R a lp h E n nis 6 01211
W A
RD
W
Price
EM ER SO N
A LD O
011.
l
p
er v o u m e
2
?
i
N
a t ti r , A ddresses
a n d Lect uges
,
3
E43 ” Firs t
.
e
Seri es 3 Essa ys : Seco n d S eries 4 R e rese n ta ti ve M en
5 En Ii sh T ra i ts
6 Con d u ct of Life
So cie t a n d
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
l
.
r.
.
7
y
.
Le t t ers a n d S oc i a A ims
io
9 P oe ms
Lect u res a n d Biog ra p h i ca
S ketch es
xx
M isce a n ies
i z
Na tu ra His to r o f I n t e ect , a n d oth r P
n
W
i th
fi
a G e n era l I n d ex t o Emerson ’s Co
ected
o rk
R iv er s ide Ed m on
W i th a P o rt ra its
1 2 v o ls
ea ch 1 3 mo
g i t top , 35 75 ; th e s e t,
zttle Cl a ss ic Ed zt w n
1 : vo s , in a rra n g emen t a n d con
ten ts iden t ica W it h R i ver s i d e Ed t t zon , exce t th a t vo l i s
is wit h o u t in dex
Ea ch , i 8m o ,
th e se t , Si 5 0 0
P O EMS House/t old Ed it wn W ith P ortra it
fu g i t ,
S S AY S Fi rst a n d S eco n d Series I n Ca mbridg e C a ss ics
Cro wn 8vo , $ r oo
NA U
C U
. L
. A ND A D D
, t og e t h e r w it h
R EP R ES E T AT I VE M EN
I n Ca mbridg e C
Crown 8vo , sr oo
P A R NA S S U S A c o l e ct ion o f P oe try edited by M r Emer
s on
I n tro du ct or Es sa y Househ ol d Ed u mu t z mo , $ 1 50
Hol i da y Ed ition 8 v0 , 8 1 0 0
M
HD AY B
BI
K W ith P ort ra it a n d I us
1 8m0 $ i oo
tra ti o n s
EMERS
CA L
DA
B
K sz mo , a rch m en t- a er,
2 5 ce n t s
M
C R R ES P
D E C E O F C A LY L
A ND
,
I S 34 — I 8 7 2
Edi ted by CHA R LES B u o r N O R T O N 3
vo s cro wn 8v o ,
g i t to p , 84 0 0
zbr a ry Ed i t io n
2 vo s
i z m o , g i t t op , 33 oo
O R R ES P O ND ENC EO F J H
LI G A ND EMER
’
Ed ited , W i th a sk etch o f S t er in g s i fe , by ED
S
W A R D W A L D O EM ER SO N
i 6mo , g i t t o p , s r oo
L
A LP H W A LD
A
M
F
M
F I
D I 8 38 - I 8 5 3 Edited by CHA R LES Eu 0 r Non
i 6mo , g i t t o p ,
T ON
A ND
N M
T HEC O RR ES P O ND ENC E B
W
HO LLS W ith P ort ra its
Ed it ed b y F W
G I MM
P o st a i d , st 0 5
i 6mo , $ i 0 0 , n e t
’
o t/u r ed it i o n s o
f Em r son : wor k: a n d En ter
i r : see ca ta l og u e
HO U G HT O N , M I FFL I N A ND CO M P A N Y ,
Bos ro u A N D N e w Y O R K.
S o li t u
8
e.
l
y
l
.
'
.
l
ll
.
.
.
.
.
.
l
l
.
.
.
p
.
.
.
.
ll l
.
.
.
l
.
.
T R E E T R ES
N
R E SS E S
.
y
.
.
.
.
.
E E RS O N RT
OO
ON
E N R OO
O
ON N
R
.
p
.
.
.
E
.
ll
pp
.
.
.
.
l
.
.
.
.
W i
ll
.
.
ll
.
E E RS O N
'
’
l
l
.
.
ON
E TT E RS R O
R EN
.
l
.
l
N ST E R N
O
.
.
.
.
R
R
O
.
l
E E RS O N T O
.
'
l
E T EE E E RS O N
p
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
l
l
.
.
ctmtzna rp !tuit ion
T HE C O M P L ET E W O R K S O F
RA LP
H
EM ER SO N
W A LD O
W
IT H
I O G R A P HI CA L
A B
I N T R O D U CT I O N
E
DW
AR
A
D
W AL
A ND
DO
G E N ER A L
N O T ES
ON
E M ER S
I ND E!
V O LU M E
A ND
R A LP H W A LD O
Fr om
a
da
g
yp
uer r eot
EM ER SO N
e ta
ken
in
1
85 4
NA T U R E
A D D R ESSES A N D L EC T U R ES
RA LP H W A LD O EM ER SO N
NEW
BOST O N A ND
HO U G HT O N M I FFLI N
,
C b:
A ND
minu tiae 1m ”
,
1
9
0
4
Y
OR K
CO M P A N Y
Ca mbrian:
T h as see m ed fitting in the one hundredt h
year since the birth o f E merson to prepa re
a new edition o f his writings in prose and verse
N early t wenty years have gone by since the l ast
edition was pu b lished M r E merson in his
later years when he fou nd himse l f unequal t o
the ta sk of revisin g the ma n u script o f his lec ture s
and arra ngi n g the matter in permanent form
wi th h esitati o n ap p roached on the subject the
one man in whose ta ste and judgment he mo st
His frie n d
c onfided M r James E lliot Cabot
consented and c a me constantly to Concord to
work on the papers with most grati fyin g res u lts
By h im L ett er : a n d Socia l A ims was prepared fo r
t h e press
Mr E merson in h is will appointed
him his l iterary exe cutor
T wo y ears a fter Mr E me rson s d ea th eleven
volu mes , care fully edited b y M r Ca b ot were
an d a
pu b lished in the R ive rside E dition
twel fth wa s added in 1 8 93 The p re p aration of
the three posthumous volumes required mu c h
care and l abor a n d this work was e xcellentl y
do n e
.
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
’
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
0
P RE FA CE
vi
Messrs Houghton M ifi
l in and Compan y
l a st summer urged the fitness of preparing a
Centena ry E dition with full annotation and
the matter was submitted by me to Mr Cabot
He concurred in their V iew b ut felt unable
to undertake the task and advised me to do so
W ith the sa nction o f his wish and because o f
more ready access to the manuscript and other
sources of in formation than another could have
I assumed the duty hoping fo r the benefit o f
the ad vice o f my father s frie n d This h 0 pe was
cut o ff by M r Cabot s death in January But
h is admira b le arrangement o f the manuscript
years ago in which task the help o f h is wi fe now
also gone is gratefully remembered had m ade
the work lighter
T h e first eight volumes contain the collected
E ssay s as M r E merson left the m except revi
sion in punctuation and correction o f obvious
mistakes The ninth volu m e comprises the pieces
chosen b y him from the Poe m s and M ay
Day to form the S elected Poems with some
restored that he omitted and the a ddition o f
some p oems and fragments never pu b lished in
h is li fetime most o f whic h appeared in t h e
R iverside E dition A l l verbal emendations in
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
’
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
”
,
,
,
.
P RE FA CE
vii
the poems h ave t h e sanction o f h is penci ll in g s
on the margin o f his printed poems The tenth
eleventh and twel fth volumes consist of l ectures
unprinted during Mr E merson s li fetime and
O ccasional Addresses and other prose
of
writings whi c h h ave appeared separately or in
eriodicals
p
I n the edition wh ich was publ ished soon after
M r E merson s death it did not seem best either
to h is family or to M r Ca b ot to present to the
public any passages from M r E me rson s jour
The continued in
n a l s or the earl ier writings
t e res t in his l i fe and work and the lapse o f
years and the death o f h is contemporaries have
made it seem perh aps well n o w to print some
selections Mr Ca b ot sanctioned the c onsider
A s the journals cover
ation o f this project
nearly hal f a centu ry (although the greater part
o f their contents appears in the printed books )
the editing would require time and care I t is
hoped that a few vo l u mes m a y be prepared from
these
I undertook the annotation o f the works at
the desire of the publishers sharing their feeling
that to t h e student o f E merson side lights on
the man his surroundings his work and method
.
,
,
’
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
P RE FA CE
viii
be wel co me g ath ered fro m t h e j ou rn als
the correspondence reminiscences and works
written a b out him I n supplying the notes I
have had to rely on my own judg ment T h e
pressure due to the late unde rtaki n g o f the work
has prevented m y revisi n g and conde n sing them
R emembering that notes see m to m an y readers
an interruption and even an impertin en ce t h ey
have b een placed at the end of each volume
R epetitions occur because a reader wh o wishes
in for matio n cannot search all the v olu m es T h e
occurrence o f the same t h ou g ht o r ex pressio n in
the prose and poems h a s b e en pointed o u t
I thank fully acknowledg e th e help o f frie n d s
in finding the more unusu al q u otation s I al so
n i z e the he l p recei ved from t h e
i ll
ra t efi
recog
y
g
works o f various writers a b out my father
migh t
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
ED W
C O NC O R D
,
Ap il 8
r
th
,
1
0
9
ARD
3
.
W
A LD O
EM ER SO N
.
C O NT ENT S
BI O G RA P HIC A L S K ETC H
NA TU RE
T HE
A M ERIC AN S C HO LAR
i ty
Soc
AN
bf
C mb idg A
O ra tion delivered
An
e
at
,
r
a
p
Ph i Beta Ka pa
e ore th e
e,
t
1
3
ug us
1
,
8 37
.
A D D RESS
liv d b
De
leg e
,
Cambridg e
,
LIT ERARY
T HE
1
u
5
,
C lass in D ivin ity Col
1
8 38
.
E T HIC S
t
D ar mou
bf
th C ll
o eg e,
OF
M ET HO D
J ly
24
u
1
,
yS
it
L
e ore th e
8 38
ti
ocie es
era r
.
NAT U RE
Ora tion delivered before th e Society of th e A del
An
W
h
i
i
n
,
p
1
J ly
O ra tion delivered
An
of
Sen ior
efore th e
ere
84
1
t vill
a er
Colleg e
e
A
Mi
a n e,
,
t11
ug us
,
.
MA N T HE RE FO R M ER
A L ct
Lib y A
e
u re rea
ra r
db
i ti
M ch n ic App ti
t J u ry 5 1 84 1
efore th e
ssoc a
on
Bos
.
LE CT U RE O N T HE
Rea
T HE
d
M
th e
at
aso n
on
e
a
an
,
’
a
c es
ren
s
2
’
,
.
TI M ES
ic T
em
pl
e,
b
Boston , D ecem
er
C O NSERVATI VE
A L ct
D c mb
e
u re
e e
er
rea
9
,
d
1
a t th e
84
1
.
Mason ic
pl
T em
e,
t
Bos
on
,
CO NTE NTS
T HE
T RA NS C END ENTALIS T
A
J
ct
y
Le
rea
ure
an uar
,
1
84
2
d
at
M
th e
ason
ic T
pl
em
e,
.
T HE Y O U N G A M ERIC AN
A L ct
e
i
c ia t on
ure rea
,
t
Bos
db
on
efore th e
M can til
er
7
,
1
,
84 4
e
.
