#x28;&lt;i&gt;dermatophyte&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x20;infection&#x20;of&#x20;nails&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what <i>dermatophyte</i> infection]</span>""The <i>oral antifungal</i>&nbsp;drug&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Terbinafine</b></span> is used to treat <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>onychomycosis</b> (<i>dermatophyte</i> infection of nails)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>terbin</u>afine turbin</div><div>""oneycomb""-mycosis&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-6807523164576.jpg"" /></div>
"
"For more <i>severe</i>&nbsp;<b>Tinea infections</b> or <i>persistant&nbsp;</i><b>Onychomycosis</b> (manifestations of <i><u>dermatophytes</u></i>), <b>oral</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Griseofulvin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is used""For more <i>severe</i>&nbsp;<b>Tinea infections</b> or <i>persistant&nbsp;</i><b>Onychomycosis</b> (manifestations of <i><u>dermatophytes</u></i>), <b>oral</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Griseofulvin</span> is used<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>deposits in keratin containing tissues (ie: skin and nails)<div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Griseofulvin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what drug]</span> deposits in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>keratin</b></span>-containing tissues, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>skin</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nails</b></span>, and is therefore used for <u>severe</u> <i><u>dermatophyte</u></i> infections""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Griseofulvin</b></span> deposits in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>keratin</b></span>-containing tissues, such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>skin</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nails</b></span>, and is therefore used for <u>severe</u> <i><u>dermatophyte</u></i> infections<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>severe Tinea (ringworm) or persistant onychomycosis<br /><div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Griseofulvin</b></span> deposits in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;keratin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-containing tissues, such as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;skin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;nails&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, and is therefore used for <u>severe</u> <i><u>dermatophyte</u></i> infections""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Griseofulvin</b></span> deposits in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>keratin</b></span>-containing tissues, such as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>skin</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>nails</b></span>, and is therefore used for <u>severe</u> <i><u>dermatophyte</u></i> infections<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>severe Tinea (ringworm) or persistant onychomycosis<br /><div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><u>Griseofulvin</u></b> is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GI"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> side-effects""<b><u>Griseofulvin</u></b> is associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI</span> side-effects<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>if you eat a lot of ""<b>griseo</b>"" greasy food, you will have an upset stomach<br /><div><img src=""paste-7056631267762.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"A&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Sporothrix&#x20;schenckii&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> infection is called <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Sporotrichosis</b></span>""A&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> infection is called <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Sporotrichosis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9440338116854.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> infection is called <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Sporotrichosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""A&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> infection is called <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Sporotrichosis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9440338116854.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Sporothrix&#x20;schenckii&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is classically contracted via <u>cuts</u> from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>rose thorns</b></span>, as well as <u>tree bark</u>, <u>bushes</u>, and <u>plants</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> is classically contracted via <u>cuts</u> from <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>rose thorns</b></span>, as well as <u>tree bark</u>, <u>bushes</u>, and <u>plants</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>aka <b>rose-gardener's disease</b></div><img src=""paste-9925669421476.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10638633992490.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> is classically contracted via <u>cuts</u> from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;rose&#x20;thorns&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, as well as <u>tree bark</u>, <u>bushes</u>, and <u>plants</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> is classically contracted via <u>cuts</u> from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>rose thorns</b></span>, as well as <u>tree bark</u>, <u>bushes</u>, and <u>plants</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>aka <b>rose-gardener's disease</b></div><img src=""paste-9925669421476.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10638633992490.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dimorphic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, meaning it assumes different forms depending on the&nbsp;<u>temperature&nbsp;of its environment</u>""<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dimorphic</span>, meaning it assumes different forms depending on the&nbsp;<u>temperature&nbsp;of its environment</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9955734192558.jpg""><div>Mold in the cold (soil) yeast in the heat (body)</div></div>
"
"<u>Branching hyphae</u> of <i><b>Sporothrix schenckii</b></i> can be grown at <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""25"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> degrees celcius""<u>Branching hyphae</u> of <i><b>Sporothrix schenckii</b></i> can be grown at <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">25</span> degrees celcius<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Rose-bushes&nbsp;<div><img src=""paste-10093173146004.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10106058047728.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<img src=""paste-10106058047728.jpg""><div><br></div><div>Branching hyphae similar to that of <b>rose bushes</b>&nbsp;are classically seen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Sporothrix&#x20;schenckii&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungus?]</span></div>""<img src=""paste-10106058047728.jpg""><div><br></div><div>Branching hyphae similar to that of <b>rose bushes</b>&nbsp;are classically seen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>culture grown at 25 degrees celcius<div><img src=""paste-10436770529685.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <u>yeast</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Sporothrix&#x20;schenckii&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> takes on a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cigar</b></span> <b>shape</b> under microscope""The <u>yeast</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> takes on a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cigar</b></span> <b>shape</b> under microscope<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>cigar-shaped rose-buds</div><img src=""paste-10784662880679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10715943403813.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>yeast</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> takes on a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cigar&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>shape</b> under microscope""The <u>yeast</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Sporothrix schenckii</i></span> takes on a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cigar</b></span> <b>shape</b> under microscope<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>cigar-shaped rose-buds</div><img src=""paste-10784662880679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-10715943403813.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Sporothrix schenckii</span></i> spreads in an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ascend"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-ing</b> pattern along the path of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lymphatic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>drainage</b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Sporothrix schenckii</span></i> spreads in an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">ascend</span>-ing</b> pattern along the path of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lymphatic</b></span> <b>drainage</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>physical trauma (cut from rose thorn) allows infection to enter lymphatic system</div><img src=""paste-11119670329746.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sporothrix&#x20;schenckii"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span></i> spreads in an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ascend</span>-ing</b> pattern along the path of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lymphatic</b></span> <b>drainage</b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Sporothrix schenckii</span></i> spreads in an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">ascend</span>-ing</b> pattern along the path of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>lymphatic</b></span> <b>drainage</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>physical trauma (cut from rose thorn) allows infection to enter lymphatic system</div><img src=""paste-11119670329746.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> will result in a <u>local</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pustule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, or ulcer, at the site of trauma and first entry""<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> will result in a <u>local</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pustule</span>, or ulcer, at the site of trauma and first entry<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ie: thorn from a rose bush pricks the skin</div>then ascending up the lymphatic drainage<div><img src=""paste-3706556776760.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-11463267713446.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"<i>Sporotrichosis</i> diagnosis is confirmed via <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""culture"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""biopsy"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i>Sporotrichosis</i> diagnosis is confirmed via <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">culture</span> or&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">biopsy</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11600706666901.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A biopsy of a patient with <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""sporotrichosis&#x20;&#x28;sporothrix&#x20;schenckii&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungal infection]</span></i> will reveal <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>granulomas</b></span> consisting of <u>histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and cigar-shaped budding yeast</u>""A biopsy of a patient with <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii)</span></i> will reveal <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>granulomas</b></span> consisting of <u>histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and cigar-shaped budding yeast</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11759620456710.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11772505359098.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A biopsy of a patient with <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii)</span></i> will reveal <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;granulomas&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> consisting of <u>histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and cigar-shaped budding yeast</u>""A biopsy of a patient with <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii)</span></i> will reveal <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>granulomas</b></span> consisting of <u>histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and cigar-shaped budding yeast</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11759620456710.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11772505359098.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What is the <b><u>drug</u></b> of choice for treatment of <i>Sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii infection</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Itraconazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <b><u>drug</u></b> of choice for treatment of <i>Sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii infection</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Itraconazole</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>itraconazole is used to treat <b>dimorphic</b>&nbsp;fungi</div><img src=""paste-12051678232998.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What is the <b><u>solution</u></b> of choice for treatment of <i>Sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii infection</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""SSKI&#x20;&#x28;saturated&#x20;solution&#x20;of&#x20;potassium&#x20;iodide&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <b><u>solution</u></b> of choice for treatment of <i>Sporotrichosis/Sporothrix schenckii infection</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">SSKI (saturated solution of potassium iodide)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>not really used much anymore<div><img src=""paste-12287901434271.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Ascending&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lymphadenitis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cigar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-shaped yeast</b> are classic manifestations of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Sporothrix schenckii infection/sporotrichosis</i></span>""<u>Ascending&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lymphadenitis</span></u> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cigar</span>-shaped yeast</b> are classic manifestations of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Sporothrix schenckii infection/sporotrichosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-12330851107224.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Ascending&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lymphadenitis</span></u> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cigar</span>-shaped yeast</b> are classic manifestations of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Sporothrix&#x20;schenckii&#x20;infection&#x2F;sporotrichosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[what fungal infection]</span>""<u>Ascending&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lymphadenitis</span></u> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cigar</span>-shaped yeast</b> are classic manifestations of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Sporothrix schenckii infection/sporotrichosis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-12330851107224.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What is the main immune diffense against <i><b>Giardia</b></i>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;IgA&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> produced by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Peyers Patches</b></span> in the GI""What is the main immune diffense against <i><b>Giardia</b></i>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA</b></span> produced by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Peyers Patches</b></span> in the GI
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<img src=""paste-219790656405505.jpg"" /></div>"
"What is the main immune diffense against <i><b>Giardia</b></i>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA</b></span> produced by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Peyers&#x20;Patches&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> in the GI""What is the main immune diffense against <i><b>Giardia</b></i>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA</b></span> produced by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Peyers Patches</b></span> in the GI
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<img src=""paste-219790656405505.jpg"" /></div>"
"Selective <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;IgA&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> deficiency is the most common 1* immunodeficiency<div>and increases susceptibility to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Giardia</i></span> infections</div>""Selective <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA</b></span> deficiency is the most common 1* immunodeficiency<div>and increases susceptibility to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Giardia</i></span> infections</div>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<div>recall that <b>IgA</b> is produced by <b>Peyer's patches</b> of the GI tract, protects against <u>intestinal</u> protozoa such as <b><i>Giardia</i></b></div><img src=""paste-220679714635777.jpg"" /></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[B or T or Granulocyte?]</span> cell immunodeficiencies generally predispose to GI <i><b>giardiasis</b></i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">B</span> cell immunodeficiencies generally predispose to GI <i><b>giardiasis</b></i>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<div>B cells are responsible for the production of IgA</div><img src=""paste-221263830188033.jpg""></div>"
"Opportunistic infections with <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> are seen with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Hyper&#x2D;IgM&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> syndrome, most commonly caused by a defective <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD40L</b></span>""Opportunistic infections with <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> are seen with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hyper-IgM</b></span> syndrome, most commonly caused by a defective <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD40L</b></span>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
- CD40L is found on T helper cells that have been activated in an antigen dependent manner; binding of CD40 on B cells with CD40L (along with cytokine stimulation) allows B cells to class switch<div>- therefore, without class switching, you can only make IgM (and IgD)</div><div><img src=""paste-267400368881665.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"Opportunistic infections with <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> are seen with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hyper-IgM</b></span> syndrome, most commonly caused by a defective <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;CD40L&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Opportunistic infections with <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> are seen with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Hyper-IgM</b></span> syndrome, most commonly caused by a defective <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD40L</b></span>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
- CD40L is found on T helper cells that have been activated in an antigen dependent manner; binding of CD40 on B cells with CD40L (along with cytokine stimulation) allows B cells to class switch<div>- therefore, without class switching, you can only make IgM (and IgD)</div><div><img src=""paste-267400368881665.jpg"" /></div></div>"
"<i>Cryptosporidium</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;oocysts&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what form]</span> are often transmitted via&nbsp;<b>infected <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">water</span></b>""<i>Cryptosporidium</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>oocysts</u></span> are often transmitted via&nbsp;<b>infected <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">water</span></b>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<i>Prevent by filtering city water supplies</i></div>"
"<i>Cryptosporidium spp</i> infections are often found in HIV+ patients with CD4+ cell counts &lt; <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""100&#x2F;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i>Cryptosporidium spp</i> infections are often found in HIV+ patients with CD4+ cell counts &lt; <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">100/mm³</span>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<img src=""paste-278756262412289.jpg"" /></div>"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Giardia&#x20;lamblia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">flagella</span>-ted</b> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">intestinal</span></u> <i>non-invasive</i> <b>parasite</b> responsible for <u>most</u> flagellated protozoan small intestine colonizations in the U.S.""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia lamblia</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">flagella</span>-ted</b> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">intestinal</span></u> <i>non-invasive</i> <b>parasite</b> responsible for <u>most</u> flagellated protozoan small intestine colonizations in the U.S.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-597000454585.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21586505630122.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia lamblia</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""flagella"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-ted</b> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""intestinal"" data-ordinal=""2"">[location]</span></u> <i>non-invasive</i> <b>parasite</b> responsible for <u>most</u> flagellated protozoan small intestine colonizations in the U.S.""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Giardia lamblia</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">flagella</span>-ted</b> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">intestinal</span></u> <i>non-invasive</i> <b>parasite</b> responsible for <u>most</u> flagellated protozoan small intestine colonizations in the U.S.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-597000454585.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21586505630122.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""10"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""25"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>cysts</b> (#)&nbsp;are required for <i>Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia)</i>&nbsp;infection.""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">10</span> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">25</span> <b>cysts</b> (#)&nbsp;are required for <i>Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia)</i>&nbsp;infection.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>G. lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> are found in contaminated resources like <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""day&#x20;care"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>centers</b>, contaminated water from mountain streams during <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""camping"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, etc.""<i>G. lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> are found in contaminated resources like <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">day care</span> <b>centers</b>, contaminated water from mountain streams during <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">camping</span>, etc.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Giardia lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> become <u>trophozoites</u> in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;duodenum&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> when stimulated by <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gastric acid</span></b> after ingestion.""<i>Giardia lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> become <u>trophozoites</u> in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>duodenum</b></span> when stimulated by <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gastric acid</span></b> after ingestion.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Giardia lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> become <u>trophozoites</u> in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>duodenum</b></span> when stimulated by <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gastric&#x20;acid"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> after ingestion.""<i>Giardia lamblia</i> <u>cysts</u> become <u>trophozoites</u> in the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>duodenum</b></span> when stimulated by <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">gastric acid</span></b> after ingestion.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Is <i>Giardia lamblia</i> an invasive organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;No&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x2C;&#x20;therefore&#x20;no&#x20;dysentery"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Is <i>Giardia lamblia</i> an invasive organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>No</u>, therefore no dysentery</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-816043786360.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Due to villous atrophy in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Giardia lamblia</i></span>, <u>deficiencies</u> in epithelial <b>brush border enzymes</b> such as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;lactase&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> may develop.""Due to villous atrophy in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Giardia lamblia</i></span>, <u>deficiencies</u> in epithelial <b>brush border enzymes</b> such as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>lactase</u></span> may develop.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-811748819064.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Due to villous atrophy in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Giardia&#x20;lamblia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which parasitic infection]</span>, <u>deficiencies</u> in epithelial <b>brush border enzymes</b> such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>lactase</u></span> may develop.""Due to villous atrophy in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Giardia lamblia</i></span>, <u>deficiencies</u> in epithelial <b>brush border enzymes</b> such as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>lactase</u></span> may develop.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-811748819064.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>G. lamblia </i><u>cysts</u> (carrier state) have <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;4&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[#]</span> nuclei""<i>G. lamblia </i><u>cysts</u> (carrier state) have <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>4</b></span> nuclei<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-962072674604.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>G. lamblia&nbsp;</i><u>trophozoites</u> (active state) have <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""2"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>nuclei</b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> pairs of <b>flagella</b> (#) and resemble a face looking back at the viewer.""<i>G. lamblia&nbsp;</i><u>trophozoites</u> (active state) have <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">2</span> <b>nuclei</b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">4</span> pairs of <b>flagella</b> (#) and resemble a face looking back at the viewer.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-996432412982.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Can <i>Giardia lamblia</i> be removed from water through <u>chlorination</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""No"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Can <i>Giardia lamblia</i> be removed from water through <u>chlorination</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">No</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-1073741824069.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>G. lamblia</i> is not susceptible to <u>chlorination</u> but <i>can</i> be killed by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""boiling"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> the water or with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""iodine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.""<i>G. lamblia</i> is not susceptible to <u>chlorination</u> but <i>can</i> be killed by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">boiling</span> the water or with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">iodine</span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> has two stages: an <u>infective</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""4"" data-ordinal=""1"">[#]</span>-nuclei <b>cyst</b> stage and a(n) <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""invasive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[non-invasive/invasive]</span> <b>trophozoite</b> stage.""<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> has two stages: an <u>infective</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">4</span>-nuclei <b>cyst</b> stage and a(n) <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">invasive</span> <b>trophozoite</b> stage.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>invasive trophozoites enter the intestinal wall, resulting in intestinal amebiasis (bloody diarrhea)</div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;trophozoite&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stage of <i>E. histolytica</i> exhibits <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;pseudopods&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which allow the organism to <i>move along the intestinal wall</i> and take up <u>nutrients</u>.""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>trophozoite</b></span> stage of <i>E. histolytica</i> exhibits <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>pseudopods</u></span>, which allow the organism to <i>move along the intestinal wall</i> and take up <u>nutrients</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6429566042507.jpg"" /><div>recall that the trophozoites of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>&nbsp;will also contain endocytosed RBCs</div></div>
"
"<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is most common in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""developing"" data-ordinal=""1"">[developed or developing]</span> countries""<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is most common in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">developing</span> countries<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"The most common result of <i>E. histolytica</i> infection is an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;asymptomatic&#x20;&#x28;silent&#x29;&#x20;carrier&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><u> state</u> where the organism is released as <b>cysts in the stool</b>.""The most common result of <i>E. histolytica</i> infection is an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>asymptomatic (silent) carrier</u></span><u> state</u> where the organism is released as <b>cysts in the stool</b>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Are cysts of <i>Entamoeba Histolytica </i>able to <u>survive</u>&nbsp;<b>outside</b> of the host?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Yes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Are cysts of <i>Entamoeba Histolytica </i>able to <u>survive</u>&nbsp;<b>outside</b> of the host?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Yes</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2173253451842.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Treatment for <i>E. histolytica</i> infections includes <b>metronidazole</b> for invasive colitis, followed by <b>paromomycin</b> or <b>iodoquinol</b> to eliminate intra<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""luminal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cysts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.""Treatment for <i>E. histolytica</i> infections includes <b>metronidazole</b> for invasive colitis, followed by <b>paromomycin</b> or <b>iodoquinol</b> to eliminate intra<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">luminal</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cysts</span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br><div><br></div><div>therefore, paromomycin and iodoquinol are considered <b>intraluminal agents</b></div></div>
"
"In <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""competent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> individuals, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection causes a <b>self-limiting watery diarrhea</b>.""In <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">competent</span> individuals, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection causes a <b>self-limiting watery diarrhea</b>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>whereas in <b>immunocompromised</b> individuals, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> can result in <u>severe diarrhea</u></div>
"
"Compared to <i>Cryptosporidium</i> causing <b>watery diarrhea</b>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Entamoeba&#x20;histolytica&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which protozoa]</span> causes <b>bloody diarrhea</b>""Compared to <i>Cryptosporidium</i> causing <b>watery diarrhea</b>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i></span> causes <b>bloody diarrhea</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Compared to <i>Cryptosporidium</i> causing <b>watery diarrhea</b>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Giardia&#x20;lamblia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which protozoa]</span> causes <b>floating, fatty, foul-smelling steatorrhea</b>""Compared to <i>Cryptosporidium</i> causing <b>watery diarrhea</b>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Giardia lamblia</i></span> causes <b>floating, fatty, foul-smelling steatorrhea</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;acid&#x2D;fast&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what quality]</span> <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">oocysts</span></b>.</div>""Diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>acid-fast</u></span> <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">oocysts</span></b>.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2967822402003.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>acid-fast</u></span> <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oocysts"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>.</div>""Diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>acid-fast</u></span> <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">oocysts</span></b>.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2967822402003.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptosporidium"" data-ordinal=""3"">[which protozoa]</span></i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>acid-fast</u></span> <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">oocysts</span></b>.</div>""Diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptosporidium</span></i> occurs via microscopy of stool samples,<div>with visualization of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>acid-fast</u></span> <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">oocysts</span></b>.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2967822402003.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In immuno<u>compromised</u> individuals with <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection, <b>anti-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""retroviral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> therapy</b> should be initiated since <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>CD4</u></span> counts greater than <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>100</u></span> are associated with complete resolution of symptoms.<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Nitazoxanide&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can be used for immunocompromised patients if <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>CD4</u></span> recovery is slow and symptoms are severe.</div>""In immuno<u>compromised</u> individuals with <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection, <b>anti-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">retroviral</span> therapy</b> should be initiated since <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>CD4</u></span> counts greater than <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>100</u></span> are associated with complete resolution of symptoms.<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> can be used for immunocompromised patients if <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>CD4</u></span> recovery is slow and symptoms are severe.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"In immuno<u>compromised</u> individuals with <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection, <b>anti-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">retroviral</span> therapy</b> should be initiated since <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;CD4&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> counts greater than <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;100&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are associated with complete resolution of symptoms.<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> can be used for immunocompromised patients if <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;CD4&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> recovery is slow and symptoms are severe.</div>""In immuno<u>compromised</u> individuals with <i>Cryptosporidium</i> infection, <b>anti-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">retroviral</span> therapy</b> should be initiated since <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>CD4</u></span> counts greater than <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>100</u></span> are associated with complete resolution of symptoms.<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nitazoxanide</b></span> can be used for immunocompromised patients if <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>CD4</u></span> recovery is slow and symptoms are severe.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is a <u>dimorphic</u>&nbsp;yeast with a <b>cigar</b>-shaped, unequal budding <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""yeast"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in <u>human tissue</u>, and a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mold"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form in <u>plants</u> (commonly <b>rose thorns</b>).""<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> is a <u>dimorphic</u>&nbsp;yeast with a <b>cigar</b>-shaped, unequal budding <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">yeast</span> in <u>human tissue</u>, and a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mold</span> form in <u>plants</u> (commonly <b>rose thorns</b>).<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> lesions are <u>granulomas</u> made of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""histiocytes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""giant"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> cells""<i>Sporothrix schenckii</i> lesions are <u>granulomas</u> made of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">histiocytes</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">giant</span> cells<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dermatophytes</span></i> contain <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;keratinase&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[enzyme]</span>, allowing them to subsist off <u>keratin</u>, a protein resistant to most organisms.""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dermatophytes</span></i> contain <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>keratinase</b></span>, allowing them to subsist off <u>keratin</u>, a protein resistant to most organisms.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this is why dermatophytes are commonly found in the skin (tinea - ""ringworm"") and nails (onychomycosis)</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Dermatophytes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which cutaneous fungi]</span></i> contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>keratinase</b></span>, allowing them to subsist off <u>keratin</u>, a protein resistant to most organisms.""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Dermatophytes</span></i> contain <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>keratinase</b></span>, allowing them to subsist off <u>keratin</u>, a protein resistant to most organisms.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this is why dermatophytes are commonly found in the skin (tinea - ""ringworm"") and nails (onychomycosis)</div>
"
"<u>Tinea capitis</u> is a <i>dermatophyte</i> infection of the scalp, often caused by <i>Trichophyton spp.</i>, and almost always occurs in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""young&#x20;children"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what demographic]</span>""<u>Tinea capitis</u> is a <i>dermatophyte</i> infection of the scalp, often caused by <i>Trichophyton spp.</i>, and almost always occurs in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">young children</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><u>Adults</u> with tinea capitis are often <b>immunocompromised</b> or <b>immunosuppressed</b>.</div>
"
"Cutaneous involvement in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> commonly manifests as a <b>verrucous lesion</b> with <i>irregular borders</i> that may <i>mimic</i> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma</u>.""Cutaneous involvement in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>blastomycosis</i></span> commonly manifests as a <b>verrucous lesion</b> with <i>irregular borders</i> that may <i>mimic</i> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidiomycosis</span></i> have a characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>mold</b></span> form containing <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""barrel"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>.""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidiomycosis</span></i> have a characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>mold</b></span> form containing <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">barrel</span>-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5763846111380.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5785320948095.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Coccidiomycosis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungi]</span></i> have a characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>mold</b></span> form containing <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">barrel</span>-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>.""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidiomycosis</span></i> have a characteristic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>mold</b></span> form containing <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">barrel</span>-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5763846111380.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5785320948095.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cyst</span></i> form of <b><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i></b> resides in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""small&#x20;intestines"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>,<div>while differentation to the <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">trophozoite</span></i> form occurs in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""colon"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u></div>""The <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cyst</span></i> form of <b><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i></b> resides in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">small intestines</span></u>,<div>while differentation to the <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">trophozoite</span></i> form occurs in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">colon</span></u></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Chronic</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Blastomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span>&nbsp;may cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Osteomyelitis</b></span>""<i>Chronic</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Blastomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;may cause <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Osteomyelitis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>dissemination from lungs commonly occurs to skin and bone</div><img src=""paste-34995393528202.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Cutaneous involvement in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>blastomycosis</i></span> commonly manifests as a <b>verrucous lesion</b> with <i>irregular borders</i> that may <i>mimic</i> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""squamous&#x20;cell"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> carcinoma</u>.""Cutaneous involvement in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>blastomycosis</i></span> commonly manifests as a <b>verrucous lesion</b> with <i>irregular borders</i> that may <i>mimic</i> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">squamous cell</span> carcinoma</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidiomycosis</span></i> have a characteristic <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mold&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> form containing <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">barrel</span>-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>.""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Coccidiomycosis</span></i> have a characteristic <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>mold</b></span> form containing <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">barrel</span>-shaped</b> <u>arthroconidia</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5763846111380.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5785320948095.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Selective <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA</b></span> deficiency is the most common 1* immunodeficiency<div>and increases susceptibility to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Giardia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which protozoal]</span> infections</div>""Selective <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>IgA</b></span> deficiency is the most common 1* immunodeficiency<div>and increases susceptibility to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Giardia</i></span> infections</div>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<div>recall that <b>IgA</b> is produced by <b>Peyer's patches</b> of the GI tract, protects against <u>intestinal</u> protozoa such as <b><i>Giardia</i></b></div><img src=""paste-220679714635777.jpg"" /></div>"
"<i>Cryptosporidium</i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>oocysts</u></span> are often transmitted via&nbsp;<b>infected <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""water"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Cryptosporidium</i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>oocysts</u></span> are often transmitted via&nbsp;<b>infected <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">water</span></b>
<br>
<br>
<div style=""font-style:italic;font-size: 20px;color:white;"">
