TEMA 2 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup
BAB
BIDANG
PEMBELAJARAN
2
Sel sebagai Unit Asas Hidupan
Cell as a Basic Unit of Life
BAB
Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts
2
Sel tumbuhan seperti
sel palisad dan sel pengawal
Plant cells such as palisade
cells and guard cells
Organisma unisel seperti
amoeba dan yis
Unicellular organisms
such as the amoeba
and yeast
Sel haiwan seperti sel
saraf dan sel otot
Animal cells such as nerve
cells and muscle cells
Respirasi sel
Cellular respiration
• Glukosa + oksigen
→ air + karbon dioksida
Glucose + oxygen → water
+ carbon dioxide
SEL
CELLS
Organisma multisel
seperti spirogyra dan mucor
Multicellular organisms
such as the spirogyra
and mucor
Fotosintesis
Photosynthesis
• Air + karbon dioksida
→ glukosa + oksigen
Water + carbon dioxide
→ glucose + oxygen
Organisasi sel, iaitu sel,
tisu, organ, sistem dan
organisma
Cell organisation, i.e. cells,
tissues, organs, systems
and organisms
APAKAH SEL?
WHAT IS CELL?
Pernahkah anda terfikir, apakah yang membina badan anda? Semua benda hidup dibina daripada unit kecil
yang dikenali sebagai sel. Sel-sel ini membentuk tisu badan dan organ organisma. Tahukah anda respirasi sel
dan fotosintesis berlaku di dalam sel?/Have you ever wondered about what you are made of? All living things
are made of minute units called cells. These cells form the body tissues and organs of organisms. Did you
know that cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in cells?
21
NOTA BESTARI
Sel
BAB
2
Cells
1. Cells are basic units of all living things.
2. Animal cells have nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
and mitochondria.
3. Other than the components of an animal cell, a plant
cell also has a cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole.
4. The epidermis cell, palisade cell, guard cell and root
hair cell are examples of plant cells.
1. Sel adalah unit asas bagi semua benda hidup.
2. Sel haiwan mempunyai nukleus, sitoplasma, membran
sel dan mitokondria.
3. Selain struktur sel dalam sel haiwan, sel tumbuhan
mengandungi dinding sel, kloroplas dan vakuol.
4. Sel epidermis, sel palisad, sel pengawal dan sel
rerambut akar adalah contoh-contoh sel tumbuhan.
Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
Unicellular Organisms and Multicellular Organisms
1. Unicellular organisms are organisms that have only
one cell. As examples, amoeba and paramecium.
2. Multicellular organisms are organisms with many
cells. As examples, spirogyra and hydra.
1. Organisma unisel ialah organisma yang terdiri
daripada satu sel sahaja. Seperti contoh, amoeba dan
paramecium.
2. Organisma multisel ialah organisma yang terdiri
daripada banyak sel. Seperti contoh, spirogyra dan
hydra.
Organisasi Sel dalam Manusia
Cell Organisation in Humans
Organisasi sel dalam manusia:
Cell organisation in humans:
Sel
Tisu
Sistem
Cell
Organ
Tissue
System
Manusia (organisma)
Sel, Tisu, Organ dan Sistem
Organ
Human (organism)
Cells, Tissues, Organs and System
1. Red blood cells, white blood cells, muscle cells,
reproductive cells and nerve cells are examples of
human cells.
2. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the
same function. Example: Muscle tissues
3. An organ consists of a group of different tissues which
work together to perform a specific function. Example:
Stomach and intestine
4. A system consists of a group of different organs that
work together to perform a certain function in a life
process. Example: Skeletal system
1. Sel darah merah, sel darah putih, sel otot, sel
pembiakan dan sel saraf adalah contoh-contoh sel
manusia.
2. Tisu terdiri daripada sekumpulan sel yang sama yang
menjalankan fungsi yang sama. Contoh: Tisu otot
3. Organ terdiri daripada sekumpulan tisu berlainan
yang bekerjasama untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu.