N O T ES
The
g
u erreo
p fi d t thi v l m
typ e t k
i 1 8 5 4 i th p
re x e
a en
n
o
s
,
n
o u
e
e
is from
a
ossession of
da
th e
BI O G R A P HI C A L
SK ET C H
fi
be p ower in g ood in ten tion , in delity
a n d in t oil, t h e N or t h win d sh a ll be
t
rer
h
e
u
,
p
F
t h er e
.
l
ow wit h a kin dlier bea m,
g
th a t I h a ve li ved I a m r ima r ily en a ed t o my
p
g g
s el t o be a
t
e
l
i
v
a n t o a ll t h e
o
d
b
er
o
d
s
u
c
s
,
f
p
f
g
in h ea ven
st a r :
sh a ll
.
mon str a t e
g
ood
will
t o a ll
a
t th e
men
t h a t t h ere is in t ellig en ce a n d
h ea r t
t h ing s, a n d ev er
f
o
h ig h er
d y et h ig h er lea ding s Th ese a r e my eng a g e
men t: h ow ca n y our la w f urt h er or h in der me in
wh a t I sh a ll do t o men
W h er ever t h er e a r e
an
.
men ,
or
la ter
in
a ll
t h e ob ect : o
m
f y
j
a ll men will be my
a re
met h od: t h e
st u d
y
an
Soon er
.
r ien ds a n d
f
i
t
r
o
e
h
f
en erg y
d love
will
t est ify
r e a r ds.
g
S u ch is the hero s attitude in facing li fe E m
ers on said in one o f his early lectures
After
his death for ty y ears later his friend Dr
Holmes in writing o f him said Cons ciously o r
unconsci ously men describe t h emse l ves in the
characters the y draw O ne mu st h ave t h e mor
den t in his own personality o r he wi l l not ta k e
t h e col or of h is subje ct a n d th e Do ctor goes
on to s h ow h ow we l l the test applie s to his pro se
a n d es ec ia l l
t o his verse
n d as fo r the
A
p
y
No rt h wi n d and t h e stars E merso n held t h eir
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K E T C H
ii
b ra cin g and upli fting influen ce dep ende n t on
t h e p reparation o f the soul
ki g lif i m
Lig ht l vi g
F d th
t l l mp I
His spiritual autobiography migh t be g iven
a l most in its completeness in impersonal extracts
duly ordered from h is prose and verse There
“
as he said o f Sh a ksp ea re in place o f meagre
fact we have really the in formation which is
m aterial : that which describes cha racter and fo r
tune that which if we were about to meet the
man and deal with him would most import us
t o know
W e have his recorded convictions on
t hose q u estions which k nock for answer at every
heart on li fe and death on love on wealth and
f
o v e rt
n
the
prizes
f
li
e
and
the
ways
o
o
y
p
where by we come at them ; on the cha ra cters O f
m e n and the influences occu l t and O pen which
a ff ect t h eir fortunes ; and on those m y sterious
and demoniacal powers which defy our scie n ce
and whi ch yet interweave their malice and their
gift in our brightest hours
I n his journal fo r
S eemed to m e that
1 84 1 M r Emerson wrote
I had the keeping o f a secret too great to be
confided to one m a n : that a divine man dwelt
near me in a hollow tree
A nd again A ll
that is sai d of the wise man by S toi c or O riental
-o
n
,
n
as
,
ose e ern a
ee s
a
e
s
n
e
see .
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
'
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K E T C H
xiii
or Modern essayist describes to each reader his
own idea descri b es his unattained but atta ina b le
sel f ;
he hears the commendation not o f him
sel f bu t more sweet o f that character he seeks
in every word that is said concerning character
urther
in
every
f
act
and
circumstance
in
ea
f
y
the ru nning river and the rustling corn
This
purified m a m h e named him O sman
an
organ of the U niversal Spirit y et wit h his own
temperament and su bject to his experiences
o ften appears in the Journals
W hen I wis h it is permitted m e to
1 84 1
say These hands this body this history o f
Waldo E merson are pro fane and wearisome bu t
I I descend n o t to mix mysel f with that or with
any man A bove his li fe a b ove all creatures I
flow down forever a sea o f benefit into races o f
individuals N or can the strea m ever roll b ack
ward O r the sin or deat h o f a man taint the im
muta b le energy whic h distributes itsel f into men
as the su n into rays or the sea into drops
I n the notes to this edition o f E merson s
W or ks the correspondence b etween the passages
and his o wn traits and experiences will h e ofte n
shown But a sketch o f his pers onal history
must here be b riefly given
He was born in Boston May 2 5 1 80 3 the
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
~
,
.
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
B I OGR A PH I C AL S K ET C H
xiv
son of W illiam E merson pastor o f the S eco n d
Church and R uth Haskins his wi fe His fa
ther so n o f the patriotic young minister o f Con
cord a t the out b reak o f the R evolution was a
preacher li b eral fo r his day social and a man o f
letters ; h is mother a lady o f serene sweetness
and courage
Sh e wa s le ft a wido w in 1 8 1 1 with her family
v e little b oys and helped by kind friends
o f fi
b rought them up in straitened circumstances
wisely and well The E merson ancestry almost
a ll m ini s ters a fter Thomas wh o came t o I pswich
in 1 638 were men who living frugally and
pray e rfully in the clearings of wild N ew E ng
l and had stri ven to keep be fore the minds o f
t heir peo p le
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
The
i vi ibl thi
n
s
e
n g s of
G o d,
b
e fore
thi
n
g
s seen a n d
k
wn
no
.
They were hum b le and earnest scholars M r
“
Dr
Em e rs on told that in h is childhood
F rothingha m o n e day found me in h is parlor
a n d coming close and looking at the for m o f
m y head sai d
I f y o u are good it is n o tha n ks
to y ou
These E merson b oys b orn to be
‘
educa ted a s their Aunt Mary E merson the
A
cc t f h i g iv by h
ph w i L t
‘
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
n
an
d Biog
oun
a
o
er
i
ea l Sh et eh ei
h
p
ra
s
.
en
er n e
e
n
ee a r ei
xv
B I OGR A PH I C AL S K ET C H
stra nge siby l and inspirer o f their youth said
o f them helped the matter on by their eager
reading especially o f poetry their ventures in
writing and declamation to one another o f fine
passages in which they d elighted There were
almost no children s books then and they soon
were versed in the best authors M r E merson
“
in the essa y Domestic Li fe in the volume
Society a n d Solit ude g ives a touching and true
picture o f th e li fe O f th es e brothers in their
child h ood and speaking o f their air ca stles says
“ Woe to the
m if their wishes were crowned
T h e angels that dwell with them and are wea v
ing l aurels o f li fe fo r their youth ful b rows are
Toil and W ant Tr u th and M utual F aith
R ev E zra R ipley the successor o f their
grand father in the church o f Concord and mar
ried to his widow welcomed the bo y s to the
O l d M anse in the holidays S o long b e fore he
settled there M r E merson had loving memories
o f Concord woods and mea dows
E merson entered Har vard Col l ege at the
age o f fourteen ; he graduated with his class in
1 82 1
Like a great part o f the students o f h is
day he helped himsel f through his course by
various services either to the college or by teach
in g Though his instincts drove him much to
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
”
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
B I OGR A PH I C AL S K ET C H
s olitude he found enjoyment t o o in the socia l
l i fe of the small clas ses o f his day and was a mem
ber o f the P y t h ol og ia n a convivio literary clu b
fo r which he fu rnished the songs A lluding to
himsel f in h is Journ a l he writes O f the youth
who has no faculty for mathematics and weeps
over the impossi b le analytical geometry to co n
sole his de feats with Chaucer and M ontaigne
with P lutarch and Plato at night These were to
him the living pro fesso rs and became his friends
fo r li fe He loved Latin and Greek
n o t fo r
their syntax and every paragraph o f his E nglish
shows the value o f these n ow neglected studies :
the E liza b ethan authors t oo and the ancient
philosophers though the modern m et a p h y si
cia n s did n o t interest him
He wa s only in the
upper hal f of his class yet he won prizes fo r
‘
declamation and dissertations
E ven in col
‘
l ege I wa s already content to be screwed in
the recitation room if o n my retu r n I could
accurately paint the fact in my journal
F rom b oyhood to old age he kept a journal
not o f events but wherein to note the thoughts
that were given him h is trials at versi fying a
vi
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
.
—
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
T wo
E
of
v tt H l
.
,
’
a e s
ere
Co
h is
1
899
.
p iz di
r
e
R a lp h
t i
sser a t on s a re
W
a ldo
pi tdi
B t
Emer ron
rn e
.
n
Dr
os on :
.
Ed wa d
r
Brown 8:
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
xvii
quotatio n that charmed or an ane cdote that
pleased him I n an early lecture and Ofte n
th rough li fe he gave to schol a rs these two
“
maxims 1
Sit a lon e : in you r arrangements
fo r residence see you have a cham b er to yours el f
though you sell your coat and wear a blanket
2
Keep a jou rn a l pay so much honor to the
visits of Truth to your mind as to re cord them
I n the Journal for 1 837 he wrote : This book
is my savings bank I g ro w richer be cause I
h ave somewhere to deposit my e arnin gs and
fractions are worth more to me because corre
f
rac
ions
are
wai
t
ing
here
t
at
shall
s o n din
t
h
p
g
be made integers by their addi tion
N eglecting the college text b ooks and in
curring admoni tio n fo r so doing he j oyfu lly
pastured in the l ibrary not readin g seria l ly or
thoroughly bu t with the sure i n stin ct for what
was fo r him in a book
reading for lustres
“
Looking backward he said I
a s he called it
will t rust my i n s ti n cts
I was the true phi
l oso p h er in c o ll ege and Mr F arrar and M r
Hedge and Dr Ware the false Y et what
seemed then to me l ess pro b a b le ?
F our of the E merson b oys went through
col lege and each h a d by teaching to h elp the
when their turn to
o t h e rs ; the younger ones
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
”
.
-
.
,
”
.
-
,
,
,
”
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K E T C H
x ix
h is brother turned him aside to the Law and
,
the hereditary mantle fell on Waldo s shoulders
Weak lungs and eyes interrupted h is studies ;
neve rtheless in O cto b er 1 8 2 6 he was appro
bated to preach by the Middlesex A ssociatio n
A winter at the N orth at t h is
o f Ministers
time threatened to prove fatal so helped by
his generous kinsman R ev S amuel R ipley he
sailed fo r Charlesto n and thence to F lorida
where he passed the winter with b enefit at S t
Augustine I n the spring he worked northward
preaching in the cities through which he passed
and later near home as opport u nity O ffered
W hile pursuing his stu dies
I n 1 8 2 9 Mr E merson was ordained in t h e
S econd o r O ld N orth Church in Boston as
associate pastor with R ev Henry Ware and
soon a fter b ecause o f h is senior s delicate health
was called o n to assume the fu ll duty I n this
year he also was chosen chaplain o f the S enate
The young minister entered earnestly upon his
d u ties although quoting the W ords o f o n e o f
the F at h ers o f the Church he called it On ur
a n elieii h u mer is f or mida n du m
Theological
d
o
g
g
m a s even such as the U nitarians o f Cha n ning s
day accepted did not appeal to E merson n o r
did the supernatu ral in religion in its ordina ry
’
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
’
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
,
B I OGRA PH I CA L S K ET C H
accep t ation interest him The li ving G o d the
solicitations O f the S pirit the daily miracle of
the universe the secu re compensations the
dignity O f man were what he taught and though
the O lder members o f the congregation may
have b een disquieted that he did n o t dwell upon
revealed religion o r the O ffices O f the Christ his
words reached th e young people stirred thought
and wakened aspiration
Because O f his shyness the pastoral visits to
h is parishioners were less easy fo r him than
helping the m b y his tho u ght A t this time he
lived with his young wi fe Ellen Tucker and his
m other in Chardon S treet Fo r nearly four ye a rs
he ministered t o h is people in Boston then his
exp a nding spirit found itsel f cramped by custom
and tra dition even in the most li b eral church O f
his day Though endeavoring t o con form to
b lameless usage he presently felt it h is duty to
tell h is congregation that he could n o t regard
the rite o f the Lord s Supper a s a sacrament es
t a bl is h ed b y Christ fo r O b se rvance through the
ages and proposed to them a merely com m em o
ra t iv e service without the elements
This change
wa s n o t adopted and the question whether he
ought to resign h is charge came t o h im To
decide this he went fo r solitary thought to the
xx
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
.
,
.
