Identities and Factorization(恒等式及因式分解) Part 1: Concept 1. Identity (恒等式) 1.1 Equation vs Identity Equation : We have learned that an equation is a mathematical statement that is made up of two expressions connected by an equal sign. For example, 3x-12=0 is an equation. Solving this equation, we get the value of the unknown x as x =4. The value of the unknown which makes both sides of an equation equal is called the solution of the equation. e.g. x=4 is the solution of the equation 3x-12=0. Solving an equation means finding the value or values for which the two expressions are equal. This means an equation is true only for some special value(s) of the unknown(s). In the example above, the only correct solution for is 4. Identity: An identity is an equation which is always true, no matter what values of the unknown(s) are substituted. This means that an identity is true for any value of the unknown(s). eg. the equation 2x-6 = -2 (3-x) is true for any value of x . Therefore 2x-6 = -2 (3-x) is called an identity. We use the symbol ' ≡ ' instead of ' = ' to represent an identity. So, the identity 2x-6 = -2 (3-x) can be rewritten as 2x-6 ≡ -2 (3-x). Furthermore, if we expand the algebraic expression on the right-hand side of the identity 2x-6 ≡ -2 (3-x), both sides would be the same. R.H.S. =-2 (3-x) = -6+2x = 2x-6 In other words, for an identity, all the like terms in the L.H.S. and R.H.S. must be identical after expanding and simplification. How can we prove that an equation is an identity? It is impossible to check all values of unknown(s) whether they are true or not for a given equation. Instead, we can expand and simplify the algebraic expressions on both sides of the given equation. After expansion and simplification, if the algebraic expressions on both sides of equation are identical, then the given equation is an identity. How can we prove that an equation is not an identity? Method 1: . After expansion and simplification , if both sides of an equation cannot be written as the same algebraic expression, then the equation is not an identity. Method 2: We find a counter example which makes both sides of an equation unequal. Note: Method 2 is not applicable to prove an equation to be an identity. 1.2 Difference Between Equation and Identity Equation Identity Only for some special value(s) of the For all values of the unknown(s) , LHS unknown(s), LHS is equal to RHS is equal to RHS Values of unknown(s) for which LHS and RHS are equal are called solution(s) There is no concept of a solution of an equation No all equations are identities All identities are equation 在一個方程中,若末知數無論取甚麼數值,方程均成立,則該方程稱為恒等式. 我們用符號“ ≡ ”来表示恒等式.例如:對於所有 x 值,方程 x-3 = - (3-x) 均 成立 . 所以,該方程是恒等式.我們把它表示為 x-3 ≡ - (3-x). Example: (a) Prove that 4(x-5) = 4x-20 is an identity. (b) Prove that 4(x-5) = 3x-20 is not an identity. Solution (a) L.H.S.= 4(x-5) = 4x-20 R.H.S. = 4x-20 ∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S. ∴ 4(x-5) = 4x-20 is an identity. (b) L.H.S.= 4(x-5) = 4x-20 R.H.S. = 3x-20 ∵ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S. ∴ 4(x-5) = 3x-20 is not an identity. Alternative method (i.e. Substitute a suitable value of x. If L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S, then the equation is not an identity.) When x=1, L.H.S.= 4(1-5) =-16 R.H.S.