Contoh: Perut dan usus
4. Sistem terdiri daripada sekumpulan organ berlainan
yang bekerjasama untuk menjalankan fungsi tertentu
dalam proses hidup. Contoh: Sistem rangka
Respirasi Sel
Cellular Respiration
1. Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in all living
cells all the time.
2. Oxygen is taken in to oxidise (burn away) the food
(glucose) in cells to produce energy and carbon
dioxide is released.
1. Respirasi sel ialah proses yang berlaku sepanjang
masa dalam semua sel hidupan.
2. Oksigen disedut untuk mengoksidakan (membakar)
makanan (glukosa) dalam sel untuk menghasilkan
tenaga dan karbon dioksida dibebaskan.
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
Glukosa + oksigen → karbon dioksida + air
3. Fotosintesis ialah proses yang dijalankan oleh
tumbuhan hijau untuk membuat makanan.
3. Photosynthesis is a process that occurs in green
plants.
Karbon dioksida + air → glukosa + oksigen
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
4. Photosynthesis requires carbon
dioxide, light, chlorophyll and water.
4. Fotosintesis memerlukan karbon dioksida, cahaya,
klorofil dan air.
Nota Grafik
22
Standard Kandungan
Tarikh:
2.1 Sel – Struktur, fungsi dan organisasi
2.1 EKSPERIMEN
INKUIRI
PBD
Penemuan
Inkuiri
Struktur sel bawang dan sel pipi
Structure of onion and cheek cells
Buku teks m/s 48 – 49
Tujuan
Prosedur
Nota Ekstra
Larutan metilena biru, larutan iodin, bawang, pencungkil gigi, kertas turas, mikroskop,
penutup kaca, slaid kaca, penitis, pisau cukur, jarum, forsep
Methylene blue solution, iodine solution, onion, toothpick, filter paper, microscope, cover slips,
glass slides, dropper, razor blade, needle, forceps
1 Jalankan langkah (a) hingga (f) untuk memerhatikan sel pipi.
Carry out steps (a) to (f) to observe cheek cells.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Pencungkil
gigi
Toothpick
Pencungkil
gigi
Toothpick
Larutan
metilena
biru
Methylene
blue
solution
Air suling
Distilled
water
Kikis bahagian dalam
pipi dengan pencungkil
gigi.
Scrape the inside of the
cheek by using a toothpick.
Letakkan sel pipi di atas
sekeping slaid di dalam
titisan air suling.
Place the cheek cells on a
slide in a drop of distilled
water.
Tambah setitik larutan
metilena biru untuk
mewarnakan sel pipi.
Add a drop of methylene
blue solution to stain the
cheek cells.
(d)
(e)
(f)
Penutup kaca
Cover slip
Kertas turas
Filter paper
Jarum
Needle
Gunakan jarum untuk
menurunkan penutup
kaca ke atas sel pipi.
Use a needle to lower the
cover slip onto the cheek
cells.
Serap larutan berlebihan
di sekeliling penutup
kaca dengan kertas turas.
Absorb excess solution
around the cover slip with
a filter paper.
23
Perhatikan sel pipi di
bawah mikroskop. Lukis
dan label struktur sel
pipi.
Observe the cheek cells
under a microscope. Draw
and label the structure of
the cheek cell.
BAB
Bahan dan
Radas
(a) Menyediakan slaid menggunakan prosedur yang betul
Preparing slides by using the correct procedure
(b) Menggunakan mikroskop dengan prosedur yang betul
Using a microscope according to the correct procedure
(c) Melukis struktur umum sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Drawing the general structure of an animal cell and a plant cell
2
2 Jalankan aktiviti yang berikut untuk memerhatikan sel epidermis bawang.
Carry out the following activity to observe onion epidermal cells.
Epidermis
Kemudian, ulang langkah 1(b) hingga
1(f) untuk memerhatikan sel epidermis
bawang. Gantikan larutan metilena
biru dalam 1(c) dengan larutan iodin
untuk mewarnakan sel.