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
xxi
White Mountains The temptation not to sa cri
fi
ce on a matter o f form a position o f use fulness
fo r which he had b een trained and in which he
was happy and valued was great but he put it
b ehind h im and b ravely O ffered his resignation
He and his people parted in all friendship man y
desiring that he should remain on his own terms
The use o f prayer at stated times whether t h e
spirit moved or not had b een distressing to Mr
E mers on and thereafter he alway s declined e n
a em e n ts where this was required
I
n
his
are
f
g g
well to his church he spoke o f himsel f as s till
“
engaged to the love and serv ice o f the same
eternal ca u se
To m e as one disciple is
the minist ry O f truth as far as I can discern and
declare it committed
This was the darkest time in Mr E mers on s
li fe His wi fe a b eauti ful and spiritual woman
had died His no b le b rother E dward had b ro
ken down from overwork and gone to Porto
R ico where afte r three years exile for health he
died He himsel f was sick and sad O n Christ
mas Day 1 832 he sailed fo r the Mediterranean
to recover as he might
He landed in Malta and went the n ce to Sicily
and N aples The sea always helped him and
though never a sight seer and constantly urged
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
’
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
xx ii
homeward by h is spiri t to b egin t h e new li fe he
found use fu l diversion in these O ld world sights
A s the philosophy and poetry O f ancient G reeks
alway s spoke t o him so now in I taly seeing
their sculptured deities and heroes and the co n
trast b etween these faces and those o f the living
throng around he said These are th e cou n te
nances O f the first b orn the face o f man in the
The E lgin m ar b les seen
m orning O f the world
later in London he always re m em b ered with
delight S culp t u re seemed n o b ler to h im than
painti n g and though greatly moved by R apha
el s Transfigu ration the work o f M ichel A n
gelo S t Peter s h is statues and the sculptu re
painting in the S istine Chap el wa s the princi
pal gi ft that R ome had fo r him The engrav ings
o f the S i b yls and a copy o f the F ates therea fter
adorned h is study walls He tarried in F lorence
and enjoyed acquaintance with Landor There
he tells u s he did homage at the tom b O f Gali
l e o But he quickly sped northwar d over the
A lps made b ut short stay in Paris crossed the
Chan n el and in the lonely moorlands o f the
S cottish Border sought o u t the man then hardly
recognized in E ngland whose writings had stirred
him at hom e and who drew him thither like a
m agnet There b egan the friendship o f E mer
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
”
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
’
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
xxiii
and Car l yle a b l essing to b oth and lasting
through li fe
That m a n
wrote Carlyle to a friend
came to see me I don t know what brought
him and we kept him one night and then he
left us I saw h im go up the hill I did n t go
with him to see h im descend I pre ferred to
watch h im m ount and vanish like an angel
O n Septem ber 1 1 833 E mers on in his j our
nal at Liverpoo l thanks God that He has
brought me to the shore and the ship that steers
westward He has sho wn me the m en I wished
to see Landor Col eridge Carlyle Wordsworth :
He has thereby c om forted and con fi rmed me in
I am ve ry g l ad m y travel
m y convictions
ling is done His h ealth was restored and he was
eager to begin l i fe ane w F or the thought which
”
“
he expressed in The O ver -Sou l was the n
burning within h im
When we h ave broken
our god o f traditio n and ceased from our god Of
rhetoric then may God fire the sou l I n his
journal at sea h e wrote That which I cannot
yet declare h as been my angel from chi l dhood
until now I t has separated me from men I t
h as watered my pil l ow
I t h as inspired m e
with hope I t cannot be defeated by m y defeats
I t is the op en secret of the U niverse
son
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
’
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
”
,
.
.
,
”
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
B I OGRA PH I CA L S K ET C H
iv
I b elieve in t h is li fe I b elieve it continues A s
l ong as I am here I plainly read my duties as
writ with pencil O f fire They speak n o t Of death ;
they are woven O f immortal thread
Thus he landed at Boston within the year in
good h ealth and hope and joined his mother
and youngest b rother Charles in N ewton F t e
quent invitations to preach still came and were
accepted and he even wa s sounded a s to su e
Dr
Dewey
in
the
church
at
N
ew
Bed
cee d in
g
ford bu t as he stipulated fo r freedom fro m
ceremonial this came to nothing I n h is visits
to N ew Bed for d the F riends with their doctrine
o f Ob edience interested him
I n the autum n o f 1 834 he moved to Concord
living with his kinsman Dr R ipley at the
Manse b ut soon b ought house and land o n the
Boston R oad on the edge o f the village towards
Walden woods Thither in the following e u
tu m u he brought h is wi fe Miss Lidi a n Jackson
o f Plymouth and this was their home during
the rest Of their lives
The new li fe to w h ich he had been called
opened ple a santly and increased in happiness
and opportunity except fo r the sadness O f be
rea v e m e n t s fo r in the first fe w years his b ril
lia nt b rothers E dward and Charles died and
.
.
,
.
”
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
xxv
oon afterward Waldo his fi b orn so n and
later his m other E merson had le ft traditional
religion the city t h e O ld World behind and
n o w went to N ature as his tea cher his i n spira
tion His first b ook N a t u re which he was
meditating wh ile in E urope was finished here
and pu b lis h ed in I 836 When as a b oy he went
with William to the Maine woods he wrote to
h is Aunt Mary that he fo u nd enjoyment there
“
b ut n o t inspirat i on
Y ou should h ave gone
alone the si b yl answered A nd now he went
to the woods near his door to find her word true
A s God li vet h he sai d
Th w d
t th p ph t p k
W
t bl t till b k
w it
Still fl t
p th m i g wi d
Still hi p t th illi g mi d
s
rs t
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
”
,
.
.
'
,
,
e
or
as
r
un o
on
oa s u
a
on
s ers
W
e
ro
e s s
ro en
un
orn n
e
e W
o
s o en
e
n
n
n
,
,
.
F rom this time on to the last days O f his li fe
except when on h is lecturing trips he went
al m ost daily to the woods to listen for the
thoughts n o t originated b y him he held though
colored b y the temperament o f the individual
through which these inspirations of the U niver
sal Mind passed
Oh h t
h
p ph t m
t
h
h
hich
b
th
f
P
d
th
b
l
B t pip th
w
w
g
A m m t y m ic ?
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
W
a
es
u
o
are
eroes,
us
en
e s,
e
rou
en a r
ro
rea
o
an
o
o
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K ET C H
xx vii
pirit ; h ence analogies could b e read either way
fro m one to the other
f
f
The
acts
o
A
stronomy
and
the
N
e
b
ular
3
hypothesis early delighted him
T
f
h
poetic
teachings
the
ancient
phi
e
o
4
l os op h e rs especial ly The F lowing o f the U ni
“
verse by He ra cleitu s and the Identity by
! enophanes and others prepared his mind
H
e had undou b tedly early read o f Leib
5
nitz s sca le of being from minera ls through plants
to animals from m onad to man and fro m Cole
ridge knew something O f the speculations of
S c h elling and O ken
He also in 1 830 read with interest Lee s
Li fe O f Cuvier and pro b a b ly in Bu ffon
6 He recorded in h is Journal and in his lec
ture b e fore the N atural History S ocie ty just
after his return from E urope in 1 833 the
strange feeli n gs O f relatio n ship that had b een
stirred in him b y the sight O f the animal forms
graded fro m lowest to highest in the 74 rdin des
and the upheaving
P la n t er M u seum in Paris
principle Of li fe everywhere incipient in the
very rock aping organized forms
I am
impre ssed with the sin g ular conviction that n o t
a form so grotesque so savage o r so b eauti fu l
b ut is an expression of somethi n g in man the
s
.
.
.
.
,
”
,
.
.
’
,
,
.
’
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K E T C H
observer W e feel that there is an occu lt relatio n
b etween the ve ry worm the crawling scorpion
and man I am moved to strange sympathies
I say I will listen to this invitation I wi l l b e a
N aturalist
I n Decem b er 1 833 in his lecture The
R elatio n o f Man to the G lo b e he spoke O f the
recent discovery O f a fact the m ost su b lime
that man is n o upstart in Creation b ut h a s b een
prop h esied in N ature fo r a thousand thousand
ages b e fore he appeared ; that from times in
calcula b ly rem ote there has b een a progressive
preparation fo r h im an e ffort (a s physiologists
say ) t o produce him
1 83
I
n
Lyell
s
book
on
Geology
came
7
5
out and wa s read b y Emerson in which the
ideas O f Lamarck first announced in 1 80 0
were mentioned M r Emerson pro b a b ly ca m e
on them there These doctrines O f Variation in
animals through environment and e ffort a n d
the tra n smission O f these peculiarities were at
first ridiculed o r neglected b ut are now recog
n iz e d a s equally necessary in E volution with
Darwin s N atural S election D arwin s Or ig in
S
cies wa s not pu b lished until 1 8
e
o
f p
59
I n 1 836 in a lec t u re given in Bo ston o n
“
The Humanity O f S cience M r E merson
xx viii
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
”
,
”
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
”
,
,
,
’
’
.
.
,
”
,
.
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K E T C H
xx ix
“
l uded to Lam arck as
findin g a m on a d o f
and be
o rganic li fe common to every animal
coming a worm a masti ff or a ma n accordin g
to circumsta n ces He says to the caterpillar
How dost thou b rother ?Pleas e God y ou s h al l
yet b e a p h ilosopher
Lastly I n his E ssay Poetry and I magina
tion made up from l ectures some o f which
were given early Mr E merson credits John
Hunter with the electric word a rr est ed and
r o r essiv e development
indicating
the
way
p g
upward from the invisi b le protoplasm to the
h ighest organism which gave t h e poe tic key
to N atu ral S cience
Mr Conway after lon g searc h found inter
esting evolutionary ideas o n ly in a note to
Palmers edition of Hunter s works but not
this phrase
M r E merson in some notes on t h e sketch
Hunter in the Biog r ap h ie Gén ér a le
o f Joh n
Paris
speaks
o f these words as found
(
‘
by R ichard O wen in Hunter s M a n uscrip ts
and in 1 8 66 wrote in his Journal
The idea whic h haunted John Hunter that
al
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
.
.
”
,
,
,
.
,
”
.
.
’
’
,
.
.
,
,
’
,
,
it
T h e wr
like
n ess
b tw
e
er
een
lia tion
C ette fi
in
th e
th e
se
id
h
i
a /e ,
ne
e Ge
r
p
Biog
ra
eas
of
t v
re rou e
H t
u n er
ég a lemen t
an d
dan s
d w lli g
H vy y
tre dre
e
ar e
un
au
n
on
,
sa
or
a
s
B I OGR A PH I CA L S K ET C H
xxx
li fe was independent o f organization prote c ting
and t e creating the parts and varying its means
o f action he never succeeded in expressing b ut
in his museum
Possibly O wen himsel f said
this to E merson as the word p r og r essiv e does
n o t appear in the Bio r a h ie Ge
ne
a le notice
r
g p
F rom b ooks and from men alike in the
laboratory the counting room on the farm he
eagerly collected his material
dull despised
facts
which he found were pearls and ru b ies
to his discourse
They do not know what
to do with their fa cts I know ; fo r behind
each was a law of spirit as well a s o f m atter in
however humble gu ise The great significance
o f E vol u tion wa s its warrant with him
A fter
leaving h is church he found that the man o f
to day scarcely recognizes the man O f yester
day yet the high aim in b oth wa s the same
as the shellfish crawls ou t o f its b eauti fu l b ut
,
”
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
”
-
.
.
,
.
.
—
”
,
m q bl
w
d
c tt ph
M
O
q
t vé d l m c it d H t
t
i
c
ti
t
q
l
e
q
iq
v
c
p
i
t
tt
th
m
e
g
p
d th
i ct ll
iv
1
i t d de l pp m t
g
q t ti f m l g th th b t c f which m y b
th t l t d
If w t k
i f im l f m th
m t imp f ct t th
h ll p b bly
m t p f ct w th
fid
imp f ct im l c p di g t ch t g f th e
d v l pm t f th m t p f ct
d idées
an s
e
e
an s
es
’
ro u
er
r es a
ue
uo a
a
an u s r
o
e
so
er e
os
er e
an
e e o
en
o
an
ve o
e
os
e
,
a
e
e
su
er e
orres on
”
.
e
,
n
on
ne
e,
an
en
s an
en
.
u
r s- eu
en
an
ere
o ea
s a
s a
en
o
en
es
a
a s
a
es
e o
a ser es o
e
er e
ue
e
un er,
e
os
a
e
ress on
en
e
ar u a
ex
e
o
re
s
a rr
es ea r
on
un e
e
ran s a e
us
n
ue a
uo
e,
ra se
e
ro
ro a
e o
e
e
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
tony cave be cause it no longer admi ts o f its
growth
N ow he spoke on week da y s to
hearers who did not co m e from c u stom on
the same hig h t h emes but in freer language
and with richer illus tration and found ready
accepta n ce fro m the young in years or spirit
Those who s h ared t h e genera l social in tellec
tual and spiritual awakenin g that came from
various causes to N ew E ngl and a t t h a t time
“
were called Transcendentalists
I to l d Mr
said Mr E merson
that he need
M
but if he wished at
n o t consult the Germans
a n y t ime to kno w what the Transcendentalists
believed he might simply omit what in his own
m ind he added !to his simp l e perception ! fro m
t h e tradition and the rest wo u ld be T ra n scen
denta l is m
I n 1 837 Mr E merson made his nota b le
address The A m erican S cho l ar to the Phi
Beta K appa S ociety at Cam b ridge It was well
received and advanced his repute as a thinker
and writer But the next year when invit ed
by the graduating class at t h e Divinity S chool
h e made up his mind to tell t h em b ravely that
they could well spare trad ition and the sou l
m ight regard any mediatio n between itsel f and
t h e livin g God as impertinent h e had the o l d
s
”
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
xx x ii
conditions to deal with
the presence alert
fo r heresy o f men ple dged and committed to
the tradition These pained or outraged guard
ians o f the flock remonstrated or fiercely dis
claimed complicity in t h is occurrence
ld w g d h k th i h ds
Th
t
Th
ph f w d f m m y tl b d
S m d t th h ly f tiv l
Th
h w d b d d ill t ll
,
,
,
.