=3(1)-20 =-17 ∵ L.H.S. ≠ R.H.S. ∴ 4(x-5) = 3x-20 is not an identity. Note: x=1 is a counter example. We can also choose other values of x as counter examples, eg, x=0, x=3 etc. Example: If 3(x+2)+2(x-1) ≡ Ax+B, where A and B are constants, find the values of A and B. Solution L.H.S.= 3(x+2) + 2(x-1) = 3x+6+2x-2 = 5x+4 ∴ 5x+4 ≡ Ax+B. By comparing the like terms, we have A=5, B=4 Alternative Solution When x=0, 3(0+2)+2(0-1)=A(0)+B 6-2=B B=4 ∴ 3(x+2)+2(x-1) ≡ Ax+4 When x=1, 3(1+2)+2(1-1)=A(1)+4 9=A+4 A=5 ∴ A=5, B=4 1.3 Some Important Algebraic Identities (一些重要的代數恒等式) (i) Difference of Two Squares (平方差) a2 − b2 (a + b)(a − b) This identity can also be written as (a + b)(a − b) a 2 − b2 Example: Expand (a) (m+3) (m-3), (b) 2(m+5) (m-5) Solution (a) (m+3) (m-3) = 𝑚2 -32 = 𝑚2 - 9 (b) 2(m+5) (m-5) = 2 (𝑚2 - 52 ) = 2 (𝑚2 -25) = 2𝑚2 - 50 (ii) Perfect Square (完全平方) (a + b)2 a2 + 2ab + b2 (a − b)2 a2 − 2ab + b2 Example: Expand (a) (𝑚 + 3)2 , (b) (𝑚 − 5)2 Solution (a) (𝑚 + 3)2 = 𝑚2 +2(m)(3) + 32 = 𝑚2 + 6m + 9 (b) (𝑚 − 5)2 = 𝑚2 -2(m)(5) + 52 = 𝑚2 -10m + 25 1.4 完全平方公式的轉換 利用完全平方公式, 我們通過通過簡單的變形,可以得到如下的式子. 請同學們自己 試一下. ① a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab ② a2 + b2 = (a − b)2 + 2ab ③ 2ab = (a + b)2 − (a2 + b2 ) ④ 2ab = (a2 + b2 ) − (a − b)2 ⑤ (a + b)2 = (a − b)2 + 4ab ⑥ (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab 1.5 多項式的變形 有些多項式相乘,表面上不能用公式,但通過適當變形后就可以用公式: 如: ( a + b − c )( b − a + c ) = b + ( a − c ) b − ( a − c ) = b 2 − ( a − c ) 2 1.5 三項完全平方公式的證明 2 2 2 公式: ( a + b + c ) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc 2 證明: (a + b − c)2 = [(a + b) + c]2 = (a + b)2 + 2(a + b) ∙ c + c 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2ac + 2bc + c 2 = a2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc 1.6 利用完全平方公式求平方和 當兩個數互為倒數,並且知道它們的和,或者差時,可以利用完全 平方公式求它們的平方和. 即: a 2 + 1 1 = (a + )2 − 2 2 a a 或 a2 + 1 1 = (a − ) 2 + 2 . 2 a a 2. Factorization of Polynomials (多項式的因式分解) 2.1 Definition In arithmetic, we know that 21 can be expressed as a product of 3 and 7, i.e. 21=3x7 . We say that 3 and 7 are the factors of 21. Similarly, in algebra, ab can be expressed as a product of a and b, ie. ab= a x b . We say that a and b are the factors of ab. We learnt how to expand the polynomial a(b+c) into ab +ac, and this process is called expansion. The process of expressing ab + ac into a(b+c) is called factorization. Factorization is the reverse process of expansion and vice versa. Expansion: a(b+c) = ab+ac Factorization: ab+ac = a(b+c) 2.2 Method of Factorization We can apply the following methods to factorize polynomials: (1) By taking out the common factors (提取公因式) (2) By grouping terms (併項,分組) (3) By using identities (利用恆等式) (4) By using cross-method (利用十字相乘法) 2.2.1 Factorization by taking out common factors If all the terms in a polynomial have a common factor, we can factorize it by taking out the common factors from each term . e.g. ab + ac = a(b + c) , abc + abd = ab(c + d ) Example: Factorize the following expressions. (i) 4ab+8ad (ii) 2a -2e (iii) ab-b Solution (i) 4ab+8ad=4a(b+2d) (ii) 2a -2e =2(a-e) (iii) ab-b = b(a-1) 2.2.2 Factorization by grouping terms If there are no common factors for all terms of a polynomial, we may group the terms that have common factors first and then take out common factors in each group to factorize the polynomial. This is known as grouping terms method. e.g. ac+ad+bc+bd = (ac+ad) + (bc+bd) = a(c+d) + b(c+d) = (a+b) (c+d) Example: Factorize the following expressions. (i) ac-ad+bc-bd (ii) 6m-n-2mm+3 (iv) ax − by − bx + ay (v) a2b2 − a2 − b2 − 2ab (iii) a2 − ab + ac − bc Solution (i) ac-ad+bc-bd = (ac-ad) + (bc-bd) = a(c-d) + b(c-d) = (a+b) (c-d) (ii) 6m-n-2mn+3 = (6m+3) – (2mn +n) =3(2m+1) – n(2m+1) = (2m+1) (3-n) (iii) a2 − ab + ac − bc = a(a − b) + c(a − b) = (a + c)(a − b) (iv) ax − by − bx + ay = a( x + y) − b( x + y) = ( x + y)(a − b) = a 2b2 − (a 2 + b2 + 2ab) (v) a2b2 − a2 − b2 − 2ab = a 2 b 2 − ( a + b) 2 = (ab − a − b)(ab + a + b) 2.2.3 Factorization by Using Identities We apply identities to factorize some polynomials. (i) Difference of Two Squares Example: Factorize the following expressions. (a) 𝑚2 – 9 (b) 2𝑚2 - 50 Solution (a) 𝑚2 – 9 = 𝑚2 -32 = (m+3) (m-3) (b) 2𝑚2 – 50 = 2 (𝑚2 -25) = 2 (𝑚2 -52 ) = 2(m+5) (m-5) (ii) Perfect Square Example: Factorize the following expressions. (a) 𝑚2 + 6m + 9 (b) 𝑚2 -10m + 25 Solution (a) 𝑚2 + 6m + 9 = 𝑚2 +2(m)(3) + 32 = (𝑚 + 3)2 (b) 𝑚2 -10m + 25 = 𝑚2 -2(m)(5) + 52 = (𝑚 − 5)2 2.2.4 Factorization by the Cross-method Some polynomials, such 𝑎2 + 8𝑎 + 7, cannot be factorized by taking out common factors or grouping terms or by using identities. We can use the cross-method. If we can find two numbers p and q, such that p+q=b, and pq=c, then the polynomial 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can be factoised as 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = (𝑥 + 𝑝)(𝑥 + 𝑞) The cross-method: x2 + ( p + q) x + pq = ( x + p)( x + q) Factorize: 6x²+13x + 6 6 x ²+13 x + 6=(2 x +3)(3 x +2) Example: Factorize the following expressions. (1) x2 + 5x + 6 (2) x2 − 5x + 6 (3) x2 − 7 x + 12 (4) x2 − 4x − 12 (5) a2 + 8ab + 15b2 (6) x2 y 2 − 75xy − 2500 (7) 6a4 − 5a3 − 4a2 (8) 4a6 − 37a4b2 + 9a2b4 (9) x2 + 5xy − 6 y 2 Solution (1) x2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 3)( x + 2) ; (3) x2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 3)( x − 4) (5) a2 + 8ab + 15b2 = (a + 5b)(a + 3b) (2) x2 − 5x + 6 = ( x − 3)( x − 2) . (4) x2 − 4x − 12 = ( x − 6)( x + 2) (6) x2 y 2 − 75xy − 2500 = (𝑥𝑦 − 100)(𝑥𝑦 + 25) (7) 6a4 − 5a3 − 4a2 = a2 (6a2 − 5a − 4) = a2 (3a − 4)(2a + 1) (8) 4a6 − 37a4b2 + 9a2b4 = a2 (4a4 − 37a2b2 + 9b4 ) = a2 (4a2 − b2 )(a2 − 9b2 ) = a2 (2a + b)(2a − b)(a + 3b)(a − 3b) (9) x2 + 5xy − 6 y 2 = ( x − y)( x + 6 y) . 2.3 多项式的因式分解 2.3.1 概念: 把一個多項式轉化為兩個或以上因式的乘積的過程, 稱為因式分解. 2.3.2 应留意的事項 (1) 先看各項有沒有公因式,若有,則先提取公因式; (2)提出公因式或無公因式可提,再考慮可否利用恆等式或十字相乘法; (3)對於二次三項式,可先嘗試用十字相乘法分解; (4)對於四項式或以上,應考慮用併項(分組)分解法; (5)因式分解的最後結果必須是幾個因式的乘積,否則不是因式分解; (6)因式分解的結果必須進行到每個因式在有理數範圍內不能再分解為止. (7)提取公因式法: 確定公因式的方法 (a)係數:取各項係數的最大公因數; (b)字母(或多項式):取各項都含有的字母(或多項式); (c)指數:取相同字母(或多項式)的最低次冪. 公因式可以是單獨的一個數或字母,也可以是多項式. 當第一項是負數時,可先提負號. 當公因式與多項式某一項相同時,提公因式后剩餘項是1,不要漏項. 乙部: 例題 (1) 1. 利用平方差公式或者其它方法展開: (a) (2m + 3n)(2m − 3n) = ___________ (b) (−3 + 2x)(−3 − 2x) = ____________ (c) ( a + b − c )( a − b − c ) = _______ 4 2 (d) a + (1 − a)(1 + a)(1 + a ) =__________ (e) ( 2a − 3)( 2a + 3) ( 4a 2 + 9 ) = ____________ 解析: (a) (2m + 3n)(2m − 3n) = (2m)2 − (3n)2 = 4m2 − 9n2 (b) (−3 + 2x)(−3 − 2x) = (−3)2 − (2x)2 = 9 − 4x 2 (c) (a + b − c)(a − b − c) = [(a − c) + b][(a − c) − b] = (a − c)2 − b2 = a2 − 2ac + c 2 − b2 (d) a 4 + (1 − a)(1 + a)(1 + a 2 ) = a4 + (1 − a2 )(1 + a2 ) = a4 + (1 − a4 ) =1 2 (e) ( 2a − 3)( 2a + 3) ( 4a + 9 ) = (4a2 − 9)(4a2 + 9) = 16a4 − 81 2. 展開: (1) ( x − 3)( x + 4 ) − ( x + 3) ; 2 (2) ( 2 x + 3) − ( −2 x − 2 )( −2 x + 2 ) ; 2 (3) ( 2a + 1) − ( 2a + 1)( 2a − 1) . 2 解析: (1)原式 = x2 + x − 12 − x2 − 6x − 9 = −5x − 21 (2)原式 = 4x2 + 12x + 9 + 4 − 4x2 = 12x + 13 (3)原式 = 4a2 + 4a + 1 − 4a2 + 1 = 4a + 2 3. 