Then, repeat steps 1(b) to 1(f) to observe
the onion epidermal cells. Replace the
methylene blue solution in 1(c) with
iodine solution to stain the cells.
Forsep
Forceps
BAB
Bawang
Onion
2
Kupas lapisan epidermis bawang
dengan pisau cukur dan forsep.
Peel off the epidermal layer of an
onion with a razor blade and forceps.
Keputusan
Lukis dan label struktur umum sel pipi (sel haiwan) dan sel bawang (sel tumbuhan).
Draw and label the general structure of a cheek cell (animal cell) and an onion cell (plant
cell).
Membran sel
Cell membrane
Dinding sel
Cell wall
Membran sel
Cell membrane
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Nukleus
Nucleus
Nukleus
Nucleus
Vakuol
Vacuole
Sel pipi (Sel haiwan)
Cheek cell (Animal cell)
Perbincangan
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Sel epidermis bawang (Sel tumbuhan)
Onion epidermal cell (Plant cell)
1 Apakah unit asas hidupan?/What is the basic unit of a living thing?
Sel/Cell
TP1
2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) bahagian-bahagian yang terdapat dalam sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan.
Tick ( ✓ ) the parts that are present in an animal cell and a plant cell. TP1
Jenis sel
Type of cell
Membran sel
Cell membrane
Nukleus
Nucleus
Sitoplasm
Kloroplas
Vakuol
Cytoplasm Chloroplasts Vacuole
Sel haiwan
Animal cell
✓
✓
✓
Sel tumbuhan
Plant cell
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
3 Sel hidupan mempunyai pelbagai bentuk. Sel yang manakah mempunyai bentuk yang
tetap, sel haiwan atau sel tumbuhan? Terangkan./Living cells have various shapes.
Which of the cells has a fixed shape, the animal cell or the plant cell? Explain. TP2
Sel tumbuhan . Sel ini mempunyai dinding sel .
The
Kesimpulan
plant cell
. It has a
cell wall
.
membran
Kedua-dua sel haiwan dan tumbuhan mempunyai
sitoplasma
.
membrane
Both animal and plant cells have cell
24
,
nucleus
sel,
and
nukleus
cytoplasm
dan
.
Tarikh:
2.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
KBAT
Struktur sel dan fungsinya
PBD
Cell structures and their functions
Masteri
Buku teks m/s 50 – 52
1 Nama dan padankan bahagian-bahagian sel kepada fungsinya.
Name and match the parts of the cell with their functions.
Dinding sel
Cell wall
Vakuol
Vacuole
Membran sel
Cell membrane
Nukleus
Nucleus
Mengawal pergerakan bahan keluar dan
masuk ke dalam sel
Controls movement of substances in and out of
the cell
(a) Dinding sel
Cell wall
(b) Membran sel
Cell membrane
Mengandungi pigmen hijau (klorofil) yang
menyerap cahaya matahari untuk proses
fotosintesis
Contains a green pigment (chlorophyll) that
absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
(c) Kloroplas
Chloroplast
Menyokong dan melindungi sel serta
mengekalkan bentuk sel
Supports and protects the cell and maintains
the shape of the cell
(d) Vakuol
Vacuole
(e) Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Tempat berlakunya proses-proses kimia
The place where chemical processes occur
(f) Nukleus
Nucleus
Sel tumbuhan
Plant cell
Mitokondria
Mitochondrion
Fungsi/Functions
Bahagian/Parts
Praktis
Kendiri
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Mengawal semua aktiviti sel
Controls all the activities of the cell
Menghasilkan tenaga untuk tindak balas
Produces energy for reaction
(g) Mitokondria
Mitochondrion
Menyokong sel apabila dipenuhi sap sel
Supports the cell when it is filled with cell sap
2 Daripada maklumat di Soalan 1, lengkapkan peta pokok dengan struktur-struktur yang terdapat
pada sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan./From the information in Question 1, complete the tree map with
structures found in animal and plant cells. TP1
Sel/Cells
Sel haiwan/Animal cells
Sel tumbuhan/Plant cell
Nukleus/Nucleus
Nukleus/Nucleus
Sel membran/Membrane cell
Sel membran/Membrane cell
Sitoplasma/Cytoplasm
Sitoplasma/Cytoplasm
Mitokondria/Mitochondria
Mitokondria/Mitochondria
Dinding sel/Cell wall
Kloroplas/Chloroplast
Vakuol/Vacuole
25
Proses pembahagian sel
membentuk sel-sel baharu untuk
pertumbuhan dan untuk
menggantikan sel-sel rosak pada
manusia. Kanser disebabkan oleh
pembahagian luar kawalan sel-sel
abnormal di dalam badan.
