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(All rights reserved)
UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
B.Sc. (Admin): SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS: 2018/2019
MAIN AND CITY CAMPUS
ADMN 342/UGBS 302: RESEARCH METHODS (3 CREDITS)
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer TWO
uestions in Section A and All
uestions in Sections B and C (The Quantitative
Part). Answer Briefly but Clearly Each Part of a Question. Statistical Tables and Formulae Are
Provided. Use TWO Searate Answer Booklets
One for Section A
and the Other for
Sections B and C.
TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS (3 HOURS)
SECTION A:
ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1
a)
VVl1at is the importance of a research framework?
b)
Distinguish between a conceptual research framework and a theoretical research framework,
c)
Discuss tive factors which can influence the choice of an appropriate research topic in any research
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
endeavour.
(15 marks)
QUESTION 2
a)
A major importance of the literature review section of a study is to justify the need for that study.
Examine how the literature review may be used to achieve this purpose.
b)
(15 marks)
Agnes Dugan, a Level 300 HRNI student is struggling to put her references together in a research
report. Guide Agnes in organising the reference sources below into a reference list using the APA
referencing style.
(10 marks)
•
Case for Building Real
"The Business 23’°‘
Relationships
with
Customers," published in 2013
downloaded on
June, 2013, from
htts;//www.helscout.net/blo¤’relationshiPage
1 of8
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OHENE·ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. J. OFORl—AMANFO
•
•
The Business Case jbr Building Real Relationships with Customers published by Ciotti, G.
(2013) and downloaded from hsz//www.helscout.net/blorelationshi/ on 23rd June 2013.
A newspaper item headed "Roasted plantain business thrives" on page 11 of the Daily Graphic
published on 1" February, 2014, by Steven Appiah,
•
A joumal article by Robert Duncombe and Richard Boateng with the title “Mobi1e phones and
services in developing countries: a review of concepts, methods,
financial
issues,
evidence and future research directions" published in the Third World Quarterly, 30(7), 12371258 in 2009.
•
A textbook from the library published by Milgrom, P., together with Roberts, J. in 2002, titled,
2“d
Economics, Organization, and Management.
edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
QUESTION 3
a)
There are multiple methods available to a researcher to administer a survey. Describe any four of
the methods including in your description at least one advantage and one disadvantage of the method.
(9 marks)
b)
Ama Martha intends to use observation as her primary data collection method to investigate the
topic, ‘The practice of prostitution among teenage girls in the East Legon area of Accra". Identify
four observation methods and demonstrate how Ama Martha can apply them in her research.
(16 marks)
SECTION B:
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION (15 Marks)
1.
Which of the following statements involve descriptive statistics as opposed to inferential statistics?
a. The Alcohol and Firearms Department report that Ghana had 1,825 registered alcohol dealers
b. 30% of the 380 magazine readers prefer double column articles.
c. The FAA samples 425 traffic controllers so as to estimate the percent retiring due to job stress.
d. From a sample of 350 players, a magazine reports that 23% of players’ parents did not play ball.
2.
A variable within a range of real numbers is referred to as az
a. continuous variable.
b. categorical variable.
c. discrete variable.
d. parameter.
3.
Ln a multiple regression model, there are four predictors and 60 observations. What are the degrees
of freedom associated with the error sum of squares?
a. 56
b. 4
c. 55
d. 3
Page 2 of8
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OHENE-ASARE, PROF, R. BOATENG & DR. J. OFORI·ANlANF0
4.
In a multiple regression model, there are two regressors and 25 observations. If ESS = 0.0625 and
TSS = 0.475, what is the value of the adjusted coefficient of detemiination?
a. 0.8684
b. 0.1435
c. 0.9802
d. 0.8565
A student of UGBS as part of his long essay, would like to determine if there is a signiticant difference,
at the 5% signiticance level, between the salaries of four government workers in and around the
University of Ghana
the salaries
lecturers, nurses, administrators and police. The sample infomiation below shows
in thousands . Use it to answer
lecturers
nurses
administrators
7
3
3
3
4
¤ 2
I
3
5.
—
7
uestion 7 and 8.
olice
{
2
6
6
What is the value of the grand mean for testing the validity of this model?
a. 5.49
b. 5.31
c. 3.67
d. 5
6.
What is the value of the F statistic for testing the validity of this model?
a. 7.7
b. 4.31
c, 5.7
d. 2.7
7.
lf conducting a two-sided test of population means, unknown variance, at level of signiticance 0.05
based on a sample of size 20, the critical t—value is:
a. 1.725
b. 2.093
c. 2.086
d. 1.729
8.
When testing for the difference between the means of two independent populations with equal
variances and with samples of sizes 111 Z 20 and 112 Z 20, what is the number ofdegrees of freedom?
a. 39
b. 38
c. 20
d. 19
9.