,
.
e s ern
e sera
ee
e
s
o
e ras
ar- o
o
ro
e
es
o
or
ro
ne
o
er
s s oo
r
e
ea
,
e s
a
e
o a
.
M r E merson declined to arg u e his cas e T h e
.
.
t h ought given to his earnest prayer he had
delivered and he withdrew leaving it to do
“
its work
A s like a sun b eam he glided into
the conclave so like a sun beam he glided out
R eturning to h is woodlands to contemplate the
daily mi racle o f N ature he said with S t Aug u s
tine Wrangle who will I will work His poem
U riel if carefully read will b e seen to b e an
exact but su b limed account of this experience
U riel arch angel o f the su n was c h osen as one
wh o from a central position sees all things in
their ordered courses where those in eccentric
positions see pertur b ations Y et E merson did
not lack de fenders wh o then could see that
he was no A theist
denied personality to God
b ecause it was too little not too much A s fo r
the Pantheis m of his U nivers a l M ind their
,
,
.
”
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
”
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
-
”
,
.
”
,
B I OGR A P H I CA L S K ET C H
xxx iii
B i bl es told of Him in whom we live and move
”
have our b eing M r E merson was more
t rou b led b y the notorie t y involved than b y t h e
a ttacks
Yet his Journal at this time shows that
he thought his heresies might cut o ff his source
o f ear ning by lect u res and felt that h e must
become a more skil ful gardener and rely on h is
“
planting He mentions the discovery that if
o u put one pota to in the ground you foun d
y
ten the t rue mira cl e o f the loaves and fishes
F or thirty years thereafter t h e o fficial doo rs
B ut the
o f Ha rvard College were shut to him
“
tempest was as he said in a was h bowl and
the country colleges still bade him to speak to
them a service in which he always expressed
delight
the showing them that the S c h olar
had drawn the white lot in li fe and that his
responsi b ility was proportionate A t this time
he prepared his two volumes o f E ssays
A lthough he had few close friendships and
said that he had not animal spirits enough even
fo r near fr iends he was always surrounded b y
friends known and unknown He was fo rt unate
in having two no b le women close by him Miss
Hoar the b etrothed o f his b rother Charl es and
M rs S amuel R ip l ey the wi fe o f his uncle a wo
ma n o f eager interest in all that wa s good Her
and
.
.
.
,
.
”
,
.
.
”
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K E T C H
x xx v
Of
one he made this hu m orous para ble : A s
I
fo r walking with Heraclitus said T h ea n or
know nothing less interesting I had as lief
talk with my own conscience He o ften had
“
Sweden b org s statement in mind : A ngels have
no idea o f time O ne o f his nearest friends
still living has lately pu b l ished anon y mously
some o f E merson s letters to him showing his
‘
ideals o f friendship
The Lyceum was E merson s open pulpit
His main occupation through li fe was reading
l ectures to who would h ear at first in courses in
Boston b ut later all over the country fo r the
Lyceum sprang up in N ew E ngland in these
years in every town and spread westward to the
new set t lements even b eyond the Mississippi
His winters were spent in these rough but to
him interesting journeys fo r he loved to watch
the growth o f the R epu b lic in which he had
fait h His summers were spent in study and
writing The thoughts gathering in h is journals
present ly found their affinities one with another
and suggested the theme fo r the next course
Tested b y this trial trip the joints
o f lectu res
looked after (but n o t t oo closely for it was im
portant that the sp a r k sh ou ld p a ss in the min d
t
Em
L tt
F i d H g ht
Mifli 8 C
”
,
,
.
.
’
”
.
,
,
’
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
erson
’
s
e
ers
o a
r en
.
ou
on
,
n
:
o.
xxx
B I OGRA PH I C A L S K ET C H
vi
the bea rer) the roughnesses smoothed and
with every superfluous passage o r word cut
away the best in the lectures appeared later as
the E ssays o f which seven volumes of di ff erent
names appeared b etween 1 84 1 and 1 876 The
courses in Boston which at first were given in
the M asonic Temp l e were always well attended
b y earnest and thoughtful people The young
whether in years or in spirit were always and t o
the end his audience o f the spoken o r written
word The freedom o f t h e Lyceum plat form
pleased E merson He found that people would
hear o n Wednesday with approval and n u su s
ect in ly doctrines from which on S unday they
p
g
felt o ffi
cially o b liged to dissent
M r Lo well in his essays has spoken o f
these early lectures and what they were worth
to him and others su ff ering from the generous
discontent o f youth with things as they were
E merson u sed to sa y M y strength and m y
doom is t o b e solitary b ut t o a retired sc h olar
a wholesome o ff set to this secl u sion was the
travelling and lectu ring in cities and in raw
frontier towns b ringi n g him into touch with
the people and this he knew and valued He
was everywhere a learner expecting light from
the youngest and least educated companion
of
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K E T C H
xxx vn
F rom the first h e never came do wn to h is
a u dience
He had faith in the inte l ligence
and ideals o f A mericans and his l ectu res were
well received and cal l ed fo r again The aston
is h ed curiosity a b out A merican audiences fo r
s uch thoughts as his expressed by both Carly l e
a n d S terling in t h eir l etters to him is amusing
Herman Grimm says that E merson pre ferred
n o t to spea k to those who read or had read
bu t to those that had ears to hear and that he
resembled Sh a k s ea re in that he can be read
p
without preparation
I n 1 84 7 E merson wa s invited to read lec
t ures in E ngland and he went thither and t e
mained abroad a year seeing o l d friends and
new Eng lislt Tra its was the result A t that
time he made also a short visit to F rance in her
troublous times
I n writing to John S terling in 1 84 0 in a c
k n o wledg m e n t o f his volume of poems M r
E merson h a d expressed h is faith founded on his
“
ardent wish that one day I ask not where
or whe n
I shall attain to the speech o f this
splendid dialect ;
and th ese wishes I sup
pose are ever only the buds o f power but u p to
this hour I have never had a true s u cc ess in
such attempts
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
xx x
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K ET C H
v iii
F rom b oyhood he had written verses at first
correct in metre and sti l ted in expression on
eighteenth centu ry models ; bu t in the ten years
preceding h is V isit to E ngland h is verse had
shown the influence o f his growth ; indeed the
thoughts in all the essays had been cast in p o
etic mould many o f them showing the influence
o f the Bardic poems the thought roughly cast
at white heat M any o f h is poems first a p
e a re d in the D ia l
T
h
e P oems wer e published
p
in 1 84 6 M ay D ay a second collection more
m ellowed and finished followed in 1 8 67 Both
are now included in one volume in which the
history o f some o f the poems will b e given
in the notes E merson wa s primarily a poet
whether in prose or rhyme though he struggled
long t o attain rhythmical expression He said
I like my poems b est b ecause it is n o t I who
write them He consoled himsel f fo r n o t hav
ing a m u sical ear in having musical eyes He
said
G ood poetry must b e a flirm a tiv e Tit us
w it h t il e L or d should begi n the song
The re forms o f the day were honored and
helped b y E merson b ut he would n o t mistake
My
others chivalries fo r his own He said
“
re forms include theirs
and aga in
I have
quite other slaves to free than those negroes to
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
”
.
,
”
’
.
,
,
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K ET C H
xxxix
wit imprisoned spirits imprisoned thoug hts
But in times of doubt and danger he failed not
to bring his lance to help as a b rave volunteer
E arly and always h e spoke out fo r human
freedom I n his ode at the cele b ration o f the
F ourth of July in 1 8 56 were the lines as he
wo u ld write them again to d ay
,
,
.
.
.
Un ited Sta tes
pl d
t dP t i d
g
t y
di t y d d
p k with d bl t g
Presen
Go pu
Nor
th e a g es
an
as
our cree
un
n
,
n o
s ea
ou
ea
,
er-son
our
e
ee
on
,
,
u e.
l dd t d t d
N
ki with t f w
ig ht f which th
h d fig hts
By th O th cl v
dw
For
See
sea an
d
or s
es
r
on
an
ou
’
a
er
e
ers a n
ro
n
e on e
or
s
un
o en
o
n
,
an
.
As he was a good citizen o f his village and a
patriotic A merican so he was a happy and trust
ing soul in the U niverse seeing everywhere in
Protean forms the insepara b le Trinity of Truth
Goodness and Beau t y
M r E merson tells us that as a boy he
pleased himsel f as he lay on his bed with the
beauty o f the Lord s equili b riu m in the U ni
verse instead o f shudd eri n g at the terrors o f
his judgment
that all was so intelligi b le and
s weet inst e a d o f ins c ruta b le and dire
,
,
,
,
,
.
'
.
’
,
,
,
.
B I OGR A PH I C A L S K ET C H
xl
S ecure and happy in his assurance of the l a w
o f compensation though in his manhood he fell
on evil times when even in Boston free thought
free speech free action were unpopular to the
verge o f danger U nitarian and Transcendental
heresies scourged or ridiculed and t h e cause o f
human freedom in the hands o f a despised few
seemed al most hopeless he lived to see these
causes everywhere winning and their ch ampions
honored M r John A l b ee in h is R emembr a n ces
‘
“
I
f
am
impressed
with
the
act
o Emer s on said :
f
that he never made any mistakes thro u gh out
h is career He faced one way and continued
to face that wa y He never h a d t o recant to
make a new start t o modi fy or apologize He
“
I f the single man
said in his early manhood
plant himsel f indomita b ly on his instincts and
there a b ide the huge world will come round to
him
The year a fter the end o f the Civil War in
the triumph o f freedom M r E merson wa s again
invited to give the P h i Beta K appa address at
Harvard and was shortly after chosen a me m b er
I n 1 870 and 1 87 1
o f the Board o f O verseers
he delivered a course o f lectures on P h ilosop h y
t h ere b ut the undertaking was too much for his
b
y
J
h
A
l
b
m
E
R m mb
f
o
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
”
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
e
e
ra a ees
er son ,
o n
ee .
B I OGRA PH I CA L S K ET C H
xli
s trength which had begu n to fail A friend
carried h im with a plea sure party to Cali fornia
Pro fessor James B
fo r rest and recreation
Thayer a mem b er o f the party wrote th e sto ry
‘
B ut Mr E merson s forces had
o f that trip
failed more than was then rea l ized and the next
year the exposure and fatigue incident to the
accidental burning of his ho u s e prostra ted him
seriously Loyal friends took u pon themselves
the gracious task o f restorin g his house com
l
and
meanwhile
sent
him
to
the
O
ld
et ely
p
World to recruit his forces A winter with his
daugh ter in I taly and on the N ile helped but
could not restore him O n his return he found
himsel f unable to prepare a promised b ook
This task
o f essays (L ett ers a n d Socia l A ims)
was cheerfully accomplished b y his trusted and
valued friend the late Mr James E lliot Ca b ot
who afterward at the desire of the family
wrote the admira b le M emoir of Emerson and in
1 8 83 prepared the posthu m ou s edition o f t h e
.
,
.
.
,
,
’
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
W
or ks .
Mr E merson una b le to do active litera ry work
lived a quiet and happy li fe among his friends and
his books still going o ften to hear the song o f
the pines by Wal den u ntil the last days o f A pril
B
T
!
E
m
m
b
y
J
h
y
i
w
t
A W t
y
j
.
,
,
,
,
,
es er n
our n e
:
erson ,
a
es
.
a
er .
NA T URE
A
ch i f c tl i g
t t th f th t b i g
d
m
h
it
w
oes
g
y
p k ll l g g th
t ivi g t b m th w m
‘
ts th g h ll th pi f f m
SU BT LE
a n o
Th e
n ex
Th e
e e rea
An d
s ea
A n d,
s r
M
oun
un o
oun
s o
s a
n
rou
ar
e
a
rn
s
ere
u a es
e
o
s
es
en s
an
ess r n
an
,
e s
,
e rose
e
res o
or
or
.