The cell division is a process which
forms new cells for growth and to
replace damaged cells in humans.
Cancer is caused by the
uncontrolled division of abnormal
cells in the body.
BAB
Kloroplas
Chloroplast
TP2
2
Tarikh:
2.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
KBAT
Organisma unisel dan multisel
PBD
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Masteri
Buku teks m/s 53
1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan organisma unisel dan multisel?
What are meant by unicellular and multicellular organisms?
BAB
2
(a) Organisma unisel/Unicellular organisms
satu sel
Organisma yang terdiri daripada
Organisms which consist of only
one cell
Praktis
Kendiri
sahaja.
Video
.
(b) Organisma multisel/Multicellular organisms
lebih
daripada satu sel atau
Organisma yang terdiri
banyak
sel.
Organisms which consist of
more
than one cell or
many
cells.
2 Namakan organisma yang diberikan. Kemudian, tuliskan organisma unisel (U) atau multisel (M)
dalam petak yang diberikan.
Name the organisms given. Then, write unicellular organism (U) or multicellular organism (M) in the
boxes provided.
Yis/Yeast
Mucor
Hydra
Amoeba
(a)
Paramecium
(b)
U
(e)
Chlamydomonas
Euglena
Spirogyra
Amoeba
(c)
U
Spirogyra
(f)
U
Hydra
Paramecium
Chlamydomonas
(d)
M
(g)
M
Mucor
Euglena
U
(h)
M
Yis
Yeast
U
3 Daripada jawapan anda di 2, kenal pasti jenis organisma yang mempunyai kloroplas yang
membolehkannya membuat makanan sendiri. TP2
In your answer in 2, identify the organisms which have chloroplasts that enable them to make their
own food.
Spirogyra, euglena dan/and chlamydomonas
26
Tarikh:
2.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Pelbagai jenis sel dan fungsinya
PBD
Various types of cells and their functions
Konstruktivisme
Buku teks m/s 54 – 55
1 Nama dan padankan fungsi sel-sel manusia yang diberi.
Name and match the functions of the human cells given.
Sel saraf/Nerve cells
Sel epitelium/Epithelium cell
Sel/Cell
Sel saraf
Nerve cells
Sel otot
Muscle cell
Sel pembiakan
Reproductive cells
Sel/Cell
Fungsi/Function
Mengecut dan
mengendur
untuk
menggerakkan
bahagian badan
Contracts and
relaxes to move
the body parts
Memusnahkan
bakteria
Destroy bacteria
Menghantar
maklumat
(impuls) di dalam
badan
Sends information
(impulse) in the
body
Melindungi
permukaan
kulit dan organ
dalaman
Protects the
surface of the
skin and internal
organs
Terlibat dalam
pembiakan
Involved in
reproduction
Mengangkut
oksigen
Transports
oxygen
Sel darah merah
Red blood cell
2 Namakan pelbagai jenis sel tumbuhan berdasarkan fungsinya.
Name various types of plant cells based on their functions.
Sel palisad
Palisade cells
Sel otot/Muscle cell
Sel pembiakan/Reproductive cell
Sel pengawal
Guard cells
Sel darah putih
White blood cell
Sel epitelium
Epithelium cell
TP2
Sel rerambut akar
Root hair cells
Sel epidermis
Epidermal cells
Sel epidermis/Epidermal cells
(a)
• Mengurangkan kehilangan air dan
membolehkan pertukaran gas.