To investigate the effectiveness of a diet, a random sample of 16 female patients is drawn from a
population of adult females using the diet. The weight of each individual in the sample is taken at
the start and at the end of the diet. Assume that the population of differences in weight before a.nd
Page 3 0f8
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OHENE—ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. J. OFORI-AMANFO
after the diet follows a normal distribution. Suppose the mean decrease in weights over all
16
subjects in the study is 4.0 pounds with the standard deviation of differences computed as
6.4 pounds.
Let px - py = mean weight before the diet mean weight after the diet. In order to test if the diet
is
effective, what is the value of the test statistic?
a. 2.5
b. 2.0
c. 1.8
d. 1.3
10. To investigate the effectiveness of a diet, a random sample of 16 female patients is
drawn from a
population of adult females using the diet. The weight of each individual in the sample is
taken at
the start and at the end of the diet. Assume that the population of differences in weight
before and
after the diet follows a normal distribution. Suppose the mean decrease i.n weights over all
16
subjects in the study is 4.0 pounds with the standard deviation of differences computed as 6.4
pounds.
—
py = mean weight before the diet
- mean weight after the diet. In order to test if the diet is
Let px
effective, what is the appropriate critical value(s) at the 0.05 level of significance?
a. 2.131
b. 2.120
c. 1.753
d. 1.746
11. Kcmprest, a real estate company is interested in identifying the factors that detemiine
the price of a
house. The company wants to run the following regression: Y= ,80 +
ß1X1 + ß2X2 + ß3X3 + a where
Y= price of the house in $1,000s, X} = number of bedrooms, X2 = square footage
of living space,
and X3 = number of miles from the beach. Taking a sample of 30 houses, the company
runs a
multiple regression and gets the following results: 9 =
123.2 + 4.59xj
+ 0.125x2
103.2, S51 = 2.13, $52 = 0.062, 51,3 = 4.17, R2 = 0.47, and E2 = 0.45 (adjusted).
—
6.04x3, $50 =
Determine the price
that an individual has to pay for a 3 bedroom, 1,000 square foot house that is located
three miles
away from the beach.
a.
$201,422
b.
$177,243
c.
$243,850
d.
$229,198
12. It is generally a good idea to compute R2, the adjusted R2, rather than just R2. This
is done in order
to
a.
avoid overestimating the importance of the independent variables*
b.
correct any problems that may arise from any of the model assumptions being violated
c.
avoid having a multiple regression model that contains too many variables.
d.
avoid conducting t tests for each independent variable
e.
harness the problem of autocorrelation
13. In
a
multiple
regression
y = 125+ 4'zoxl
as
Page 4 of 8
—
345%
analysis,
the
least
squares
prediction
equation
is
computed
. Holding x, constant, if I increase xz by 2 units, what is the estimated
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OHENE—ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. J.
OFORI-AMANFO
change in the mean value of y?
a.
1.25
b.
-6.90
c.
-5.65
cl.
-1.45
e.
5.65
number of no more
14. To be classified as "safe," a certain factory is required to maintain an average
than 2.8 minor accidents per week. A sample of 13 raridomly selected weeks produced a mean of
we wish to test to see if
4,03 minor accidents and a standard deviation of 2.65 minor accidents. If
the plant is “unsafe," what is the value of the appropriate test statistic?
a.
-1.67
b.
-6.03
c.
6.03
d.
1.67
e.
1.23
15. Which of the following is NOT an assumption for the multiple regression model?
a.
Positive autocorrelation of error terms
b.
Normality of error terms
c.
Independence of error terms
d.
Constant variation of error terms
e.
At any combination of values of the independent variables, the error terms have a mean of 0
SECTION C
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION (35 Marks)
QUESTION 6
a)
Carefully distinguish between multicollinearity and autocorrelation (4 marks)
b)
The Secretary of the Collegiate wants to determine how grade point average, GPA of a sample of
students from University of Ghana depends on their high school GPA (HS), age of a student (A),
achievement test score (AS), average number of lectures skipped each week (S), gender of a student
(where M=1 if a student is male or 0 otherwise), whether or not a student owns a computer (where
PC=1 if a student owns a personal computer or 0 otherwise), the means of transport to school (drive
or use public transport, bicycle or walk; where D=1 if a student drives to campus or 0 otherwise,
B=l if a student bicycles to campus or 0 otherwise); and the subject major of the student (finance,
human resource, marketing and accounting; where F=1 if a student maj ors in finance or O otherwise,
HR=l if a student majors in human resource or 0 otherwise, lVIR=1 if a student majors in marketing
Page 5 0f8
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OHENE-ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. J. OFORI-AMANFO
or 0 otherwise). Use the scatterplot matrix, correlation matrix and durnrny regression output below
to answer the questions that follow:
i.
Using just the scatterplot matrix, are the relationships between GPA and HS, between HS and
A and between F and HR positive, negative or neutral? (6 marks)
ii.