I N T RO D U C T I O N
U R age is retrospective I t builds the sep
It writes biog ra
u lch res o f the fathers
phies histories a n d criticism The foregoin g
generations b eheld God and nature face to face ;
we through their eyes W h y should not we also
enjoy an original relation to the universe ?Why
should not we have a poetry and philosophy o f
insight and not o f tradition and a religion by
revelation to us and not the history of the irs ?
E mbosomed fo r a season in na tu re whose floods
o f li fe stream around and through us and invite
us by the powers t hey supply to action propor
tio n ed t o nature wh y should we grope among
the dry b ones o f the past or put the living
generation into masquerade o u t o f its faded
P
wa rdro be
The su n shines t o d a y also There
is m ore wool and flax in t h e fields There are
new lands new men new t h o u ghts Let us de
m and o u r own works and laws and worship
U ndoubtedly we have n o questions t o a sk
which are unans werable We must trust the
perfection o f the creation so fa r as to believe
t h at whatever curiosity the order o f things h a s
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
T
NA
URE
4
awakened in our minds the order of things ca n
satis fy E very man s condition is a solutio n in
‘
hieroglyphic to t h ose inquiries he would put
He acts it as li fe b efore he apprehen ds it as
truth I n l ike manner nature is already in its
forms and tendencies descri b ing its o wn design
Let u s interrogate the great appa rition that shines
Let u s inquire to what
s o peace fully around u s
end is nature ?
A ll science has o n e aim namely to find a
theory o f nature We have theories of ra ces and
o f functions but scarcely yet a remote approach
We are now so fa r from
t o an idea o f creation
t h e road t o truth that religious teachers dis
pute and hate each other and speculative men
are esteemed unsound and frivolous But to a
sound judgment the most abstract truth is the
m ost practical Whenever a true theory appears
I ts test is that
it will b e its own evidence
it will explain all phenomena N o w many are
thought n o t only unexplained but inexplica b le ;
as language sleep madness dreams beasts sex
Philosophically considered the universe is
S trictly
composed o f N ature and the S oul
speaking there fore all that is separate fro m u s
all which Philosophy distinguishes as the N O T
M E that is both nature and art all other men
.
,
’
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
2
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
I N T RO D U CT I ON
5
and my own body must be ranked under t h i s
nam e N AT U RE I n enumerating the v al ues o f
nature and casting up their su m I shall use the
word in both senses ; in its common and in its
philosophical import I n inquiries so general as
our prese nt one the inaccuracy is not material ;
no con fusion of thought will occur N a ture in
the comm on sense re fers to essences unchanged
by man space the air the river the l eaf A r t
is applied to the mixture o f his will with the
s ame things a s in a house a cana l a statue a
picture But his operations taken together are
so insignificant a l itt l e chipping baking patch
ing and washin g that in an impression so grand
as that o f the wor l d on the human mind they
d o not vary t h e result
,
.
,
,
—
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
NAT U RE
O g o int o so l itu de a man need s to retire
as much fro m his cha m be r a s fro m so ci
e ty
I am not solitary whilst I read and write
t h ough nobody is with me
B ut if a m a n
would be alone let h im look at the stars T h e
rays t h at com e fro m those heavenly world s will
s eparate between h im and what he touches
O ne might t h ink the atmosphere was made
transparent with this design to give man in t h e
heavenly bodies the perpetual presence of t h e
sublime S een in the streets of cities h ow great
they a re ! I f th e stars should appear o n e n ight
in a thousand years h o w would men believe a n d
a dore ; and preserve fo r many gene ra tions t h e
remembra nce of the city of God whic h had bee n
But every night com e out these envoys
s hown
o f beauty and light the universe with t h eir a d
monishing smile
The stars a waken a certain reverence becau se
though always present they are inaccessible ; but
all natural objects make a k indred impression
when the mind is open to their influence N a
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
.
NA T U RE
9
T h e lover o f natu re is he w h os e in wa rd a n d
outward senses are still tr u ly adj u sted to each
other ; who h as retained the spirit o f in fancy
‘
even into t h e era o f manhood His intercours e
wit h heaven and earth becomes part o f his daily
food
I n the presence o f nature a wild delight
r u ns through the man in spite o f real sorrows
N ature says
he is my creat u re and maugre
al l h is impertinent grie fs he shall be glad with
me N ot the su n or the summer alone but
every hour and season yields its tribute o f de
light ; fo r every ho u r and change corresponds to
and authorizes a difleren t state o f the mind fro m
breathless noon to grimmest midnight N ature
is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a
mourning piece I n good health the air is a
cordial o f incredible virtue Crossing a bare
common in snow puddles at twilight under a
clouded sky witho u t having in m y thoughts
any occurrence o f special good fortu ne I have
enj oyed a perfect exhilara tion I am glad to the
brink of fear I n the woods too a man casts
o ff h is years as the snake h is sloug h and at what
period soever o f li fe is al wa ys a child I n t h e
woods is perpetual youth W ithin these planta
tions o f God a decorum and sanctity reign a
peren nial festival is dressed and the guest sees
.
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
'
,
.
3
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
NA T URE
not how h e s h ould tire of them in a th ousand
years I n the woods we return to reason and
faith There I feel that nothing can be fall me
in l i fe
no disgrace no calamity (leaving me
my eyes ) which nature cannot repair S tanding
m y head bathed by the
o n the bare gro u nd
blithe air and upli fted into infinite space
all
mean egotism vanishes I become a transparent
eyeball ; I am nothing ; I see all ; the currents
o f the U niversal Being circulate through me ; I
‘
am part or parcel o f God The name o f the
nearest friend sounds then foreign and a ccide n
tal : to be brothers to be acquaintances mas
ter or servant is then a trifle and a disturbance
I am the lover o f uncontained and i m mortal
beauty I n the wilderness I find something
m ore dear and connate than in streets or vil
lages I n the tranquil landscape and especially
in the distant line of the horizon man b eholds
I l as his own natu re
somewhat a s bea u tifi
The greatest delight which the fields and
woods minister is the suggestion o f an occult
relation bet ween man and the vegetable I am
n o t alone and unacknowledged
They nod to
me and I to them The wa v ing o f the bo u ghs
in the stor m is new to m e and old I t takes
me by surprise and yet is not unknown I ts
I O
,
.
.
—
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
NA T URE
1 1
like th at of a higher thought or a bet
ter e m otion coming over me when I deemed I
was thinking justly or doing right
Y et it is certain th at the power to produce
this delight does not reside in na t u re but in
man or in a harmony o f both I t is necessary
to u s e these p l easures with great temperance
F or nature is not al ways tricked in ho l iday a t
tire but the same s ce n e which yesterday breath ed
perfume and gl ittered as fo r t h e fro l ic o f t h e
nymphs is overspread with melancho ly to day
N ature always wears the colors o f the spirit To
a man laborin g under calamity the heat o f h is
own fire h ath sadness in it T h en there is a
kind o f contempt of the landscape fe l t by h im
who h a s just l ost by death a dear friend The
sky is less grand as it shuts down over less
‘
worth in t h e p op ulation
eflect
'
is
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
C O M M O D ITY
HOEVE R considers the fi nal cause o f
the world will discern a multitude o f
uses that enter a s parts into that result They
all admit of being thrown into one o f the follow
in g cl a sses z Commodity ; Beauty ; Language ;
and Discipline
U nder the general name o f commodity I rank
all those a dvantages which our senses owe to na
tu re This o f course is a benefit wh ich is tem
o ra ry and mediate not ultimate like it s service
p
to the soul Y et although low it is perfect in
its kind and is the only u se o f natu re which all
men apprehend The misery o f man appears
l ike childish petulance when we explore the
steady and prodigal provision that has been
made fo r h is support and delight on this green
b all which floats him through the heavens
What angels invented these splendid orna
ments these rich conveniences this ocean o f air
rm a
above this ocean o f water beneath this fi
ment o f earth b e tween ?this zodiac o f lights
this tent of dropping c l ouds this striped coat
.
°
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
I
C O MM O D I T Y
3
‘
re
this fourfold y ear ? B easts fi
o f climates
water stones and corn ser v e h im T h e field is
at once his floor his work yard his p l ay ground
his garden a n d his bed
M e serv t w it m
tic f
11 t k
T han h
N ature in its ministry to man is not only the
material bu t is al so the process and the result
A ll the parts incessantly work into each other s
hands for the pro fi t of man The wind sows t h e
seed ; the sun evaporates the sea ; the wind
blows the vapor to the field ; the ice on the
other side o f the p l anet condenses rain on this ;
the rain fieds t h e p l ant ; the plant feeds the
animal ; and thus the endless circ u l ations o f the
divine c h arity no u rish man
The usefu l arts are reproductions or n ew co m
bin a tio n s by the wit o f m a n o f the same natura l
bene factors He no longer waits for favoring
ales
b
ut
by
means
he
rea
l
i
z
es
the
o f steam
g
fable o f iEo lu s s bag and carries the two and
thirt y winds in the boiler o f his boat To di
minish friction he paves t h e road wit h iron bars
and mo u nting a co a ch with a ship-l oad o f men
animal s and merchandise behind him he darts
through the country from to wn t o town l ike an
eag le or a swallow through th e air By the
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
an s
or
e
’
an
on
a
a e no
e o
’
3
.
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
1
NA T URE
4
aggregate o f these aids h o w is t h e face o f the
world changed from the era o f N oah to that o f
N apoleon ! The private poor man hath cities
ships canals bridges built for him He goes to
the post o flice and the human race run on his
errands ; to the book shop and the human race
read and write o f all that happens for him ; to
the court house and nations repair his wrongs
He sets his house upon the road and the human
race go forth eve ry morning and shovel out t h e
sno w and cut a path fo r him
But there is no need o f speci fy ing particul a rs
in this class o f uses The catalogue is endless
and the examples so obvious that I s h a ll lea ve
them to the reader s reflection with the general
remark that this mercenary benefit is one which
has respect to a farther good A man is fed not
‘
that he may be fed but t h at he may work
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
‘
,
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
B EAU TY
NO B L E R want o f man is served by n a
ture name l y the love o f Bea u ty
The ancient G reek s called t h e world K 60 p 0 9
beau ty S u ch is the constitution o f all thin g s or
such the plastic po wer o f the h u man eye that
the primary forms as the sky the mountain
the tree the animal give us a delight in a n d f or
t it emsel v es ; a ple a sure arising fro m outline color
m otion and grouping This seems partly owing
to t h e eye itsel f The eye is the b est of artists
By t h e mutual action of its structure and o f the
laws o f light perspective is prod u ced which in
t eg ra tes ever y mass o f objects o f what character
s oever into a well colored and shaded glo b e so
th at where the particu lar obj ects are mean and
the
landscape
which
they
compose
is
u n a flect in
g
rou n d and symmetrical A nd as the eye is the
best composer so light is the first of painters
There is no object so foul that intense light will
not make beauti ful A nd the stimulus it affords
n itu de which it
to the sense and a sort o f in fi
hath like space and time m ake all m atter gay
,
,
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
'
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
BEAU T Y
1
7
love l iness and wit h out a n y mixture Of corp oreal
b enefit I see the spectacle o f morning fro m t h e
hilltop over against my house from daybreak
to sunrise with emotions which an angel might
share The long slender bars o f cloud float like
fi shes in the sea of crimson light F rom the
e arth as a shore I look o u t into that silent sea
I see m to partake its ra pid trans formations ; t h e
active enchantment reaches m y dust and I di
‘
lat e and conspire with the morning wind How
does N ature dei fy us with a few and cheap e le
m ents ! Give me h ealth and a day and I will
make the pomp of emperors ridicu lous T h e
da wn is my A ssy ria ; the sunset and moonrise
my Paphos and unimaginable realms o f faerie ;
b road noon shall be my E ngland o f the senses
and the understanding ; the night shall be my
Germany o f mystic philosophy and dreams
N ot less excellent except for our less su s
the
a
f
ternoon
ce t ibility in
a s the charm
w
p
last evening o f a January sunset The western
clouds di v ided and subdivided themselves into
pink flakes modulated with tints o f unspeakable
so ftness and the air had so much li fe and sweet
ness that it was a pain to come within doors
What was it that nature would say ?Was there
no meaning in the live repose o f the val ley be
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
1
NA T UR E
8
h in d the mi ll and which Hom er or
Sh a k sp ea re
,
could not form fo r me in words ?T h e leaf
l ess trees be come spires of flame in the s u nset
with the b l ue ca st for their background and t h e
s tars o f the dead calices o f flowers and every
withered stem and stubble rimed with frost
contri bute something to the mute music
The inhabitants o f cities suppose that the
country landscape is pleasant onl y ha l f the year
I please mysel f with the graces of the winter
scenery and believe that we are as much touched
by it as by the genial influences o f summ er To
the attentive eye each moment o f the year has
its o wn beauty and in the same fi eld it be h olds
every hour a picture which was ne ver seen be
fore and which shall never be seen again The
hea v ens change eve ry moment a nd reflect their
glory or gloom on the p l ains beneath The
state of the crop in the surrounding farm s alters
the expression o f the earth fr om week to week
The succession o f native p l ants in the pastures
and roadsides which makes the si l ent clock by
which time tells the summer hours will m ake
even the divisions o f the day sensible to a keen
‘
observer The tribes o f birds and insects like
the plants punctual to their time follow each
By water
o t h er and the year has room fo r all
re
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
BEAU T Y
1
9
co u rses the variety is greater I n J u ly the blue
pontederia or pickerel weed blooms in large
b eds in the shallow parts o f o u r pleasant river
a n d s warms with yello w b u tterfl
ies in con tinual
motion A rt cannot rival this pomp of purple
and gold I ndeed the river is a perpetual gala
and b oasts each month a new ornament
But this b eau t y o f N ature which is seen and
felt as bea u ty is the le a st part The shows Of day
the dewy morning the ra in b o w mountains o r
chards in b lossom stars moonlight shadows in
still water and the like if too eagerly hunted
b ecome shows merely and mock us with their
unreality Go out o f the house to see the moon
and t is mere tinsel ; i t will not please as when its
light shines upon y our necessary journey The
b eauty that shimmers in the yellow afternoons
o f O ctober who ever could cl u tch it ? Go forth
to find it and it is gone t is only a mira ge as
you look from the windows o f diligence
The presence o f a higher namely o f the
2
spiri tual element is essential to its perfection
The high a n d divine beau ty which can b e loved
witho u t e flem in a cy is that which is found in
com b ination with the h uman will Beauty is
the mark God sets upon virtue E ve ry natural
action is grace ful E very heroic act is also de
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
’
,
.