Reduces the water loss and enable the
gaseous exchange.
Sel palisad/Palisade cells
(b)
• Mengandungi sebahagian besar
kloroplas untuk fotosintesis.
Contain a large amount of
chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Stoma/Stoma
Sel rerambut akar/Root hair cells
(d)
• Menyerap air dan garam mineral daripada
tanah./Absorb water and mineral salts from the
soil.
27
Sel pengawal/Guard cells
(c)
• Mengawal saiz stoma (liang daun).
Control the size of the stoma
(leaf pore).
BAB
Sel darah merah/Red blood cell
Sel darah putih/White blood cell
TP2
2
Tarikh:
2.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Organisasi sel dalam badan manusia
PBD
Cell organisation in the human body
Konstruktivisme
Buku teks m/s 56 – 58
1 Lengkapkan urutan organisasi sel dalam manusia.
Complete the cell organisation of humans.
BAB
2
Tisu
Tissues
(a) Sel
Cells
Sistem
Systems
(b) Tisu
Tissues
TP2
Sel
Cells
Organisma
Organisms
(c) Organ
Organs
(d) Sistem
Systems
Organ
Organs
(e) Organisma
Organsims
Manusia
Manusia
Manusia
Human
Manusia
Manusia
Human
Human
Human
Human
Sistem
Sistem
Sistem
pencernaan
Sistem
Sistem
pencernaan
pencernaan
Digestive
pencernaan
pencernaan
Digestive
Digestive
system
Digestive
Digestive
system
system
system
system
SelSel
epitelium
epitelium
Sel Epithelial
epitelium
cell
Sel
Sel
epitelium
epitelium
Epithelial
Epithelial cell cell
Epithelial
Epithelialcell
cell
Unit asas
bagi semua
hidupan.
Basic unit
for all living
things.
Tisu
epitelium
Tisu
epitelium
TisuEpithelial
epitelium
tissue
Tisu
Tisu
epitelium
epitelium
Epithelial
Epithelial tissuetissue
Epithelial
Epithelialtissue
tissue
Terdiri
daripada
sekumpulan
sel
yang sama.
Consists of a
group of the
same type of
cells
.
Video
Perut
Perut
Usus
Usus
Perut
Stomach
Perut
Perut
Stomach Usus
Intestine
Usus
Usus
Intestine
Stomach
Stomach
Stomach Intestine
Intestine
Intestine
Terdiri
daripada
beberapa jenis
tisu
.
berlainan yang
bekerjasama.
Consists of a
few different
types of
tissues
working
together.
Terdiri
daripada
beberapa
organ
yang
bekerjasama.
Consists of a
few organs
working
together.
Terdiri
daripada
sistem
berlainan
yang
bekerjasama.
Consists of
different
systems
working together.
2 Kenal pasti sistem badan manusia yang diberi.
Identify the given systems in the human body.
Respirasi
Respiratory
Pencernaan
Digestive
(a)
Pencernaan
Digestive
• Mencerna
makanan
Digests food
Saraf
Nervous
Perkumuhan
Excretory
(b)
Respirasi
Respiratory
Pembiakan
Reproductive
Peredaran darah
Blood circulatory
(c)
Otot
Muscular
Rangka
Skeletal
(d)
Saraf
Nervous
• Membolehkan
• Menghantar
pertukaran gas
impuls
Enables gaseous
Sends impulses
exchange
28
Perkumuhan
Excretory
• Menyingkir
hasil perkumuhan
Removes waste
products
Endokrin
Endocrine
Limfa
Lymphatic
(e)