<i>Prevent by filtering city water supplies</i></div>"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus?]</span> is the <u>most common</u> cause of <b>opportunistic mycoses</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> is the <u>most common</u> cause of <b>opportunistic mycoses</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ie: immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, neutropenic patient, diabetics)</div><img src=""paste-12781822673310.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Candida albicans</i> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""dimorphic&#x2A;&#x2A;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, meaning it assumes different forms depending on the&nbsp;<u>temperature&nbsp;of its environment</u>""<i>Candida albicans</i> is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">dimorphic**</span>, meaning it assumes different forms depending on the&nbsp;<u>temperature&nbsp;of its environment</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>goes <i>against</i> the adage, ""mold in the cold, yeast in the heat"", however<div><br /></div><div>forms pseudohyphae and budding yeast at 20 degrees C</div><div>germ tubes (hyphae) at 37 degrees C</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13490492277163.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13232794239369.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span>&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>pseudohyphae</b></span> and <b>budding <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">yeast</span></b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""germ&#x20;tubes&#x20;&#x28;hyphae&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span>&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>pseudohyphae</b></span> and <b>budding <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">yeast</span></b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">germ tubes (hyphae)</span> at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>dimorphic fungus, however does not follow the adage ""mold in the cold, yeast in the heat""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13481902342537.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13494787244459.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span>&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;pseudohyphae&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <b>budding <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""yeast"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">germ tubes (hyphae)</span> at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span>&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>pseudohyphae</b></span> and <b>budding <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">yeast</span></b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">germ tubes (hyphae)</span> at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>dimorphic fungus, however does not follow the adage ""mold in the cold, yeast in the heat""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13481902342537.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13494787244459.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Candida&#x20;albicans"" data-ordinal=""3"">[which fungus]</span>&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>pseudohyphae</b></span> and <b>budding <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">yeast</span></b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">germ tubes (hyphae)</span> at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span>&nbsp;</i>forms&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>pseudohyphae</b></span> and <b>budding <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">yeast</span></b> at <u>20 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(cold)<div>and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">germ tubes (hyphae)</span> at <u>37 degrees C</u>&nbsp;(heat)</div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>dimorphic fungus, however does not follow the adage ""mold in the cold, yeast in the heat""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-13481902342537.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13494787244459.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Candida albicans</i> forms <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""germ&#x20;tubes&#x20;&#x28;true&#x20;hyphae&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> at <u>37 degrees celcius</u>""<i>Candida albicans</i> forms <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">germ tubes (true hyphae)</span> at <u>37 degrees celcius</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Mold form<br><div><img src=""paste-13864154431921.jpg""><img src=""paste-13490492277163.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-13889924235657.jpg""></div></div>
"
"<i>Candida albicans</i> is in the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""yeast"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form</b> with <b>pseudo-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hyphae"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> formation at <u>20 degrees C</u>""<i>Candida albicans</i> is in the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">yeast</span> form</b> with <b>pseudo-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hyphae</span></b> formation at <u>20 degrees C</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-14096082665902.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13490492277163.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-13889924235657.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"What fungus is actually a reverse of the <i>dimorphic adage</i>,<div>with <b>yeast</b> in the <u>cold</u>&nbsp;and <b>mold</b> in the <u>heat</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div></div>""What fungus is actually a reverse of the <i>dimorphic adage</i>,<div>with <b>yeast</b> in the <u>cold</u>&nbsp;and <b>mold</b> in the <u>heat</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span></div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>normally: mold in the cold, yeast in the heat<div><br /></div><div><i>Candida albicans</i> is yeast in the cold, with pseudohyphae</div><div>mold in the heat, with germ tubes (true hyphae)</div><div><img src=""paste-13481902342537.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-13494787244459.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Individuals with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">chronic granulomatous</span> disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;and&#x20;Aspergillus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which <u>fungi</u>]</span><div>colonization due to them both being <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase</span>-positive</u> organisms</div>""Individuals with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">chronic granulomatous</span> disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida and Aspergillus</i></span><div>colonization due to them both being <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase</span>-positive</u> organisms</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>CGD - lack of NADPH oxidase, therefore cannot perform respiratory burst. Immune system uses H2O2 made by bacteria instead, however catalase positive organisms have peroxisomes (with the enzyme catalase) which neutralize their H2O2, therefore we cannot use their H2O2 because it has already been degraded. Therefore, we are susceptible to infection by catalase-positive organisms.<div><img src=""paste-14813342204324.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20701742367138.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Individuals with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">chronic granulomatous</span> disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida and Aspergillus</i></span><div>colonization due to them both being <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""catalase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-positive</u> organisms</div>""Individuals with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">chronic granulomatous</span> disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida and Aspergillus</i></span><div>colonization due to them both being <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase</span>-positive</u> organisms</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>CGD - lack of NADPH oxidase, therefore cannot perform respiratory burst. Immune system uses H2O2 made by bacteria instead, however catalase positive organisms have peroxisomes (with the enzyme catalase) which neutralize their H2O2, therefore we cannot use their H2O2 because it has already been degraded. Therefore, we are susceptible to infection by catalase-positive organisms.<div><img src=""paste-14813342204324.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20701742367138.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Individuals with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""chronic&#x20;granulomatous"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida and Aspergillus</i></span><div>colonization due to them both being <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase</span>-positive</u> organisms</div>""Individuals with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">chronic granulomatous</span> disease</b> are susceptible to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida and Aspergillus</i></span><div>colonization due to them both being <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase</span>-positive</u> organisms</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>CGD - lack of NADPH oxidase, therefore cannot perform respiratory burst. Immune system uses H2O2 made by bacteria instead, however catalase positive organisms have peroxisomes (with the enzyme catalase) which neutralize their H2O2, therefore we cannot use their H2O2 because it has already been degraded. Therefore, we are susceptible to infection by catalase-positive organisms.<div><img src=""paste-14813342204324.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-20701742367138.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Candida albicans</i> is normal flora of the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GI"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> tract, including the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oral"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> cavity.""<i>Candida albicans</i> is normal flora of the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI</span> tract, including the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">oral</span> cavity.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>present in up to 40% of population - no problems in <b>immuno</b><u style=""font-weight: bold; "">competent</u>&nbsp;- can contaminate sputum cultures</div>
"
"Which <u>fungus</u> commonly contaminates <b>sputum cultures</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>fungus</u> commonly contaminates <b>sputum cultures</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>due to it being a part of normal flora of the oral cavity, present in up to 40% of the population</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> causes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diaper</b></span> <b>rash</b> due to the <u>heat</u> and <u>humidity</u> within a <b>baby's</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diaper</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> causes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diaper</b></span> <b>rash</b> due to the <u>heat</u> and <u>humidity</u> within a <b>baby's</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diaper</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15247133901216.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> causes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;diaper&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>rash</b> due to the <u>heat</u> and <u>humidity</u> within a <b>baby's</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;diaper&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> causes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diaper</b></span> <b>rash</b> due to the <u>heat</u> and <u>humidity</u> within a <b>baby's</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diaper</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15247133901216.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>candidiasis</i></span> is seen in the <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;compromised&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or those using <b>oral</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;steroids&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>candidiasis</i></span> is seen in the <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>compromised</b></span> or those using <b>oral</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>steroids</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15479062135210.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15509126906049.jpg"" /><div>blue inhaler in child's hand - important to wash mouth out after using oral steroids to prevent candidiasis</div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;candidiasis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[fungal infection]</span> is seen in the <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>compromised</b></span> or those using <b>oral</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>steroids</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>candidiasis</i></span> is seen in the <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>compromised</b></span> or those using <b>oral</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>steroids</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15479062135210.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15509126906049.jpg"" /><div>blue inhaler in child's hand - important to wash mouth out after using oral steroids to prevent candidiasis</div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oral"" data-ordinal=""3"">[which location of the body]</span></u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>candidiasis</i></span> is seen in the <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>compromised</b></span> or those using <b>oral</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>steroids</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>candidiasis</i></span> is seen in the <b>immuno-</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>compromised</b></span> or those using <b>oral</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>steroids</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15479062135210.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15509126906049.jpg"" /><div>blue inhaler in child's hand - important to wash mouth out after using oral steroids to prevent candidiasis</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[<i>Candida albicans</i> or Leukoplakia]</span> results in <b>white patches</b>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<u>oral cavity</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i><b>can</b></i> be scraped away""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> results in <b>white patches</b>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<u>oral cavity</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i><b>can</b></i> be scraped away<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16106127360424.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15960098472118.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Leukoplakia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[<i>Candida albicans</i> or Leukoplakia]</span> results in <b>white patches</b>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<u>oral cavity</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i><b>cannot</b></i> be scraped away""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Leukoplakia</span> results in <b>white patches</b>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<u>oral cavity</u>&nbsp;that&nbsp;<i><b>cannot</b></i> be scraped away<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><font color=""#ffff00"">Precancerous</font><div><img src=""paste-16110422327720.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""KOH"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is used to <u>prep oral scrapings</u> when attempting to diagnose <b>oral <i>candidiasis</i></b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">KOH</span> is used to <u>prep oral scrapings</u> when attempting to diagnose <b>oral <i>candidiasis</i></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16320875725233.jpg""></div>
"
"<i><b>Candida albicans</b></i>&nbsp;that extends from the <u>mouth</u> to the <u>esophagus</u><div>is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;candidal&#x20;esophagitis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which is an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>AIDS-defining</b></span>&nbsp;<b>illness</b></div>""<i><b>Candida albicans</b></i>&nbsp;that extends from the <u>mouth</u> to the <u>esophagus</u><div>is known as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>candidal esophagitis</b></span>, which is an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>AIDS-defining</b></span>&nbsp;<b>illness</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16372415332774.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><b>Candida albicans</b></i>&nbsp;that extends from the <u>mouth</u> to the <u>esophagus</u><div>is known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>candidal esophagitis</b></span>, which is an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;AIDS&#x2D;defining&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;<b>illness</b></div>""<i><b>Candida albicans</b></i>&nbsp;that extends from the <u>mouth</u> to the <u>esophagus</u><div>is known as <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>candidal esophagitis</b></span>, which is an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>AIDS-defining</b></span>&nbsp;<b>illness</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16372415332774.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What is the <u>CD4+ count threshold</u> for the development of <b>candidal esophagitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&amp;lt&#x3B;&#x20;100"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <u>CD4+ count threshold</u> for the development of <b>candidal esophagitis</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">&lt; 100</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>AIDS-defining illness - a CD4+ count less than 100 means the patient is <b>susceptible to development</b>&nbsp;of candidal esophagitis<br /><div><img src=""paste-16660178141598.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16647293239719.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Diabetes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what endocrine pathology]</span> <u>predisposes</u> individuals to&nbsp;<i>Candida albicans</i>&nbsp;infection""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Diabetes</b></span> <u>predisposes</u> individuals to&nbsp;<i>Candida albicans</i>&nbsp;infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16978005721504.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18313740550557.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Antibiotics&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x20;and&#x20;&lt;u&gt;OCPs&#x20;&#x28;oral&#x20;contraceptives&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which 2 <u><i>classes</i></u> of medications]</span> can predispose individuals to <b>vaginal yeast infections</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Antibiotics</u> and <u>OCPs (oral contraceptives)</u></span> can predispose individuals to <b>vaginal yeast infections</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>along with <b>SGLT-2 inhibitors</b></div><div><br></div><div>Ie: <i><b>candida albicans</b></i></div><img src=""paste-17149804413344.jpg""><img src=""paste-18313740550557.jpg""></div>
"
"<u>Antibiotics</u> <i>kill</i> <b>vaginal microflora</b>, allowing microbes such as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> to flourish""<u>Antibiotics</u> <i>kill</i> <b>vaginal microflora</b>, allowing microbes such as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> to flourish<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>results in vaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection)<div><img src=""paste-18318035517853.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Candida albicans</i></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;does&#x20;not&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[does/does not]</span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Candida albicans</i></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>does not</b></span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18266495910306.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[<i>Candida albicans</i> or <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>]</span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>does not</b></span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Candida albicans</i></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>does not</b></span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18266495910306.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;does&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[does/does not]</span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>does</b></span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18270790877602.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Gardnerella&#x20;vaginalis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[<i>Candida albicans</i> or <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>]</span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>does</b></span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i></span>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>does</b></span> change the <u>vaginal pH</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-18270790877602.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In women, <u>vaginal</u> <i>candida</i> infections <u>do not</u> occur when the <b>vaginal pH</b> is <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">&gt;</span></b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;4&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""In women, <u>vaginal</u> <i>candida</i> infections <u>do not</u> occur when the <b>vaginal pH</b> is <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">&gt;</span></b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>4</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In women, <u>vaginal</u> <i>candida</i> infections <u>do not</u> occur when the <b>vaginal pH</b> is <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&amp;gt&#x3B;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[&gt; or &lt;]</span></b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>4</b></span>""In women, <u>vaginal</u> <i>candida</i> infections <u>do not</u> occur when the <b>vaginal pH</b> is <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">&gt;</span></b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>4</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>normal vaginal pH: acidic, ~3.8-4.2 (avg: 4 pH)</div><div>in women, candida infections do not occur after 4 pH</div><img src=""paste-17742509900195.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Candidal</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;endocarditis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what pathology]</span> is commonly seen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>IV</b>&nbsp;<b>drug users</b></span>""<i>Candidal</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>endocarditis</b></span> is commonly seen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>IV</b>&nbsp;<b>drug users</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>candida albicans is found growing in certain types of heroin - IV injection can allow candida albicans to seed the heart valves - first valve is encounters is the tricuspid valve<div><img src=""paste-18588618457495.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Candidal</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>endocarditis</b></span> is commonly seen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;IV&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;drug&#x20;users&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what demographic]</span>""<i>Candidal</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>endocarditis</b></span> is commonly seen in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>IV</b>&nbsp;<b>drug users</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>candida albicans is found growing in certain types of heroin - IV injection can allow candida albicans to seed the heart valves - first valve is encounters is the tricuspid valve<div><img src=""paste-18588618457495.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> is commonly found growing on <b>heroin</b>.<div><u>IV injection</u> of the drug can therefore lead to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b></span></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> is commonly found growing on <b>heroin</b>.<div><u>IV injection</u> of the drug can therefore lead to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>the first valve encountered is the tricuspid<div><img src=""paste-18743237280152.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> is commonly found growing on <b>heroin</b>.<div><u>IV injection</u> of the drug can therefore lead to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;candidal&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&#x20;endocarditis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span> is commonly found growing on <b>heroin</b>.<div><u>IV injection</u> of the drug can therefore lead to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>the first valve encountered is the tricuspid<div><img src=""paste-18743237280152.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>IV drug users</u> are at an increased risk of causing <b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b>, most commonly of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tricuspid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>valve</b>""<u>IV drug users</u> are at an increased risk of causing <b><i>candidal</i> endocarditis</b>, most commonly of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tricuspid</span> <b>valve</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>the first valve encountered w/ IV injection of a drug is the tricuspid (venous blood flow)<div><img src=""paste-18743237280152.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Amphotericin&#x20;B&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsofungin</b></span>""<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amphotericin B</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsofungin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-19194208846247.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19911468384670.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Candida albicans </i>(for example, candidal diaper rash)&nbsp;are treated with <u>topical</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;azole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what suffix]</span> drugs""<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i>Candida albicans </i>(for example, candidal diaper rash)&nbsp;are treated with <u>topical</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ie: miconazole, clotrimazole</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-19469086753091.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> and <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Esophageal</span></u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Nystatin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> and <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Esophageal</span></u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>liquid; ""swish and spit"" or ""swish and swallow""</div><img src=""paste-19606525706661.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> and <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Esophageal"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> and <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Esophageal</span></u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>liquid; ""swish and spit"" or ""swish and swallow""</div><img src=""paste-19606525706661.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Oral"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></u> and <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Esophageal</span></u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Oral</span></u> and <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Esophageal</span></u> <i>candidiasis</i>&nbsp;can be treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>liquid; ""swish and spit"" or ""swish and swallow""</div><img src=""paste-19606525706661.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Candida&#x20;albicans"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amphotericin B</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsofungin</b></span>""<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amphotericin B</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsofungin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-19194208846247.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19911468384670.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amphotericin B</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Capsofungin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<b>Systemic&nbsp;</b>(disseminated)&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Candida albicans</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amphotericin B</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsofungin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-19194208846247.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-19911468384670.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Peanuts</b>&nbsp;and <b>Grain crops</b>&nbsp;(ex: wheat) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;aflatoxins&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> produced by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Aspergillus </i><span style=""font-style: italic"">flavus</span></span>""<b>Peanuts</b>&nbsp;and <b>Grain crops</b>&nbsp;(ex: wheat) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>aflatoxins</u></span> produced by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Aspergillus </i><span style=""font-style: italic"">flavus</span></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>can result in <b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></div><img src=""paste-20834886353315.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21045339750804.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Peanuts</b>&nbsp;and <b>Grain crops</b>&nbsp;(ex: wheat) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>aflatoxins</u></span> produced by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&#x20;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;span&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;font&#x2D;style&#x3A;&#x20;italic&quot;&gt;flavus&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span>""<b>Peanuts</b>&nbsp;and <b>Grain crops</b>&nbsp;(ex: wheat) are associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>aflatoxins</u></span> produced by&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Aspergillus </i><span style=""font-style: italic"">flavus</span></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>can result in <b>hepatocellular carcinoma</b></div><img src=""paste-20834886353315.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21045339750804.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><b>Aflatoxins</b></u> are <i>carcinogenic</i>, especially for the developement of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hepatocellular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>carcinoma</b>""<u><b>Aflatoxins</b></u> are <i>carcinogenic</i>, especially for the developement of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hepatocellular</span> <b>carcinoma</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>produced by Aspergillus flavus, found in peanuts, grain plants (ex: wheat)<div><img src=""paste-21324512625058.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> has <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>acute&nbsp;(&lt;45°)</b></span>-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>angle</b></span> branching hyphae with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>septations</u></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> has <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>acute&nbsp;(&lt;45°)</b></span>-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>angle</b></span> branching hyphae with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>septations</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-2482491097136.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-21672404976033.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21839908700460.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21685289877920.jpg"" /><div>notice the septations within the branches</div><div><img src=""paste-21865678504351.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-21878563406226.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-21698174779802.jpg"" /></div></div><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> has <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;acute&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;&amp;lt&#x3B;45&#xB0;&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;angle&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> branching hyphae with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>septations</u></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> has <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>acute&nbsp;(&lt;45°)</b></span>-<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>angle</b></span> branching hyphae with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>septations</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-2482491097136.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-21672404976033.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21839908700460.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21685289877920.jpg"" /><div>notice the septations within the branches</div><div><img src=""paste-21865678504351.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-21878563406226.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-21698174779802.jpg"" /></div></div><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> has <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>acute&nbsp;(&lt;45°)</b></span>-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>angle</b></span> branching hyphae with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;septations&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> has <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>acute&nbsp;(&lt;45°)</b></span>-<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>angle</b></span> branching hyphae with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>septations</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-2482491097136.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-21672404976033.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21839908700460.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-21685289877920.jpg"" /><div>notice the septations within the branches</div><div><img src=""paste-21865678504351.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-21878563406226.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-21698174779802.jpg"" /></div></div><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Aspergillus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span> forms <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">conidiophores</span></b> with <u>fruiting bodies</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> forms <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">conidiophores</span></b> with <u>fruiting bodies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>released into the air, inhaled by humans</div><img src=""paste-22041772163493.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22466973925780.jpg"" /><div><div><img src=""paste-22454089023891.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22071836934345.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22097606738142.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> forms <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""conidiophores"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> with <u>fruiting bodies</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Aspergillus</i></span> forms <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">conidiophores</span></b> with <u>fruiting bodies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>released into the air, inhaled by humans</div><img src=""paste-22041772163493.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22466973925780.jpg"" /><div><div><img src=""paste-22454089023891.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22071836934345.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22097606738142.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"How is&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus</i> <b>transmitted</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Inhalation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""How is&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus</i> <b>transmitted</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Inhalation</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><u>conidiophores</u></b> are released into the air, inhaled by humans</div><img src=""paste-22466973925780.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22041772163493.jpg"" /><div><div><img src=""paste-22454089023891.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22071836934345.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-22084721836184.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-22097606738142.jpg"" /></div></div></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Allergic&#x20;Bronchopulmonary&#x20;Asperigillosis&#x20;&#x28;ABPA&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <b>type <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">I</span> hypersensitivity reaction</b> caused by&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Allergic Bronchopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b></span> is a <b>type <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">I</span> hypersensitivity reaction</b> caused by&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Type I hypersensitivity reaction, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate<div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Allergic Bronchopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b></span> is a <b>type <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""I"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> hypersensitivity reaction</b> caused by&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Allergic Bronchopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b></span> is a <b>type <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">I</span> hypersensitivity reaction</b> caused by&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Type I hypersensitivity reaction, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate<div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Allergic&#x20;Brochopulmonary&#x20;Asperigillosis&#x20;&#x28;ABPA&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a result<div>&nbsp;of inhalation of the <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> <u>fungus</u> and presents with</div><div>&nbsp; <u>wheezing</u>, <u>fever</u> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>migratory pulmonary</b></span> <b>infiltrate</b></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b></span> is a result<div>&nbsp;of inhalation of the <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> <u>fungus</u> and presents with</div><div>&nbsp; <u>wheezing</u>, <u>fever</u> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>migratory pulmonary</b></span> <b>infiltrate</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate<div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b></span> is a result<div>&nbsp;of inhalation of the <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> <u>fungus</u> and presents with</div><div>&nbsp; <u>wheezing</u>, <u>fever</u> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;migratory&#x20;pulmonary&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>infiltrate</b></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis (ABPA)</b></span> is a result<div>&nbsp;of inhalation of the <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> <u>fungus</u> and presents with</div><div>&nbsp; <u>wheezing</u>, <u>fever</u> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>migratory pulmonary</b></span> <b>infiltrate</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate<div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Blood tests of patients with <b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis</b> will show <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""in"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>creased Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""Blood tests of patients with <b>Allergic Brochopulmonary Asperigillosis</b> will show <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">in</span>creased Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b><u>Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction</u></b>, wheezing, fever, migratory pulmonary infiltrate, associated with <b>asthma and cystic fibrosis</b><div><img src=""paste-22655952486812.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23197118366101.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aspergillomas"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> are <u>solid balls of fungus</u> present in the <b>lungs</b>, result from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aspergillus fumigatus</span></i> infection""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Aspergillomas</span></b> are <u>solid balls of fungus</u> present in the <b>lungs</b>, result from <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aspergillus fumigatus</span></i> infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>those with cavities already in their lungs are susceptible to this infection</div><div>ie: those with tuberculosis or klebsiella</div><div><img src=""paste-23347442221474.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23510650978717.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-23523535880608.jpg"" /></div><div>upright chest XR, fungus balls will be at the bottom of the cavity</div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Aspergillomas</span></b> are <u>solid balls of fungus</u> present in the <b>lungs</b>, result from <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aspergillus&#x20;fumigatus"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i> infection""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Aspergillomas</span></b> are <u>solid balls of fungus</u> present in the <b>lungs</b>, result from <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aspergillus fumigatus</span></i> infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>those with cavities already in their lungs are susceptible to this infection</div><div>ie: those with tuberculosis or klebsiella</div><div><img src=""paste-23347442221474.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-23510650978717.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-23523535880608.jpg"" /></div><div>upright chest XR, fungus balls will be at the bottom of the cavity</div></div>
"
"<b>Aspergillomas</b> are associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Tuberculosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Klebsiella</i></span>, as both pathologies have pre-existing&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;within the <b>lungs</b></div>""<b>Aspergillomas</b> are associated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Tuberculosis</i></span> or&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Klebsiella</i></span>, as both pathologies have pre-existing&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;within the <b>lungs</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-23510650978717.jpg"" /></div><div>those with cavities already in their lungs are susceptible to this infection</div><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<b>Aspergillomas</b> are associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Tuberculosis</i></span> or&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Klebsiella&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, as both pathologies have pre-existing&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;within the <b>lungs</b></div>""<b>Aspergillomas</b> are associated with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Tuberculosis</i></span> or&nbsp;<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Klebsiella</i></span>, as both pathologies have pre-existing&nbsp;<b>cavities</b>&nbsp;within the <b>lungs</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-23510650978717.jpg"" /></div><div>those with cavities already in their lungs are susceptible to this infection</div><div><br /></div></div>
"
"When a patient with <b>Aspergillomas</b> takes an <u>upright chest X-ray</u>,<div>the <u>fungal balls</u> will be in the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""inferior"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>lobes</b>, as they are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gravity"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>dependent</b></div>""When a patient with <b>Aspergillomas</b> takes an <u>upright chest X-ray</u>,<div>the <u>fungal balls</u> will be in the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">inferior</span> <b>lobes</b>, as they are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gravity</span> <b>dependent</b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-23523535880608.jpg"" /></div><div>upright chest XR, fungus balls will fall to the bottom of the cavity</div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Angioinvasive&#x20;aspergillosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> occurs due to <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>&nbsp;infection in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">immunocompromised</span></b>&nbsp;patients""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Angioinvasive aspergillosis</span></u> occurs due to <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>&nbsp;infection in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">immunocompromised</span></b>&nbsp;patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ie: patients with <b>neutropenia</b>&nbsp;from <b>leukemia</b>&nbsp;or <b>lymphoma</b></div><div><img src=""paste-24215025615267.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Angioinvasive aspergillosis</span></u> occurs due to <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>&nbsp;infection in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""immunocompromised"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;patients""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Angioinvasive aspergillosis</span></u> occurs due to <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>&nbsp;infection in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">immunocompromised</span></b>&nbsp;patients<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ie: patients with <b>neutropenia</b>&nbsp;from <b>leukemia</b>&nbsp;or <b>lymphoma</b></div><div><img src=""paste-24215025615267.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Angioinvasive&#x20;aspergillosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>]</span>&nbsp;invades<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">blood vessels</span></b>,&nbsp;<u>disseminating</u> rapidly <u>throughout the body</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span>&nbsp;invades<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">blood vessels</span></b>,&nbsp;<u>disseminating</u> rapidly <u>throughout the body</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24927990186389.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-24653112280436.jpg"" /><div>acute-angled septated hyphae invade the vessels in surrounding tissues</div><div><img src=""paste-24524263261003.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div></div></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span>&nbsp;invades<b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""blood&#x20;vessels"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>,&nbsp;<u>disseminating</u> rapidly <u>throughout the body</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span>&nbsp;invades<b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">blood vessels</span></b>,&nbsp;<u>disseminating</u> rapidly <u>throughout the body</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24927990186389.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-24653112280436.jpg"" /><div>acute-angled septated hyphae invade the vessels in surrounding tissues</div><div><img src=""paste-24524263261003.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div></div></div></div>
"
"<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b> will present with <u>fever</u>, <u>cough</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hemoptysis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b> will present with <u>fever</u>, <u>cough</u> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hemoptysis</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25164213387460.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-25177098289566.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Angioinvasive&#x20;aspergillosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>]</span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">kidney</span> failure</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">kidney</span> failure</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""kidney"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> failure</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">kidney</span> failure</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Angioinvasive&#x20;aspergillosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>]</span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">endocarditis</span></b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">endocarditis</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""endocarditis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[what cardiac pathology]</span></b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">endocarditis</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Angioinvasive&#x20;aspergillosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which complication of&nbsp;<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>]</span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ring</span> enhancing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">brain</span> lesions</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">ring</span> enhancing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">brain</span> lesions</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>presents with <u>seizures and focal neuro-deficits</u></div><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ring"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> enhancing <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""brain"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> lesions</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span> <u>disseminates</u> upon reaching the <b>blood vessels</b>, resulting in <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">ring</span> enhancing <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">brain</span> lesions</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>presents with <u>seizures and focal neuro-deficits</u></div><img src=""paste-25258702668199.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<div>Which <i>fungal</i> complication can present with <b>ring enhancing lesions</b>&nbsp;on CT scan?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Angioinvasive&#x20;aspergillosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div>Which <i>fungal</i> complication can present with <b>ring enhancing lesions</b>&nbsp;on CT scan?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>*<b>Toxoplasmosis</b> is a <u>protozoa</u> that causes ring-enhancing lesions, <b>CNS lymphoma</b> can also cause them</div><div><br></div><div>if a patient is presenting with seizures, focal neuro-deficits, has a cough, symptoms of pneumonia, in the past has had TB, may think TB, but also need to keep in mind <b>aspergillosis</b></div><img src=""paste-26010321944993.jpg""></div>