展開: (1) ( −a − 2b + c ) ; (2) ( 3x + 2 y + 4 ) ;(3) ( x + y − 2)( 2 − x − y ) . 2 2 解析: (1)原式 = [(−a − 2b) + c]2 = (−a − 2b)2 + 2c (−a − 2b) + c2 = a2 + 4ab + 4b2 − 2ac − 4bc + c2 (2)原式 = (3x + 2 y)2 + 8(3x + 2 y) + 16 = 9x2 + 12xy + 4 y 2 + 24x + 16 y + 16 (3)原式 = −( x + y − 2)2 = −( x + y)2 + 4( x + y) − 4 = − x2 − 2xy − y 2 + 4x + 4 y − 4 4. 已知x 2 − y 2 = 14,x − y = 7,則 x + y = ___________. 解析: ∵ x 2 − y 2 = (x − y)(x + y) ∴ 14 =7(x + y) ∴ (x + y) = 14 ÷ 7 = 2 1 5. 先化簡,再求值: (2 − a)(2 + a) + a(a − 4) ,其中 a = − . 2 解析: 原式= (22 − a2 ) + (a2 − 4a) = 4 − 4a 1 1 将a = − 2 代入得:原式= 4 − 4 × (− 2) = 4 + 2 = 6 6. 已知 2a2+3a-6=0,求代數式 3a(2a+1)-(2a+1)(2a-1)的值 解析: 原式 =3a(2a+l)-(2a+1)(2a-1) =(6a2+3a)-(4a2−1) =2a2+3a+1 ∵ 2a2+3a-6=0. ∴ 2a2+3a=6 ∴原式==2a2+3a+1 = 6 + 1 = 7 7. 利用平方差公式計算: (b) 1102 -109 × 111 (a) 103 × 97 (d) 2009 2007 − 20082 (e) (c) (2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1) 2007 2007 − 2008 2006 (f) 2 2007 2 . 2008 2006 + 1 解析: (a) 103 × 97 = (100 + 3)(100 − 3) = 1002 − 32 = 10000 − 9 = 9991 (b) 1102 -109 × 111 = 1102 − (110 − 1)(110 + 1) = 1102 − ( 1102 − 12 ) = 1102 − 1102 + 1 =1 (c) ∵ 2-1=1 ∴ (2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1) = (2 − 1)(2 + 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1) = (22 − 1)(22 + 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1) = (24 − 1)(24 + 1)(28 + 1) = (28 − 1)(28 + 1) = 216 − 1 (d) 2009 2007 − 20082 = (2008 + 1)(2008 − 1) − 20082 = 20082 − 1 − 20082 = −1 (e ) (f) 2007 2007 2007 = = = 2007 2007 2 − 2008 2006 2007 2 − (2007 + 1)(2007 − 1) 2007 2 − 2007 2 + 1 2007 2 20072 20072 = = =1 2008 2006 + 1 (2007 + 1)(2007 − 1) + 1 2007 2 − 1 + 1 8. 先化簡,再求值: (a − b) 2 + b(a + b) − a 2 − 2b 2 ,其中 a = − 解析: 原式= a2 − 2ab + b2 + ab + b2 − a2 − 2b2 = −ab 1 1 将a = − 3,b=3 代入,原式= −ab = − (− 3) × 3 = 1 1 ,b = 3 3 9. 利用完全平方公式或者其它方法計算: (1) 99992 2 (3) 20052 . (2) 99.8 解析: (1)99992 = (10000 − 1)2 = 100002 − 2 × 10000 × 1 + 12 = 99,980,001 (2) 99.82 = (100 − 0.2)2 = 10000 − 40 + 0.04 = 9960.04 (3) 20052 = (2000 + 5)2 = 4000000 + 20000 + 25 = 4020025 10. 解方程 x(x + 5) + 2x(x − 4) = 3(x + 1)(x − 1) 解析: x(x + 5) + 2x(x − 4) = 3(x + 1)(x − 1) x 2 + 5x + 2x 2 − 8x = 3x 2 − 3 −3x = −3 x=1 11. 求值: 2 2 (1)已知: ( a − b ) = 8 , ( a + b ) = 2 ,求 ab 的值; (2)已知: ( x − 2 ) + ( x + 3) = 15 ,(x-2)+(x+3)=5. 求的值. 2 2 解析: (1)∵(a − b)2 − (a + b)2 = (a2 − 2ab +b2 ) - (a2 + 2ab +b2 ) (a − b)2 − (a + b)2 = −4ab 8-2= -4ab ab= -3/2 (2) [( x − 2) + ( x + 3)]2 = ( x − 2)2 + ( x + 3)2 + 2( x − 2)( x + 3) 52 = 15– 2( x − 2)( x + 3) ( x − 2)( x + 3) =(15-25)/2 = -5 12. 不論 a 取任何整數值,代數式 a2 − 8a + 1 − k 的值總是整數的平方,求的值 k . 解析: a2 − 8a + 1 − k = a2 − 2 4 a + 16 − 16 + 1 − k = (a − 4)2 − 15 − k ∵無論 a 取任何整數值,∴ −15 − k = 0 ∴ k = −15 . 13. 已知 a = 2007 2009 2006 2008 2005 2007 b= c= ,請比較三者大小. 2008 2007 2006 , , 解析: 化簡可得: a= 2005 2007 (2006 − 1)(2006 + 1) 20062 − 1 1 2005 = = = 2006 − = 2005 ; 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 b= 2006 2008 (2007 − 1)(2007 + 1) 2007 2 − 1 1 2006 = = = 2007 − = 2006 ; 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 c= 2007 2009 (2008 − 1)(2008 + 1) 20082 − 1 1 2007 = = = 2008 − = 2007 . 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 即得: a b c . 乙部: 例題 (2) 1. 