Endokrin
Endocrine
• Menghasilkan
hormon
Produces hormone
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
BAB
2
Rangka
Skeletal
• Menyokong
badan
Supports the
body
Peredaran darah
Blood circulatory
• Mengangkut
oksigen dan
nutrien
Transports
oxygen and
nutrients
Pembiakan
Reproductive
• Menghasilkan
sel-sel
pembiakan
Produces
reproductive
cells
Otot
Muscular
Limfa
Lymphatic
• Membolehkan
pergerakan
badan
Enables body
movement
• Mempertahankan
badan terhadap
penyakit
Defends the body
against diseases
Tengkorak/Skull
Sendi/Joints
Tulang/Bones
Trakea/Trachea
Alveolus/Alveoli
Mulut/Mouth
Ginjal/Kidneys
Otot/Muscles
Ovari/Ovaries
Testis/Testes
Saraf/Nerves
Pankreas/Pancreas
3 Kenal pasti organ-organ yang membentuk sistem.
Identify the organs that form the systems.
Peparu/Lungs
Kulit/Skin
Jantung/Heart
Uterus/Uterus
Usus/Intestines
Salur darah/Blood vessels
Otak/Brain
Perut/Stomach
Rektum/Rectum
Hati/Liver
Hidung/Nose
Saraf tunjang/Spinal cord
Sistem/System
Organ-organ/Organs
(a) Pembiakan
Reproductive
Uterus, ovari, testis
Uterus, ovaries, testes
(b) Rangka
Skeletal
Sendi, tulang, tengkorak
Joints, bones, skull
(c) Respirasi
Respiratory
Peparu, trakea, hidung, alveolus
Lungs, trachea, nose, alveoli
(d) Pencernaan
Digestive
Perut, usus, hati, mulut, pankreas, rektum
Stomach, intestines, liver, mouth, pancreas,
rectum
(e) Perkumuhan
Excretory
Ginjal, kulit, peparu
Kidneys, skin, lungs
(f) Saraf
Nervous
Saraf tunjang, otak, saraf
Spinal cord, brain, nerves
(g) Peredaran darah
Blood circulatory
Jantung, salur darah
Heart, blood vessels
(h) Otot
Muscular
Otot
Muscles
(i) Endokrin
Endocrine
Pankreas, ovari, testis
Pancreas, ovary, testes
29
Sistem integumen
melindungi badan
daripada kekeringan dan
mengawal suhu badan.
Contoh organ ialah kulit.
Sistem endokrin
merembeskan hormon
terus ke dalam darah
untuk mengawal proses
badan seperti pengawalan
aras gula dalam darah
(insulin).
The integumentary system
protects the body from
dehydration and controls
the body temperature.
Example of organ is the
skin. The endocrin systems
secrete hormones directly
into the blood to control
body processes such as
the control of blood sugar
level (insulin).
Standard kandungan
Tarikh:
2.2 Respirasi sel dan fotosintesis
2.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Respirasi sel dan fotosintesis
PBD
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis
KBAT
Konstruktivisme
Buku teks m/s 59 – 60, 64
1 Jawab soalan-soalan tentang respirasi sel.
Answer the questions about cellular respiration.
BAB
2
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan respirasi sel?/What is meant by cellular respiration?
penguraian
tenaga
makanan untuk membebaskan
.
Proses
breaking down
The process of
food to release
energy
.
(b) Apakah yang berlaku semasa respirasi sel? TP2
What happens during the cellular respiration?
glukosa
Sel hidupan menggunakan
air
dan
tenaga
untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida ,
.
glucose
The living cells use
water
and
oksigen
dan
oxygen
and
energy
carbon dioxide ,
to produce
.
(c) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1(b), tuliskan satu persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili respirasi
sel. TP2
Based on your answer in 1(b), write a word equation to represent cellular respiration.
Glukosa
Glucose
+
Oksigen
Oxygen
Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
Air
Water
+
+
Tenaga
Energy
2 Jawab soalan-soalan tentang fotosintesis./Answer the questions about photosynthesis.
P:
Q:
R:
Cahaya matahari
Sunlight
Video
Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
Praktis
Kendiri
Air
Water
S:
Pigmen hijau: Klorofill
Green pigment: Chloropyhll
(a) Apakah fotosintesis?/What is photosynthesis?
tumbuhan hijau
Proses yang dijalankan oleh
A process that is performed by
green plants
makanan
untuk membuat
to make their own
food
sendiri.