"
"Both&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Mucormycosis&#x20;and&#x20;Aspergillus&#x20;fumigatus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which two fungal infections]</span> can spread to the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">paranasal</span> sinuses</u> and result in <b>necrosis</b> around the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>nose</u></span>""Both&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis and Aspergillus fumigatus</i></span> can spread to the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">paranasal</span> sinuses</u> and result in <b>necrosis</b> around the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>nose</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>right-angled branching hyphae in mucor</div><div>acute-angled branching hyphae in aspergillus</div><div><img src=""paste-2628519985333.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-26259430048162.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Both&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis and Aspergillus fumigatus</i></span> can spread to the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""paranasal"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> sinuses</u> and result in <b>necrosis</b> around the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;nose&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Both&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis and Aspergillus fumigatus</i></span> can spread to the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">paranasal</span> sinuses</u> and result in <b>necrosis</b> around the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>nose</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>right-angled branching hyphae in mucor</div><div>acute-angled branching hyphae in aspergillus</div><div><img src=""paste-2628519985333.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-26259430048162.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aspergillus fumigatus</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&#x2D;azole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what suffix]</span> drugs (ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Voriconazole&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>)""<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aspergillus fumigatus</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs (ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Voriconazole</u></span>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26980984553888.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aspergillus&#x20;fumigatus"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which <u>fungus</u>]</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs (ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Voriconazole</u></span>)""<b>Local</b>,&nbsp;<b>mild</b>&nbsp;infections of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aspergillus fumigatus</span></i>&nbsp;are treated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">-azole</span> drugs (ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Voriconazole</u></span>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26980984553888.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In <i>addition </i>to medical treatment,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aspergillomas"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which complication of <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>]</span> will need to be <b>surgically removed</b>""In <i>addition </i>to medical treatment,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aspergillomas</span> will need to be <b>surgically removed</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>fungal balls within the lungs</div>
"
"<u>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</u>&nbsp;is treated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Amphoterecin&#x20;B&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Angioinvasive aspergillosis</u>&nbsp;is treated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Amphoterecin B</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27238682591648.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <i>fungus</i>&nbsp;is <b>encapsulated</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptococcus&#x20;neoformans"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>fungus</i>&nbsp;is <b>encapsulated</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococcus neoformans</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-811748819366.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-1318554960149.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-846108558044.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"A <i>positive</i> <u>germ tube test</u> is strongly indicative of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what fungus]</span>.""A <i>positive</i> <u>germ tube test</u> is strongly indicative of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Candida albicans</i></span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-1391569404030.jpg"" /><div>recall that C. albicans forms germ tubes (true hyphae) at <b>37 d celcius</b></div><div><img src=""paste-52381421142019.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Oral thrush</b> of the mouth that appears as a <u>white exudate on mucous membranes</u>&nbsp;is due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;candida&#x20;albicans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span>""<b>Oral thrush</b> of the mouth that appears as a <u>white exudate on mucous membranes</u>&nbsp;is due to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>candida albicans</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><i>Chronic thrush implies T-cell / autoimmune deficiency</i></div><img src=""paste-1040344158306305.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Vaginitis</b> that presents with <u>itching</u>, <u>copious secretion</u>, and “<b>cottage cheese</b>” appearing clumps are signs of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""vaginal&#x20;candidiasis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Vaginitis</b> that presents with <u>itching</u>, <u>copious secretion</u>, and “<b>cottage cheese</b>” appearing clumps are signs of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">vaginal candidiasis</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-1653562409255.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> is <b>not</b> <u>dimorphic</u> and occurs only as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""molds"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> is <b>not</b> <u>dimorphic</u> and occurs only as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">molds</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2559800508478.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b> is an <u>IgE-mediate type I hypersensitivity reaction</u> that is most often seen in individuals suffering from <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;asthma&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cystic&#x20;fibrosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>.""<b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b> is an <u>IgE-mediate type I hypersensitivity reaction</u> that is most often seen in individuals suffering from <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>asthma</b></span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cystic fibrosis</b></span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b></span> leads to <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""eosinophilia&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&lt;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mucus</b></span> <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bronchiectasis</b></span>.""Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b></span> leads to <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">eosinophilia</b><b></span></b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mucus</b></span> <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bronchiectasis</b></span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Bronchiectasis - lung's airways become damaged, leading to lack of mucus clearance<div><br /></div><div>IgE recruits eosinophils (release major basic protein which causes inflammation)</div></div>
"
"Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b></span> leads to <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">eosinophilia</b><b></span></b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mucus&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;bronchiectasis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>.""Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b></span> leads to <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">eosinophilia</b><b></span></b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mucus</b></span> <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bronchiectasis</b></span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Bronchiectasis - lung's airways become damaged, leading to lack of mucus clearance<div><br /></div><div>IgE recruits eosinophils (release major basic protein which causes inflammation)</div></div>
"
"Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Allergic&#x20;bronchopulmonary&#x20;aspergillosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[which manifestation of <i>Aspergillus</i> infection]</span> leads to <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">eosinophilia</b><b></span></b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mucus</b></span> <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bronchiectasis</b></span>.""Increased levels of <b>IgE</b> in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</b></span> leads to <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">eosinophilia</b><b></span></b>, causing intense <u>inflammation</u> of airways and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>mucus</b></span> <b>plugs</b> in <u>terminal bronchioles</u>. <i>Repeated attacks</i> may lead to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>bronchiectasis</b></span>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Bronchiectasis - lung's airways become damaged, leading to lack of mucus clearance<div><br /></div><div>IgE recruits eosinophils (release major basic protein which causes inflammation)</div></div>
"
"<u>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</u> can be treated with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""corticosteroids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to reduce <b>Ig</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> response.""<u>Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</u> can be treated with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">corticosteroids</span> to reduce <b>Ig</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">E</span> response.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"The <i>Cryptococcus</i>&nbsp;<b>capsule</b> is made up of <u>repeating</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;polysaccharide&#x20;capsular&#x20;antigens&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The <i>Cryptococcus</i>&nbsp;<b>capsule</b> is made up of <u>repeating</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>polysaccharide capsular antigens</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-3311419785638.jpg"" /></div><br /></div>
"
"The repeating <u>polysaccharide capsular antigens</u> of the <i>Cryptococci </i>capsule are the main <u><b>virulence</b></u>&nbsp;factor of the fungus, making it <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anti&#x2D;phagocytic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The repeating <u>polysaccharide capsular antigens</u> of the <i>Cryptococci </i>capsule are the main <u><b>virulence</b></u>&nbsp;factor of the fungus, making it <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">anti-phagocytic</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>similar to the capsule of bacteria!</div><img src=""paste-3311419785638.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptococcus</span></i> is found mainly in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;pigeon&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>droppings</b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;soil&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptococcus</span></i> is found mainly in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>pigeon</b></span> <b>droppings</b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>soil</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4445291151765.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptococcus"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span></i> is found mainly in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>pigeon</b></span> <b>droppings</b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>soil</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptococcus</span></i> is found mainly in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>pigeon</b></span> <b>droppings</b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>soil</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4445291151765.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Cryptococci</i>&nbsp;enter the body via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""inhalation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, therefore the <u>primary infection</u> resides in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lungs"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<i>Cryptococci</i>&nbsp;enter the body via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">inhalation</span>, therefore the <u>primary infection</u> resides in the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lungs</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4471060955547.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-5561982648739.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <i>fungus</i> is <b>urease</b>-positive?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus&#x20;neoformans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>fungus</i> is <b>urease</b>-positive?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>separates crypto from other fungi</div><img src=""paste-4565550236067.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Cryptococcus</i> is an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""opportunistic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> infection, with most symptoms occuring in <u>immuno-compromised</u> patients<div>(ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""HIV"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>+ patients, those with malignancies, high-dose steroid therapy, etc.)</div>""<i>Cryptococcus</i> is an&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">opportunistic</span> infection, with most symptoms occuring in <u>immuno-compromised</u> patients<div>(ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">HIV</span>+ patients, those with malignancies, high-dose steroid therapy, etc.)</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><img src=""paste-5175435592104.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Cryptococcus</i></span> is the <i>most common</i> cause of <u>fungal</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;meningitis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Cryptococcus</i></span> is the <i>most common</i> cause of <u>fungal</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>meningitis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>can disseminate from the lungs to the <b>CSF</b><div>can present with common symptoms of meningimus (<b>stiff neck</b>)<br /><div><img src=""paste-5596342387107.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is the <i>most common</i> cause of <u>fungal</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>meningitis</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Cryptococcus</i></span> is the <i>most common</i> cause of <u>fungal</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>meningitis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>can disseminate from the lungs to the <b>CSF</b><div>can present with common symptoms of meningimus (<b>stiff neck</b>)<br /><div><img src=""paste-5596342387107.jpg"" /></div></div></div>
"
"The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcal&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungal]</span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div>""The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5776731013528.jpg"" /><div>remember that Cryptococcus is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, can present with common symptoms of meningimus (stiff neck)</div></div>
"
"The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Fever&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div>""The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5776731013528.jpg"" /><div>remember that Cryptococcus is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, can present with common symptoms of meningimus (stiff neck)</div></div>
"
"The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pneumonia&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;&#x28;recall&#x20;lungs&#x20;are&#x20;primary&#x20;site&#x20;of&#x20;infection&#x20;via&#x20;inhalation&#x29;&lt;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div>""The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5776731013528.jpg"" /><div>remember that Cryptococcus is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, can present with common symptoms of meningimus (stiff neck)</div></div>
"
"The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Meningitis&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div>""The 3 most common symptoms of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection are<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Fever</b></span></div><div><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pneumonia</b> (recall lungs are primary site of infection via inhalation)<b></span></b></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><b><u>Meningitis</u></b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5776731013528.jpg"" /><div>remember that Cryptococcus is the most common cause of fungal meningitis, can present with common symptoms of meningimus (stiff neck)</div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bronchopulmonary</span> washings</u> can be used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcal&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungal]</span> infection""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bronchopulmonary</span> washings</u> can be used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that the lungs are the primary site of infection (due to inhalation); aka bronchopulmonary <u>lavage</u></div><img src=""paste-6180457939367.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6313601925561.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bronchopulmonary"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> washings</u> can be used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bronchopulmonary</span> washings</u> can be used to diagnose&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcal</i></span> infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that the lungs are the primary site of infection (due to inhalation); aka bronchopulmonary <u>lavage</u></div><img src=""paste-6180457939367.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6313601925561.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>bronchopulmonary washing</u> of tissue samples for diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptococcus</span></i><div>utilizes the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mucicarmine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">red</span>)&nbsp;or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;methanamine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">silver</span>)&nbsp;stains</div>""The <u>bronchopulmonary washing</u> of tissue samples for diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptococcus</span></i><div>utilizes the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mucicarmine</b></span> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">red</span>)&nbsp;or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>methanamine</b></span> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">silver</span>)&nbsp;stains</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6317896892857.jpg"" /><div><img src=""Xnip2018-04-91_10-33-26.jpg"" /></div><div>mucicarmine stain^; notice how capsule is stained red</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;India&#x20;ink&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stains and outlines the heavy capsule that surrounds <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptococci</span></i> fungi, giving it a unique ""<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;halo&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>"" appearance""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>India ink</u></span> stains and outlines the heavy capsule that surrounds <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptococci</span></i> fungi, giving it a unique ""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>halo</b></span>"" appearance<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6854767804831.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6953552052449.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6966436954375.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>India ink</u></span> stains and outlines the heavy capsule that surrounds <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptococci"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i> fungi, giving it a unique ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>halo</b></span>"" appearance""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>India ink</u></span> stains and outlines the heavy capsule that surrounds <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptococci</span></i> fungi, giving it a unique ""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>halo</b></span>"" appearance<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6854767804831.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6953552052449.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6966436954375.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Latex agglutination</span> test</u> is used to detect the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;polysaccharide&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>capsular antigen</b> present in <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptococci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span></i>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Latex agglutination</span> test</u> is used to detect the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>polysaccharide</b></span> <b>capsular antigen</b> present in <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococci</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-7172595385040.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7297149436325.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Latex&#x20;agglutination"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> test</u> is used to detect the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>polysaccharide</b></span> <b>capsular antigen</b> present in <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococci</span></i>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Latex agglutination</span> test</u> is used to detect the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>polysaccharide</b></span> <b>capsular antigen</b> present in <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococci</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-7172595385040.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7297149436325.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gross pathology of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> infection appears as <b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">soap-bubble</span>"" lesions</b> in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gray</span> matter of the brain</u>""Gross pathology of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcus</i></span> infection appears as <b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">soap-bubble</span>"" lesions</b> in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gray</span> matter of the brain</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>most common cause of <u>fungal</u>&nbsp;meningitis</div><img src=""paste-7451768258983.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8869107466476.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gross pathology of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcus</i></span> infection appears as <b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""soap&#x2D;bubble"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>"" lesions</b> in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gray"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> matter of the brain</u>""Gross pathology of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcus</i></span> infection appears as <b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">soap-bubble</span>"" lesions</b> in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">gray</span> matter of the brain</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>most common cause of <u>fungal</u>&nbsp;meningitis</div><img src=""paste-7451768258983.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8869107466476.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Treatment of <i><b>Cryptococcal</b></i> <b>meningitis</b> consists of a <u>joint therapy</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Amphotericin&#x20;B&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Flucytosine&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;<div><br></div><div>followed by <u>maintenence therapy</u> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>fluconazole</b></span></div>""Treatment of <i><b>Cryptococcal</b></i> <b>meningitis</b> consists of a <u>joint therapy</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Amphotericin B</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Flucytosine</b></span>&nbsp;<div><br></div><div>followed by <u>maintenence therapy</u> with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>fluconazole</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-7743826035094.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-7683696492968.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-7765300871587.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptococcus&#x20;neoformans"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungus]</span></i> is 5-10 micrometers in diameter and its morphology can be described as <b>narrow-based, with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">unequal</span> budding.</b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococcus neoformans</span></i> is 5-10 micrometers in diameter and its morphology can be described as <b>narrow-based, with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">unequal</span> budding.</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>note the unequal budding; board-based budding seen in blastomycosis</div><img src=""paste-8375186227680.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococcus neoformans</span></i> is 5-10 micrometers in diameter and its morphology can be described as <b>narrow-based, with <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""unequal"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> budding.</b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cryptococcus neoformans</span></i> is 5-10 micrometers in diameter and its morphology can be described as <b>narrow-based, with <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">unequal</span> budding.</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>note the unequal budding; board-based budding seen in blastomycosis</div><img src=""paste-8375186227680.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><i>Cryptococcal</i> meningoencephalitis</b> has a(n)&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""indolent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> course</u> that occurs <i>over a period of one to two weeks</i>. The most common symptoms are <b>fever</b>, <b>malaise</b>, and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""headache"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>.""<b><i>Cryptococcal</i> meningoencephalitis</b> has a(n)&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">indolent</span> course</u> that occurs <i>over a period of one to two weeks</i>. The most common symptoms are <b>fever</b>, <b>malaise</b>, and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">headache</span></b>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"The <u>bronchopulmonary washing</u> of tissue samples for diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptococcus</span></i><div>utilizes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mucicarmine</b></span> (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""red"" data-ordinal=""2"">[color]</span>)&nbsp;or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>methanamine</b></span> (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""silver"" data-ordinal=""2"">[color]</span>)&nbsp;stains</div>""The <u>bronchopulmonary washing</u> of tissue samples for diagnosis of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cryptococcus</span></i><div>utilizes the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mucicarmine</b></span> (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">red</span>)&nbsp;or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>methanamine</b></span> (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">silver</span>)&nbsp;stains</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6317896892857.jpg"" /><div><img src=""Xnip2018-04-91_10-33-26.jpg"" /></div><div>mucicarmine stain^; notice how capsule is stained red</div></div>
"
"<i>Cryptococcus neoformans </i>(along with other <i><b>fungi</b></i>)&nbsp;can be cultured on <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Sabouraud&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>agar</b>.""<i>Cryptococcus neoformans </i>(along with other <i><b>fungi</b></i>)&nbsp;can be cultured on <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Sabouraud</b></span> <b>agar</b>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><i><b>Sab</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<b>fun-guy</b>!</i></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u><b>Earthquakes</b></u></span> are a risk factor for the spread of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;coccidoidomycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;infection due to their ability to <b>kick up dust</b> and their high prevalence in the Southwestern U.S. due to the San Andreas Fault""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u><b>Earthquakes</b></u></span> are a risk factor for the spread of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>coccidoidomycosis</i></span>&nbsp;infection due to their ability to <b>kick up dust</b> and their high prevalence in the Southwestern U.S. due to the San Andreas Fault<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-37735582663076.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cryptosporidium"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i><b> oocysts</b> can be visualized with an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Acid-Fast</u>&nbsp;(Ziehl-Nielsen)</span> stain</div>""<div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cryptosporidium</span></i><b> oocysts</b> can be visualized with an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Acid-Fast</u>&nbsp;(Ziehl-Nielsen)</span> stain</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35875861823894.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38182259261844.jpg"" /><div>***only parasite we learn about through sketchy that stains acid fast</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Mucormycosis</u></span> is caused primarily by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mucor&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> sp. and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rhizopus&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Mucormycosis</u></span> is caused primarily by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i><b>Mucor</b></i></span> sp. and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i><b>Rhizopus</b></i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>can also be caused by <b>Absidia spp.</b></div><img src=""paste-2010044694934.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Mucormycosis&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is caused primarily by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i><b>Mucor</b></i></span> sp. and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i><b>Rhizopus</b></i></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Mucormycosis</u></span> is caused primarily by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i><b>Mucor</b></i></span> sp. and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i><b>Rhizopus</b></i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>can also be caused by <b>Absidia spp.</b></div><img src=""paste-2010044694934.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b></b><b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Immuno&#x2D;compromised&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;&#x28;ie&#x3A;&#x20;those&#x20;on&#x20;&lt;u&gt;glucocorticoids&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x2C;&#x20;&lt;u&gt;HIV&#x2B;&#x2F;AIDS&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x29;&lt;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diabetic</b></span>&nbsp;patients are <u>especially susceptible</u> to <i>Mucormycosis</i> infections""<b></b><b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Immuno-compromised</b> (ie: those on <u>glucocorticoids</u>, <u>HIV+/AIDS</u>)<b></span></b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diabetic</b></span>&nbsp;patients are <u>especially susceptible</u> to <i>Mucormycosis</i> infections<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>specifically patients with <b>leukemia</b> and <b>neutropenia</b><br /><div><img src=""paste-2272037699975.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2156073583008.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b></b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Immuno-compromised</b> (ie: those on <u>glucocorticoids</u>, <u>HIV+/AIDS</u>)<b></span></b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;diabetic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;patients are <u>especially susceptible</u> to <i>Mucormycosis</i> infections""<b></b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Immuno-compromised</b> (ie: those on <u>glucocorticoids</u>, <u>HIV+/AIDS</u>)<b></span></b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>diabetic</b></span>&nbsp;patients are <u>especially susceptible</u> to <i>Mucormycosis</i> infections<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>specifically patients with <b>leukemia</b> and <b>neutropenia</b><br /><div><img src=""paste-2272037699975.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-2156073583008.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rhizopus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bread</span> mold</b>, and is one of the major causes of <i>Mucormycosis</i>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rhizopus</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bread</span> mold</b>, and is one of the major causes of <i>Mucormycosis</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2435246457250.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rhizopus</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bread"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> mold</b>, and is one of the major causes of <i>Mucormycosis</i>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rhizopus</span></i> is a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">bread</span> mold</b>, and is one of the major causes of <i>Mucormycosis</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2435246457250.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Transmission of <i>mucormycosis</i> infection is via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;spore&#x20;inhalation&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Transmission of <i>mucormycosis</i> infection is via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>spore inhalation</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2555505541537.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What is the most common <u>predisposing factor</u> to <i>mucormycosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Diabetic&#x20;ketoacidosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the most common <u>predisposing factor</u> to <i>mucormycosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Diabetic ketoacidosis</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>proliferates in the setting of high blood sugar and high ketones (ie: diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM)<div><img src=""paste-3173980832159.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"After inhalation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Mucormycosis</span></i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""blood&#x20;vessel"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glucose</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ketone bodies</b></span>""After inhalation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Mucormycosis</span></i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">blood vessel</span> walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glucose</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ketone bodies</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM (high blood sugar and high blood ketones)<div><img src=""paste-3169685864863.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4595615007160.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"After inhalation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Mucormycosis</span></i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">blood vessel</span> walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;glucose&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;ketone&#x20;bodies&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""After inhalation of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Mucormycosis</span></i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">blood vessel</span> walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glucose</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ketone bodies</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM (high blood sugar and high blood ketones)<div><img src=""paste-3169685864863.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4595615007160.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Mucormycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Which fungi's]</span>&nbsp;<u>hyphae</u> are <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-septated</span> </b>with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">wide-angled (90°)</span></b>&nbsp;<b>branching</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span>&nbsp;<u>hyphae</u> are <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-septated</span> </b>with <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">wide-angled (90°)</span></b>&nbsp;<b>branching</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>as opposed to Aspergillus which has acute angle branching with septations</div><img src=""paste-3676492005800.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3753801416950.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3775276253425.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span>&nbsp;<u>hyphae</u> are <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""non&#x2D;septated"" data-ordinal=""2"">[septated or non-septated]</span> </b>with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""wide&#x2D;angled&#x20;&#x28;90&#xB0;&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;<b>branching</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span>&nbsp;<u>hyphae</u> are <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">non-septated</span> </b>with <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">wide-angled (90°)</span></b>&nbsp;<b>branching</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>as opposed to Aspergillus which has acute angle branching with septations</div><img src=""paste-3676492005800.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3728031613136.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3753801416950.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3775276253425.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"After inhalation of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mucormycosis"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">blood vessel</span> walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glucose</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ketone bodies</b></span>""After inhalation of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Mucormycosis</span></i>, the fungi have a predilectation to <u>proliferate</u> in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">blood vessel</span> walls</b>, especially where there is excess&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glucose</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>ketone bodies</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: diabetic ketoacidosis in T1DM (high blood sugar and high blood ketones)<div><img src=""paste-3169685864863.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4595615007160.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span> will penetrate the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cribiform&#x20;plate&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of the skull, entering the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;brain&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span> will penetrate the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cribiform plate</b></span> of the skull, entering the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>brain</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4754528797087.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Mucormycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which fungus]</span> will penetrate the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cribiform plate</b></span> of the skull, entering the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>brain</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span> will penetrate the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>cribiform plate</b></span> of the skull, entering the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>brain</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4754528797087.jpg"" /></div>
"
"After penetrating the <u>cribiform plate</u><b style=""text-decoration: underline; "">,</b>&nbsp;<i>mucormycosis</i> continues to proliferate in the blood vessels, causing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""necrosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of tissues""After penetrating the <u>cribiform plate</u><b style=""text-decoration: underline; "">,</b>&nbsp;<i>mucormycosis</i> continues to proliferate in the blood vessels, causing&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">necrosis</span> of tissues<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-4917737554338.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-4960687227119.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Surgical excision</b> of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""necrotic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> tissues</b> is an important step in the treatment of <i>Mucormycosis</i>""<b>Surgical excision</b> of&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">necrotic</span> tissues</b> is an important step in the treatment of <i>Mucormycosis</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>debridement and then treat with amphotericin</div>
"
"What is the <u>pharmicological</u> treatment of <i style=""font-weight: bold; "">Mucormycosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Amphotericin&#x20;B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <u>pharmicological</u> treatment of <i style=""font-weight: bold; "">Mucormycosis</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Amphotericin B</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-21861383536724.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-5321464480160.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Deferoxamine</span></b>, which chelates both <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>iron</u></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>aluminum</u></span>, acts as a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""siderophore"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> for the species <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rhizopus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>, enhancing its <u>growth</u> and <u>pathogenicity</u>. This leads to an increased risk for <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mucormycosis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>.""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Deferoxamine</span></b>, which chelates both <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>iron</u></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>aluminum</u></span>, acts as a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">siderophore</span></b> for the species <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rhizopus</span></i>, enhancing its <u>growth</u> and <u>pathogenicity</u>. This leads to an increased risk for <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucormycosis</span></i>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5484673237063.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Deferoxamine"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>, which chelates both <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;iron&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;aluminum&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, acts as a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">siderophore</span></b> for the species <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rhizopus</span></i>, enhancing its <u>growth</u> and <u>pathogenicity</u>. This leads to an increased risk for <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucormycosis</span></i>.""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Deferoxamine</span></b>, which chelates both <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>iron</u></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>aluminum</u></span>, acts as a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">siderophore</span></b> for the species <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Rhizopus</span></i>, enhancing its <u>growth</u> and <u>pathogenicity</u>. This leads to an increased risk for <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mucormycosis</span></i>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-5484673237063.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Patients with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Mucormycosis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which fungal infection]</span> can present with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>rhinocerebral</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">frontal</span> lobe abscesses</b>""Patients with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span> can present with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>rhinocerebral</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">frontal</span> lobe abscesses</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6030134083835.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6043018985737.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Patients with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span> can present with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>rhinocerebral</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""frontal"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> lobe abscesses</b>""Patients with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Mucormycosis</i></span> can present with <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>rhinocerebral</b></span> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">frontal</span> lobe abscesses</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6030134083835.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-6043018985737.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cavernous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> sinus thrombosis</u> is a serious complication of <i><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Mucormycosis</span></b> </i>fungal infection""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cavernous</span> sinus thrombosis</u> is a serious complication of <i><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Mucormycosis</span></b> </i>fungal infection<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-6193342841310.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pneumocystis&#x20;jiroveci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> is a <b>fungus</b> responsible for causing <u>Pneumocystic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">pneumonia</span></u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pneumocystis jiroveci</span></i> is a <b>fungus</b> responsible for causing <u>Pneumocystic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">pneumonia</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pneumocystis jiroveci</span></i> is a <b>fungus</b> responsible for causing <u>Pneumocystic <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pneumonia"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pneumocystis jiroveci</span></i> is a <b>fungus</b> responsible for causing <u>Pneumocystic <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">pneumonia</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;has a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""respiratory"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> transmission""<i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;has a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">respiratory</span> transmission<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<div>What are the symptoms of <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci </i>in the immuno<b>competent</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Asymptomatic&#x20;&#x2D;&#x20;None&#x20;&#x3A;&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div>What are the symptoms of <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci </i>in the immuno<b>competent</b>?</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Asymptomatic - None :)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>only presents with symptoms in <b>immunocompromised</b><div><b><img src=""paste-7198365188516.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Pneumocystis</u><u></span>&nbsp;pneumonia</u>&nbsp;is an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""AIDS"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-defining illness</b> that presents with a CD4+ count <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&amp;lt&#x3B;&#x20;200&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Pneumocystis</u><u></span>&nbsp;pneumonia</u>&nbsp;is an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">AIDS</span>-defining illness</b> that presents with a CD4+ count <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>&lt; 200</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>due to <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i></div><img src=""paste-7752415969699.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pneumocystis&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&lt;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;pneumonia</u>&nbsp;is an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">AIDS</span>-defining illness</b> that presents with a CD4+ count <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>&lt; 200</b></span>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Pneumocystis</u><u></span>&nbsp;pneumonia</u>&nbsp;is an&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">AIDS</span>-defining illness</b> that presents with a CD4+ count <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>&lt; 200</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>due to <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i></div><img src=""paste-7752415969699.jpg"" /></div>