因式分解: (1) (m 2 + 1) − 4m 2 2 (4) x 2 − 2 x −15 (2) 3( x − 2 y)2 − 3x + 6 y (3) 2 ( m − n ) + 8 ( n − m ) (5) x 2 − 5 xy + 6 y 2 (6) 2 x 2 − 5x − 3 3 解析: (1) (m 2 + 1) − 4m 2 =[(𝑚2 + 1) + 2𝑚] [(𝑚2 + 1) − 2𝑚]= ( m + 1) (m − 1) 2 2 2 (2) 3( x − 2 y)2 − 3x + 6 y = =3[((𝑥 − 2𝑦)2 –(x-2y)]= 3( x − 2 y)( x − 2 y − 1) 3 5 (3) 2 ( m − n ) + 8 ( n − m ) = 2 ( m − n ) − 8 ( m − n ) 3 5 = 2(m − n)3[1 − 4(m − n)2 ] = 2(m − n)3 (1 − 2m + 2n)(1 + 2m − 2n) (4) x 2 − 2 x −15 =(x-5)(x+3) (5) x 2 − 5 xy + 6 y 2 =(x-2y) (x-3y) (6) 2 x 2 − 5x − 3 =(x-3) (2x+1) 2. 因式分解: (1) x2﹣4y2﹣2x + 4y (2) x2﹣2xy+y2﹣16 (3) a2 + 4ab + 4b2 − 2a − 4b + 1 2 2 (4) ( x + 3) + 2 ( x + 3) ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) (5) x2 − y 2 − z 2 − 2 yz 2 (6) 81x4 − 18x2 + 1 解析: (1) x2﹣4y2﹣2x + 4y = ( x2﹣4y2) + (-2x + 4y) = (x+2y) (x﹣2y)﹣2(x﹣2y) =(x﹣2y) (x+2y﹣2) 2 2 (2) x ﹣2xy+y ﹣16 = (x2﹣2xy+y2) - 16 = (x﹣y)2﹣42 = (x﹣y + 4)(x﹣y﹣4) (3) a2 + 4ab + 4b2 − 2a − 4b + 1 = (a + 2b)2 − 2(a + 2b) + 1 = (a + 2b − 1)2 (4) (x 2 + 3) + 2 ( x 2 + 3) ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) = ( x2 + 3 + x + 3)2 = ( x2 + x + 6)2 2 2 (5) x2 − y2 − z 2 − 2 yz = x2 − ( y + z)2 = ( x − y − z)( x + y + z) (6) 81x4 − 18x2 + 1 = (9 x2 − 1)2 = [(3x + 1)(3x − 1)]2 = (3x − 1)2 (3x + 1)2 2 5 3. 因式分解: (1) 4a 2b2 − ( a 2 + b2 ) 2 (2 ) ( m + n ) − 4 ( m 2 − n 2 ) + 4 ( m − n ) 2 (3 ) ( p − q ) (4) 2 m +1 + (q − p) 2 2 m −1 ( 3x − 2 ) ( 2 x + 1) − ( 3x − 2 )( 2 x + 1) 2 2 + x ( 2 x + 1)( 2 − 3x ) *(5) x3 ( x + y − z )( y + z − a ) + x2 z ( z − x − y ) + x 2 y ( z − x − y )( x − z − a ) . *(6) ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)( x + 4) + 1 (7) ( x 2 + x ) − 17 ( x 2 + x ) + 60 2 (8) ( x 2 + 2 x ) − 7 ( x 2 + 2 x ) − 8 2 2 2 (9) ( x + x )( x + x − 3) + 2 *(10) m4 + 4 解析: (1)原式 = (2ab)2 − (a2 + b2 )2 = (2ab + a2 + b2 )(2ab − a2 − b2 ) = −(a + b)2 (a − b)2 ; (2)原式 = (m + n)2 − 4(m − n)(m + n) + 4(m − n)2 = (m + n − 2m + 2n)2 = (3n − m)2 ; (3)原式 = ( p − q) 2 m−1 [( p − q)2 − 1] = ( p − q)2m−1 ( p − q + 1)( p − q − 1) . (4) 原式 = (3x − 2)(2x + 1)[(3x − 2) − 2x − 1 − x] = −3(3x − 2)(2x + 1) . (5) 原式 = x3 ( x + y − z )( y + z − a ) − x2 z ( x + y − z ) − x2 y ( x + y − z )( x − z − a ) = x2 ( x + y − z )[ x ( y + z − a ) − z − y ( x − z − a )] = x2 ( x + y − z ) ( xz − ax − z + yz + ya) (6) 原式 = ( x2 + 5x + 4)( x2 + 5x + 6) + 1 = ( x2 + 5x)2 + 10( x2 + 5x) + 25 = ( x2 + 5x + 5)2 (7) 原式 = ( x2 + x − 12)( x2 + x − 5) = ( x + 4)( x − 3)( x2 + x − 5) (8) 原式 = ( x2 + 2x − 8)( x2 + 2x + 1) = ( x + 4)( x − 2)( x + 1)2 (9) 原式 = ( x2 + x)2 − 3( x2 + x) + 2 = [( x2 + x) − 2][( x2 + x) − 1] = ( x + 2)( x − 1)( x2 + x − 1) . (10) 原式= (m4 + 4m2 + 4) − 4m2 = (m2 + 2)2 − 4m2 = (m2 + 2m + 2)(m2 − 2m + 2) 1 9 1 3 2n n 4m 2m 4. 因式分解: x + x − y + y . 解析: 1 4m 1 y + ( xn + y 2m ) 原式 9 3 1 1 1 = ( x n + y 2 m )( x n − y 2 m ) + ( x n + y 2 m ) 3 3 3 1 1 = ( x n + y 2 m )( x n − y 2 m + 1) 3 3 = x2n − 5. 若實數 a 滿足 a2+a=1,則 -2a2-2a+2024=____________ 解析: ∵a2+a=1, -2a2-2a+2024 =- 2(a2+a)+2024 =-2×1+2024 =-2+2024 =2022 6. (1) 化簡(x+y)2 - y(2x+y) (2) 先計算,再把計算所得的多項式因式分解:(12a3-12a2+3a)÷3a. 解析: (1)(x+y)2 - y(2x+y)= x2 + 2xy + y 2- 2xy -y2 =x2 (2)(12a3-12a2+3a)÷3a =4a2-4a+1, =(2a-1)2 7. 若 a + b = 6 , ab = 3 ,則 3a2b + 3ab2 的值是 解析: 原式= 3ab(a+b) = 3 x 3 x 6 =54 2 x + y = 6 2 3 ,求代數式 7 y ( x − 3 y ) − 2 ( 3 y − x ) 的值. x − 3y = 1 8. 不解方程組 解析: ∵ 7 y( x − 3 y)2 − 2(3 y − x)3 = ( x − 3 y)2 (7 y − 6 y + 2 x) = ( x − 3 y)2 (2 x + y) , ∴ ( x − 3 y)2 (2x + y) = (12 )(6) = 6 . 9. △ABC 三邊 a,b,c 满足 a2﹣ab﹣ac + bc =0,則 ABC 按邊分類, 應是什麼三角形? 解析: ∵a2﹣ab﹣ac + bc =0 ∴ a(a﹣b)﹣c(a﹣b)=0 ∴(a﹣b)(a﹣c)=0 ∴ a=b 或 a=c ∴△ABC 是等腰三角形. 