,
,
.
.
'
,
.
.
.
.
NAT URE
ao
cent and causes the p l ace and the bystanders
to shine We are tau ght by great actions that
the universe is the property o f every individ u al
in it E very rational creature has all natu re fo r
his dowry and estate I t is his if he will He
may divest himsel f o f it ; he may creep into
a corner and a b dicate h is kingdom as most
men do but he is entitled to the world by his
constitution I n proportion to the energ y o f
his thought and will he takes up the world
into himsel f
A ll those things fo r which men
plough bui l d or sail o b ey virtue ; said S al
“
l ust The winds and waves said Gi bb on
“
are always on the side o f the a b lest naviga
”
tors
S o are the su n and moon and all the
stars o f heaven When a no b le act is done
perchance in a scene o f great natural b eauty ;
when Leonidas and his three hundred mar
tyrs consu me one da y in dying and the sun
and moon come each and look at the m once in
the steep defile o f Thermopyl ae ; when A rnold
Winkelried in the high A lps under the shadow
o f the avalanche gathers in his si de a shea f o f
A u strian spears to b reak the line fo r h is com
rades are n o t these heroe s entitled to add the
b eau ty o f the scene to the b eauty o f the deed ?
When the bark o f Columbus nears the shore
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
BEAU T Y
21
A merica
be fore it the beach l ined with
s avages fleeing out o f all their huts o f cane ;
the sea behind ; and the purp l e mounta ins o f
t h e I ndian A rchipelago aro u nd can we separate
the man from the living picture ?Does not the
N ew World clothe his form with her pa l m
groves and savannahs as fit drape ry ?E ver does
n atural b eaut
l
steal
in
ike
air
and
envelope
y
great actions When S ir Harry V ane was d ragged
up the Tower hil l sitting on a sled to su ffer
death as the champion o f the E nglish laws one
You never
o f the multitu d e cried out to him
Charles I I to
s ate on so g l orious a seat !
intimidate the citizens o f London caused the
patriot Lord R u ssell to be drawn in an open
coach through the principal streets o f the ci t y
on his way to the sca ffold But his b iogra pher
the multitude imagined they sa w li b erty
s ays
and virtue sitting by his side I n private p laces
among sordid o bjects an act of t ruth o r heroism
s eems at once to draw to itsel f the sky as its
temple the su n as its candle N ature stretches
out her arms to em b race man only l et h is
thoughts be o f equal greatness Willingly does
s h e follow his steps with the rose a n d the vio l et
race
to
the
a n d b end her lines o f grandeur and
g
decoration o f her darling child O nly let h is
of
—
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
NA T U RE
22
thoughts be o f equal scope and the frame wil l
suit the picture A virtuous m a n is in unison
with h er works and makes t h e central figure
Homer Pindar S ocrates
o f the visible sphere
Phocion associate themselves fi
t ly in our m e m
ory with the geography and climate o f Greece
The visi b le heavens a n d earth sympathize wit h
Jesus A nd in common li fe whosoever has seen
a perso n o f powerful character and happy genius
will have remarked how easily he took a l l things
along with him
the persons the opinions and
the day and nature b ecame ancillary to a man
There
is
still
another
aspect
under
which
3
the beau ty o f the world may b e viewed namely
as it becomes an o bject o f the intellect Beside
the re l ation o f things to virtue they have a re
lation to thought The intel l ect searches out
the absolute order o f things as they stand in
the m ind o f G od a n d without the colors o f
a ff ection The intellectual and the active pow
ers seem to succeed each other and the excl u
sive activi ty o f the one generates the exclusive
activity o f the other There is so m ething n u
friendly in each to the other but they are like
the alternate periods o f feeding and working in
animals ; each prepares and wil l be followed b y
the other There fore does beauty which in
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
BEAU T Y
2
3
rel ation to a ction s as we ha ve seen comes u n
s ought and comes beca use it is unsought t e
m ain fo r the a pprehension and p u rsuit o f t h e
intellect ; and then again in its turn o f the
active pow er N othing divine dies A ll good
is eternally reproductive The beau ty o f nature
re forms itsel f in the mind and not fo r barren
contemplation b ut fo r new creation
A ll men are in some degree impressed by th e
face o f the world ; some men even to d elig h t
This l ove o f beauty is Taste O thers hav e the
sam e l ove in such excess that not content with
admiring they seek to em b ody it in new forms
The creation o f b eauty is A rt
The production o f a work of art throws a
light upon the mystery o f humanity A work
o f art is an abstract o r epitome o f the wor l d
It
is the result or expression o f nature in minia
Fo r although the works o f natu re are in
t ure
numerable and al l di ff erent the result or the
expression o f the m all is similar and single N a
ture is a sea o f forms radically alike and even
unique A leaf a sunbeam a land scape the
ocean m ake an analogous impression o n the
mind What is com m on to them al l
t h at per
‘
fect n ess and harmony is beauty
The standard
o f b eauty is the entire circuit o f natural forms
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
-
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
LANGUA G E
A N G U A GE
is a third use which N a ture
subserves to man N ature is the vehicle
o f thought and in a simple double and three
fold degree
1
Words are signs o f natural facts
2
Particular natural facts are symbols o f par
t icu la r spiritual facts
N
ature
is
the
sym
b
ol
spirit
f
o
3
Words are signs o f natural facts The
1
u s e o f natural histo ry is to give us aid in s u per
n atural history ; the use o f the outer creatio n
to give us language fo r the beings and changes
o f the inward creation
E very word which is
used to express a moral or intellectual fact if
traced to its root is found to b e b orrowed from
some material appearance R ig h t means st r a ig lzt ;
wr ong means t wist ed Sp ir it primarily means
win d ; t r a n sg r ession the crossing o f a lin e ; su
r a isin
t
h
e ey ebr ow
the
r eilion s
o
We
a
e
s
p
g f
y
the boa r t to express emotion the bea d to d enote
thought ; and t /zong izt and emot ion are word s
b orrowed from sensi b le t h in gs and n o w appro
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
”
,
.
,
,
,
NAT URE
26
o f the pro
to
spiritual
nature
Most
p
cess by which this trans form a tion is m ade is
hidden from us in the remote time when lan
guage wa s framed b ut the same te n dency may
be daily observed in children Children a n d
savages u se only nou n s or names o f things
which the y convert into verb s and appl y to
analogous mental acts
But this origin o f al l words that convey a
2
spiritual import
s o conspicuous a fact in the
history o f language
is our lea s t debt t o nature
I t is n o t words only that are em b lematic ; it is
things which are em b lematic E very natural fact
is a sym b ol o f some spiritual fact E very a p
ea ra n ce in nature correspon d s t o s ome state
p
o f the mind and th a t state o f the mind can only
b e descri b ed b y presenting that natural appear
ance a s its picture A n enraged man is a lion
a cu n ning man is a fox a firm man is a rock a
learn ed m a n is a torch A lam b is innocence ;
a s n ake is su b tle spite ; flowers express to u s
the d elicate aff ections Light and darkness are
o u r fa miliar expression fo r knowledge and i
g
n o ra n c e ; and heat fo r love
V is ib le distance
be hi n d a n d be fore u s is respectively our image
o f me m o ry and hope
Who looks upon a river in a me d itative hour
ria t ed
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
—
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
'
.
.
.
,
.
LAN G UA G E
27
and is not remi n d ed o f the flux o f a l l thin gs ?
Throw a stone into the str eam and the circles
that propagate the m selves are the b eauti ful type
‘
Man is conscious of a uni
o f all influence
versal soul within or behind his i n dividual li fe
rm a m e n t the natures o f Jus
wherein as in a fi
tice Truth Love F reedom arise a n d shine
This universal soul he calls R eason : it is not
mine or thine or his but we are its ; we a re
its propert y and men A n d the b lue sky in
which the private earth is b uried the sk y with
its eternal calm and full o f everlasting orb s is
t he type o f R eason That which intellectually
considered we cal l R eason co n sidered in relation
to nature we cal l S pirit S pirit is the Creator
S pirit h a th li fe in itsel f A nd man in all ages
and countries em b odies it in his language a s the
F AT H ER
I t is easily seen that there is nothing lucky
o r cap ricious in these analogies b ut that they
are con stant and perv ade nature These are
not the dreams o f a few poets here and there
but man is an analogist and studies relatio n s in
all o bjects He is placed in the centre o f beings
and a ray o f relation passes fro m every oth er
b eing to him A nd neither can man b e u n der
stood without these o bjects n o r these o bjects
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
NAT URE
28
without man A ll the facts in natural histor y
taken b y themselves have no value b ut are
barren like a single sex But marry it to human
h istory and it is full o f li fe Whole flo ra s all
Linn ae us and Bu ffo n s volumes are d ry cata
lo g u es o f facts ; but the most trivial o f these
facts the habit o f a plant the organs o r work
or noise o f an insect applied to the illustration
o f a fact in intel l ectual philosophy or in any
way associated to human nature a ffects us in
the m ost lively and agreea b le manner The
seed o f a plant
to what a ff ecting ana l ogies
in the nature o f man is that little fruit made
use o f in all discourse up to the voice o f Paul
who calls the hum a n corpse a seed
I t is
so wn a natura l body ; it is rais ed a spiritu al
bo dy The mot ion o f the earth round its axis
and round the su n makes the day and the year
These are certain amounts o f b rute light and
heat But is there n o intent o f an an a logy be
twe e n man s li fe and the seasons ?A nd do the
se a sons gain no grandeur o r pathos fro m that
analogy ? The instincts o f the ant are very
u nimportant considered as the ant s ; but the
moment a ray o f relation is see n to extend from
it to man and the little drudge is s e en to be a
m onitor a littl e b ody with a m ighty heart then
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
’
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
.