"
"When should you start <b>prophylaxis</b> for <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CD4&#x2B;&#x20;count&#x20;&amp;lt&#x3B;&#x20;200"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""When should you start <b>prophylaxis</b> for <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci?</i><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">CD4+ count &lt; 200</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>to prevent occurance of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) - AIDS defining illness<div><img src=""paste-27951647162457.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Pneumocystis pneumonia</u> is a(n)&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""interstitial&#x20;&#x28;atypical&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> pneumonia</b>""<u>Pneumocystis pneumonia</u> is a(n)&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">interstitial (atypical)</span> pneumonia</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b style=""font-weight: bold; "">diffuse - </b>throughout the lungs</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>no productive cough</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)<div><b>no consolidations on chest xray</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)</div><div><img src=""paste-8521215115619.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Does <i>Pneumocystis pneumonia </i>have a <u>productive cough</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""No"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Does <i>Pneumocystis pneumonia </i>have a <u>productive cough</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">No</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>is a interstitial (atypical) pneumonia</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>no productive cough</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)<div><b>no consolidations on chest xray</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)</div></div>
"
"Does&nbsp;<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia </i>show <b>consolidations</b> on <u>chest xray</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""No"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Does&nbsp;<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia </i>show <b>consolidations</b> on <u>chest xray</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">No</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>is a interstitial (atypical) pneumonia</div><div style=""font-weight: bold; ""><b><br /></b></div><b>no productive cough</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)<div><b>no consolidations on chest xray</b>&nbsp;(unlike bacterial pneumonias)</div></div>
"
"<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i>&nbsp;can present with a ""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""ground&#x2D;glass"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>"" appearance on <u>chest xray</u>""<i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i>&nbsp;can present with a ""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">ground-glass</span></b>"" appearance on <u>chest xray</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b><div></div></b><b><img src=""paste-8551279886758.jpg"" /></b><div><b>may not see anything at all</b></div><img src=""paste-8422430867735.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8521215115619.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pneumocystis&#x20;pneumonia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which opportunistic infection]</span></i> causes<b>&nbsp;interstitial pneumonia</b>&nbsp;with a <b>ground-glass</b>&nbsp;appearance on <u>chest xray</u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pneumocystis pneumonia</span></i> causes<b>&nbsp;interstitial pneumonia</b>&nbsp;with a <b>ground-glass</b>&nbsp;appearance on <u>chest xray</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b><div></div></b><b><img src=""paste-8551279886758.jpg"" /></b><div><b>may not see anything at all</b></div><img src=""paste-8422430867735.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-8521215115619.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Bronchoalveolar&#x20;lavage&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;is used to <u>confirm diagnosis</u> of <b>Pneumocystis pneumonia</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bronchoalveolar lavage</i></span>&nbsp;is used to <u>confirm diagnosis</u> of <b>Pneumocystis pneumonia</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b><div></div></b><div>via bronchoscopy</div><img src=""paste-9083855831468.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample</u> is <i>stained</i> with&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""methenamine&#x20;silver"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>&nbsp;to identify the fungus <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;in <b>Pneumocystis Pneumonia</b>""The <u>bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample</u> is <i>stained</i> with&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">methenamine silver</span></u>&nbsp;to identify the fungus <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;in <b>Pneumocystis Pneumonia</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-9440338117023.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-9560597201163.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9573482102962.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pneumocystis&#x20;pneumonia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> can be said to have a ""ground-glass"" <i>or</i>&nbsp;<b>crushed ping-pong ball appearance</b> on chest-xray""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pneumocystis pneumonia</span></u> can be said to have a ""ground-glass"" <i>or</i>&nbsp;<b>crushed ping-pong ball appearance</b> on chest-xray<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>due to <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i>&nbsp;infection</div><img src=""paste-9736690860436.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Trimethoprim&#x2F;Sulfamethoxazole&#x20;&#x28;TMP&#x2D;SMX&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can be used in <u>prophylaxis and treatment</u> of <b>pneumocystis pneumonia</b>&nbsp;in patients <b>without</b> <u>sulfa drug allergies</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)</span> can be used in <u>prophylaxis and treatment</u> of <b>pneumocystis pneumonia</b>&nbsp;in patients <b>without</b> <u>sulfa drug allergies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that prophylaxis begins when a patient's CD4+ count is &lt; 200</div><img src=""paste-9839770075559.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9955734192552.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pentamidine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can be used in&nbsp;<u>prophylaxis and treatment</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>pneumocystis pneumonia</b>&nbsp;in patients&nbsp;<b>with</b>&nbsp;<u>sulfa drug allergies</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pentamidine</span> can be used in&nbsp;<u>prophylaxis and treatment</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>pneumocystis pneumonia</b>&nbsp;in patients&nbsp;<b>with</b>&nbsp;<u>sulfa drug allergies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that prophylaxis begins when a patient's CD4+ count is &lt; 200</div><div>normal treatment (Bactrim) is combo of Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim</div><img src=""paste-10273561772449.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i>, formerly <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>, is an <u>opportunistic fungi</u> that appears as <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cysts"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> containing <b>dark <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oval"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bodies</b> on microscopy.""<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i>, formerly <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>, is an <u>opportunistic fungi</u> that appears as <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cysts</span> containing <b>dark <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">oval</span> bodies</b> on microscopy.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-10505490006480.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-10518374907967.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prokaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes]</span> have <u>no</u>&nbsp;<b>nucleus</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>membrane bound</i> <b>organelles</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prokaryotes</span> have <u>no</u>&nbsp;<b>nucleus</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>membrane bound</i> <b>organelles</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Eukaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes]</span> have&nbsp;<i>membrane bound</i> <b>organelles</b> and&nbsp;<b>nuclei</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Eukaryotes</span> have&nbsp;<i>membrane bound</i> <b>organelles</b> and&nbsp;<b>nuclei</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Eukaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes]</span> include <u>plant</u> and <u>animal</u> cells""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Eukaryotes</span> include <u>plant</u> and <u>animal</u> cells<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Eukaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes]</span> include <u>Protozoa</u>&nbsp;and <u>Fungi</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Eukaryotes</span> include <u>Protozoa</u>&nbsp;and <u>Fungi</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Prokaryotes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes]</span> include <u>Bacteria</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Prokaryotes</span> include <u>Bacteria</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8130373091585.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pro"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>karyotes' <u>nuclear material</u> sits freely within the cytoplasm""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pro</span>karyotes' <u>nuclear material</u> sits freely within the cytoplasm<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>whereas <u>eukaryotes</u> have their nuclear material enveloped in a <b>nucleus</b></div><img src=""paste-8126078124289.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A bacteria's <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cell"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> wall can be a target for the <b>immune system and antibiotics</b>""A bacteria's <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cell</span> wall can be a target for the <b>immune system and antibiotics</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9393093476589.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-9380208574817.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<img src=""paste-9646496547259.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>purple circles are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[negative or positive]</span></div>""<img src=""paste-9646496547259.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>purple circles are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>taken up the gram stain due to thick layer of peptidoglycan<div><img src=""paste-12476879995117.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<img src=""paste-9646496547259.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>red/pink organisms are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[negative or positive]</span></div>""<img src=""paste-9646496547259.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>red/pink organisms are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>have not taken up the gram stain due to thin layer of peptidoglycan<div><img src=""paste-12476879995117.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"What is the <i>difference</i> between <b>Gram Positive</b> and <b>Gram Negative</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Their&#x20;Cell&#x20;Walls"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <i>difference</i> between <b>Gram Positive</b> and <b>Gram Negative</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Their Cell Walls</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Gram positives have a thick cell wall that holds the crystal violet stain</div><img src=""paste-10131827851542.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria have a <u>much thicker</u> <b>cell wall</b>""Gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> bacteria have a <u>much thicker</u> <b>cell wall</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>thicker due to more peptidoglycan</div><img src=""paste-10488310137369.jpg"" /><br /><div><img src=""paste-12476879995117.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12244951761478.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipoteichoic</span> Acids</u>&nbsp;are present in <b>Gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> Bacteria's</b> <u>cell walls</u>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipoteichoic</span> Acids</u>&nbsp;are present in <b>Gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Positive</span> Bacteria's</b> <u>cell walls</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-10488310137369.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipoteichoic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Acids</u>&nbsp;are present in <b>Gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Positive</span> Bacteria's</b> <u>cell walls</u>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipoteichoic</span> Acids</u>&nbsp;are present in <b>Gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Positive</span> Bacteria's</b> <u>cell walls</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-10488310137369.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> Bacteria</b> have&nbsp;<i>thinner</i><b> cell walls</b>&nbsp;with an <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">outer membrane</span></u> surrounding it""<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b> have&nbsp;<i>thinner</i><b> cell walls</b>&nbsp;with an <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">outer membrane</span></u> surrounding it<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>thinner due to less peptidoglycan</div><img src=""paste-14813342204277.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12481174962413.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Peptidoglycan&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Peptidoglycan</u></span> is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11068130721963.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11351598563576.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Peptidoglycan</u></span> is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;N&#x2D;acetylglucosamine&#x20;&#x28;NAG&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</b></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Peptidoglycan</u></span> is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11068130721963.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11351598563576.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Peptidoglycan</u></span> is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;N&#x2D;acetylmuramic&#x20;acid&#x20;&#x28;NAM&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Peptidoglycan</u></span> is a <u>major structural component</u> of <b>bacterial cell walls</b>, consisting of the two sugars&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11068130721963.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-11351598563576.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Peptides</span></b> attach to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;N&#x2D;acetylmuramic&#x20;acid&#x20;&#x28;NAM&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which sugar]</span> of the <b>Peptidoglycan</b> on a <u>Bacterium's cell wall,</u>&nbsp;connecting the sugars together""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Peptides</span></b> attach to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</u></span> of the <b>Peptidoglycan</b> on a <u>Bacterium's cell wall,</u>&nbsp;connecting the sugars together<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11347303596280.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12240656794182.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Peptides"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> attach to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</u></span> of the <b>Peptidoglycan</b> on a <u>Bacterium's cell wall,</u>&nbsp;connecting the sugars together""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Peptides</span></b> attach to&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)</u></span> of the <b>Peptidoglycan</b> on a <u>Bacterium's cell wall,</u>&nbsp;connecting the sugars together<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-11347303596280.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12240656794182.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mycoplasma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which bacteria]</span></i>&nbsp;<b>does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sterols</b></span> for stability.</div>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;<b>does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sterols</b></span> for stability.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;<b>does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;sterols&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> for stability.</div>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;<b>does not <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sterols</b></span> for stability.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mycobacteria"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which bacteria]</span></i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>myco</u>lic</span>&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Ziehl-Neelsen</u>&nbsp;(acid-fast)</span> stain is used to visualize them""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycobacteria</span></i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>myco</u>lic</span>&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Ziehl-Neelsen</u>&nbsp;(acid-fast)</span> stain is used to visualize them<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><u>cannot</u></b> stain with <b>gram stain</b></div><div><br /></div><div>includes the mycobacteria that cause TB and leprosy</div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycobacteria</span></i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;myco&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;lic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Ziehl-Neelsen</u>&nbsp;(acid-fast)</span> stain is used to visualize them""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycobacteria</span></i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>myco</u>lic</span>&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Ziehl-Neelsen</u>&nbsp;(acid-fast)</span> stain is used to visualize them<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><u>cannot</u></b> stain with <b>gram stain</b></div><div><br /></div><div>includes the mycobacteria that cause TB and leprosy</div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycobacteria</span></i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>myco</u>lic</span>&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Ziehl&#x2D;Neelsen&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;acid&#x2D;fast&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> stain is used to visualize them""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycobacteria</span></i>&nbsp;cell walls contain&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>myco</u>lic</span>&nbsp;acid</b>, therefore a special <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Ziehl-Neelsen</u>&nbsp;(acid-fast)</span> stain is used to visualize them<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><u>cannot</u></b> stain with <b>gram stain</b></div><div><br /></div><div>includes the mycobacteria that cause TB and leprosy</div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chlamydia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which bacteria]</span></i> lacks&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">muramic</span> acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> staining</u>.""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> lacks&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">muramic</span> acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> staining</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>is also <b>intracellular</b></div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> lacks&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""muramic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> staining</u>.""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> lacks&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">muramic</span> acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> staining</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>is also <b>intracellular</b></div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Electron Transport</u> and <u>Oxidative Phosphorylation</u> occur on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cell&#x20;membrane"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of <b>Bacteria</b>""<u>Electron Transport</u> and <u>Oxidative Phosphorylation</u> occur on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cell membrane</span> of <b>Bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-13511967113424.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-13670880903330.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"What <i>molecule</i> present on the surface of <u>Gram Positive bacteria</u> drives <b>immune response</b> to the organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipoteichoic&#x20;Acid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <i>molecule</i> present on the surface of <u>Gram Positive bacteria</u> drives <b>immune response</b> to the organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipoteichoic Acid</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-13864154431841.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> Bacteria</b> contain a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>periplasm</b></span>, which is a <i>space</i> between the <u>cell membrane</u> and <u>outer membrane</u>""<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b> contain a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>periplasm</b></span>, which is a <i>space</i> between the <u>cell membrane</u> and <u>outer membrane</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-14139032338633.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14126147436933.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b> contain a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;periplasm&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, which is a <i>space</i> between the <u>cell membrane</u> and <u>outer membrane</u>""<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b> contain a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>periplasm</b></span>, which is a <i>space</i> between the <u>cell membrane</u> and <u>outer membrane</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-14139032338633.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14126147436933.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Gram negative bacteria</b> have <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;enzymes&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> within their <b>periplasm</b> that allow them to resist <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;antibiotic&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>treatment</i>""<b>Gram negative bacteria</b> have <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>enzymes</u></span> within their <b>periplasm</b> that allow them to resist <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>antibiotic</u></span> <i>treatment</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>ex: Beta-lactamase inactivates Beta-lactam antibiotics</div><img src=""paste-14139032338633.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-14126147436933.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b> have&nbsp;<i>thinner</i><b> cell walls</b>&nbsp;with an <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""outer&#x20;membrane"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u> surrounding it""<b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b> have&nbsp;<i>thinner</i><b> cell walls</b>&nbsp;with an <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">outer membrane</span></u> surrounding it<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>thinner due to less peptidoglycan</div><img src=""paste-14813342204277.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-12481174962413.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"What&nbsp;<i>molecule</i>&nbsp;present on the surface of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative bacteria</u>&nbsp;drives&nbsp;<b>immune response</b>&nbsp;to the organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipopolysaccharide"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What&nbsp;<i>molecule</i>&nbsp;present on the surface of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative bacteria</u>&nbsp;drives&nbsp;<b>immune response</b>&nbsp;to the organism?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipopolysaccharide</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-14894946582712.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15156939587940.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Lipopolysaccharide&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is contained on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Outer membrane</u></span> of <b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Lipopolysaccharide</b></span> is contained on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Outer membrane</u></span> of <b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>trigger a vigorous immune response</div><div><img src=""paste-14890651615416.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15152644620644.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Lipopolysaccharide</b></span> is contained on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Outer&#x20;membrane&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> of <b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Lipopolysaccharide</b></span> is contained on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Outer membrane</u></span> of <b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>trigger a vigorous immune response</div><div><img src=""paste-14890651615416.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15152644620644.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Lipopolysaccharide</b></span> is contained on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Outer membrane</u></span> of <b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Negative"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> Bacteria</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Lipopolysaccharide</b></span> is contained on the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Outer membrane</u></span> of <b>Gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Negative</span> Bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>trigger a vigorous immune response</div><div><img src=""paste-14890651615416.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-15152644620644.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Polysaccharide"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipid A</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">O antigen</span></div>""The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Polysaccharide</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipid A</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">O antigen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15251428868429.jpg"" /><div>responsible for the immune response to Gram (-) bacteria</div></div>
"
"The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Polysaccharide</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipid&#x20;A"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">O antigen</span></div>""The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Polysaccharide</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipid A</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">O antigen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15251428868429.jpg"" /><div>responsible for the immune response to Gram (-) bacteria</div></div>
"
"The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Polysaccharide</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipid A</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""O&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div>""The three components of <b><u>Lipopolysaccharide</u></b> are:<div><br /></div><div>1. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Polysaccharide</span></div><div>2. <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Lipid A</span></div><div>3. <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">O antigen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-15251428868429.jpg"" /><div>responsible for the immune response to Gram (-) bacteria</div></div>
"
"Which part of <u>Lipopolysaccharide</u> is <i>highly toxic</i> and triggers <u><b>cytokine</b></u> release?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lipid&#x20;A"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which part of <u>Lipopolysaccharide</u> is <i>highly toxic</i> and triggers <u><b>cytokine</b></u> release?<div><br></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lipid A</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>therefore, a patient with Gram (-) infection is extremely sick due to the <b>Lipid A</b>&nbsp;portion of LPS</div></div>
"
"Which part of <u>Lipopolysaccharide</u> is a <i>target</i> for <b>antibodies</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""O&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which part of <u>Lipopolysaccharide</u> is a <i>target</i> for <b>antibodies</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">O antigen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>when the body tries to fight off the infection</div></div>
"
"<b>Bacteria</b> sometimes <i>secrete</i>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capsule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, which is a <u>sticky, gelatinous layer</u> that <i>assists</i> the bacteria in <b>attaching to host cells</b>""<b>Bacteria</b> sometimes <i>secrete</i>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsule</span>, which is a <u>sticky, gelatinous layer</u> that <i>assists</i> the bacteria in <b>attaching to host cells</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16045997818124.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-16076062589230.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsules</b></span><b>&nbsp;of bacteria</b> are typically <u>water</u> and <u>polysaccharide</u>, <i>protecting against</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;phagocytosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsules</b></span><b>&nbsp;of bacteria</b> are typically <u>water</u> and <u>polysaccharide</u>, <i>protecting against</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>phagocytosis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Bacillus&#x20;anthracis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> has a <b>peptide&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">capsule</span></b>&nbsp;made of&nbsp;<b>d-</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glutamate</b></span> that allows for <u>increased virulence</u> due to <b>unimpeded growth</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bacillus anthracis</i></span> has a <b>peptide&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">capsule</span></b>&nbsp;made of&nbsp;<b>d-</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glutamate</b></span> that allows for <u>increased virulence</u> due to <b>unimpeded growth</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>usually</u>&nbsp;<b>capsules</b> are just water and polysaccharide</div><img src=""paste-16565688860993.jpg""></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bacillus anthracis</i></span> has a <b>peptide&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capsule"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;made of&nbsp;<b>d-</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;glutamate&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> that allows for <u>increased virulence</u> due to <b>unimpeded growth</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bacillus anthracis</i></span> has a <b>peptide&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">capsule</span></b>&nbsp;made of&nbsp;<b>d-</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>glutamate</b></span> that allows for <u>increased virulence</u> due to <b>unimpeded growth</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>usually</u>&nbsp;<b>capsules</b> are just water and polysaccharide</div><img src=""paste-16565688860993.jpg""></div>
"
"The <u>Quellung Reaction</u> is used to test for <b>bacteria</b> who have a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capsule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The <u>Quellung Reaction</u> is used to test for <b>bacteria</b> who have a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsule</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16870631539058.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""B"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G</span>)</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>capsule</u></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">B</span>-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G</span>)</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>capsule</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16956530884850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">B</span>-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>)</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>capsule</u></span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">B</span>-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">G</span>)</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>capsule</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16956530884850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> antibodies bind to the <b>bacteria's capsule</b>, resulting in either <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phagocytosis</span> (Fc receptors)</u> or binding of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>complement</u></span>""Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">G</span> antibodies bind to the <b>bacteria's capsule</b>, resulting in either <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phagocytosis</span> (Fc receptors)</u> or binding of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>complement</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">G</span> antibodies bind to the <b>bacteria's capsule</b>, resulting in either <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""phagocytosis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> (Fc receptors)</u> or binding of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;complement&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">G</span> antibodies bind to the <b>bacteria's capsule</b>, resulting in either <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">phagocytosis</span> (Fc receptors)</u> or binding of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>complement</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Lack of <b>B-cells</b>, <b>antibodies</b>, or <b>complement</b> can result in <i>recurrent</i> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""encapsulated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacterial infections</u>""Lack of <b>B-cells</b>, <b>antibodies</b>, or <b>complement</b> can result in <i>recurrent</i> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">encapsulated</span> bacterial infections</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Asplenia</b>&nbsp;can result in an<i> increased risk of sepsis </i>from <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""encapsulated"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria</b> due to loss of <u>splenic phagocytes</u>""<b>Asplenia</b>&nbsp;can result in an<i> increased risk of sepsis </i>from <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">encapsulated</span> bacteria</b> due to loss of <u>splenic phagocytes</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>SHiN</div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-16952235917554.jpg"" /><div>ie: spleen removal, sickle cell patients, etc</div></div>
"
"<u>Bacterial <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capsular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> polysaccharides</u> are the basis for many&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>vaccines</b></span>""<u>Bacterial <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsular</span> polysaccharides</u> are the basis for many&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>vaccines</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>SHiN</div><img src=""paste-18262200942922.jpg""></div>
"
"<div><b>Bacteria</b> with irregular, slimy fuzz layer have a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""glycocalyx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div><b>Bacteria</b> with irregular, slimy fuzz layer have a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">glycocalyx</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-18524193947856.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<div><b>Bacteria</b> with distinct, firmly attached gelatinous layer</div><div>have a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""capsule"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<div><b>Bacteria</b> with distinct, firmly attached gelatinous layer</div><div>have a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsule</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Some <b>bacteria</b> secrete a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""glycocalyx"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, allowing the bacteria to <u>stick to a surface</u>""Some <b>bacteria</b> secrete a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">glycocalyx</span>, allowing the bacteria to <u>stick to a surface</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: Staph epidermidis creating a biofilm on a catheter<div><br></div><div>Whereas a capsule allows the bacteria to adhere to <b>host cells</b></div></div>
"
"Bacterial <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pili"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fimbria"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> allow bacteria to <u>adhere to surfaces</u> and <i>attach to other bacteria</i> for <b>conjugation</b> (exchange genetic information - sex)""Bacterial <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pili</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">fimbria</span> allow bacteria to <u>adhere to surfaces</u> and <i>attach to other bacteria</i> for <b>conjugation</b> (exchange genetic information - sex)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ordinary pili and sex pili</div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pili&#x2F;fimbria"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in <i><b>E. coli</b></i> allow for attachment to the <u>urinary tract</u>""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">pili/fimbria</span> in <i><b>E. coli</b></i> allow for attachment to the <u>urinary tract</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>causing UTIs and pyelonephritis</div>
"
"The <b>pili</b> in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neisseria&#x20;Gonorrhea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which bacteria]</span></i>&nbsp;allow for <u>antigenic variation</u>""The <b>pili</b> in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria Gonorrhea</span></i>&nbsp;allow for <u>antigenic variation</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>the bacteria can change the proteins within the pili, thereby changing the antigens that the immune system has made antibodies towards<div><br /></div><div>therefore, individuals who have a gonorrhea infection are susceptible to more, as these pili may change the bug so that the immune system no longer recognizes it</div></div>
"
"<b>Small DNA</b> <i>within</i> the <u>cells of bacteria</u>&nbsp;that <b>replicate independently</b>&nbsp;are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plasmids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Small DNA</b> <i>within</i> the <u>cells of bacteria</u>&nbsp;that <b>replicate independently</b>&nbsp;are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">plasmids</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>can contain genes for <u>antibiotic resistance</u>&nbsp;or <u>toxins</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div>can be transferred from one bacteria to another</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-19958713024746.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""flagellum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of a <b>bacterium</b> is a <i>long protein arm</i> <u>used for motility</u>""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">flagellum</span> of a <b>bacterium</b> is a <i>long protein arm</i> <u>used for motility</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>plural: flagella</div>
"
"The <u>two ribosomal subunits</u> in <b>bacteria/</b><b>prokaryotes</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""50"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>S and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""30"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>S making&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""70"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>S""The <u>two ribosomal subunits</u> in <b>bacteria/</b><b>prokaryotes</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">50</span>S and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">30</span>S making&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">70</span>S<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Bacteria are <u style=""font-weight: bold;"">odd</u>&nbsp;organisms</div>
"
"The <u>two ribosomal subunits</u> in <b>eukaryotes</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""60"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>S and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""40"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>S making&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""80"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>S""The <u>two ribosomal subunits</u> in <b>eukaryotes</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">60</span>S and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">40</span>S making&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">80</span>S<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Plants, animals, protozoa, fungi<div><br></div><div>Eukaryotes get <b><u>even</u></b></div></div>
"
"Which type of <b>antibiotics</b> interfere with <u>synthesis of the 30S</u>&nbsp;ribosomal subunit of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aminoglycosides"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which type of <b>antibiotics</b> interfere with <u>synthesis of the 30S</u>&nbsp;ribosomal subunit of bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Aminoglycosides</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>30S + 50S = 70S in prokaryotes</div>
"
"Some <b>bacteria</b> can enter a <u>dormant state</u> called a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spore"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Some <b>bacteria</b> can enter a <u>dormant state</u> called a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spore</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-21006685044957.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"When a <b>bacteria</b> is in a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spore"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> form, it can <i>survive long periods</i> in <u>extreme conditions</u>""When a <b>bacteria</b> is in a&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spore</span> form, it can <i>survive long periods</i> in <u>extreme conditions</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>**<b>no metabolic activity in spore form</b>** - ""almost like seeds that can turn into bacteria""</div>ie: without nutrients, dehydration, heat, chemicals</div>
"