10. △ABC 三邊 a,b,c 满足 ( a − b ) b + a (b − a ) = a ( c − a ) + b ( a − c ) , 則 ABC 按邊分類,應是什 麼三角形? 解析: ∵ ( a − b) b + a (b − a ) = a ( c − a ) + b ( a − c ) ∴ (a − b)(b − a) − (c − a)(a − b) = 0 ∴ (a − b)(b − a − c + a) = 0 即 (a − b)(b − c) = 0 ∴a=b 或 b=c ∴△ABC 是等腰三角形. 丙部: 測驗卷(基礎)-1 1. 利用平方差公式或者其它方法展開: (1) ( 3a + 4b )( 4b − 3a ) = _______ ; (2) ( c 2 − d 2 )( c 2 + d 2 ) = _______ 2 2 (3) ( 2a − 3)( 2a + 3) ( 4a 2 + 9 ) =________ (4) a + b a − b a + b =_______ 1 2 1 2 1 4 (5) ( 2a − 1)( 2a + 1) + ( a + 2 )( a − 2 ) − 4a 2 ( a 2 + 5 ) =________________ 解析: (1) (3a + 4b)(4b − 3a) = (4b + 3a)(4b − 3a) =(4b)2 − (3a)2 = 16b2 − 9a2 (2) (c 2 − d2 )(c 2 + d2 ) = (c 2 )2 − (d2 )2 = c 4 − d4 (3) ( 2a − 3)( 2a + 3) ( 4a 2 + 9 ) = (4a2 − 9)(4a2 + 9) = 16a4 − 81 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 (4) a + b a − b a + b = ( a − b )( a + b ) = a − b 2 2 4 4 4 16 (5) ( 2a − 1)( 2a + 1) + ( a + 2 )( a − 2 ) − 4a 2 ( a 2 + 5 ) = (4a 2 − 1 + a 2 − 4 − 4a 2 )(a 2 + 5) = (a 2 − 5)(a 2 + 5) = a 4 − 25 2. 已知 ( x − a)( x + a) = x 2 − 9 , 那麼 a = 。 解析: ∵ (x + a)(x − a) = x 2 − a2 ∴ x 2 − a2 = x 2 − 9 ∴a2 = 9 ∴a = 3 或 a = −3 3. 不用計算機, 計算:2011×2013-20122 解析: 2011 × 2013 − 20122 = (2012 − 1)(2012 + 1) − 20122 = (20122 − 12 ) − 20122 = −1 4. 已知 2x − y = 0 ,求代數式 x ( x − 2y ) − ( x + y )( x − y ) 的值. 解析: 原式= (x 2 − 2xy) − (x 2 − y 2 ) = x 2 − 2xy − x 2 + y 2 = −2xy + y 2 = −y(2x − y) ∵2x − y = 0 ∴原式= −y × 0 = 0 5. 先化簡,再求值:(x + y)(x-y)-x(x + y) + 2xy,其中x = (3 − p)0 ,y = 2. 解析: 原式= (x 2 − y 2 ) − x 2 − xy + 2xy = −y 2 + xy ∵ x = (3 − p)0 = 1,y = 2 ∴ 原式 = −y 2 + xy = −4 + 1 × 2 = −2 6. 已知 a + b = 2 ,証明: a2 − b2 + 4b = 4 証明 a2 − b2 + 4b = (a + b)(a − b) + 4b = 2(a − b) + 4b = 2a − 2b + 4b = 2a + 2b = 2(a + b) =4 丙部: 測驗卷(基礎)-2 1. 利用完全平方公式或者其它方法展開: (1)(3m − 2n)2 ; (2) (−2x − y)2 解析: (1)(3m − 2n)2 = 9m2 − 12mn + 4n2 ; (2) (−2x − y)2 = 4x 2 + 4xy + y 2 2. 已知 y = 2 ,求(x + y) 2 − x(5 y + x) − y 2 的值. x 解析: 原式= (x 2 + 2xy + y 2 ) − 5xy − x 2 − y 2 = −3xy 2 2 将y = x 代入得:原式= −3xy = −3(x) (x ) = −6 3.利用完全平方公式或計算:1002 ﹣2 × 100 × 99 + 992 解析:1002 ﹣2 × 100 × 99 + 992 = (100 − 99)2 = 12 =1 4. 先化簡,再求值 (m﹣2n)(m + 2n)﹣ ( m n)2 ,其中m = 1 ,n = ﹣1. 2 解析: 原式= (m2 − 4n2 ) − (m2 − 2mn + n2 ) = m2 − 4n2 − m2 + 2mn − n2 = −5n2 + 2mn 将m = 1 1 ,n = ﹣1代入得: 原式= −5n2 + 2mn = −5 (−1)2 + 2( )(−1) = −6 2 2 5. 已知a + b = 5,ab = −2,求下列各式的值: ① a2 + b 2 ② (a − b)2 解析: ① a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab = 52 − 2(−2) = 25 + 4 = 29; ② (a − b)2 = ( a2 + b2 ) − 2ab = 29 − 2(−2) = 29 + 4 = 33 6. (1) 展開: (2a + b + 1)(2a − b − 1); 1 2 (2) 利用完全平方公式 計算: (−99 2) 解析: (1) (2a + b + 1)(2a − b − 1) = [ 2a + (b + 1)] [ 2a − (b + 1) ] = (2a)2 − (b + 1)2 = 4a2 − b2 − 2b − 1 2 (2) (−99 1) = (−100 + 1) 2 2 2 1 1 = 10000 − 2 × 100 × 2 + 4 1 = 9900 4 7. 設 m + n = 8, mn = 15 ,求(1) m2 + n2 ;(2) m − n . 解析: (1) m2 + n2 = (m + n)2 − 2mn = 82 − 2(15) = 64 − 30 = 34 2 2 2 (2) m − n = (m − n) = m + n − 2mn = 34 − 2(15) = 4 = 2 1 1 8. 已知𝑥 − 𝑥 = 6,求x 2 + x2 的值. 解析: 1 ∵ 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 6. 1 2 ∴(𝑥 − 𝑥) = 36 1 ∴x 2 − 2 + x2 = 36 1 ∴x 2 + x2 = 36 + 2 = 38 已知 x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 ,求 x 4 + 9. 1 的值. x4 解析: 由 x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 可得 x + 3 + 1 1 = 0( x 0) . 𝑥 + = −3 𝑥 x (1) x 2 + 1 1 = ( x + )2 − 2 = (−3) 2 − 2 = 9 − 2 = 7 2 x x (2) x 4 + 1 1 = ( x 2 + 2 )2 − 2 = 7 2 − 2 = 49 − 2 = 47 4 x x 10. 展開: x − y − z − x + y − z . 