’
’
,
,
,
LAN G UA G E
29
all its habits even that said to h e recently o b
served that it never sleeps b ecome su b lime
Because o f this radical correspondence between
v isi b le things and
human thoughts savages
who have only what is necessary converse in
figures A s we go b ack in history lan g uage
becomes more picturesque until its in fancy
when it is all poetry ; or all spiritual facts a re
r epresented by natural symbols The same sym
b ols are found to m ake the original elements o f
a l l languages
I t h as moreover b een o b serv ed
th a t the idioms o f all languages approach each
other in passages o f the greate st eloquence a n d
po wer A nd as this is the first language so is
it the last This i m mediate dependence o f lan
gu a ge upon nature this conversion o f an out
ward phenomenon into a type o f some what in
hum a n li fe never loses its power to a ff ect u s
I t is this which gives that piquancy to the con
versation o f a strong n a tured fa rm er o r b ack
woo dsman which all men re lish
A man s po wer to con nect h is tho u ght with
its proper sym b ol and so to utter it depends
on the simplicity o f h is character that is upon
his love o f truth a n d h is desire to communicate
it without loss The corruption o f m a n is fo l
lowed by t h e corruption o f l a n g uage When
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
.
.
NA T URE
0
3
simplicity o f character and the so v ereign ty of
ideas is b roken up by the prevalence o f s econd
a ry desires
the desire of riches o f pleasure
o f power
and o f p raise
and duplicity a n d
falsehood take place o f simplicity and t ruth the
power over nature as an interpreter o f the will
is in a degree lost ; new imagery c eases to b e
created and o ld wo rd s are perverted to sta n d fo r
things which are not ; a paper currency is e m
ployed when there is no b ulli o n in the v a ults
I n due time the fraud is mani fest and w o rds
lose all power to stimulate the unders tandi n g
or the a ffections Hundreds o f writers may b e
found in every long civilized nation wh o fo r a
short time b elieve and make others b elieve that
they see and utter truths who do n o t o f them
se l v e s clothe o n e th o ught in it s n a tu ral garment
but who feed uncon s ciously on the language cre
ated by the primary writers o f the country tho se
n a m ely who hold primarily o n nature
But wi se m en pi erce this rotten dicti o n and
fasten words again to visible things so th a t pic
tu res q u e lan u a ge is at once a com manding c e r
g
ca t e that he wh o employ s it is a m a n in alli a nce
t ifi
with truth and Go d The mo m ent our discourse
rises a b o ve the grou n d line o f familiar facts and
is inflamed with pa ssion o r exalted b y thought
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
'
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
‘
.
,
.
,
L AN G UA G E
1
3
it cl othes itsel f in images A man conve rsing in
earnest if he watch his intellectual processes will
fin d that a materi a l image more or less lumi n ous
arises in his mind contemporaneous with every
thought which furnishes the vestment o f t h e
thought Hence good writing and b rilliant dis
course are perpe tual allegories This imagery is
spontaneous I t is the b lending o f experience
with the present action of the mind I t is proper
creation I t is the working o f the O riginal Cause
through the instruments he has already made
Th ese facts may suggest the advantage which
the country li fe possesses fo r a powe rfu l mind
over the artificial and curtailed li fe o f cities We
know more fro m nature than we can at will com
m u n ica t e I ts light flows into the mind evermore
and we forget its presence The poet the orator
b red in the woods whose senses have been nour
is h ed b y their fair and appeasing changes year
after year without design and witho u t heed
shall not lose their lesson altogether in the roar
o f cities or the b roil o f politics
Lo n g hereafter
amidst agitation a n d terror in national councils
in the hou r o f revolution
these solem n
images shall reappear in their morning lustre
as fit symbols and words o f the thou ghts which
A t the call o f a
th e passing events shall awaken
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
-
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
.
L AN G UA G E
33
swer to those of matter as face to face in a glass
“
The visi b le world and the relation o f its parts
is the dial p l ate o f the invisi b le The axioms o f
physics translate the laws o f ethics Thus the
whole is greater than its part ;
reaction is equal
“
the smallest weight may b e made
t o action
to li ft the greatest the d i fference o f weight b eing
compensated b y time ; and many the like p ro
positions which have an ethical as well as physi
cal sense These propositions have a much more
extensive and universal sense when applied to
human li fe than when confined to technical use
I n like manner the memorable words o f his
tory and the prover b s o f nations consist usually
of a natural fact selected as a picture or para b le
o f a moral truth
Thus ; A rolling stone gathers
no moss A b ird in the hand is worth two in the
bush ; A cri p ple in the right way wi l l b eat a racer
in the wrong ; Make hay while the sun shines ;
T is hard to carry a full cup even ; V in egar is
the so n o f wine ; The last ounce b roke the camel s
back ; Long lived trees make roots first
and
the like I n their primary sense these are trivial
facts b ut we repeat them fo r the value o f th e ir
analogical import What is true o f proverbs is
t rue o f all fa b les parables and a l legories
This relation b etween the mind and matter is
.
,
”
.
.
,
,
”
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
’
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
NA T U RE
34
fancied
by some poet but stands in the will
o f God and so is free to b e known b y all m e n
I t appears to men o r it does not appear When
in fortunate hours we ponder this miracle the
wise man dou b ts if at all other times he is n o t
b lind and deaf
C
ch thi g b
A d v c m
lik
cl d
mm
W ith t
p ci l w d
for the universe b ecomes transparent and the
light of higher laws than its own shines thro u gh
it I t is the standing pro b lem which has ex e r
cis ed the wonder and the study o f every fine
genius since the world b egan ; from the era
o f the E gyptians and the Brahmins to that o f
Pythagoras o f Plato Of Bacon o f Lei b nitz
There sits the S phinx at the
o f S wedenborg
road side and from age to age as each prophet
comes b y he tries his fortun e at reading her rid
dle There seems to b e a necessity in spirit to
mani fest itsel f in m aterial forms ; and day and
night river and storm b east and bird acid and
alkali pre exist in necessary I d eas in the m ind
o f G o d and are what they are b y vir t ue o f pre
ceding a ffec tions in the world o f spirit A F a ct
is the end o r last issue o f spirit The visi b le
creation is the terminus o r the circum ference o f
n ot
,
,
.
.
,
,
an
o er o
n
ou
n
su
e us
our s e
s
e,
’
e a su
a
on
er s
ou
,
1
er
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
L AN G UA G E
35
the invisibl e worl d
Material objects said a
F rench phi l osopher are necessarily kinds o f
sea r ia o f the substantia l thoughts o f the Creator
which must always preserve an exact relation to
their first origin ; in other words visible nature
must have a spiri t ua l and moral side
This doctrine is abstruse and though the im
“
“
“
ages o f garment
scori ae
mirror etc
may stimulate the fancy we must summon the
aid o f su b tler and more vital expositors to make
it plain
E very scripture is to b e interpreted
b y the same spirit which gave it forth
is the
A li fe in harmony
fi
l n da m e n ta l law o f criticism
with N ature the l ove o f t ruth and o f virtue will
purge the eyes to understand her text By de
grees we may come to kno w the primitive sense
o f the permanent o bjects o f nature so that the
world shall be to u s an open book and every
form significant o f its hidden li fe and final cause
A n e w interest sur p rises us whilst under the
view now suggested we contemplate t h e fearfu l
extent and multitude of objects ; since every
object rightly seen unlocks a new faculty of the
sou l That w h ich wa s unconscious truth be
comes wh e n interpreted and defined in an o h
a
j c et a part of t h e domain of knowledge
n ew weapon in the m agazine o f power
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
”
”
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
”
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
.
—
D I S CI PLI N E
N view of the significance of nature we ar
rive a t once at a n e w fact that nature is a
d iscipline This use o f the world includes the
receding
uses
as
parts
o f itsel f
p
S pace time society la b or climate food loco
m otion the animals the mechanical forces give
u s sincerest lessons day b y day whose meaning
is unlimited T h ey educate b oth t h e U nder
standing and t h e R eason E very property o f
matter is a school for t h e understanding
its
s olidi t y or resistance it s inertia it s extension it s
figure its divisibility The understanding adds
divides com bines measures and finds nutriment
and room fo r its activity in this worthy scene
M eantime R eason trans fers all these lessons
into its own world o f thought b y perceiving the
analog y that marries M atter and M ind
N ature is a di scipline o f the understanding
1
in intellectual truths O ur dealing wit h sensi b le
o bjects is a constant exercise in the necessary
lessons o f di ff erence o f likeness o f order o f
being and seeming o f progressive arrangement ;
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
—
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
D I S CI P LI NE
37
ascent fro m particular to genera l ; o f combi
nation to one end o f mani fold forces Propor
tio n e d to the importance o f the organ to b e
formed is the extreme care with w h ich its tuition
is provided
a care pretermitted in no single
case What tedious training day after day year
a fter year never ending to form the com m on
sense ; what continual reproduction o f annoy
a n ces inconveniences dilemmas ; what rejoicing
over us o f little men what disputing of prices
what reckonings o f interest
and all to form
the Hand of t h e mind ;
to instruct us that
good thoughts are no bett er than good dreams
unless they be executed !
The same good oflice is performed by Pro
perty and its filial systems of debt and credit
De b t grinding debt w h ose iron face t h e wido w
the orphan and the sons o f genius fear and
h ate ;
d eb t which consumes so much time
w h ich so cripples and dis h eartens a great spirit
with cares t h at seem so b ase is a preceptor
whose lessons cannot be foregone and is needed
most by those wh o su ffer from it most M ore
over property which h a s been wel l compared
“
if it fall level to da y it will b e
t o snow
b lo wn into dri fts to morrow
is the surface
action o f internal machinery like the index o n
of
.
,
,
—
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
NAT URE
8
3
the face o f a clock Whilst now it is the gym
nasti es o f the understanding it is hiving in the
foresigh t o f the spirit experience in pro founder
l aws
The whole character and fortune o f the indi
vidual are a ffected b y the least inequalities in
the cu l ture o f t h e u nderstanding ; fo r example
in t h e perception o f di ff erences There fore is
S pace and there fore Time that man may kno w
that things are not huddled and l umped b ut
sundered and individual A bell and a plough
have each their u se and n eit h er ca n do th e office
Water is good to d rink coal to
o f the other
burn wool to wear ; b ut wool cannot b e drunk
nor water spun n o r coal eaten The wise man
shows his wisdom in separation in gradation
and his scale o f creatures and o f merits is a s wide
as nature The foolish have no range in their
scal e but suppose every man is as every other
m a n What is not good t h ey call the worst and
w h at is n o t hate ful they call the b est
I n l ike manner what good heed N ature forms
Her yea is
in us ! S he pardons no mistakes
yea and h er nay n a y
T h e first steps in A gricultu re A strono m y
Z o Olog y (those first steps which t h e farmer
the hunter and the sailor take ) teach that N a
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
‘
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
D
I S CI P LI NE
39
ure s dice are alway s l oaded ; that in her hea p s
and rubbish are conceal ed sure and use fu l re
t
‘
’
su lts
.
How cal mly and genially the mind a p p re
hends one after another the laws o f physics !
What noble emotions dilate the mortal as he
enters into the councils o f the creation and feels
by knowledge the privilege to Br His insight
refines him The beauty o f nature shines in his
own breast M a n is greater that he can see this
and th e univers e l ess because Time and Space
relations vanish as laws are known
Here again we are impressed and even daunted
by the im mense U niverse to be explored What
we know is a point to what we do not know
O pen any recent journal o f science and weigh
the problems suggested concerning Light Heat
E lectricity Magnetism Physiology Geology
and judge whether the interest o f natural science
is likely to be soon exhausted
Passing b y many particulars o f the discipline
o f nature we must not omit to speci fy two
The exercise o f the Will or the lesson o f
power is taught in every event F rom the child s
successive possession o f his several senses up to
“
the hour when he saith Thy will be done !
h e is l earning the secret that he can reduce under
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
D I S CI P LI NE
4
1
der to man the laws o f right a n d wron g a n d
‘
echo the Ten Commandments Therefore is
N ature ever the ally of R eligion l ends all her
pomp and riches to t h e religious sentime n t
Prophet and priest David Isaiah Jesus have
d rawn deeply fro m this source Thi s ethi ca l
character so penetrates the bo n e and marrow of
nature as to seem the end for which it was made
Whatever private purpose is answered by any
mem ber or part this is its public and univer
sal fu nction and is never omitted N othing
in nature is exhausted in its first use When
a thing has served an end to the uttermost it
is w h olly new fo r a n ulterior service I n God
every end is converted into a new means Thus
the use o f commodity regarded by itsel f is
mean and squalid But it is to the mind an
education in the doctrine o f U se namely that
a thing is good only so fa r as it serves ; that a
conspiring o f parts and e ff orts to the production
The first
o f an end is essential to any being
and gross manifestation o f t h is truth is our in ev
ita bl e and hated training in values and wants in
corn and meat
I t has already been il l u strated that every nat
ural process is a version o f a moral sentence
The moral l aw l ies at t h e ce n tre of nature and
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
NA
T
URE
4
radiates to the circum ference I t is the pith
a n d m arrow o f every substance
every relation
and every process A ll things with which we
What is a farm b ut a mute
d eal preach to us
gospel ?T h e chaff and the wheat weeds and
plants blight rain insects sun
it is a sacred
emblem from the first furrow of spring t o the
las t stack which the sno w o f winter overtakes
in the fields But the sailor the shepherd the
m iner the merchant in their severa l resorts
have each an experience precisely parallel and
l eading to t h e same conclusion because all o r
a n iz a t io n s are radically alike
N
or
can
it
b
e
g
dou b ted t h at this moral sentiment w h ich thus
scents the air grows in the grain and impreg
nates the w a ters o f the world is caught b y man
‘
and sinks into his soul T h e moral influence
o f nature upon every individual is that amount
Who can
o f truth which it illustrates t o him
W h o can guess h o w m uch fi
rm
es timate this
ness the sea beaten rock h a s taught the fi
s h er
man ?h ow much tranquillity h a s b een reflected
to man from the azure sky over wh ose unspotted
deeps the winds foreverm ore drive flocks o f
stormy clouds and leave no wrink l e or stain ?
how m u ch industry and providence and a ffec
tion we h ave caught from the pantomime o f
2
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
’
,
D I S CI P LI NE
43
brutes W h at a searching preacher of se l f
mand is the varying phenomenon of Health !