"The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;coat&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of the <u>bacterial spore</u> is the <i>outermost</i> layer that is made of a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">keratin</span>-like protein</b>""The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>coat</b></span> of the <u>bacterial spore</u> is the <i>outermost</i> layer that is made of a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">keratin</span>-like protein</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><i>impermeable</i> to many chemicals and <u>antibacterials</u></div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>coat</b></span> of the <u>bacterial spore</u> is the <i>outermost</i> layer that is made of a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""keratin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-like protein</b>""The&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>coat</b></span> of the <u>bacterial spore</u> is the <i>outermost</i> layer that is made of a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">keratin</span>-like protein</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><i>impermeable</i> to many chemicals and <u>antibacterials</u></div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Peptidoglycans&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> make up the <i>middle layer</i>, or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cortex</b></span>, of a <u>bacterial spore</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Peptidoglycans</b></span> make up the <i>middle layer</i>, or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cortex</b></span>, of a <u>bacterial spore</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Peptidoglycans</b></span> make up the <i>middle layer</i>, or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;cortex&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, of a <u>bacterial spore</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Peptidoglycans</b></span> make up the <i>middle layer</i>, or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>cortex</b></span>, of a <u>bacterial spore</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""core"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, or <i>innermost</i>&nbsp;layer of the <u>bacterial spore</u>, contains <b>DNA, ribosomes and glycolytic enzymes</b>""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">core</span>, or <i>innermost</i>&nbsp;layer of the <u>bacterial spore</u>, contains <b>DNA, ribosomes and glycolytic enzymes</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-21680994910630.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Dipicolinic&#x20;acid"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</b>is found in abundance within a <b><u>bacterial spore</u></b> and is thought to provide&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>heat</i></span><i>&nbsp;resistance</i>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Dipicolinic acid</span>&nbsp;</b>is found in abundance within a <b><u>bacterial spore</u></b> and is thought to provide&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>heat</i></span><i>&nbsp;resistance</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">B</span>-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G</span>)</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;capsule&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">B</span>-cells</b> can secrete <b>capsular antibodies (Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G</span>)</b> against <u>bacteria who secrete a&nbsp;</u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>capsule</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-16956530884850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Coccus&#x2F;Cocci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rods aka Bacilli</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccobacillus</span></div>""3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Coccus/Cocci</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rods aka Bacilli</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccobacillus</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24481313587485.jpg"" /></div>
"
"3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Coccus/Cocci</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Rods&#x20;aka&#x20;Bacilli"" data-ordinal=""2"">[... aka ...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccobacillus</span></div>""3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Coccus/Cocci</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rods aka Bacilli</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccobacillus</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24481313587485.jpg"" /></div>
"
"3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Coccus/Cocci</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rods aka Bacilli</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Coccobacillus"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div>""3 most common <u>bacterial shapes</u><div><u><br /></u></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Coccus/Cocci</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Rods aka Bacilli</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Coccobacillus</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24481313587485.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Pairs of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diplococci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Pairs of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">diplococci</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24743306592580.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Chains of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptococci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Chains of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococci</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>during replication, each new bacterium (link in the chain) forms <i>away</i>&nbsp;from the preceding bacterium, forming a chain</div><img src=""paste-24743306592580.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25297357373844.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Bunches/Clusters of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Bunches/Clusters of cocci</u> bacteria are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staphylococci</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24743306592580.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-25340307046861.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Most <i>cocci</i> are <b>gram</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;positive&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>streptococcus</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>staphylococcus</i></span>""Most <i>cocci</i> are <b>gram</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>positive</b></span>, ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>streptococcus</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>staphylococcus</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25593710117104.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Most <i>cocci</i> are <b>gram</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>positive</b></span>, ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;streptococcus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;staphylococcus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Most <i>cocci</i> are <b>gram</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>positive</b></span>, ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>streptococcus</i></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>staphylococcus</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25593710117104.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Neisseria meningitidis/gonorrhea</i> are <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diplococci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Neisseria meningitidis/gonorrhea</i> are <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">diplococci</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25855703122148.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> are <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cocci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Moraxella catarrhalis</i> are <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cocci</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-25855703122148.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Most <u>rods</u> (and <u>coccobacillus</u>) are gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Most <u>rods</u> (and <u>coccobacillus</u>) are gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Corynebacterium</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rod"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Corynebacterium</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rod</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>causes <b>diptheria</b></div><img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Clostridium</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rod"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Clostridium</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rod</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Listeria</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rod"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Listeria</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rod</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Bacillus (anthrax, cereus)</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rod"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i>Bacillus (anthrax, cereus)</i>&nbsp;is a <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">rod</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26023206846748.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Actinomyces</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Nocardia</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""filamentous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Actinomyces</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Nocardia</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">filamentous</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>resemble <b>fungi</b></div><img src=""paste-26418343837847.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26701811679525.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Actinomyces"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Nocardia</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">filamentous</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Actinomyces</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Nocardia</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">filamentous</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>resemble <b>fungi</b></div><img src=""paste-26418343837847.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26701811679525.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Actinomyces</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nocardia"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">filamentous</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Actinomyces</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Nocardia</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a <u>branching</u>&nbsp;or <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">filamentous</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>resemble <b>fungi</b></div><img src=""paste-26418343837847.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-26701811679525.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spirochete"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""spirokeet""</div><img src=""paste-26839250632951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26852135534748.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26865020436850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Treponema&#x20;&#x28;syphilis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""spirokeet""</div><img src=""paste-26839250632951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26852135534748.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26865020436850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Borrelia&#x20;&#x28;Lyme&#x20;disease&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""spirokeet""</div><img src=""paste-26839250632951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26852135534748.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26865020436850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Leptospira&#x20;&#x28;leptospirosis&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Treponema (syphilis)</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Borrelia (Lyme disease)</span>, </i>and<i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Leptospira (leptospirosis)</span></i>&nbsp;are bacteria that have a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">spirochete</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""spirokeet""</div><img src=""paste-26839250632951.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26852135534748.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-26865020436850.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Vibrio cholerae</span></i> is a&nbsp;bacterium that has a <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""vibrio"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Vibrio cholerae</span></i> is a&nbsp;bacterium that has a <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">vibrio</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>aka ""curved""</div><img src=""paste-27474905792742.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Vibrio&#x20;cholerae"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i> is a&nbsp;bacterium that has a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">vibrio</span> shape</u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Vibrio cholerae</span></i> is a&nbsp;bacterium that has a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">vibrio</span> shape</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>aka ""curved""</div><img src=""paste-27474905792742.jpg"" /></div>
"
"2 common <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pleomorphic</span> bacteria</u> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Rickettsia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia</i></span>""2 common <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pleomorphic</span> bacteria</u> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>take on different shapes<div><br /></div><div>also <b>obligate intracellular bacteria</b></div></div>
"
"2 common <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pleomorphic</span> bacteria</u> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Chlamydia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""2 common <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">pleomorphic</span> bacteria</u> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>take on different shapes<div><br /></div><div>also <b>obligate intracellular bacteria</b></div></div>
"
"2 common <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""pleomorphic"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> bacteria</u> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia</i></span>""2 common <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">pleomorphic</span> bacteria</u> are&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Rickettsia</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Chlamydia</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>take on different shapes<div><br /></div><div>also <b>obligate intracellular bacteria</b></div></div>
"
"<u>Purple bacteria</u> of a <b>gram stain</b> are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Purple bacteria</u> of a <b>gram stain</b> are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28213640167679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28243704938813.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Red bacteria</u> of a <b>gram stain</b> are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Red bacteria</u> of a <b>gram stain</b> are gram&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-28213640167679.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-28243704938813.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>thick cell wall</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""peptidoglycan"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> in <b>gram positive bacteria</b> <i>holds</i> the <u>crystal violet</u> of the gram stain in place""The <u>thick cell wall</u> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">peptidoglycan</span> in <b>gram positive bacteria</b> <i>holds</i> the <u>crystal violet</u> of the gram stain in place<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall with small amounts of peptidoglycan, therefore crystal violet is able to wash away</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;<b>does not <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gram"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sterols</b></span> for stability.</div>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Mycoplasma</span></i>&nbsp;<b>does not <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> stain</b> due to <u>lack of a cell wall.</u><div>Its <b>cell membrane</b> instead has&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sterols</b></span> for stability.</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> lacks&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">muramic</span> acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gram"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> staining</u>.""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> lacks&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">muramic</span> acid</b> in its cell wall, resulting in <u>poor <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">gram</span> staining</u>.<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>is also <b>intracellular</b></div><div><img src=""paste-12678743458143.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gram"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29609504538976.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Intra"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29609504538976.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Rickettsia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29609504538976.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Legionella&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29609504538976.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Chlamydia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Intra</span>-cellular</b>&nbsp;<i>bacteria</i> do not&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">gram</span> stain well, including <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Rickettsia</i></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><i>Chlamydia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><i>Legionella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-29609504538976.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Giemsa&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stain <i>enters cells</i> and stains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>nucleic acids</u></span>""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Giemsa</b></span> stain <i>enters cells</i> and stains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>nucleic acids</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>geem-sa; useful for <b>blood smears and bone marrow</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src=""paste-30305289240943.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Giemsa</b></span> stain <i>enters cells</i> and stains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;nucleic&#x20;acids&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""The <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Giemsa</b></span> stain <i>enters cells</i> and stains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>nucleic acids</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>geem-sa; useful for <b>blood smears and bone marrow</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src=""paste-30305289240943.jpg"" /></b></div></div>
"
"The <u>acid-fast stain</u> is also known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Ziehl&#x2D;Neelsen&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> stain and contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>carbolfuchsin</b></span>""The <u>acid-fast stain</u> is also known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b></span> stain and contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>carbolfuchsin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>stain them, then decolorize - acid-fast bugs resist decolorization<div><img src=""paste-33642478829834.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <u>acid-fast stain</u> is also known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b></span> stain and contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;carbolfuchsin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""The <u>acid-fast stain</u> is also known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b></span> stain and contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>carbolfuchsin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>stain them, then decolorize - acid-fast bugs resist decolorization<div><img src=""paste-33642478829834.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b> stain is used to stain the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;mycobacterium&#x20;&#x28;ie&#x3A;&#x20;TB&#x2C;&#x20;leprosy&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Nocardia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, as well as the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Cryptosporidium (its oocysts)</i></span>""The <b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b> stain is used to stain the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>mycobacterium (ie: TB, leprosy)</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Nocardia</i></span>, as well as the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Cryptosporidium (its oocysts)</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>aka acid-fast stain - stain them, then decolorize - acid-fast bugs resist decolorization<div><img src=""paste-33642478829834.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b> stain is used to stain the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>mycobacterium (ie: TB, leprosy)</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Nocardia</i></span>, as well as the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium&#x20;&#x28;its&#x20;oocysts&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""The <b>Ziehl-Neelsen</b> stain is used to stain the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>mycobacterium (ie: TB, leprosy)</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Nocardia</i></span>, as well as the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Cryptosporidium (its oocysts)</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>aka acid-fast stain - stain them, then decolorize - acid-fast bugs resist decolorization<div><img src=""paste-33642478829834.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Silver (methenamine)</span></b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Pneumocystis&#x20;pneumonia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Coccidioides&#x20;&#x28;coccidioidomycosis&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Legionella</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. pylori</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Silver (methenamine)</span></b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioides (coccidioidomycosis)</i></span>, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Legionella</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. pylori</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-34110630265125.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Silver&#x20;&#x28;methenamine&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[... aka ...]</span></b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioides (coccidioidomycosis)</i></span>, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Legionella</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. pylori</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Silver (methenamine)</span></b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioides (coccidioidomycosis)</i></span>, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Legionella</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. pylori</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-34110630265125.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Silver (methenamine)</span></b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioides (coccidioidomycosis)</i></span>, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Legionella&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;H&#x2E;&#x20;pylori&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Silver (methenamine)</span></b> stain is used to stain the <u>fungi</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Coccidioides (coccidioidomycosis)</i></span>, as well as the <u>bacteria</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Legionella</i></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. pylori</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-34110630265125.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <b>India Ink stain</b> is mostly used to identify the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Cryptococcus&#x20;neoformans&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The <b>India Ink stain</b> is mostly used to identify the <u>fungus</u>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-35296041238839.jpg"" /><div>the background is actually what is stained, not the bug</div></div>
"
"Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>Golden/Yellow</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staph&#x20;Aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>Golden/Yellow</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staph Aureus</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Aureus = gold<div><img src=""paste-35948876267775.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-35996120908203.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>Blue-green</b> <u>pigments</u>? Due to?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pseudomonas&#x20;aeruginosa&#x3B;&#x20;Pyocyanin&#x20;&#x2B;&#x20;Pyoverdin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>Blue-green</b> <u>pigments</u>? Due to?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocyanin + Pyoverdin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>Pyo<b>cyan</b>in, Pyo<b>verd</b>in produces the blue-green color</div><div><br /></div>""originosa""</div>
"
"Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>red</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Serratia&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>red</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Serratia</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>sir-ray-sha</div>
"
"Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>yellow-orange</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Actinomyces&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <i>bacteria</i> produces <b>yellow-orange</b> <u>pigments</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Actinomyces</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Actinomyces&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a bacteria that <u>cements together</u>, forming ""<b>yellow</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sulfur</b></span> <b>granules</b>""""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Actinomyces</i></span> is a bacteria that <u>cements together</u>, forming ""<b>yellow</b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sulfur</b></span> <b>granules</b>""<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36614596198694.jpg""><div>Filamentous bacteria</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Actinomyces</i></span> is a bacteria that <u>cements together</u>, forming ""<b>yellow</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;sulfur&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <b>granules</b>""""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Actinomyces</i></span> is a bacteria that <u>cements together</u>, forming ""<b>yellow</b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>sulfur</b></span> <b>granules</b>""<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36614596198694.jpg""><div>Filamentous bacteria</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Capsules&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span><b>&nbsp;of bacteria</b> are typically <u>water</u> and <u>polysaccharide</u>, <i>protecting against</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>phagocytosis</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Capsules</b></span><b>&nbsp;of bacteria</b> are typically <u>water</u> and <u>polysaccharide</u>, <i>protecting against</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>phagocytosis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<u>Bacterial <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsular</span> polysaccharides</u> are the basis for many&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;vaccines&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<u>Bacterial <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">capsular</span> polysaccharides</u> are the basis for many&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>vaccines</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>SHiN</div><img src=""paste-18262200942922.jpg""></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Selective"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Selective/Non-selective]</span> media</b> <i>favors the growth</i> of <u>particular microbial organism</u> while <u>inhibiting growth</u> of all <u>other organisms</u>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Selective</span> media</b> <i>favors the growth</i> of <u>particular microbial organism</u> while <u>inhibiting growth</u> of all <u>other organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-1576252997962.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Thayer-Martin</span> Media</b> is a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">selective</span> media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neisseria"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Thayer-Martin</span> Media</b> is a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">selective</span> media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria</span></i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-8040178778259.jpg"" /></div><br /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Thayer&#x2D;Martin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Media</b> is a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">selective</span> media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria</span></i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Thayer-Martin</span> Media</b> is a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">selective</span> media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria</span></i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-8040178778259.jpg"" /></div><br /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Thayer-Martin</span> Media</b> is a <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""selective"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria</span></i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Thayer-Martin</span> Media</b> is a <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">selective</span> media</u> that <i>only</i> grows <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Neisseria</span></i>&nbsp;<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-8040178778259.jpg"" /></div><br /></div>
"
"What is the <i>most commonly</i> used <u>non-selective culture media</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Blood&#x20;agar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What is the <i>most commonly</i> used <u>non-selective culture media</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood agar</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-1571958030666.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Enriched"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> culture media</b> have <u>special nutrients added</u> so that <i>many</i> bugs will grow""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enriched</span> culture media</b> have <u>special nutrients added</u> so that <i>many</i> bugs will grow<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: blood agar (sheep's blood)<div>chocolate agar<br /><div><br /></div></div></div>
"
"<u>Blood agar</u> is a&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""differential"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> culture media</b> because it allows us to identify bacteria based on their <b><u>hemolytic pattern</u></b>""<u>Blood agar</u> is a&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">differential</span> culture media</b> because it allows us to identify bacteria based on their <b><u>hemolytic pattern</u></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<u>Indicator (differential) media</u> can also yield <b>color changes</b>&nbsp;due to differences in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""metabolism"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of certain organisms""<u>Indicator (differential) media</u> can also yield <b>color changes</b>&nbsp;due to differences in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">metabolism</span> of certain organisms<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-2856153251934.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Fastidious"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria</b> <u>do not</u> grow on standard media""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Fastidious</span> bacteria</b> <u>do not</u> grow on standard media<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3096671420680.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What are two examples of <b>fastidious</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x2E;&#x20;influenza"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i></div><div><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Legionella</span></i></div>""What are two examples of <b>fastidious</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza</span></i></div><div><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Legionella</span></i></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3092376453384.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What are two examples of <b>fastidious</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza</span></i></div><div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Legionella"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i></div>""What are two examples of <b>fastidious</b> bacteria?<div><br /></div><div><i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza</span></i></div><div><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Legionella</span></i></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3092376453384.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Blood"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3328599654729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3358664425557.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Non&#x2D;selective&#x20;&#x28;any&#x20;bacteria&#x20;can&#x20;grow&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[Selective or Non-selective]</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3328599654729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3358664425557.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Enriched&#x20;&#x28;blood&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[Enriched or Non-enriched]</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3328599654729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3358664425557.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Differential&#x20;due&#x20;to&#x20;hemolysis&#x20;pattern"" data-ordinal=""4"">[Differential or Non-differential]</span></div>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Blood</span> agar</u> contains <b>mammalian blood</b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Non-selective (any bacteria can grow)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Enriched (blood)</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Differential due to hemolysis pattern</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-3328599654729.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3358664425557.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""beta"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>full lysis of RBCs</u>""The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">beta</span> hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>full lysis of RBCs</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""beta-hemolytic""</div><img src=""paste-3354369458261.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3642132267342.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3856880632047.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = beta</div><div>B = alpha</div><div>C = gamma</div></div>
"
"The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""alpha"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>partial lysis of RBCs</u>""The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">alpha</span> hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>partial lysis of RBCs</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""Alpha-hemolytic""</div><img src=""paste-3354369458261.jpg""><img src=""paste-3642132267342.jpg""><div><img src=""paste-3856880632047.jpg""></div><div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg""></div><div>A = beta</div><div>B = alpha</div><div>C = gamma</div></div>
"
"The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gamma"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>lack of lysis of RBCs</u>""The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">gamma</span> hemolysis pattern</b> on blood agar is present with <u>lack of lysis of RBCs</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>""beta-hemolytic""</div><img src=""paste-3354369458261.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-3642132267342.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-3856880632047.jpg"" /></div><div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = beta</div><div>B = alpha</div><div>C = gamma</div></div>
"
"<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""beta"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">alpha</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gamma</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div>""<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">beta</span> hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">alpha</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gamma</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>bacteria on blood agar</div>
"
"<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">beta</span> hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">alpha</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gamma"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div>""<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">beta</span> hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">alpha</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">gamma</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>bacteria on blood agar</div>
"
"<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">beta</span> hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""alpha"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gamma</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div>""<div><img src=""paste-3869765534062.jpg"" /></div><div>A = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">beta</span> hemolytic pattern</div><div>B = <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">alpha</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><div>C = <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gamma</span>&nbsp;hemolytic pattern</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>bacteria on blood agar</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Blood</span> agar</b> is commonly used to differentiate species of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""streptococcus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Blood</span> agar</b> is commonly used to differentiate species of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">streptococcus</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Alpha, beta, gamma hemolysis<div><img src=""paste-4578435137959.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Blood"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> agar</b> is commonly used to differentiate species of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">streptococcus</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Blood</span> agar</b> is commonly used to differentiate species of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">streptococcus</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Alpha, beta, gamma hemolysis<div><img src=""paste-4578435137959.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which gram negative rod]</span> is <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">beta</span>-hemolytic</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas</i></span> is <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">beta</span>-hemolytic</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>gram negative rod - generally gram positive cocci are beta hemolytic, this is the exception</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas</i></span> is <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""beta"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-hemolytic</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas</i></span> is <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">beta</span>-hemolytic</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>gram negative rod - generally gram positive cocci are beta hemolytic, this is the exception</div>
"
"Which <u>gram positive cocci</u> is also <b>beta-hemolytic</b>?<div>(besides <i>streptococcus</i>)</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staph&#x20;Aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>gram positive cocci</u> is also <b>beta-hemolytic</b>?<div>(besides <i>streptococcus</i>)</div><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staph Aureus</i></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"What culture media contains <b>RBCs</b> that are <u>lysed via heating</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chocolate&#x20;Agar"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What culture media contains <b>RBCs</b> that are <u>lysed via heating</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chocolate Agar</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chocolate</span> Agar</b> contains <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""NAD&#x2B;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (factor <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""V"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>)</u> and <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hematin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (factor <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""X"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>)</u> which are release when the RBCs are lysed""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chocolate</span> Agar</b> contains <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+</span> (factor <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">V</span>)</u> and <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">hematin</span> (factor <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">X</span>)</u> which are release when the RBCs are lysed<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>heating of blood agar lyses the RBCs, releasing these factors - allows growth of H. flu (fastidious bacteria that requires these factors)</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chocolate"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Agar</b> contains <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+</span> (factor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">V</span>)</u> and <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">hematin</span> (factor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">X</span>)</u> which are release when the RBCs are lysed""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chocolate</span> Agar</b> contains <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+</span> (factor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">V</span>)</u> and <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">hematin</span> (factor <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">X</span>)</u> which are release when the RBCs are lysed<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>heating of blood agar lyses the RBCs, releasing these factors - allows growth of H. flu (fastidious bacteria that requires these factors)</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chocolate</span> Agar</b> is used to grow <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x2E;&#x20;influenzae"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chocolate</span> Agar</b> is used to grow <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenzae</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>H. flu is fastidious, needs NAD+ (factor V) and hemantin (factor X) to grow</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chocolate"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Agar</b> is used to grow <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenzae</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Chocolate</span> Agar</b> is used to grow <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenzae</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>H. flu is fastidious, needs NAD+ (factor V) and hemantin (factor X) to grow</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. influenze</i></span> is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""NAD&#x2B;&#x20;&#x28;factor&#x20;V&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">hematin (factor X)</span></b> to grow""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. influenze</i></span> is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+ (factor V)</span></b> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">hematin (factor X)</span></b> to grow<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>both obtained from lysed RBCs of <b><u>Chocolate Agar</u></b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>recall that fastidious = needs particular nutrients in order to grow</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. influenze</i></span> is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+ (factor V)</span></b> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""hematin&#x20;&#x28;factor&#x20;X&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> to grow""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. influenze</i></span> is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+ (factor V)</span></b> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">hematin (factor X)</span></b> to grow<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>both obtained from lysed RBCs of <b><u>Chocolate Agar</u></b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>recall that fastidious = needs particular nutrients in order to grow</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;H&#x2E;&#x20;influenze&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+ (factor V)</span></b> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">hematin (factor X)</span></b> to grow""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>H. influenze</i></span> is considered a <u>fastidious bacteria</u> because it needs&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">NAD+ (factor V)</span></b> and&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">hematin (factor X)</span></b> to grow<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>both obtained from lysed RBCs of <b><u>Chocolate Agar</u></b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>recall that fastidious = needs particular nutrients in order to grow</div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x2E;&#x20;influenza"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> will grow on <u>blood agar</u> if <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staph Aureus</span></i> is present and causing <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">beta</span>-hemolysis</b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza</span></i> will grow on <u>blood agar</u> if <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staph Aureus</span></i> is present and causing <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">beta</span>-hemolysis</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this beta-hemolysis <u>releases the factors</u> needed by H. influenza (factor V - NAD+; factor X - hematin)</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza</span></i> will grow on <u>blood agar</u> if <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staph&#x20;Aureus"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i> is present and causing <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""beta"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>-hemolysis</b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">H. influenza</span></i> will grow on <u>blood agar</u> if <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staph Aureus</span></i> is present and causing <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">beta</span>-hemolysis</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this beta-hemolysis <u>releases the factors</u> needed by H. influenza (factor V - NAD+; factor X - hematin)</div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b> contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;vancomycin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to<i> kill</i> <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">positive</span> organisms</u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b> contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>vancomycin</b></span> to<i> kill</i> <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">positive</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b> contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>vancomycin</b></span> to<i> kill</i> <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> organisms</u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b> contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>vancomycin</b></span> to<i> kill</i> <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">positive</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Trimethoprim&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Colistin (polymixin)</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative*</span> organisms</u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trimethoprim</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Colistin (polymixin)</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative*</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>*except Neisseria, which is what TMM (aka VPN/VCN) is used to grow</div><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trimethoprim</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Colistin (polymixin)</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative&#x2A;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> organisms</u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trimethoprim</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Colistin (polymixin)</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative*</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>*except Neisseria, which is what TMM (aka VPN/VCN) is used to grow</div><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trimethoprim</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Colistin&#x20;&#x28;polymixin&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative*</span> organisms</u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Trimethoprim</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Colistin (polymixin)</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative*</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>*except Neisseria, which is what TMM (aka VPN/VCN) is used to grow</div><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Nystatin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">fungi</span></u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">fungi</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""fungi"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<b>Thayer-Martin Media</b>&nbsp;contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Nystatin</b></span>&nbsp;to<i>&nbsp;kill</i>&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">fungi</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-8035883810963.