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 2 1 5 1 3 解析: 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 3 2 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 = −[( x − y ) − z ][( x − y ) + z ] 2 5 3 2 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 = −[( x − y ) 2 − z 2 ] = − x 2 + xy − y + z 2 5 9 4 5 25 9 原式 = −( x − y − z )( x − y + z ) 11. 已知 a = 3 3 3 x − 20 , b = x − 18 , c = x − 16 ,求:代数式 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − ac − bc 的值 8 8 8 解析: 1 2 a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − ac − bc = (2a2 + 2b2 + 2c 2 − 2ab − 2ac − 2bc) 1 = 2 [(a − b)2 + (a − c)2 + (b − c)2 ] 3 3 3 将a = 8 x − 20,b = 8 x − 18,c = 8 x − 16代入得: 1 原式= 2 [(−2)2 + (−4)2 + (−2)2 ] 1 2 = (4 + 16 + 4) = 12 12. 試說明不論 x,y 取何值,代數式x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4y + 15的值總是正數. 解析: x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4y + 15 = x 2 + 6x + 9 + y 2 − 4y + 4 + 2 = (x + 3)2 + (y − 2)2 + 2 ∵(x + 3)2 ≥ 0,(y − 2)2 ≥ 0 ∴(x + 3)2 + (y − 2)2 + 2 一定為正數. 故代數式x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4y + 15的值總是正數. 丙部: 測驗卷(基礎)-3 1. 因式分解 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e ) (f) (g) x2 (a − b) + 4(b − a ) (h) 2 (i) 𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 解析: (a) = 3xy(x-2) (b) = (c) (d) (e) (f) ; = = 2 (a − 3)2 – (a-3) = (a-3) [2(a-3) -1] = = 3m(x-y) -2(x − y)2 = (x-y) [3m–2(x-y) ] = =6 (a − b)2 [ 3b-2(a-b) ] = 6 (a − b)2 ( 3b-2a+2b) = (g) x2 (a − b) + 4(b − a ) = 𝑥 2 (a-b) – 4 (a-b) = (a-b) ( 𝑥 2 − 4 ) = (a-b) (x+2)(x-2) (h) 3 1 3 1 = ( x + y )( x − y ) 4 5 4 5 (i) 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 = y (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) = y(x-2)2 2. 因式分解: (1) (a 2 + 8a) 2 + 22(a 2 + 8a) + 120 (2) ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)( x 2 + 2 x − 24) + 90 解析: (1) (a 2 + 8a) 2 + 22(a 2 + 8a) + 120 = (a2+8a+10)(a2+8a+12) = (a2+8a+10)(a+2)(a+6) (2) ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)( x 2 + 2 x − 24) + 90 = ( x 2 + 2 x) 2 -27(x2+2x) + 72+90 = ( x 2 + 2 x) 2 -27(x2+2x) + 162 = (x2+2x-9) (x2+2x-18) 3. 因式分解: x6 − 19x3 y3 − 216 y6 解析: 原式 = ( x3 − 27 y3 )( x3 + 8 y3 ) = ( x − 3 y)( x2 + 3xy + 9 y 2 )( x + 2 y)( x2 + 2xy + 4 y 2 ) . 4.分解因式: xn+1 − 4xn + 4xn−1 . 解析: 原式 = xn−1 ( x2 − 4x + 4) = xn−1 ( x − 2)2 5. (a) 如果 , ,求 和 的值. (b) 如果 a + b = −5 , ab = 7 ,求 a 2b + ab2 − 2a − 2b 的值. (c) 如果 a+b=-4,ab=2,求多項式 4a2b+4ab2-4a-4b 的值. 解析: = xy(x+y) = 2 x 5 = 10 (a) 2 =(x+y) -2xy = 52 –2 x 2 = 21 (b) a 2b + ab2 − 2a − 2b = ab(a+b)-2(a+b) = (7)(-5) - 2(-5) = -25 (c) 4a2b+4ab2-4a-4b= (4a2b+4ab2)–(4a +4b) = 4ab (a+b) – 4(a+b) = 4(a+b) (ab -1) = 4 x (-4) (2-1) = -16 6. 已知 ( a + 2b ) − 2a − 4b + 1 = 0 ,求 ( a + 2b ) 2 2006 的值. 解析: ∵ ( a + 2b ) − 2a − 4b + 1 = (a + 2b) 2 − 2(a + 2b) + 1 = (a + 2b − 1)2 2 ∴ (a + 2b − 1)2 = 0 ∴ a + 2b − 1 = 0 ,即 a + 2b = 1 ∴ (a + 2b)2006 = 12006 = 1 . 7. 已知 (2k+3)與(2k+1)為兩個連續奇數. k 是整數,且 k≥0. 利用因式分解式或者其它方法證明:這兩個連續奇數的平方差能被 8 整除. 解析: 這兩個連續奇數的平方差= (2k + 3)2 − (2k + 1)2 = (2k + 3 − 2k − 1)(2k + 3 + 2k + 1) = 8(k + 1) . ∵ 8(k + 1) 能被 8 整除,∴兩個連續奇數的平方差能被 8 整除. 8. 利用因式分解或者其它方法证明: 257 − 512 能被 120 整除. 解析: 解法一:原式 = (52 )7 − 512 = 514 − 512 = 512 (25 − 1) = 24 512 = 120 511 . ∴ 257 − 512 能被 120 整除. 解法二:原式 = 257 − 256 = 256 (25 − 1) = 24 256 = 600 255 = 120 5 255 ,∴ 257 − 512 能被 120 整除. 9. 1993 − 199 能被 198 整除嗎? 能被 200 整除嗎? 說明你的理由. 解析: 因為 1993 − 199 = 199(1992 − 1) = 199(199 − 1)(199 + 1) = 199 198 200 所以其能够被 198 整除,也能被 200 整除. 10. 當 n 為正整數時, n − n 的值能被 6 整除嗎? 