.
(b) Pada rajah di atas, nyatakan syarat-syarat atau faktor-faktor P, Q, R dan S yang diperlukan untuk
proses fotosintesis dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang berikut:
On the diagram above, state the conditions or factors P, Q, R and S which are needed for the process
of photosynthesis, using the following words:
Klorofil
Chlorophyll
Air
Water
Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
Cahaya matahari
Sunlight
(c) Tuliskan satu persamaan perkataan untuk mewakili fotosintesis.
Write a word equation to represent photosynthesis.
Karbon dioksida
Carbon dioxide
+
Glukosa
Glucose
Air
Water
30
+
Oksigen
Oxygen
Tarikh:
2.7 EKSPERIMEN
INKUIRI
PBD
Penemuan
Inkuiri
Ujian kanji dalam daun
Starch test in leaves
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 60
Menguji kehadiran kanji dalam daun/To test the presence of starch in leaves
Bahan dan
Radas
Daun, air, alkohol (etanol), larutan iodin, bikar 250 cm3, tabung uji, penitis, penunu Bunsen,
kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, pisau, jubin putih/Leaf, water, alcohol (ethanol), iodine solution,
250 cm3 beaker, test tube, dropper, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand, knife, white tile
Prosedur
Jalankan aktiviti di bawah./Carry out the activities below.
A.
2
B.
Air
Water
Daun
Leaf
Daun
Leaf
Masukkan daun ke dalam tabung uji
yang berisi alkohol yang direndam
dalam air panas./Put the leaf into a
test tube containing alcohol, that is
immersed in hot water.
Didihkan sehelai daun hijau dalam
bikar berisi air selama lima minit.
Boil a green leaf in a beaker of water
for five minutes.
C.
D.
Daun
Leaf
Alkohol
Alcohol
Kukus air
Water bath
Panaskan
Heat
Larutan iodin
Iodine solution
Air
Water
Titiskan beberapa titik larutan iodin
ke atas daun./Add a few drops of iodine
solution onto the leaf.
Rendamkan daun dalam air panas.
Soak the leaf in hot water.
Pemerhatian
Warna biru tua terhasil apabila larutan iodin dititis ke atas cebisan-cebisan daun.
A dark blue colour is produced when the iodine solution is dripped onto the leaf.
Perbincangan
Berikan tujuan langkah-langkah dalam aktiviti ini.
Give the purpose of each step in this activity.
Langkah/Steps
A
Melembutkan daun dan memecahkan dinding sel
soften
break
the leaf and
the cell walls
To
B
Menyingkirkan
C
D
Kesimpulan
Tujuan/Purpose
klorofil
Melembutkan daun/To
Menguji kehadiran
To test the presence of
Daun hijau mengandungi/Green leaves contain
/To remove
soften
kanji
starch
kanji/starch .
AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 2 – 5: Faktor-faktor yang diperlukan oleh fotosintesis (rujuk silang m.s. 173 – 180)
Compulsory Experiment 2 – 5: Factors needed by photosynthesis. (cross-reference pp. 173 – 180)
31
BAB
Tujuan
chlorophyll
the leaf
PT3
PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 2
KOMPONEN
PP
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all questions.
BAB
2
Bahagian A/Section A
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur
sel.
Diagram 1 shows the structure
of a cell.
C
A
D
B
Which of the following are
multicellular microorganisms?
I Amoeba
II Spirogyra
III Mucor
IV Chlamydomonas
A I dan II
B III dan IV
I and II
III and IV
C II dan III D I dan IV
II and III
I and IV
C Sperma
Sperm
D Sel darah putih
White blood cell
4 Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah yang membina organ?
Which of the following builds up
an organ?
A
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
Antara struktur A, B, C dan
D, yang manakah berfungsi
menyerap
cahaya
untuk
fotosintesis?
Which of the structures A, B, C or
D absorbs light for photosynthesis?
2 Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah mikroorganisma
multisel?
3 Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah terlibat dalam penghantaran maklumat?