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bordet-Gengou</span> Agar</b>&nbsp;is a <u>potato extract</u> used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Bordetella&#x20;pertussis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bordet-Gengou</span> Agar</b>&nbsp;is a <u>potato extract</u> used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9019431321651.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bordet&#x2D;Gengou"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Agar</b>&nbsp;is a <u>potato extract</u> used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bordet-Gengou</span> Agar</b>&nbsp;is a <u>potato extract</u> used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9019431321651.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Regan-Lowe</span> medium</b>&nbsp;is made of&nbsp;<u>charcoal, blood and antibiotic</u>&nbsp;and used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Bordetella&#x20;pertussis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Regan-Lowe</span> medium</b>&nbsp;is made of&nbsp;<u>charcoal, blood and antibiotic</u>&nbsp;and used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9019431321651.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Regan&#x2D;Lowe"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> medium</b>&nbsp;is made of&nbsp;<u>charcoal, blood and antibiotic</u>&nbsp;and used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Regan-Lowe</span> medium</b>&nbsp;is made of&nbsp;<u>charcoal, blood and antibiotic</u>&nbsp;and used to grow&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Bordetella pertussis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-9019431321651.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Loffler’s Media/Tellurite Plate</b>&nbsp;is used to identify&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium&#x20;diphtheriae&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Loffler’s Media/Tellurite Plate</b>&nbsp;is used to identify&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-10943576670466.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Mycoplasma</i> <i>pneumonia </i>requires&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cholesterol"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> to grow, which is present in <b>Eaton's Agar</b>""<i>Mycoplasma</i> <i>pneumonia </i>requires&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cholesterol</span> to grow, which is present in <b>Eaton's Agar</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">MacConkey's</span> Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">bile salts</span></b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positives"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">MacConkey's</span> Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">bile salts</span></b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positives</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""MacConkey&#x27;s"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">bile salts</span></b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">positives</span></u>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">MacConkey's</span> Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">bile salts</span></b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">positives</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">MacConkey's</span> Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bile&#x20;salts"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">positives</span></u>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">MacConkey's</span> Agar</b> is a selective media for <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> bacteria</u>&nbsp;which contains <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">bile salts</span></b>&nbsp;to <i>inhibit growth </i>of <u>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">positives</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>MacConkey's agar</b> can also be used to differentiate <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lactose"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> fermenters</u>""<b>MacConkey's agar</b> can also be used to differentiate <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lactose</span> fermenters</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>lactose fermentation</u> produces <b>acid</b> which turns the agar <b>pink</b></div><img src=""paste-12257836663230.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-12648678687166.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Eosin&#x2D;Methylene&#x20;Blue"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> Agar has a similar function to that of <b>MacConkey agar</b>, as it also <i>inhibits</i> <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""positive"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria</u> growth""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Eosin-Methylene Blue</span> Agar has a similar function to that of <b>MacConkey agar</b>, as it also <i>inhibits</i> <u>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">positive</span> bacteria</u> growth<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Eosin-Methylene Blue</span> Agar</b> will have&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lactose"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> fermenting colonies</u> (ie: <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;E&#x2E;&#x20;coli&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>) appear as a <b>green metallic sheen</b>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Eosin-Methylene Blue</span> Agar</b> will have&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lactose</span> fermenting colonies</u> (ie: <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E. coli</b></span></i>) appear as a <b>green metallic sheen</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-12889196855663.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Eosin&#x2D;Methylene&#x20;Blue"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Agar</b> will have&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lactose</span> fermenting colonies</u> (ie: <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E. coli</b></span></i>) appear as a <b>green metallic sheen</b>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Eosin-Methylene Blue</span> Agar</b> will have&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lactose</span> fermenting colonies</u> (ie: <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>E. coli</b></span></i>) appear as a <b>green metallic sheen</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-12889196855663.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Sorbitol&#x20;MacConkey"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> Agar</u> is used to detect the<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">O157</span> strains</b> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">E. coli</span></i>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sorbitol MacConkey</span> Agar</u> is used to detect the<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">O157</span> strains</b> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">E. coli</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>""O"" is sorbitol stands for O157</div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sorbitol MacConkey</span> Agar</u> is used to detect the<b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""O157"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> strains</b> of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""E&#x2E;&#x20;coli"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Sorbitol MacConkey</span> Agar</u> is used to detect the<b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">O157</span> strains</b> of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">E. coli</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>""O"" is sorbitol stands for O157</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE)</span> Agar</b> is used to identify <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Legionella"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE)</span> Agar</b> is used to identify <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Legionella</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-13911399072130.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Buffered&#x20;Charcoal&#x20;Yeast&#x20;Extract&#x20;&#x28;BCYE&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> Agar</b> is used to identify <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Legionella</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract (BCYE)</span> Agar</b> is used to identify <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Legionella</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-13911399072130.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;Aerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div>""<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;Anerobes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div>""<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Facultative&#x20;Anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div>""<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Intracellular"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> bacteria</div>""<b><u>4 Bacterial Growth Environments</u></b><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> - environment w/ O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Obligate Anerobes</span> - environment w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> - either w/ or w/o O₂</div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Intracellular</span> bacteria</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Superoxide dismutase</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Catalase</b></span> are two enzymes contained in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""aerobic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> organisms</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Superoxide dismutase</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Catalase</b></span> are two enzymes contained in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">aerobic</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>these enzymes are necessary to survive in oxygenated environments</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Superoxide&#x20;dismutase&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Catalase&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are two enzymes contained in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">aerobic</span> organisms</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Superoxide dismutase</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Catalase</b></span> are two enzymes contained in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">aerobic</span> organisms</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>these enzymes are necessary to survive in oxygenated environments</div>
"
"<b>Oxygen</b> is the <u>final electron acceptor</u> during <i>cellular respiration</i> in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""obligate&#x20;aerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (bacteria type)""<b>Oxygen</b> is the <u>final electron acceptor</u> during <i>cellular respiration</i> in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">obligate aerobes</span> (bacteria type)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>remember that only aerobic bacteria perform cellular respiration</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;Aerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes]</span> can generate lots of energy through <b>cellular respiration</b>&nbsp;using <b>O₂</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Aerobes</span> can generate lots of energy through <b>cellular respiration</b>&nbsp;using <b>O₂</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>fermentation (obligate anaerobes) does not generate as much ATP</div>
"
"4 common <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;obligate&#x20;aerobes&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div>""4 common <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Nagging<div>Pests</div><div>Must</div><div>Breath</div></div>
"
"4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Nocardia"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div>""4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Nagging<div>Pests</div><div>Must</div><div>Breath</div></div>
"
"4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pseudomonas&#x20;Aeruginosa"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div>""4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Nagging<div>Pests</div><div>Must</div><div>Breath</div></div>
"
"4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Mycobacterium&#x20;tuberculosis"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div>""4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Nagging<div>Pests</div><div>Must</div><div>Breath</div></div>
"
"4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bacillus&#x20;&#x28;anthracis&#x20;and&#x20;cereus&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>""4 common <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>obligate aerobes</u></span>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Nocardia</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Nagging<div>Pests</div><div>Must</div><div>Breath</div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;Anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes]</span> <i>lack</i> the enzymes <b>Superoxide Dismutase</b> and <b>Catalase</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Anaerobes</span> <i>lack</i> the enzymes <b>Superoxide Dismutase</b> and <b>Catalase</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aminoglycosides</span></b> are antibiotics that <u>require O₂ to work</u>, therefore do not work on&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""obligate&#x20;anaerobic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria</b>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aminoglycosides</span></b> are antibiotics that <u>require O₂ to work</u>, therefore do not work on&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">obligate anaerobic</span> bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b>AminO₂glycosides</b><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Inhibit the formation of the 30s ribosomal subunit</b></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Aminoglycosides"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> are antibiotics that <u>require O₂ to work</u>, therefore do not work on&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">obligate anaerobic</span> bacteria</b>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Aminoglycosides</span></b> are antibiotics that <u>require O₂ to work</u>, therefore do not work on&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">obligate anaerobic</span> bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b>AminO₂glycosides</b><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Inhibit the formation of the 30s ribosomal subunit</b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Obligate&#x20;Anaerobes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes]</span> are common among the <u>normal flora of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gut</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">mouth</span></u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Obligate Anaerobes</b></span> are common among the <u>normal flora of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">gut</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">mouth</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Don't cause communicable disease usually, but when mucosal surface they live on breaks down, disease occurs (ie: dental absesses)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Obligate Anaerobes</b></span> are common among the <u>normal flora of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""gut"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mouth"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Obligate Anaerobes</b></span> are common among the <u>normal flora of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">gut</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">mouth</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Don't cause communicable disease usually, but when mucosal surface they live on breaks down, disease occurs (ie: dental absesses)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;Anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes]</span> use <u>fermentation</u> to generate ATP""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate Anaerobes</span> use <u>fermentation</u> to generate ATP<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>no oxygen for cellular respiration</div>
"
"The byproducts of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;anaerobic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[aerobic or anaerobic]</span> <b>fermentation</b> are <u>gases (CO2, H2) and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">short chain fatty acids </u>(ie: lactic acid)<u></span></u>""The byproducts of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>anaerobic</b></span> <b>fermentation</b> are <u>gases (CO2, H2) and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">short chain fatty acids </u>(ie: lactic acid)<u></span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>results in the foul smell (ie: eating lots of fiber, anaerobic bacteria in gut breakdown this fiber = gas)</div>
"
"The byproducts of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>anaerobic</b></span> <b>fermentation</b> are <u>gases (CO2, H2) and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""short&#x20;chain&#x20;fatty&#x20;acids&#x20;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&#x28;ie&#x3A;&#x20;lactic&#x20;acid&#x29;&lt;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""The byproducts of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>anaerobic</b></span> <b>fermentation</b> are <u>gases (CO2, H2) and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">short chain fatty acids </u>(ie: lactic acid)<u></span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>results in the foul smell (ie: eating lots of fiber, anaerobic bacteria in gut breakdown this fiber = gas)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Actinomyces</i></b></span> is an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;obligate&#x20;anaerobe&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[obligate aerobe or anaerobe]</span> that is typically found in the<b> gums</b> and <u>causes dental abscesses</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Actinomyces</i></b></span> is an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobe</b></span> that is typically found in the<b> gums</b> and <u>causes dental abscesses</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Actinomyces&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobe</b></span> that is typically found in the<b> gums</b> and <u>causes dental abscesses</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Actinomyces</i></b></span> is an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobe</b></span> that is typically found in the<b> gums</b> and <u>causes dental abscesses</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Bacteroides fragilis</i></b></span> is an <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;obligate&#x20;anaerobe&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[obligate aerobe or anaerobe]</span> that is typically found in the<b> gut</b> and <u>causes abdominal abscesses</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Bacteroides fragilis</i></b></span> is an <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobe</b></span> that is typically found in the<b> gut</b> and <u>causes abdominal abscesses</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bacteroides&#x20;fragilis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobe</b></span> that is typically found in the<b> gut</b> and <u>causes abdominal abscesses</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b><i>Bacteroides fragilis</i></b></span> is an <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobe</b></span> that is typically found in the<b> gut</b> and <u>causes abdominal abscesses</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Clostridium</b></span> botulinum; perfringens; tetani&nbsp;are all <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;obligate&#x20;anaerobes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[obligate aerobes or anaerobes]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Clostridium</b></span> botulinum; perfringens; tetani&nbsp;are all <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobes</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Clostridium&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> botulinum; perfringens; tetani&nbsp;are all <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobes</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Clostridium</b></span> botulinum; perfringens; tetani&nbsp;are all <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>obligate anaerobes</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Clindamycin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is used to treat <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anaerobic</span> infections</u> <b>above the diaphragm</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Clindamycin</b></span> is used to treat <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">anaerobic</span> infections</u> <b>above the diaphragm</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: aspiration pneumonia</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Clindamycin</b></span> is used to treat <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""anaerobic"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> infections</u> <b>above the diaphragm</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Clindamycin</b></span> is used to treat <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">anaerobic</span> infections</u> <b>above the diaphragm</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: aspiration pneumonia</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Metronidazole&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is used to treat <u>anaerobic infections</u> <b>below the diaphragm</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Metronidazole</b></span> is used to treat <u>anaerobic infections</u> <b>below the diaphragm</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bacteroides&#x20;fragilis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> is an <b>anaerobe</b> that can enter <u>abdominal abscesses</u> and is <i>resistant to many antibiotics</i>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bacteroides fragilis</span></i> is an <b>anaerobe</b> that can enter <u>abdominal abscesses</u> and is <i>resistant to many antibiotics</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: diverticulitis, IBD where abscesses are common</div>
"
"Treatment for <b>abdominal absesses</b> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Metronidazole"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> (<i>B. fragilis</i>&nbsp;is responsive) and a <u>gram (-) antibiotic</u>""Treatment for <b>abdominal absesses</b> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Metronidazole</span> (<i>B. fragilis</i>&nbsp;is responsive) and a <u>gram (-) antibiotic</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>recall that Metronidazole treats anaerobic infections <u>below</u>&nbsp;the diaphragm (clindamycin above)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Aspiration&#x20;pneumonia&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> occurs when <u><b>mouth</b></u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span> bacteria <i>enter the <b>lungs</b></i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aspiration pneumonia</b></span> occurs when <u><b>mouth</b></u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span> bacteria <i>enter the <b>lungs</b></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aspiration pneumonia</b></span> occurs when <u><b>mouth</b></u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;anaerobic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[aerobic or anaerobic]</span> bacteria <i>enter the <b>lungs</b></i>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Aspiration pneumonia</b></span> occurs when <u><b>mouth</b></u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span> bacteria <i>enter the <b>lungs</b></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clindamycin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is the drug of choice to treat <b>aspiration pneumonia</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clindamycin</span> is the drug of choice to treat <b>aspiration pneumonia</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>recall that clindamycin treats <b>any anaerobic infection</b> <u>above the diaphragm</u>&nbsp;- aspiration pneumonia occurs when <b>anaerobic bacteria</b>&nbsp;from the <u>mouth</u>&nbsp;enter the lungs</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Facultative&#x20;Anaerobes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which type of bacteria]</span> <u>can live without oxygen</u> but <i>use it if available</i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Facultative Anaerobes</span> <u>can live without oxygen</u> but <i>use it if available</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Do <u>facultative anaerobes</u> perform <b>cellular respiration or fermentation</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Both&#x20;&#x3A;&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Do <u>facultative anaerobes</u> perform <b>cellular respiration or fermentation</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Both :)</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>can live without O₂&nbsp;but will use it when available</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Obligate&#x20;intracellular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria <u>cannot</u>&nbsp;<i>synthesize</i> their own <b>ATP</b>, instead depending on the host for supply""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Obligate intracellular</span> bacteria <u>cannot</u>&nbsp;<i>synthesize</i> their own <b>ATP</b>, instead depending on the host for supply<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Ie: rickettsia, chlamydia</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Rickettsia&#x20;rickettsi&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an obligate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>intracellular</b></span> bacteria that causes <u>Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Rickettsia rickettsi</b></span> is an obligate <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>intracellular</b></span> bacteria that causes <u>Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Rickettsia rickettsi</b></span> is an obligate <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;intracellular&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> bacteria that causes <u>Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Rickettsia rickettsi</b></span> is an obligate <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>intracellular</b></span> bacteria that causes <u>Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Chlamydia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> is an obligate <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">intracellular</span></b> bacteria that is a common cause of STDs""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> is an obligate <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">intracellular</span></b> bacteria that is a common cause of STDs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> is an obligate <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""intracellular"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> bacteria that is a common cause of STDs""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Chlamydia</span></i> is an obligate <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">intracellular</span></b> bacteria that is a common cause of STDs<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Brucella&#x2A;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>*Brucella can also live in <b>neutrophils</b><div><b><br /></b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Francisella&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>*Brucella can also live in <b>neutrophils</b><div><b><br /></b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Yersinia&#x20;pestis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>*Brucella can also live in <b>neutrophils</b><div><b><br /></b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;macrophages&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Brucella*</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Francisella</i></span>, and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Yersinia pestis</i></span> are <u>zoonotic</u>&nbsp;<b>falcultative intracellular bacteria</b>&nbsp;that can live in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>macrophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>*Brucella can also live in <b>neutrophils</b><div><b><br /></b></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Facultative&#x20;intracellular"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria are bacteria that <u>can live in other cells</u> <i>if necessary</i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Facultative intracellular</span> bacteria are bacteria that <u>can live in other cells</u> <i>if necessary</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>urethral</b></span> <b>epithelial cells</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria</i></span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>urethral</b></span> <b>epithelial cells</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria</i></span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;urethral&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span> <b>epithelial cells</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria</i></span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>urethral</b></span> <b>epithelial cells</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>intestinal</b></span><b>&nbsp;cells</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Salmonella</i></span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>intestinal</b></span><b>&nbsp;cells</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Salmonella</i></span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;intestinal&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span><b>&nbsp;cells</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Salmonella</i></span> is a&nbsp;<b>facultative intracellular bacterium</b> that can live in <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4""><b>intestinal</b></span><b>&nbsp;cells</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Eaton agar</b></span>&nbsp;is used to isolate <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span></i>, as it contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;cholesterol&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> necessary for growth<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>""<div class=card><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Eaton agar</b></span>&nbsp;is used to isolate <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</span></i>, as it contains&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>cholesterol</u></span> necessary for growth<div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>
<br>
<br>
<div class=extra></div>
<!--<div class=tags>A_MASTER basic_bacteriology general_principles Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::3_Bacterial_Culture Lolnotacop::Etc::Boards_and_Beyond_Micro::Basics_of_Micro::4_Special_Growth_Requirements Microbiology</div>-->"
"Bacterial features that allow<i> evasion</i> of <u>host defenses</u> are known as&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Virulence"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> factors</b>""Bacterial features that allow<i> evasion</i> of <u>host defenses</u> are known as&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Virulence</span> factors</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Protein&#x20;A&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a virulence factor part of the <u>peptidoglycan cell wall</u> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staph Aureus</span></i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Protein A</b></span> is a virulence factor part of the <u>peptidoglycan cell wall</u> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staph Aureus</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24056111825207.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Protein A</b></span> is a virulence factor part of the <u>peptidoglycan cell wall</u> of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staph&#x20;Aureus"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Protein A</b></span> is a virulence factor part of the <u>peptidoglycan cell wall</u> of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staph Aureus</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-24056111825207.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staph&#x20;Aureus"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">F_c</span> portion of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">IgG</span> antibodies</u>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staph Aureus</span></i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">F_c</span> portion of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">IgG</span> antibodies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>typically, the F_ab&nbsp;portion of the antibody attaches to the antigen, however protein A flips the antibody around</div><img src=""paste-24670292148331.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-25043954303291.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Protein&#x20;A"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staph Aureus</span></i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">F_c</span> portion of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">IgG</span> antibodies</u>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staph Aureus</span></i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">F_c</span> portion of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">IgG</span> antibodies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>typically, the F_ab&nbsp;portion of the antibody attaches to the antigen, however protein A flips the antibody around</div><img src=""paste-24670292148331.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-25043954303291.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staph Aureus</span></i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""F&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> portion of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IgG"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> antibodies</u>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Protein A</span></b> inhibits the <b>phagocytosis</b> of <i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Staph Aureus</span></i>&nbsp;by binding to the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">F_c</span> portion of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">IgG</span> antibodies</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>typically, the F_ab&nbsp;portion of the antibody attaches to the antigen, however protein A flips the antibody around</div><img src=""paste-24670292148331.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-25043954303291.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span> </b>is important for <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""mucosal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> immunity""<b>Ig<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span> </b>is important for <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">mucosal</span></u> immunity<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: secreted by Peyer's patches (mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum)</div>
"
"<b>Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""A"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> </b>is important for <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">mucosal</span></u> immunity""<b>Ig<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span> </b>is important for <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">mucosal</span></u> immunity<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>ie: secreted by Peyer's patches (mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>IgA protease</u></span> cleaves <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IgA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b> and allows for colonization of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;mucosal&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> surfaces""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>IgA protease</u></span> cleaves <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">IgA</span></b> and allows for colonization of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mucosal</b></span> surfaces<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26332444492048.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;IgA&#x20;protease&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which virulence factor]</span> cleaves <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">IgA</span></b> and allows for colonization of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mucosal</b></span> surfaces""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>IgA protease</u></span> cleaves <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">IgA</span></b> and allows for colonization of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>mucosal</b></span> surfaces<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-26332444492048.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptococcus&#x20;pneumonia"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><br /></b></div><img src=""paste-39410619908137.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""H&#x2E;&#x20;influenza&#x20;&lt;u&gt;Type&#x20;B&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><br /></b></div><img src=""paste-39410619908137.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neisseria&#x20;spp&#x2E;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><br /></b></div><img src=""paste-39410619908137.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IgA&#x20;protease"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">IgA protease</span></b> is a <u>virulence factor</u> common in&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pneumonia</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">H. influenza <u>Type B</u></span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Neisseria spp.</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b><br /></b></div><img src=""paste-39410619908137.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""M&#x20;protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what virulence factor]</span></b>&nbsp;is found on the surface of <u>group <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span> strep</u> (<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>)""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">M protein</span></b>&nbsp;is found on the surface of <u>group <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span> strep</u> (<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>binds Factor H, inhibiting C3-convertase - this inhibits opsonization via C3b</div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">M protein</span></b>&nbsp;is found on the surface of <u>group <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""A"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> strep</u> (<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""streptococcus&#x20;pyogenes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>)""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">M protein</span></b>&nbsp;is found on the surface of <u>group <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">A</span> strep</u> (<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>binds Factor H, inhibiting C3-convertase - this inhibits opsonization via C3b</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;M&#x20;protein&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which virulence factor]</span> <i>binds</i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>factor H</b></span> and&nbsp;<i>breaks down</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>C₃-convertase</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>M protein</u></span> <i>binds</i> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>factor H</b></span> and&nbsp;<i>breaks down</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>C₃-convertase</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27466315858147.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>M protein</u></span> <i>binds</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;factor&#x20;H&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<i>breaks down</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&#x2D;convertase&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>M protein</u></span> <i>binds</i> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>factor H</b></span> and&nbsp;<i>breaks down</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>C₃-convertase</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-27466315858147.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;M&#x20;protein&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which virulence factor]</span> shares properties with <u>myosin,</u>&nbsp;which may result in its causing of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rheumatic heart disease</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>M protein</b></span> shares properties with <u>myosin,</u>&nbsp;which may result in its causing of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rheumatic heart disease</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Group A strep (strep pyogenes)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>M protein</b></span> shares properties with <u>myosin,</u>&nbsp;which may result in its causing of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Rheumatic&#x20;heart&#x20;disease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>M protein</b></span> shares properties with <u>myosin,</u>&nbsp;which may result in its causing of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rheumatic heart disease</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Group A strep (strep pyogenes)</div>
"
"<b>M protein</b> is responsible for <u>post-strep throat complications</u> (ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;glomerulonephritis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rheumatic heart disease</b></span>)""<b>M protein</b> is responsible for <u>post-strep throat complications</u> (ie: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>glomerulonephritis</b></span> or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rheumatic heart disease</b></span>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>recall that M protein is a virulence factor found on group A strep (streptococcus pyogenes) - causes <b><u>strep throat</u></b></div>
"
"<b>M protein</b> is responsible for <u>post-strep throat complications</u> (ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>glomerulonephritis</b></span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Rheumatic&#x20;heart&#x20;disease&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>)""<b>M protein</b> is responsible for <u>post-strep throat complications</u> (ie: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>glomerulonephritis</b></span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Rheumatic heart disease</b></span>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>recall that M protein is a virulence factor found on group A strep (streptococcus pyogenes) - causes <b><u>strep throat</u></b></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Endotoxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxin]</span> is a component of <b>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative</span> bacteria</b> <u>cell walls</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endotoxin</span> is a component of <b>gram <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative</span> bacteria</b> <u>cell walls</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endotoxin</span> is a component of <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> bacteria</b> <u>cell walls</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endotoxin</span> is a component of <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">negative</span> bacteria</b> <u>cell walls</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Endotoxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxin]</span> is released when bacteria die""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Endotoxin</span> is released when bacteria die<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Exotoxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxin]</span> are <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>proteins</b></span> <i>secreted</i> by gram positive and negative&nbsp;<u>bacteria</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxin</b></span> are <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>proteins</b></span> <i>secreted</i> by gram positive and negative&nbsp;<u>bacteria</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36485747179733.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxin</b></span> are <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;proteins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> <i>secreted</i> by gram positive and negative&nbsp;<u>bacteria</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxin</b></span> are <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>proteins</b></span> <i>secreted</i> by gram positive and negative&nbsp;<u>bacteria</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36485747179733.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Endotoxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxin]</span> are composed of a <u>lipopolysaccharide</u> complex (LPS)""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Endotoxin</b></span> are composed of a <u>lipopolysaccharide</u> complex (LPS)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Lipopolysaccharide <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Endotoxins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxins]</span> have a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Lipid A</b></span> core <u>responsible for their toxicity</u> and an<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>O antigen</b></span> terminal end <u>that varies among bacterial strains</u></div>""Lipopolysaccharide <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Endotoxins</b></span> have a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Lipid A</b></span> core <u>responsible for their toxicity</u> and an<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>O antigen</b></span> terminal end <u>that varies among bacterial strains</u></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Lipopolysaccharide <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Endotoxins</b></span> have a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Lipid&#x20;A&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> core <u>responsible for their toxicity</u> and an<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;O&#x20;antigen&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> terminal end <u>that varies among bacterial strains</u></div>""Lipopolysaccharide <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Endotoxins</b></span> have a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Lipid A</b></span> core <u>responsible for their toxicity</u> and an<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>O antigen</b></span> terminal end <u>that varies among bacterial strains</u></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Exotoxins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxins]</span> are a <i>two</i> component <u>""A-B"" polypeptide</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxins</b></span> are a <i>two</i> component <u>""A-B"" polypeptide</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-36013300777313.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Exotoxins&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Exo or Endotoxins]</span> have a <u>toxic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>A</b></span> component</u>&nbsp;and a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>B</b></span> component that <u>binds to cell surfaces</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxins</b></span> have a <u>toxic <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>A</b></span> component</u>&nbsp;and a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>B</b></span> component that <u>binds to cell surfaces</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>A for active<div>B for binding</div><div><img src=""paste-36009005810017.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxins</b></span> have a <u>toxic <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;A&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> component</u>&nbsp;and a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;B&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> component that <u>binds to cell surfaces</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Exotoxins</b></span> have a <u>toxic <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>A</b></span> component</u>&nbsp;and a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>B</b></span> component that <u>binds to cell surfaces</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>A for active<div>B for binding</div><div><img src=""paste-36009005810017.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Which part of <b>endotoxin</b> is <i>targeted</i> <u>by the immune system?</u><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""O&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which part of <b>endotoxin</b> is <i>targeted</i> <u>by the immune system?</u><div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">O antigen</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>vary among strains of bacteria, allow for immune clearance from body</div>