說明你的理由 3 解析: n3 − n = n(n2 − 1) = n(n − 1)(n + 1) ∵ n 為整數,∴(n-1), n, (n+1)為連續整數. ∴ (n-1), n, (n+1)中必有偶數以及 3 的倍數. ∴ n3 − n 的值必為 6 的倍數. ∴ n − n 的值能被 6 整除. 3 11. 已知 15x2 − 47 xy + 28 y 2 = 0 ,求 x 的值. y 解析: ∵ 15x2 − 47 xy + 28 y 2 = (3x − 7 y)(5x − 4 y) , ∴ (3x − 7 y)(5x − 4 y) = 0 . ∴ 3x = 7 y 或者 5x = 4 y . x y ∴ = 7 x 4 或 = . 3 y 5 丁部:思考題 1. 觀察下列各式: ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x2 − 1 ; ( x −1)( x2 + x + 1) = x3 −1 ; ( x − 1)( x3 + x2 + x + 1) = x4 − 1; …… 根據前面各式的規律可得到 ( x − 1)( xn + xn−1 + xn−2 + … + x + 1) = . 2. 在實數範圍內定義−種運算 “*”,其規則是 a*b=a2-b2,根據這個規則, 方程(x + 3) ∗ 4 = 0的解是_________. 3. 用簡便方法計算:9 × 11 × 101 × 10001 4. 對於任意自然數 n, (n + 7)2 − (n − 5)2 是否能被 24 整除? 為什麼? 5. 符號 a c (1)計算: a b 稱為二階行列式,規定它的運演算法則為: c d 2 3 4 = 5 b = ad − bc . d ; (2)化簡二階行列式: a + 2b 4b 0 .5 a − b a − 2b 6. 計算: (𝑎)(3 + 1)(32 + 1)(34 + 1)(38 + 1)(316 + 1)(332 + 1)(364 + 1) (b) (1 + 2 ) (1 + 22 )(1 + 24 ) (1 + 2 ) + 1 ( n 是正整數). 2n 7. 計算: 12 − 22 + 32 − 42 + 52 − 62 + + 992 − 1002 的值是___________. 8. 觀察下列各式: 32-12=4×2,102-82=4×9,172-152=4×16… (1)試用你發現的規律填空:352-332=4× ,642-622=4× . (2)請你用含一個字母 n(n≥1)的等式將上面各式呈現的規律表示出來,並用所學數學 知識,說明你所寫式子的正確性. 9. 已知x 2 + y 2 -6x + 10y + 34 = 0,求x + y的值. 10. 為使代數式 x2 一 ax 一 20 在整數範圍內可以因式分解,其中的整數 a 可以有多少個? ***11. 如果一個正整數能表示為兩個連續偶數的平方差,那麼稱這個正整數為“神秘數”. 如: 4 = 2 2 − 0 2 , 12 = 42 − 22 , 20 = 62 − 42 ,因此 4,12,20 都是“神秘數” (1)28 和 2012 這兩個數是“神秘數”嗎? 為什麼? (2)設兩個連續偶數為 2k+2 和 2k(其中 k 取非負整數),由這兩個連續偶數構造的 “神秘數”是 4 的倍數嗎? 為什麼? (3)兩個連續奇數的平方差(取正數)是“神秘數”嗎? 為什麼? 12. 化簡( a − 1 )( a 99 + a 98 + a 97 + + a 2 + a + 1 ) 我們不妨先從簡單情況入手,現規律,歸納結論. (1)先填空: ( a − 1 )( a + 1)= ; ( a − 1 )( a 2 + a + 1 )= ; ( a − 1 )( a 3 + a 2 + a + 1 )= ; …… 由此猜想:( a − 1 )( a 99 + a 98 + a 97 + + a 2 + a + 1 )= (2)利用這個結論,解決下面兩個問題: (2.1) 2199 +2198 +2197 + … … +22 +2+1 ; (2.2) 如果 a 5 + a 4 + a 3 + a 2 + a + 1 = 0 ,則 a 6 等於多少? . 13. 觀察下列等式: 2 1×3+1=2 3×5+1=42 5×7+1=62 ....................................... (1)請你按照上述三個等式的規律寫出第④個、第⑤個等式; (2)請猜想,第 n 個等式(n 為正整數)應表示為 ; (3)證明你猜想的結論 14.若多項式 x4+mx3+nx-16 含有因式(x-2)和(x-1),則 mn 的值是______. b 2 + 2ac = 14 15. 已知三个数 a ,b ,c 满足方程 c 2 + 2ab = 29 2 a + 2bc = 21 ,求 a + b + c . 16.(1) 若 m2+2mn+2n2﹣6n+9=0,求 m 和 n 的值. (2) 若x 2 + 2y 2 − 2xy + 4y 2 + 4 = 0,求 x y 的值. (3) 已知整數 a、b 滿足a2 + b2 = 6a + 8b − 25,且c = 2a − 3b,求 c 的值. 17. 閱讀下列材料: “a2≥0”這個結論在數學中非常有用,有時我們需要利用「配方法」,將代數式配成完全平方 式. 例如: x2+4x+5=x2+4x+4+1=(x+2)2+1, ∵(x+2)2≥0, ∴(x+2)2+1≥1, ∴x2+4x+5≥1. 試利用「配方法」解決下列問題: (1)填空:x2-4x+5=(x )2+ ; (2)已知 x2-4x+y2+2y+5=0,求 x+y 的值; (3)比較代數式:x2-1 與 2x-3 的大小. 18. 先仔細閱讀材料,再嘗試解決問題: 完全平方公式 x2±2xy+y2=(x±y)2 及(x±y)2 的值恆為非負數的特點在數學學習中有著廣泛 的應用,比如探求多項式 2x2+12x﹣4 的最大(小)值时,我們可以這樣處理: 解:2x2+12x﹣4= 2(x2+6x﹣2) = 2(x2+6x+9﹣9﹣2) =2 [(x+3)2﹣11] =2(x+3)2﹣22 因為無論 x 取什麼數,都有(x+3)2 的值為非負數. 所以(x+3)2 的最小值为 0,此時 x=﹣3 進而 2(x+3)2﹣22 的最小值是 2×0﹣22=﹣22 所以當 x=-3 時,原多項式的最小值是-22 解決問題:請根據上面的解題思路,探求多項式 3x2﹣6x+12 的最小值是多少,並寫出對應的 x 的取值 19. 已知:a,b,c 為△ABC 的三邊長,且 2a2+2b2+2c2=2ab+2ac+2bc,試判斷△ABC 的形狀,並 證明你的結論. 20. 設 A,B,C 是△ABC 的三條邊,且 a 3 − b3 = a2b − ab2 + ac2 − bc2 ,試判斷△ABC 的形狀,並證 明你的結論. 21. 計算: (1 − 1 1 1 1 1 )(1 − 2 )(1 − 2 ) (1 − 2 )(1 − 2 ) 2 2 3 4 9 10 2 2 22. 已知 a + b − 4a − 6b + 13 = 0 ,求 a + b 的值. **23. 已知乘法公式: 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 5 (1) ( a + b ) ( a − a b + a b − ab + b ) = a + b ; 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 5 (2) ( a − b ) ( a + a b + a b + ab + b ) = a − b . 利用或者不利用上述公式因式分解 x8 + x6 + x4 + x2 + 1 . *** 24. 因式分解: 1+x+x(1+x)+x(1+x)2 + + x(1 + x)2014