Which of the following involves
in the sending of information?
A Sel saraf
Nerve cell
B Sel darah merah
Red blood cell
B
C
D
Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Rajah 1 menunjukkan Paramecium yang merupakan sejenis organisma unisel.
Diagram 1 shows a Paramecium which is a type of unicellular organism.
Sitoplasma
Cytoplasm
Nukleus
Nucleus
Vakuol
Vacuole
Membran sel
Cell membrane
M: Membran sel/Cell membrane
N: Sitoplasma/Cytoplasm
Rajah 1/Diagram 1
Label struktur M dan N dalam petak di bawah dengan perkataan yang diberi.
Label structures M and N in the boxes below with the words given.
TP1
[2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Lengkapkan pernyataan di bawah./Complete the statements below. TP2
proses kimia
(i) Sitoplasma menyediakan tempat untuk
berlaku.
Cytoplasm supplies a place for chemical processess to take place.
Membran sel
(ii)
mengawal pergerakan bahan ke dalam dan ke luar sel.
Cell membrane
controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
[2 markah/2 marks]
32
Bahagian C/Section C
2 (a) Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan bakteria tuberkulosis (batuk kering) yang menyerang peparu manusia.
Diagram 2.1 shows the tuberculosis bacteria that attacks the human lungs.
BAB
Bakteria tuberkulosis
Tuberculosis bacteria
Peparu
Lung
2
Rajah 2.1/Diagram 2.1
(i) Apakah jenis organisma bagi bakteria tuberkulosis, organisma unisel atau multisel? Terangkan.
What type of organism is the tuberculosis bacterium, a unicellular or multicellular organism? Explain. TP4
Organisma unisel. Bakteria tuberkulosis terdiri daripada satu sel sahaja.
Unicellular organism. The tuberculosis bacterium is made up of only one cell.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(ii) Mengapakah bakteria tuberkulosis hidup pada peparu manusia? TP4/Menganalisis
Why does the tuberculosis bacterium live in the human lungs?
Bakteria tuberkulosis mendapat makanan daripada sel manusia. Hal ini demikian kerana bakteria
tuberkulosis tidak mempunyai klorofil dan tidak dapat membuat makanan sendiri.
The tuberculosis bacterium obtains food from the human cells. This is because the tuberculosis bacterium
does not have chlorophyll and cannot make its own food.
[3 markah/3 marks]
(b) Amin memerhatikan Spirogyra di bawah mikroskop seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2.
Amin observes Spirogyra under a microscope as shown in the Diagram 2.2.
Rajah 2.2/Diagram 2.2
(i) Berikan penjelasan mengapa Spirogyra dikelaskan sebagai hidupan. TP3/Mengaplikasi
Give an explanation why Spirogyra is classified as a living thing.
Spirogyra boleh menjalankan proses hidup seperti pembiakan dan respirasi.
Spirogyra can carry out life processes such as reproduction and respiration.
[1 markah/1 mark]
(ii) Spirogyra mengandungi sejenis pigmen hijau yang disebut klorofil. Tuliskan satu persamaan perkataan
bagi proses yang berlaku yang melibatkan pigmen hijau tersebut dalam keadaan bercahaya. TP6
Spirogyra contains a type of green pigment called chlorophyll. Write a word equation for the process that
takes place involving the green pigment in the presence of light.
Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide + Air/Water
Glukosa/Glucose + Oksigen/Oxygen
[1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Encik Hashim ingin meningkatkan kualiti udara di dalam rumahnya tanpa bantuan alat teknologi moden.
Apakah yang boleh dilakukan oleh Encik Hashim? Terangkan./Encik Hashim wants to improve air quality
in his home without the help of modern technological tools. What can Mr. Hashim do? Explain.
Encik Hashim boleh menanam tumbuhan hijau di dalam rumah. Tumbuhan hijau
menyingkirkan karbon dioksida dan menghasilkan oksigen.
Encik Hashim can plant green plants at home. Green plants remove carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.
[3 markah/3 marks]
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