"
"<b><u>Endotoxin</u></b> present on <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""negative"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> bacteria</b> can cause <b>fever</b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""shock"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b><u>Endotoxin</u></b> present on <b>gram <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">negative</span> bacteria</b> can cause <b>fever</b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">shock</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-30837865185535.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Endotoxin</u> triggers the <i>release</i> of which two <b>cytokines</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""TNF&#x20;and&#x20;IL&#x2D;1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""<u>Endotoxin</u> triggers the <i>release</i> of which two <b>cytokines</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">TNF and IL-1</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31065498452150.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin</b> is <u>heat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stable"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>""<b>Endotoxin</b> is <u>heat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stable</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>therefore when a patient becomes febrile the elevated temperature does not kill off the endotoxin<div><img src=""paste-38452842201493.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin</b> generates a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""weak"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> (strength) <u>antibody</u> <i>response</i>""<b>Endotoxin</b> generates a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">weak</span></u> (strength) <u>antibody</u> <i>response</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>therefore it cannot be vaccinated against<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-38010460569997.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Lipopolysaccharide&#x20;&#x28;endotoxin&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>binds</i> to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD14</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TLR4</b></span>""<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)</u></span> <i>binds</i> to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD14</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TLR4</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>CD14 is known as the endotoxin receptor</div><img src=""paste-31628139168086.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38783554683138.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b> binding to <u>CD14</u> of <u>Macrophages</u> <i>releases</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IL&#x2D;1"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""IL&#x2D;6"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""TNF&#x2D;a"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, and NO (<b>proinflammatory cytokines</b>)""<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b> binding to <u>CD14</u> of <u>Macrophages</u> <i>releases</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">IL-1</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">IL-6</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">TNF-a</span>, and NO (<b>proinflammatory cytokines</b>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38779259715842.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of <u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> can <i>activate</i> the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""complement"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> system</b>, resulting in <i>release</i> of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">C3a</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">C5a</span></u>""<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of <u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> can <i>activate</i> the <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">complement</span> system</b>, resulting in <i>release</i> of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">C3a</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">C5a</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of <u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> can <i>activate</i> the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">complement</span> system</b>, resulting in <i>release</i> of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""C3a"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""C5a"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of <u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> can <i>activate</i> the <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">complement</span> system</b>, resulting in <i>release</i> of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">C3a</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">C5a</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;<i>activate</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tissue&#x20;factor"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>, resulting in&nbsp;<u>coagulation&nbsp;and possible&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)</span></u>""<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;<i>activate</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tissue factor</span></b>, resulting in&nbsp;<u>coagulation&nbsp;and possible&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;<i>activate</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">tissue factor</span></b>, resulting in&nbsp;<u>coagulation&nbsp;and possible&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DIC&#x20;&#x28;disseminated&#x20;intravascular&#x20;coagulation&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<b>Endotoxin/Lipopolysaccharide</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u>&nbsp;can&nbsp;<i>activate</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">tissue factor</span></b>, resulting in&nbsp;<u>coagulation&nbsp;and possible&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-31623844200790.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Some <b>Gram Negative Bacteria</b> have <b>lipo<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">oligo</span>saccharide</b>, which <i>lacks</i> an&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""O&#x20;antigen"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>""Some <b>Gram Negative Bacteria</b> have <b>lipo<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">oligo</span>saccharide</b>, which <i>lacks</i> an&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">O antigen</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Ie: neisseria meningitidis</div>
"
"Some <b>Gram Negative Bacteria</b> have <b>lipo<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""oligo"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>saccharide</b>, which <i>lacks</i> an&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">O antigen</span></u>""Some <b>Gram Negative Bacteria</b> have <b>lipo<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">oligo</span>saccharide</b>, which <i>lacks</i> an&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">O antigen</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Ie: neisseria meningitidis</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Lipooligosaccharide&#x20;&#x28;LOS&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">enteric</span></b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</u></span> is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">enteric</span></b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>instead of Lipopolysacchardie (LPS)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</u></span> is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""enteric"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</u></span> is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">enteric</span></b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>instead of Lipopolysacchardie (LPS)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</u></span> is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">enteric</span></b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Neisseria&#x20;meningitidis&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)</u></span> is an&nbsp;<u>endotoxin</u> found on <b>non-</b><b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">enteric</span></b> <u>gram negative bacteria</u>, ie:&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>instead of Lipopolysacchardie (LPS)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Meningococcemia&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> results from an immune reaction to the <b>endotoxin</b> of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria meningitidis</span></i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Meningococcemia</u></span> results from an immune reaction to the <b>endotoxin</b> of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria meningitidis</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Lipooligosaccharide is N. meningitidis' endotoxin</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Meningococcemia</u></span> results from an immune reaction to the <b>endotoxin</b> of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Neisseria&#x20;meningitidis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Meningococcemia</u></span> results from an immune reaction to the <b>endotoxin</b> of&nbsp;<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Neisseria meningitidis</span></i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Lipooligosaccharide is N. meningitidis' endotoxin</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Gram&#x20;negative&#x20;sepsis"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can result when a bug like <i>E. coli</i>&nbsp;<u>enters the blood stream</u> from a <b>rupture in the intestinal wall</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Gram negative sepsis</span> can result when a bug like <i>E. coli</i>&nbsp;<u>enters the blood stream</u> from a <b>rupture in the intestinal wall</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>caused by E. coli endotoxin (LPS) resulting in immune reaction and subsequent <b>septic shock and hypotension</b></div>
"
"The exotoxin <b>Diptheria</b>&nbsp;toxin causes <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;ADP&#x2D;ribosylation&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;and&#x20;therefore&#x20;inhibition&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""elongation&#x20;factor&#x2D;2&#x20;&#x28;EF2&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""The exotoxin <b>Diptheria</b>&nbsp;toxin causes <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>ADP-ribosylation</u>&nbsp;(and therefore inhibition)</span> of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">elongation factor-2 (EF2)</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>EF2 is needed for protein synthesis, therefore protein synthesis is inhibited by the exotoxin<div><img src=""paste-37666863186295.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Exotoxin A</b></span> is the exotoxin of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas&#x20;aeruginosa&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Exotoxin A</b></span> is the exotoxin of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Exotoxin&#x20;A&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> is the exotoxin of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Exotoxin A</b></span> is the exotoxin of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b>Exotoxin A</b> causes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;ADP&#x2D;ribosylation&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&#x28;and&#x20;therefore&#x20;inhibition&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Elongation&#x20;Factor&#x2D;2&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Exotoxin A</b> causes&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>ADP-ribosylation</u>&nbsp;(and therefore inhibition)</span> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Elongation Factor-2</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><u>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</u> is able to <b>inhibit protein synthesis</b></div>
"
"The <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">shiga toxin</span></b> is an <u>exotoxin</u> secreted by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Shigella&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""The <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">shiga toxin</span></b> is an <u>exotoxin</u> secreted by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Shigella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38478612005203.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""shiga&#x20;toxin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> is an <u>exotoxin</u> secreted by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Shigella</i></span>""The <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">shiga toxin</span></b> is an <u>exotoxin</u> secreted by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Shigella</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38478612005203.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>shiga toxin</u> of <i>Shigella</i>&nbsp;binds the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""60S"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> subunit of <b>ribosomes</b>, <i>inhibiting</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""protein"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> synthesis""The <u>shiga toxin</u> of <i>Shigella</i>&nbsp;binds the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">60S</span> subunit of <b>ribosomes</b>, <i>inhibiting</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">protein</span> synthesis<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>removes <b>adenine</b> residue from 60S ribosome <b>rRNA</b></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Shigella</span></i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GI&#x20;mucosal"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Shigella</span></i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI mucosal</span> cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this is the <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">main</u>&nbsp;mechanism by which Shigella makes you sick, <i>not</i> from shiga toxin (unlike EHEC)</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Shigella</span></i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI mucosal</span> cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Shigella</span></i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI mucosal</span> cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this is the <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">main</u>&nbsp;mechanism by which Shigella makes you sick, <i>not</i> from shiga toxin (unlike EHEC)</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Enterohemorrhagic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>E. Coli</b> (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""EHEC"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>) produces a <u>""Shiga-like"" toxin</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enterohemorrhagic</span> <b>E. Coli</b> (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">EHEC</span>) produces a <u>""Shiga-like"" toxin</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>similar to that of <i>Shigella</i></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Enterohemorrhagic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <b>E. Coli</b> (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;EHEC&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>) - classic serotype is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>O157:H7</u></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Enterohemorrhagic</b></span> <b>E. Coli</b> (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>EHEC</b></span>) - classic serotype is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>O157:H7</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Enterohemorrhagic</b></span> <b>E. Coli</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>EHEC</b></span>) - classic serotype is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;O157&#x3A;H7&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Enterohemorrhagic</b></span> <b>E. Coli</b> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>EHEC</b></span>) - classic serotype is&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>O157:H7</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"When the <b>""Shiga-like"" toxin</b> of&nbsp;<u>Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)</u>&nbsp;<i>enters systemic circulation</i>, what occurs?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Hemolytic&#x20;uremic&#x20;syndrome"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><br /><div><br /></div></div>""When the <b>""Shiga-like"" toxin</b> of&nbsp;<u>Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)</u>&nbsp;<i>enters systemic circulation</i>, what occurs?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Hemolytic uremic syndrome</span><br /><div><br /></div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><i>known as <u>verotoxin</u></i></div>
"
"<div><i>Shigella</i> and <i>EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)</i>&nbsp;both produce&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""shiga"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> toxins</u> that result in <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b><br /><div><br /></div></div>""<div><i>Shigella</i> and <i>EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)</i>&nbsp;both produce&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">shiga</span> toxins</u> that result in <b>bloody&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">diarrhea</span></b><br /><div><br /></div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Shigella's main MOA however is invasion of GI mucosal cells, whereas EHEC's primary MOA is secretion of shiga toxin causing disease</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Shigella"" data-ordinal=""3"">[Shigella or EHEC]</span></i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI mucosal</span> cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Shigella</span></i>&nbsp;invades the&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">GI mucosal</span> cells</b>, resulting in <b>infectious <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this is the <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">main</u>&nbsp;mechanism by which Shigella makes you sick, <i>not</i> from shiga toxin (unlike EHEC)</div>
"
"<div><div><i></i><i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;i&gt;EHEC&#x20;&#x28;Enterohemorrhagic&#x20;E&#x2E;&#x20;Coli&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;i&#x20;style&#x3D;&quot;font&#x2D;style&#x3A;&#x20;italic&#x3B;&#x20;&quot;&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[Shigella or EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli)]</span>'s&nbsp;</i><b>primary MOA</b> is <u>secretion of shiga toxin</u> causing disease</div><i></i></div>""<div><div><i></i><i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""></i><i>EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli)</i><i style=""font-style: italic; ""></span>'s&nbsp;</i><b>primary MOA</b> is <u>secretion of shiga toxin</u> causing disease</div><i></i></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>therefore, <b>does not</b>&nbsp;invade host cells</div><div><br /></div>whereas Shigella invades GI mucosal cells causing disease</div>
"
"<div><div>The amount of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cl&lt;sup&gt;&#x2D;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[what ion]</span>&nbsp;secretion by <b>GI mucosal cells</b> <u>determines H₂O&nbsp;secretion</u></div><i></i></div>""<div><div>The amount of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cl^-</span>&nbsp;secretion by <b>GI mucosal cells</b> <u>determines H₂O&nbsp;secretion</u></div><i></i></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-46084999086476.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;protein&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which G-protein]</span><div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenylyl cyclase</b></span>,<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cAMP</span></b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">CFTR</span>&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</u></div></div>""<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s&nbsp;protein</b></span><div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenylyl cyclase</b></span>,<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cAMP</span></b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">CFTR</span>&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</u></div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that H₂O will follow Cl^-&nbsp;secretion, resulting in fluid secretion</div><img src=""paste-46918222741835.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s&nbsp;protein</b></span><div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;adenylyl&#x20;cyclase&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[which enzyme]</span>,<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cAMP"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">CFTR</span>&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</u></div></div>""<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s&nbsp;protein</b></span><div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenylyl cyclase</b></span>,<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">cAMP</span></b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">CFTR</span>&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</u></div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that H₂O will follow Cl^-&nbsp;secretion, resulting in fluid secretion</div><img src=""paste-46918222741835.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s&nbsp;protein</b></span><div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenylyl cyclase</b></span>,<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cAMP</span></b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""CFTR"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cl&lt;sup&gt;&#x2D;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> ion secretion</u></div></div>""<u>Fluid secretion in the GI tract</u> occurs when the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s&nbsp;protein</b></span><div>&nbsp;is <i>stimulated</i>, <i>activating</i>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>adenylyl cyclase</b></span>,<div>&nbsp; <i>increasing</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cAMP</span></b> production and <i>opening</i> the&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">CFTR</span>&nbsp;</u></div><div><u>channel</u>&nbsp;allowing <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</u></div></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>recall that H₂O will follow Cl^-&nbsp;secretion, resulting in fluid secretion</div><img src=""paste-46918222741835.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Enterotoxigenic&#x20;E&#x2E;&#x20;Coli&#x20;&#x28;ETEC&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Heat labile toxin (LT)</span></b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Heat stable toxin (ST)</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</span></i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Heat labile toxin (LT)</span></b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Heat stable toxin (ST)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</span></i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Heat&#x20;labile&#x20;toxin&#x20;&#x28;LT&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Heat stable toxin (ST)</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</span></i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Heat labile toxin (LT)</span></b> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Heat stable toxin (ST)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</span></i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Heat labile toxin (LT)</span></b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Heat&#x20;stable&#x20;toxin&#x20;&#x28;ST&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</span></i> is responsible for <u>two exotoxins</u>, <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Heat labile toxin (LT)</span></b> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Heat stable toxin (ST)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Heat&#x20;labile&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Heat labile or Heat stable toxin]</span> activates <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">adenylyl cyclase</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing water secretion</i> and <u>causing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat labile toxin</u></span> activates <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">adenylyl cyclase</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing water secretion</i> and <u>causing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat labile toxin</u></span> activates <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""adenylyl&#x20;cyclase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing water secretion</i> and <u>causing <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""diarrhea"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat labile toxin</u></span> activates <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">adenylyl cyclase</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing water secretion</i> and <u>causing <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">diarrhea</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Heat&#x20;stable&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Heat labile or Heat stable toxin]</span> activates <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanylyl cyclase</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cGMP</span> secretion</i>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat stable toxin</u></span> activates <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanylyl cyclase</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">cGMP</span> secretion</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat stable toxin</u></span> activates <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""guanylyl&#x20;cyclase"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cGMP"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> secretion</i>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat stable toxin</u></span> activates <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">guanylyl cyclase</span></b>&nbsp;in the gut, thereby <i>increasing <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">cGMP</span> secretion</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Heat&#x20;stable&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Heat labile or Heat stable toxin]</span> inhibits&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>NaCl</b></span> <i>absorption</i> and stimulates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Cl^-</b></span> <i>secretion</i>, which results in <u>more water in the gut</u> and <b>diarrhea</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat stable toxin</u></span> inhibits&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>NaCl</b></span> <i>absorption</i> and stimulates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Cl^-</b></span> <i>secretion</i>, which results in <u>more water in the gut</u> and <b>diarrhea</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>via activation of guanylyl cyclase<div><br /></div><div>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat stable toxin</u></span> inhibits&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;NaCl&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> <i>absorption</i> and stimulates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cl&lt;sup&gt;&#x2D;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> <i>secretion</i>, which results in <u>more water in the gut</u> and <b>diarrhea</b>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Heat stable toxin</u></span> inhibits&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>NaCl</b></span> <i>absorption</i> and stimulates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Cl^-</b></span> <i>secretion</i>, which results in <u>more water in the gut</u> and <b>diarrhea</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>via activation of guanylyl cyclase<div><br /></div><div>an exotoxin of <u>Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)</u></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""edema&#x20;factor&#x20;&#x28;EF&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-49572512530744.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""protective&#x20;antigen&#x20;&#x28;PA&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-49572512530744.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lethal&#x20;factor&#x20;&#x28;LF&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-49572512530744.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bacillus&#x20;Anthracis"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Bacillus Anthracis</span></i> makes <u>three exotoxic proteins</u>; <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">protective antigen (PA)</span>, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">lethal factor (LF)</span>, </b>and<b> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">edema factor (EF)</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-49572512530744.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What exotoxin is secreted by <i>Vibrio Cholera</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cholera&#x20;toxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What exotoxin is secreted by <i>Vibrio Cholera</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cholera toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-51165945397451.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Cholera toxin</b> permanently activates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;G&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;of <u>GI mucosal cells</u>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</b> and <u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">rice water</span>""&nbsp;diarrhea</u>""<b>Cholera toxin</b> permanently activates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s</b></span>&nbsp;of <u>GI mucosal cells</u>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</b> and <u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">rice water</span>""&nbsp;diarrhea</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-51316269252869.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Cholera toxin</b> permanently activates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s</b></span>&nbsp;of <u>GI mucosal cells</u>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cl&lt;sup&gt;&#x2D;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> ion secretion</b> and <u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""rice&#x20;water"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""&nbsp;diarrhea</u>""<b>Cholera toxin</b> permanently activates&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>G_s</b></span>&nbsp;of <u>GI mucosal cells</u>, resulting in&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Cl^-</span> ion secretion</b> and <u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">rice water</span>""&nbsp;diarrhea</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-51316269252869.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bordetella pertussis</span> </i>secretes the <u>exotoxin</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Pertussis&#x20;Toxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bordetella pertussis</span> </i>secretes the <u>exotoxin</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Pertussis Toxin</b></span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-52956946759859.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bordetella&#x20;pertussis"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> </i>secretes the <u>exotoxin</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Pertussis Toxin</b></span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Bordetella pertussis</span> </i>secretes the <u>exotoxin</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Pertussis Toxin</b></span><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-52956946759859.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pertussis toxin</span></b> inhibits a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G_i</span> protein within <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>, resulting in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""in"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>creased levels of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""cAMP"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> within the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pertussis toxin</span></b> inhibits a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G_i</span> protein within <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>, resulting in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">in</span>creased levels of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">cAMP</span></u> within the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-53287659241738.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pertussis toxin</span></b> inhibits a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""G&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;&#x2F;sub&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> protein within <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""neutrophils"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, resulting in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">in</span>creased levels of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cAMP</span></u> within the <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""neutrophils"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pertussis toxin</span></b> inhibits a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">G_i</span> protein within <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>, resulting in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">in</span>creased levels of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cAMP</span></u> within the <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-53287659241738.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pertussis&#x20;toxin"" data-ordinal=""3"">[which exotoxin]</span></b> inhibits a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G_i</span> protein within <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>, resulting in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">in</span>creased levels of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cAMP</span></u> within the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>""<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Pertussis toxin</span></b> inhibits a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">G_i</span> protein within <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span>, resulting in&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">in</span>creased levels of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">cAMP</span></u> within the <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">neutrophils</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-53287659241738.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Increased cAMP</u> via <b>Pertussis Toxin</b>&nbsp;results in <i>impaired</i> <b>recruitment</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""neutrophils"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<u>Increased cAMP</u> via <b>Pertussis Toxin</b>&nbsp;results in <i>impaired</i> <b>recruitment</b> of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">neutrophils</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-53283364274442.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""SNARE&#x20;proteins"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are present on <b>neurotransmitter vesicles</b>, <i>allowing</i> the <u>vesicles to dock</u> and <i>release</i> the <u>NT into the synaptic cleft</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">SNARE proteins</span> are present on <b>neurotransmitter vesicles</b>, <i>allowing</i> the <u>vesicles to dock</u> and <i>release</i> the <u>NT into the synaptic cleft</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-54086523158890.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Inhibition</i> of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""SNARE"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> proteins</u> <i>inhibits</i> <u>docking</u> of <b>neurotransmitter <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">vesicles</span></b> and ultimately neurotransmitter release""<i>Inhibition</i> of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">SNARE</span> proteins</u> <i>inhibits</i> <u>docking</u> of <b>neurotransmitter <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">vesicles</span></b> and ultimately neurotransmitter release<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-54082228191594.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Inhibition</i> of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">SNARE</span> proteins</u> <i>inhibits</i> <u>docking</u> of <b>neurotransmitter <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""vesicles"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> and ultimately neurotransmitter release""<i>Inhibition</i> of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">SNARE</span> proteins</u> <i>inhibits</i> <u>docking</u> of <b>neurotransmitter <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">vesicles</span></b> and ultimately neurotransmitter release<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-54082228191594.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clostridium&#x20;tetani"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Tetanospasmin</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium tetani</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Tetanospasmin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-54782307860609.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium tetani</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Tetanospasmin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium tetani</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Tetanospasmin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-54782307860609.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <u>exotoxin</u> <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Tetanospasmin</span></b>&nbsp;inhibits <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;inhibitory&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[excitatory or inhibitory]</span> neurons, resulting in <u>lack of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""GABA"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Glycine"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> release</u>""The <u>exotoxin</u> <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Tetanospasmin</span></b>&nbsp;inhibits <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>inhibitory</b></span> neurons, resulting in <u>lack of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">GABA</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glycine</span> release</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>results in a <b>consistent muscle spasm</b> due to <u>lack of inhibitory motor input</u></div>
"
"The <u>exotoxin</u> <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Tetanospasmin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>&nbsp;inhibits <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>inhibitory</b></span> neurons, resulting in <u>lack of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">GABA</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glycine</span> release</u>""The <u>exotoxin</u> <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Tetanospasmin</span></b>&nbsp;inhibits <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>inhibitory</b></span> neurons, resulting in <u>lack of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">GABA</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Glycine</span> release</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>results in a <b>consistent muscle spasm</b> due to <u>lack of inhibitory motor input</u></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Tetanospasmin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which exotoxin]</span> works in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Renshaw</span> cells</u> of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>spinal cord</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Tetanospasmin</b></span> works in the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Renshaw</span> cells</u> of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>spinal cord</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-55508157333632.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Tetanospasmin</b></span> works in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Renshaw"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> cells</u> of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;spinal&#x20;cord&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Tetanospasmin</b></span> works in the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Renshaw</span> cells</u> of the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>spinal cord</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-55508157333632.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clostridium&#x20;botulinum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>&nbsp;</i>produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Botulinum toxin</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium botulinum</span>&nbsp;</i>produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Botulinum toxin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-56328496087166.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium botulinum</span>&nbsp;</i>produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Botulinum&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium botulinum</span>&nbsp;</i>produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Botulinum toxin</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-56328496087166.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<i>Clostridium <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""tetani"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;results in <b>rigid</b> muscles""<i>Clostridium <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">tetani</span></i>&nbsp;results in <b>rigid</b> muscles<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-56474524975230.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i>Clostridium <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""botulinum"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;results in <b>floppy</b> muscles""<i>Clostridium <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">botulinum</span></i>&nbsp;results in <b>floppy</b> muscles<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-56508884713600.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Botulinum&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which exotoxin]</span> inhibits <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Acetylcholine</u></span> release at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in <i>lack</i> of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>muscle contraction</u></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Botulinum toxin</b></span> inhibits <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Acetylcholine</u></span> release at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in <i>lack</i> of <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>muscle contraction</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-56504589746304.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Botulinum toxin</b></span> inhibits <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Acetylcholine&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> release at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in <i>lack</i> of <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;muscle&#x20;contraction&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Botulinum toxin</b></span> inhibits <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Acetylcholine</u></span> release at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in <i>lack</i> of <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>muscle contraction</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-56504589746304.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clostridium&#x20;perfringens"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i> causes ""<u>gas gangrene</u>"" when it enters <b>wounds</b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium perfringens</span></i> causes ""<u>gas gangrene</u>"" when it enters <b>wounds</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Clostridium&#x20;perfringens"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span>, which is a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Phospholipase C</span> enzyme</u>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium perfringens</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span>, which is a <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Phospholipase C</span> enzyme</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-57672820850919.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium perfringens</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Alpha&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>, which is a <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Phospholipase&#x20;C"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> enzyme</u>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Clostridium perfringens</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span>, which is a <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Phospholipase C</span> enzyme</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-57672820850919.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Alpha&#x20;toxin&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which exotoxin]</span> <i>degrades</i> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phosphatidylcholine</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">spingomyelin</span></u>, resulting in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>myonecrosis</b> (muscle breakdown)</span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span> <i>degrades</i> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phosphatidylcholine</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">spingomyelin</span></u>, resulting in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>myonecrosis</b> (muscle breakdown)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>is a <b>phospholipase C enzyme</b></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span> <i>degrades</i> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""phosphatidylcholine"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""spingomyelin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></u>, resulting in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>myonecrosis</b> (muscle breakdown)</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span> <i>degrades</i> <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">phosphatidylcholine</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">spingomyelin</span></u>, resulting in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>myonecrosis</b> (muscle breakdown)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>is a <b>phospholipase C enzyme</b></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span> <i>degrades</i> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phosphatidylcholine</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">spingomyelin</span></u>, resulting in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;myonecrosis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;&#x20;&#x28;muscle&#x20;breakdown&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Alpha toxin</b></span> <i>degrades</i> <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">phosphatidylcholine</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">spingomyelin</span></u>, resulting in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>myonecrosis</b> (muscle breakdown)</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>is a <b>phospholipase C enzyme</b></div>
"
"Along with <i>muscle breakdown</i>, the exotoxin <b>Alpha Toxin</b> also results in <b>decreased muscle</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""blood&#x20;flow"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Along with <i>muscle breakdown</i>, the exotoxin <b>Alpha Toxin</b> also results in <b>decreased muscle</b>&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">blood flow</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>this results in a low O₂&nbsp;environment <u>favorable</u> for <i><b>Clostridium perfringens</b>, </i>which is an<i> <b>anaerobe</b></i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""paste-58531814310215.jpg"" /></i></div></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptococcus&#x20;Pyogenes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<b>strep throat, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis</b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus Pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;can cause&nbsp;<b>strep throat, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptococcus&#x20;pyogenes"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Streptolysin O (cytolysin)</b></span>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Streptolysin O (cytolysin)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>due to it lysing cells - this is why Streptococcus pyogenes is <b>beta-hemolytic</b></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Streptolysin&#x20;O&#x20;&#x28;cytolysin&#x29;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[<b>... aka ...</b>]</span>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;produces the exotoxin&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Streptolysin O (cytolysin)</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>due to it lysing cells - this is why Streptococcus pyogenes is <b>beta-hemolytic</b></div>