Using the correlation matrix table, identify the three most strongly multicollinear variables and
justify your reason for selecting these. Using the variance intlation factor, which variable(s) of
the multicollinear pairs may be justitiably deleted? (6 marks)
iii.
Are the regression coefticients jointly signiticant? (2 marks)
iv.
Which independent variables are statistically sigriiticant at the 5% level? Interpret the coefticient
of the variables marketing. (5 marks)
v.
Specify the regression model as you would in a research paper for a submission to a research
journal. (3 marks)
vi.
What is the predicted GPA of a 20-year-old female student with a high school GPA of 3.0, an
achievement score of 25, who skipped 2 lectures, owns a computer, drives and majors in human
resource? (9 marks)
SCATTERPLOT MATRIX (SELECTED VARIABLES)
25
GPA
-
··
,~=—··
0.0
3.5
0.4
0.0
0.3
0.4
0.8
äi V;
E
HS
1EE
FäiüäüäiS
E
II
Ici
F [il I 2S
Q
2
HR2
@K
S
EH
ä
**2
2.5
3.5
Page 6 of8
20
24
28
0.0
0.4
0.8
0.0
0.4
0.8
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OI-IENE~ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. J. OFORl—AMANFO
CORRELATION MATRIX
GPA
HS
AS
A
D
PC
M
S
GPA
1.00
HS
0.41
1.00
A
-0.02
-0.26
1.00
AS
0.21
0.35
-0.08
1.00
s
-0.26
-0.09
-0.08
0.12
1.00
M
-0.08
-0.21
0.04
0.18
0.20
1.00
1.00
B
F
PC
0.22
0.04
-0.09
0.04
-0.21
-0.07
D
-0.11
-0.19
0.27
-0.20
0.26
-0.08
0.02
1.00
0.08
0.14
-0.05
0.16
-0.13
0.13
-0.10
-0.38
1.00
0.08
-0.08
-0.11
1.00
B
MR
HR
F
0.08
0.12
-0.22
0.18
0.06
0.04
HR
0.08
0.17
-0.49
0.08
0.06
0.05
-0.04
-0.11
0.07
-0.12
1.00
-0.05
0.02
0.05
0.08
0.01
-0.15
-0.79
MR
-0.10
-0.19
0.37
-0.11
1.00
REGRESSION OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
0.53
RSquare
0.28
AdjustedR
Square
0.22
Standard Error
0.33
Observations
141.00
ANOVA
MS
SS
df
11.00
5.38
0.49
Residual
129.00
14.03
0.11
Total
140.00
19.41
Regression
Coejficients
StdError
tStat
F
4.50
P—va/ue
Sig.F
0.00
LCl95%
UCl95%
WF
Intercept
0.37
0.76
0.48
0.63
-1.13
1.87
HS
0.44
0.10
4.35
0.00
0.24
0.64
1-36
A
0.04
0.03
1.50
0.14
-0.01
0.10
1-75
1-32
A5
6
0.01
0.01
0.92
0.36
-0.01
0.03
-0.07
0.03
-2.42
0.02
-0.13
-0.01
1-28
-0.10
0.14
1-23
1-11
M
0.02
0.06
0.34
0.73
PC
0.14
0.06
2.29
0.02
0.02
0.26
0
0.01
0.08
0.13
0.90
-0.15
0.17
1-43
1-26
8
0.01
0.06
0.16
0.87
-0.12
0.14
F
0.16
0.23
0.70
0.49
-0.30
0.62
1-47
HR
0.08
0.12
0.64
0.62
-0.16
0.31
4-22
MR
-0.01
0.10
-0.08
0.93
-0.21
0.20
3-45
Page 7 of 8
EXAMINERS: DR. K. OHENE-ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. 1. OFORI-AMANFO
1
*1
1
1*
5.
‘d1"N-K-1,11
N=TSS
df
+1
8
2*
6.
3*
RSS
R2 =—
TSS
_MsR
4*
LMSE
-
Xd
7.d=—
n
F1<—1,N—K,«z
,—
utzpe R=
8.Ml’l
R2
K
”
N 1
...;..9.
|3itN_K_1’u><SE(ß)
10. -2R -1 - (1 - R 2 (N—K—l)
=
11. x
Zoizxi)
N
_-
1<
12.
SSG
16. MSG?
20. Ul =Rl
=
K
"·
12. ssW= E 2(x„
-2,)2
SSW
17. MS'W=¤
21. U2 =RZ
25.
Page 8 of8
—
18.
14. z=Lä
15. nä
MSW
RSS
FK,N_K_1,a
19. MSR=T
22. U. +U2 =H1XI12
27.
23.
taf=tN_La
EXANIINERS: DR. K. OHENE—ASARE, PROF. R. BOATENG & DR. J. OFORI—AMANFO