"
"What <u>antibodies</u> are <i>elevated</i> following a <b>strep infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Anti&#x2D;streptolysin&#x20;O&#x20;&#x28;ASO&#x29;&#x20;antibodies"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <u>antibodies</u> are <i>elevated</i> following a <b>strep infection</b>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>recall that streptococcus pyogenes' exotoxin is streptolysin O<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-60327110639719.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;toxoid&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is an <i>inactivated</i> <u>bacterial <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">exo</span>-toxin</u>&nbsp;used for <b>vaccination</b>""A <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>toxoid</u></span> is an <i>inactivated</i> <u>bacterial <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">exo</span>-toxin</u>&nbsp;used for <b>vaccination</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38555921416586.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Diphtheria&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Tetanus</u></span> are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Pertussis</u></span> is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Diphtheria</u></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Tetanus</u></span> are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Pertussis</u></span> is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>DTaP = diptheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis</div><img src=""paste-61860413964396.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Diphtheria</u></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Tetanus&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Pertussis</u></span> is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Diphtheria</u></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Tetanus</u></span> are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Pertussis</u></span> is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>DTaP = diptheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis</div><img src=""paste-61860413964396.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Diphtheria</u></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Tetanus</u></span> are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Pertussis&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Diphtheria</u></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><u>Tetanus</u></span> are <b>toxoid</b> vaccines<div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>Pertussis</u></span> is <b>acellular</b> (therefore <i>partially</i> <b>toxoid</b>)</div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>DTaP = diptheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis</div><img src=""paste-61860413964396.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Exo</b></span><b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>plasmids</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;bacteriophages&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Exo</b></span><b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>plasmids</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>bacteriophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38014755537293.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Exo</b></span><b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;plasmids&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>bacteriophages</b></span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Exo</b></span><b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>plasmids</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>bacteriophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38014755537293.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Superantigens&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> are <b>exotoxins</b> that cause a <u>massive</u>&nbsp;amount of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">T-cell</span> activation</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> are <b>exotoxins</b> that cause a <u>massive</u>&nbsp;amount of <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">T-cell</span> activation</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>are not processed by antigen presenting cells, instead the entire exotoxin is presented to the T-cell via an MHC complex</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> are <b>exotoxins</b> that cause a <u>massive</u>&nbsp;amount of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""T&#x2D;cell"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> activation</u>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> are <b>exotoxins</b> that cause a <u>massive</u>&nbsp;amount of <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">T-cell</span> activation</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>are not processed by antigen presenting cells, instead the entire exotoxin is presented to the T-cell via an MHC complex</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Superantigens&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>MHC II</b></span> and a T-cell's <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TCR</b></span><b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>MHC II</b></span> and a T-cell's <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TCR</b></span><b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63342177681718.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-39208756445328.jpg"" /><br /><div>normal antigens are just a piece of the organism that the APC takes for presentation. Superantigens are not pieces, but the entire organism itself, resulting in a massive T-cell release</div></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;MHC&#x20;II&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and a T-cell's <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TCR</b></span><b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>MHC II</b></span> and a T-cell's <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TCR</b></span><b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63342177681718.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-39208756445328.jpg"" /><br /><div>normal antigens are just a piece of the organism that the APC takes for presentation. Superantigens are not pieces, but the entire organism itself, resulting in a massive T-cell release</div></div></div>
"
"<u>Superantigens</u> result in a <u>large release of cytokines</u>, leading to <i>massive</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""vasodilation&#x2F;hypotension"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">shock</span></b>""<u>Superantigens</u> result in a <u>large release of cytokines</u>, leading to <i>massive</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">vasodilation/hypotension</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">shock</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-64115271794821.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Superantigens</u> result in a <u>large release of cytokines</u>, leading to <i>massive</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">vasodilation/hypotension</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""shock"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>""<u>Superantigens</u> result in a <u>large release of cytokines</u>, leading to <i>massive</i>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">vasodilation/hypotension</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">shock</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-64115271794821.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>two bacteria</u> can <i>synthesize</i> <b>superantigens</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></span>""Which <u>two bacteria</u> can <i>synthesize</i> <b>superantigens</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"Which <u>two bacteria</u> can <i>synthesize</i> <b>superantigens</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;i&gt;Streptococcus&#x20;pyogenes&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span>""Which <u>two bacteria</u> can <i>synthesize</i> <b>superantigens</b>?&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigen</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Toxic&#x20;Shock&#x20;Syndrome&#x20;Toxin&#x2D;1&#x20;&#x28;TSST&#x2D;1&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigen</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b>more common cause</b> of <u>toxic shock syndrome</u> - ie: woman leaves tampon in vagina</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Staphylococcus&#x20;aureus"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigen</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigen</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><b>more common cause</b> of <u>toxic shock syndrome</u> - ie: woman leaves tampon in vagina</div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigens</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Pyrogenic&#x20;exotoxin&#x20;A&#x20;or&#x20;C"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigens</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pyrogenic exotoxin A or C</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><i>Causes ""Toxic shock like syndrome""</i></div>
"
"<i><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Streptococcus&#x20;pyogenes"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigens</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pyrogenic exotoxin A or C</span></b>""<i><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Streptococcus pyogenes</span></i>&nbsp;synthesizes the <u>superantigens</u>&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Pyrogenic exotoxin A or C</span></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><i>Causes ""Toxic shock like syndrome""</i></div>
"
"<b>Superantigens</b> result in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""toxic&#x20;shock"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> syndrome""<b>Superantigens</b> result in&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">toxic shock</span> syndrome<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Streptococcus pyogenes'</b> <u>pyrogenic exotoxin B</u></span><u>&nbsp;<b>superantigen</b></u>&nbsp;is often associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;necrotizing&#x20;faciitis&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>Streptococcus pyogenes'</b> <u>pyrogenic exotoxin B</u></span><u>&nbsp;<b>superantigen</b></u>&nbsp;is often associated with&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>necrotizing faciitis</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Toxic Shock</span> syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> (<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;hypo&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>red rash</b></span>""<b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Toxic Shock</span> syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> (<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hypo</b></span>-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>red rash</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>red rash covers the entire body<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-65773129171179.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b><u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Toxic&#x20;Shock"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hypo</b></span>-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>red rash</b></span>""<b><u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Toxic Shock</span> syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hypo</b></span>-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>red rash</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>red rash covers the entire body<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-65773129171179.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)</u></span> <i>binds</i> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;CD14&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TLR4</b></span>""<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)</u></span> <i>binds</i> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD14</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TLR4</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>CD14 is known as the endotoxin receptor</div><img src=""paste-31628139168086.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38783554683138.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Toxic Shock</span> syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hypo</b></span>-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;red&#x20;rash&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Toxic Shock</span> syndrome</u></b>&nbsp;will present with <i>fever</i>, <i>shock</i> (<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>hypo</b></span>-<b>tension</b>) and a <b>diffuse&nbsp;</b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>red rash</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>red rash covers the entire body<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-65773129171179.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Exotoxin</b>&nbsp;generates a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""strong"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>&nbsp;(strength)&nbsp;<u>antibody</u>&nbsp;<i>response</i>""<b>Exotoxin</b>&nbsp;generates a&nbsp;<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">strong</span></u>&nbsp;(strength)&nbsp;<u>antibody</u>&nbsp;<i>response</i><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>known as ""<b>antitoxins</b>""</div><img src=""paste-38010460569997.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Exotoxin</b>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<u>heat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""labile"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u>""<b>Exotoxin</b>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<u>heat&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">labile</span></u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>destroyed rapidly at 60 d C (basis for fever)</div><img src=""paste-38448547234197.jpg""></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>toxoid</u></span> is an <i>inactivated</i> <u>bacterial <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""exo"" data-ordinal=""2"">[exo/endo]</span>-toxin</u>&nbsp;used for <b>vaccination</b>""A <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>toxoid</u></span> is an <i>inactivated</i> <u>bacterial <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">exo</span>-toxin</u>&nbsp;used for <b>vaccination</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38555921416586.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)</u></span> <i>binds</i> to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD14</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;TLR4&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""<u>Gram Negative Bacteria</u> activate <b>macrophages</b> when <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)</u></span> <i>binds</i> to <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>CD14</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TLR4</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>CD14 is known as the endotoxin receptor</div><img src=""paste-31628139168086.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-38783554683138.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>MHC II</b></span> and a T-cell's <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;TCR&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span><b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Superantigens</b></span> <i>fully</i>&nbsp;attach to an <u>antigen present cell's (APC)</u> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>MHC II</b></span> and a T-cell's <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>TCR</b></span><b>, </b>stimulating a large T-cell response<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63342177681718.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-39208756445328.jpg"" /><br /><div>normal antigens are just a piece of the organism that the APC takes for presentation. Superantigens are not pieces, but the entire organism itself, resulting in a massive T-cell release</div></div></div>
"
"<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lag"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">growth/log</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">stationary</span> phase""<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lag</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">growth/log</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">stationary</span> phase<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43254615638294.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lag</span> phase, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""growth&#x2F;log"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">stationary</span> phase""<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lag</span> phase, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">growth/log</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">stationary</span> phase<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43254615638294.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lag</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">growth/log</span> phase, <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stationary"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> phase""<b><u>3 phases of bacterial growth curve</u></b>: <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">lag</span> phase, <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">growth/log</span> phase, <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">stationary</span> phase<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43254615638294.jpg"" /></div>
"
"During the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""lag"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> phase of <b>bacterial growth</b>, there is <b>no</b> <i>increase</i> in <u>number of cells</u> since you added them to the culture""During the&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">lag</span> phase of <b>bacterial growth</b>, there is <b>no</b> <i>increase</i> in <u>number of cells</u> since you added them to the culture<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-43447889166620.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""growth"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> phase</b> of <b>bacterial growth </b>is dependent on the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">generation/doubling</span> time</u>""The&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">growth</span> phase</b> of <b>bacterial growth </b>is dependent on the <u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">generation/doubling</span> time</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-43658342564183.jpg"" /></div><div>aka log phase</div></div>
"
"The&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">growth</span> phase</b> of <b>bacterial growth </b>is dependent on the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""generation&#x2F;doubling"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> time</u>""The&nbsp;<b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">growth</span> phase</b> of <b>bacterial growth </b>is dependent on the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">generation/doubling</span> time</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-43658342564183.jpg"" /></div><div>aka log phase</div></div>
"
"The <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""generation&#x2F;doubling"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> time</u>&nbsp;is the <i>time</i> is takes for the number of <u>bacterial cells</u> to <b>double</b>""The <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">generation/doubling</span> time</u>&nbsp;is the <i>time</i> is takes for the number of <u>bacterial cells</u> to <b>double</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44555990728873.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<div>During the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""stationary"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> phase</u> of <b>bacterial growth&nbsp;</b>bacteria are <i>continuing to grow</i> but <u>also starting to die</u></div><div><br /></div>""<div>During the <u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">stationary</span> phase</u> of <b>bacterial growth&nbsp;</b>bacteria are <i>continuing to grow</i> but <u>also starting to die</u></div><div><br /></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44238163149135.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What <i>phase</i>&nbsp;of <b>bacterial growth</b>&nbsp;do <u>antibiotics</u>&nbsp;have their <u>greatest</u>&nbsp;effect?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Growth"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What <i>phase</i>&nbsp;of <b>bacterial growth</b>&nbsp;do <u>antibiotics</u>&nbsp;have their <u>greatest</u>&nbsp;effect?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Growth</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44650480009507.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transformation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a way that bacteria&nbsp;<u>uptake DNA</u> from their <b>surrounding environment</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transformation</span> is a way that bacteria&nbsp;<u>uptake DNA</u> from their <b>surrounding environment</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-44994077393045.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Addition of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""DNAase"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> will <i>degrade</i> any <b>naked DNA</b> present in a culture medium, <i>inhibiting</i> any <u>bacterial transformation</u>""Addition of&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">DNAase</span> will <i>degrade</i> any <b>naked DNA</b> present in a culture medium, <i>inhibiting</i> any <u>bacterial transformation</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>recall that transformation is incorporation of naked DNA from environment into bacteria<div><img src=""paste-45260365365385.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Conjugation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> involves DNA extending a <b>sex pilus</b>, allowing <u>exchange of DNA</u> between two different strains""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Conjugation</span> involves DNA extending a <b>sex pilus</b>, allowing <u>exchange of DNA</u> between two different strains<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-45500883534059.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""High&#x20;frequency"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> strains of bacteria</u> will take <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmids</span></b> and <i>incorporate</i> them <u>into</u> <b>their cellular DNA</b>""<u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">High frequency</span> strains of bacteria</u> will take <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmids</span></b> and <i>incorporate</i> them <u>into</u> <b>their cellular DNA</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>aka high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr)</div>
"
"When <b>high frequency strains</b> of bacteria undergo <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;conjugation&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>, they transfer their <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bacterial</span> genome</b> <i>with the plasmid</i> to the recipient""When <b>high frequency strains</b> of bacteria undergo <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>conjugation</u></span>, they transfer their <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">bacterial</span> genome</b> <i>with the plasmid</i> to the recipient<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>known as Hfr * F- conjugation</div><img src=""paste-45943265165597.jpg"" /></div>
"
"When <b>high frequency strains</b> of bacteria undergo <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>conjugation</u></span>, they transfer their <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bacterial"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> genome</b> <i>with the plasmid</i> to the recipient""When <b>high frequency strains</b> of bacteria undergo <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>conjugation</u></span>, they transfer their <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">bacterial</span> genome</b> <i>with the plasmid</i> to the recipient<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>known as Hfr * F- conjugation</div><img src=""paste-45943265165597.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In <b>normal conjugation</b>, is there transfer of bacterial <u>chromosomal</u> DNA?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""No&#x20;&#x2D;&amp;nbsp&#x3B;Normal&#x20;conjugation&#x20;involves&#x20;transfer&#x20;of&amp;nbsp&#x3B;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;plasmids&#x20;only&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""In <b>normal conjugation</b>, is there transfer of bacterial <u>chromosomal</u> DNA?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">No -&nbsp;Normal conjugation involves transfer of&nbsp;<b><u>plasmids only</u></b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b>Hfr</b>&nbsp;will transfer chromosomal DNA w/ plasmid</div><img src=""paste-46175193399709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46188078301584.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transformation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[which bacterial genetics phenomenon]</span> is used to <b>amplify DNA</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transformation</span> is used to <b>amplify DNA</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>place any DNA into the environment, the bacteria will take it up and continue to replicate with it<div><img src=""paste-46368466927769.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Conjugation"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> of <b>High Frequency</b> bacterial strains allows us to perform <b><u>genetic mapping</u></b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Conjugation</span> of <b>High Frequency</b> bacterial strains allows us to perform <b><u>genetic mapping</u></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b>Hfr</b>&nbsp;will transfer chromosomal DNA w/ plasmid - we see where the plasmid incorporates into the bacterial DNA</div><img src=""paste-46175193399709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46188078301584.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Exo&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span><b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>plasmids</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>bacteriophages</b></span>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Exo</b></span><b>-toxin genes</b> are typically <u>not part of a chromosome</u>, and instead are encoded by <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>plasmids</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>bacteriophages</b></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-38014755537293.jpg"" /></div>
"
"A <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""bacteriophage"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> is a <u>virus</u> that <i>infects</i> <b>bacteria</b>""A <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">bacteriophage</span> is a <u>virus</u> that <i>infects</i> <b>bacteria</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>aka a ""<u style=""font-weight: bold; "">phage</u>""</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Transduction"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> describes the <i>transfer of DNA</i>&nbsp;<u>from one bacteria to another</u> via a <b>bacteriophage</b>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Transduction</span> describes the <i>transfer of DNA</i>&nbsp;<u>from one bacteria to another</u> via a <b>bacteriophage</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-47764331299204.jpg"" /></div>
"
"What are the two types of <b>bacterial</b> <u>transduction</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Generalized&#x20;and&#x20;Specialized"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""What are the two types of <b>bacterial</b> <u>transduction</u>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Generalized and Specialized</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-47893180318088.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Generalized&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Generalized or Specialized]</span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>lytic</b></span> phage infects the bacterium""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Generalized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>lytic</b></span> phage infects the bacterium<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Generalized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lytic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[lytic or lysogenic]</span> phage infects the bacterium""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Generalized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>lytic</b></span> phage infects the bacterium<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Specialized&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Generalized or Specialized]</span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>lysogenic</b></span> phage infects the bacterium""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Specialized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>lysogenic</b></span> phage infects the bacterium<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Incorporates into bacterial DNA, when the DNA is lysed, the bacterial DNA is lysed with it</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Specialized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;lysogenic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[lytic or lysogenic]</span> phage infects the bacterium""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Specialized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>lysogenic</b></span> phage infects the bacterium<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>Incorporates into bacterial DNA, when the DNA is lysed, the bacterial DNA is lysed with it</div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Generalized&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Generalized or Specialized]</span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when&nbsp;<u>bacterial chromosomal DNA</u> is&nbsp;<i>packaged in the phage</i>, resulting in <b>transfer of bacterial DNA</b>&nbsp;with lysis of the bacteria""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Generalized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;occurs when&nbsp;<u>bacterial chromosomal DNA</u> is&nbsp;<i>packaged in the phage</i>, resulting in <b>transfer of bacterial DNA</b>&nbsp;with lysis of the bacteria<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-48086453846205.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Specialized&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Generalized or Specialized]</span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;stems from incorporation of viral DNA into bacterial DNA; <i>excision of viral DNA</i> <u>results in excision of bacterial DNA as well</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Specialized</b></span> bacterial DNA <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">transduction</u>&nbsp;stems from incorporation of viral DNA into bacterial DNA; <i>excision of viral DNA</i> <u>results in excision of bacterial DNA as well</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-48232482734278.jpg"" /></div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lytic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Lytic or Lysogenic]</span> cycle is when a <b>phage injects</b> <u>nuclear material</u> <i>into preexisting bacterial DNA, </i><b>multiples</b>&nbsp;and then <u>lyses the cell</u>, releasing the new viruses""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lytic</span> cycle is when a <b>phage injects</b> <u>nuclear material</u> <i>into preexisting bacterial DNA, </i><b>multiples</b>&nbsp;and then <u>lyses the cell</u>, releasing the new viruses<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>during <u style=""font-weight: bold; "">generalized transduction</u>, the new viruses may be carrying bacterial DNA<div><br /></div><div><img src=""paste-58531814310124.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"The <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lysogenic"" data-ordinal=""1"">[Lytic or Lysogenic]</span> cycle is when a <b>phage injects</b> <u>nuclear material</u> <i>into preexisting bacterial DNA </i>and it is <b>incorporated into the host DNA</b>""The <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lysogenic</span> cycle is when a <b>phage injects</b> <u>nuclear material</u> <i>into preexisting bacterial DNA </i>and it is <b>incorporated into the host DNA</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>may later become excised and enter the lytic phase - certain triggers such as UV light can causes lysis and release the phages<div><img src=""paste-50096498540869.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Phages that only replicate via the <b>lytic cycle</b> are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""virulent"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Phages that only replicate via the <b>lytic cycle</b> are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">virulent</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-50208167690636.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Phages that replicate via both the&nbsp;<b>lytic and lysogenic cycle</b> are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""temperate"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""Phages that replicate via both the&nbsp;<b>lytic and lysogenic cycle</b> are known as&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">temperate</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""paste-50208167690636.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Lysogeny"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> allows for <b>non-toxic strains of DNA</b> to <u>obtain bacterial toxins</u>""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Lysogeny</span> allows for <b>non-toxic strains of DNA</b> to <u>obtain bacterial toxins</u><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA, encoding for bacterial toxins</div><img src=""paste-50796578210039.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-51080046051602.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Group&#x20;A&#x20;strep&#x20;Erythrogenic&#x20;toxin&#x20;&#x28;causes&#x20;scarlet&#x20;fever&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div>""Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Botulinum&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div>""Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cholera&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div>""Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Diphtheria&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""4"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div>""Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Shiga&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""4"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5"">Shiga Toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Group&#x20;A&#x20;strep&#x20;Erythrogenic&#x20;toxin&#x20;&#x28;causes&#x20;scarlet&#x20;fever&#x29;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Botulinum&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cholera&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Diphtheria&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Shiga&#x20;Toxin"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Which <u>5 bacterial toxins</u> depend on <b><u>lysogeny</u></b>&nbsp;in order to be<i> secreted by their corresponding bacteria</i>?<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Botulinum Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cholera Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Diphtheria Toxin</span></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Shiga Toxin</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div>these toxins are not normally found in their host's genome - are instead incorporated via lysogeny</div><img src=""paste-51346334023953.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Transposition&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> describes a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">transposon</span></b> of <b>bacterial DNA</b> that can ""<i>jump</i>"" from one location to another (ie: <u>bacterial DNA or even a plasmid</u>)""<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Transposition</u></span> describes a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">transposon</span></b> of <b>bacterial DNA</b> that can ""<i>jump</i>"" from one location to another (ie: <u>bacterial DNA or even a plasmid</u>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><div>bacterial resistance can be conferred this way - ie: a bacterium that is resistant to a certain antibiotic can encode for this resistance via a transposon. the transposon can jump to a plasmid and this plasmid can be transferred to another bacterium via <b>conjugation</b>. This transposon can then jump back from the plasmid to the new bacterial DNA, conferring antibiotic resistance in the new bacterium</div><div><br /></div></div>
"
"<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Transposition</u></span> describes a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""transposon"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> of <b>bacterial DNA</b> that can ""<i>jump</i>"" from one location to another (ie: <u>bacterial DNA or even a plasmid</u>)""<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><u>Transposition</u></span> describes a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">transposon</span></b> of <b>bacterial DNA</b> that can ""<i>jump</i>"" from one location to another (ie: <u>bacterial DNA or even a plasmid</u>)<br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><div>bacterial resistance can be conferred this way - ie: a bacterium that is resistant to a certain antibiotic can encode for this resistance via a transposon. the transposon can jump to a plasmid and this plasmid can be transferred to another bacterium via <b>conjugation</b>. This transposon can then jump back from the plasmid to the new bacterial DNA, conferring antibiotic resistance in the new bacterium</div><div><br /></div></div>
"
"In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;transposon&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> can move to a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmid</span></b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>conjugation</u></span>""In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposon</b></span> can move to a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmid</span></b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>conjugation</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-52493090291820.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-59609851101337.jpg"" /></div>
"
"In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposon</b></span> can move to a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plasmid"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>conjugation</u></span>""In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposon</b></span> can move to a <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmid</span></b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>conjugation</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-52493090291820.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-59609851101337.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<b>Transposition of bacterial DNA</b> allows for <u>transfer of bacterial DNA</u>&nbsp;amongst different strains, such as <i>resistance</i> to <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""antibiotics"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>""<b>Transposition of bacterial DNA</b> allows for <u>transfer of bacterial DNA</u>&nbsp;amongst different strains, such as <i>resistance</i> to <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">antibiotics</span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-52488795324524.jpg"" /><div><img src=""paste-52643414147272.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"<b>Conjugation</b> of <u>normal bacteria</u> involves transfer of&nbsp;<b><u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plasmids"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> only</u></b>""<b>Conjugation</b> of <u>normal bacteria</u> involves transfer of&nbsp;<b><u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">plasmids</span> only</u></b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><b>Hfr</b>&nbsp;will transfer chromosomal DNA w/ plasmid</div><img src=""paste-46175193399709.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-46188078301584.jpg"" /></div>
"
"<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">High frequency</span> strains of bacteria</u> will take <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""plasmids"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> and <i>incorporate</i> them <u>into</u> <b>their cellular DNA</b>""<u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">High frequency</span> strains of bacteria</u> will take <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmids</span></b> and <i>incorporate</i> them <u>into</u> <b>their cellular DNA</b><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'>aka high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr)</div>
"
"In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposon</b></span> can move to a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmid</span></b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;conjugation&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span>""In <u>Transposition of bacterial DNA</u>, a <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>transposon</b></span> can move to a <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">plasmid</span></b>, allowing <i>transfer to another bacterium</i>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><u>conjugation</u></span><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-52493090291820.jpg"" /></div><img src=""paste-52024938856701.jpg"" /><img src=""paste-59609851101337.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b><u>First split</u></b> into&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Bacilli"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cocci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Branching&#x2C;&#x20;Filamentous"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></div>""Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b><u>First split</u></b> into&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Bacilli</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cocci</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Branching, Filamentous</span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Bacilli&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Branching&#x2C;&#x20;Filamentous&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> split into&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>aerobic</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Bacilli</b></span> and <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Branching, Filamentous</b></span> split into&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>aerobic</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Bacilli</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Branching, Filamentous</b></span> split into&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;aerobic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;anaerobic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Bacilli</b></span> and <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Branching, Filamentous</b></span> split into&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>aerobic</b></span> and&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><u>Gram Positive <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Cocci"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span></u> are either <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span> or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>faculatative anaerobes</b></span></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><u>Gram Positive <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cocci</span></u> are either <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span> or <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>faculatative anaerobes</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><u>Gram Positive <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cocci</span></u> are either <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;anaerobic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;faculatative&#x20;anaerobes&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><u>Gram Positive <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1"">Cocci</span></u> are either <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>anaerobic</b></span> or <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2""><b>faculatative anaerobes</b></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Cocci&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""1"">[...]</span> split into <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase negative</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase positive</span></b></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cocci</b></span> split into <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase negative</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase positive</span></b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>C</u>occi - <u>c</u>atalase</div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cocci</b></span> split into <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""catalase&#x20;negative"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""catalase&#x20;positive"" data-ordinal=""2"">[...]</span></b></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""1""><b>Cocci</b></span> split into <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase negative</span></b> and <b><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""2"">catalase positive</span></b></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><u>C</u>occi - <u>c</u>atalase</div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div>
"
"Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""Positive"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Aerobic&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> <span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;b&gt;Bacilli&lt;&#x2F;b&gt;"" data-ordinal=""3"">[...]</span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div>""Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Listeria&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div>""Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Bacillus&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""6"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div>""Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div></div>
"
"Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Corynebacterium&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""7"">[...]</span></div>""Gram <b><u><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3"">Positive</span></u></b> Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Aerobic</b></span> <span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""3""><b>Bacilli</b></span> include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze-inactive"" data-ordinal=""6""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""7""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div><br>
<br>
<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div></div>
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"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Aerobic</b>&nbsp;<b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Listeria&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Bacillus&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Corynebacterium&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Aerobic</b>&nbsp;<b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Listeria</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Bacillus</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Corynebacterium</u></span></div><br>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-63428077028035.jpg"" /></div></div>
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"Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Anaerobic</b>&nbsp;<b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Clostridium&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-cloze=""&lt;u&gt;Propionibacterium&lt;&#x2F;u&gt;"" data-ordinal=""5"">[...]</span></div>""Gram <b><u>Positive</u></b>&nbsp;Algorithm:<div><br /></div><div><b>Anaerobic</b>&nbsp;<b>Bacilli</b>&nbsp;include&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Clostridium</u></span>,&nbsp;<span class=""cloze"" data-ordinal=""5""><u>Propionibacterium</u></span></div><br>
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<div style='font-family: arial;font-style: italic;color:white; font-size: 20px;'><div><img src=""paste-634