Herein is especially apprehended the uni t y o f
N a tu re
the uni t y in variety
w h i c h meets
us everywhere A l l the end l ess variety of things
m ake an identica l impression ! enophanes com
plained in his o l d age that look where he would
all things hastened back to U nity He was
weary of seeing the same entity in the tediou s
‘
variety o f forms The fabl e of Proteus h as a
cordial truth A leaf a drop a cry stal a mo
m ent of time is re l ated to the whole and par
takes o f the perfection of the who l e E ac h par
ti el e is a microcosm and faith fully renders the
likeness o f the world
N ot onl y resemb lances exist in things w h ose
analogy is obvious as when we detect the type
o f the human hand in the flipper o f the f ossil
s a u ru s
but also in objects wherein there is
great superficial un l ikeness T h us architecture
is called frozen music by De S tael and Goethe
V itruvius thought an architect should be a musi
“
eian
A Gothic church said Coleridge is a
petrified re l i gion M ichael A nge l o maintained
that to an architect a kno wledge of anatomy is
essential I n Haydn s oratorios the notes pre
sent to the imagination not only motions a s o f
-co m
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
,
.
”
.
,
”
.
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
NAT URE
44
the s n ake t h e stag and the e l ephant but colors
also as the green grass The law o f harm onic
sounds reappears in the harmonic colors T h e
granite is di fferenced in its laws only by the
more or l ess o f heat from the river t h at wears
it away The river as it flows resemb l es t h e
air that flows over it ; the air resem b les the light
which traverses it with more subtile currents ;
the light resembles the heat which rides with it
through S pace E ach creature is only a modi
fi
ca t io n o f the other ; the likeness in them is
more than the di fference and their radical la w
is one and the same A rule o f one art or a
l aw o f one o rganization h olds true through
out nature SO intimate is th is U nity t h at it is
easi l y seen it lies under the undermost garment
o f N ature and betray s its source in U niversal
S pirit F or it pervades Thought also E very
universal truth which we express in words im
plies o r supposes every other truth Omn e ver n m
I t is like a great circle on a sphere
ver o eon son a t
comprising al l possible circl es ; which however
may be drawn and comp rise it in like m anner
E very such truth is the absolute E ns seen from
one side B ut it has innumera b le sides
The central U nity is still more conspi cu ous
in actions Words are finite organs of the in fi
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
f
.
f
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
D I S CI P LI NE
45
nite mind They cannot cover the dimensions
o f what is in truth
They break chop and im
poverish it A n action is the perfection and p u b
lica tio n o f thought A right action seems to fill
the eye and to be related to all nature
The
wise man in doing one thing does a ll ; or in
the one thing he does rightly he sees the like
ness o f all which is done rightly
Words and actions are not the attributes o f
brute nature They introduce us to the human
form o f wh ich al l oth er organizations appear to
‘
b e degradations When this appears among
so many that surround it the spi rit prefers it to
“
all others I t say s F rom such as this have
I drawn joy and knowledge ; in such as this
have I found and behe ld m ysel f ; I will speak
to it ; it can speak again ; it can yield me thought
already formed and alive
I n fact the eye
the mind
is always accompanied by t h ese
forms male and female ; and these are in co m
a ra bl
the
richest
in
f
ormations
f
the
power
o
y
p
and order that lie at the heart o f thin g s U n
fortunately every one o f them bears the marks
a s o f some i n jury ; is m arred and superficially
de fecti v e N evertheless fa r di ff erent fro m the
deaf and dumb nature around them these al l
rest l ike fou n tain p ipes on the un fathomed sea
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
—
,
.
,
.
,
-
NA T URE
6
4
thought and virtue w h ereto they alone o f all
‘
org a nizations are the entrances
I t were a pleasant inquiry to follow into de
tail their ministry to ou r education but where
would it stop ?We are associated in a do les
cent and adult life with some friends who like
skies and waters are coextensive with our idea ;
who answering each to a certain aff ection o f the
soul satis fy our desire on that side whom we
l ack power to put at such focal distance from
We
u s that we can mend or even ana lyze t h em
cannot choose but love them When much in
t erco u rse with a friend has supplied us with a
standard o f excellence and h a s increased our
respect fo r the resources o f G od who thus sends
a real person t o outgo our idea! when he has
moreover become an object o f thought and
whilst his character retains all its unconscious
e ffect is converted in the mind into solid and
it is a sign to us that his o flice
sweet wisdom
is closing and he is commonly withdrawn from
‘
our sig ht in a short time
of
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
.
,
I D EA LI S M
HU S is the unspeakable but inte l li gibl e
and practica b le meaning of the world con
v ey e d to man the immortal pupi l in every o h
j cet o f wsen se To this one end of Discipline
all parts o f nature conspire
A noble doubt perpet u ally suggests itsel f
whether this end h e not the F inal Cause o f the
U niverse ; and whether nature outwardly exists
I t is a su flicien t account o f that A ppearance we
call the World that G o d will teach a human
mind and so makes it the receiver o f a certain
num b er o f congru ent sensations w h ich we call
sun and moon man and woman house and trade
I n my utter impotence to test t h e authenticity
o f the report o f my Senses
to kno w whet h er
the impressions they make on me correspond
with outlying o bjects what di ff erence does it
m ake whether O rion is up t h ere in heaven o r
rm a m e n t o f
some g o d paints the image I n the fi
the soul ? The relations of parts and the end
o f the whole remaining the same what is the
di ff erence whether land and sea interact and
worlds revolve and intermingl e with out n u mber
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
I D EA LI S M
49
spirit T h e bro ker the wheel wrigh t t h e ca r
e n t er the to ll man are m u ch disp l eased at t h e
p
inti m ation
But whilst we a cquiesce entire ly in the per
m a n en ce o f natura l laws the question o f t h e
absolute existence of nat u re still remains O pen
I t is the uni form e ff ect of culture on the human
mind not to shake our faith in the stability o f
particular pheno m ena as o f heat water azote ;
b ut to l ead us to regard nature as phenomenon
not a substance ; to attribute necessa ry existence
to spirit ; to esteem nature as a n accident and
an e ff ect
To the se n ses and the unrenewed under
standing be l ongs a sort of instinctive be l ie f in
the abso l ute existence o f nature I n t h eir v iew
man and nature are indissolubly joined Things
are ultimates and they never look beyond their
sphere The presence o f R eason mars this faith
The fi rst eflo rt o f thought tends to relax this
despotism of the senses which binds us to na
ture as if we were a part o f it and s h ows us
nature aloo f and as it were afloat U nti l this
higher agency intervened the animal eye sees
with wonder fu l ac curacy sharp outlines and
colored surfaces When the eye of R eason
opens to out line and surface are at once added
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
'
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
NA T URE
o
s
grace and expression These p roceed from im
a in a t io n and a ff ection and a b ate somewhat o f
g
the angular distinctness o f o bjects I f the R eason
be stimu lated to more earnest vision outlines
and surfaces b ecome transparent and are n o
longer seen ; causes and spirits are seen through
them The b est moments o f li fe are these deli
cio n s awakenings o f the higher powers and the
reverential withdrawing o f nature b e fore it s God
Let us proceed to indicate the e ff ects o f cul
ture
1
O ur first insti tution in the I deal p h ilo so
phy is a hint from N ature hersel f
N ature is made to conspire with spirit to
emancipate u s Certain mechanical cha n ges a
small alteration in o u r local position apprizes
We are strangely a ff ected b y
u s o f a du a lis m
seeing the shore from a moving ship from a
b alloon or through the tints o f an unu sual s k y
The least change in our point o f view gives the
whole world a pictorial air A man who seld o m
rides needs only to get into a coach and traverse
h is own town to turn the street into a puppet
show The men the women
talki n g run
ning bartering fi
i
n
the
earnest
mechanic
h
t
g
g
the lounger the b eggar the boys the dogs are
unrealized at once or at least wholly detached
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
I D EA LI SM
I
5
from
all relation to the observer and see n a s
apparent not substantial b eings What new
thoughts are suggested by seeing a face of coun
try quite familiar in the rapid movement o f the
railroad car ! N ay the most wonted objects
make
a
very
slight
change
in
the
point
of
(
vision ) please us most I n a camera obs cura
the b utcher s cart and the figure of o n e o f our
own family amuse us S o a portrait o f a wel l
known face g ra tifi
Turn the e y es ups ide
es us
d own by looking at the landscape through your
l egs and how agreeab le is the picture though
you have seen it any time these twenty years
I n these cases b y mechanical means is sug
gested the di ff erence b etween the obser ver and
the spectacle b etween m a n and natu re Hence
arises a pleasure m ixed with awe ; I may say a
low degree of the su b lime is felt fro m the fact
pro b a b ly that m a n is here b y apprized that whilst
the world is a spectacle something in himsel f is
stab le
I n a higher m anner the poet communicates
2
the same pleasure By a few strokes he deline
ates a s o n air the su n the mountain the ca m p
the city the hero the maiden not di ff erent fro m
what we know them but only li fted from the
x es
ground and afloat before the eye He u n fi
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
I D EA LI S M
suspi cio n she
is his ch est ; t h e
her orn a men t ;
53
h as
awakened is
,
t f be ty i S spect
A c w which fli i h v
w t t ir
His passion is not the fruit of c h ance ; it swells
as he speaks to a ci t y or a state
N it w b ild d f f m ccid t
f ll
I t ffer m i mili g p mp
U d th b w f th lli g di c t t
It f
t p licy th t h
tic
f h t
T h t wo k
l
mbered h urs
t d h g ly p litic
B t ll l
I n the strength of his constan cy the Pyramids
seem to him recent and transitory The fresh
n ess o f youth and l ove dazz l es h im with its t e
semb l ance to morning ;
T k th
lip wa y
W hich
w tly w
f wo
A d th
y
b k fdy
th
Lig ht th t d m i l d th m rn
The wild b eauty o f this hyperbo l e I may say in
passing it would n o t be easy to match in l itera
ture
This tra n sfi
u ra tio n which a ll materia l objects
g
undergo through t h e passion of the poet
this
power which h e exerts to dwarf the great t o
magni fy the small
might be i l lustrated by a
orn a men
Th e
au
o
es
ro
s
ea
n
u
en
’
,
ee es
s s
a
.
,
,
o,
n
e
ar
s
n
e
ro
o
ears n o
o
,
r s on
a
u
u
s n
er
n
,
as
su
a
.
ra
a
s
u
en
a
o
eases o
a on e s an
ro
n or
,
a
s
n
s on en
ere
,
s or n u
e
o
,
’
o
.
,
.
a
n
s
e
ose
s a
so s
ee
ere
ors
ose e
es,
e
rea
a
s ea
o
e
rn
a
o
o
.
,
3
,
,
.
,
,
,
—
54
NA T URE
.
thousand examp l es from his Plays I h ave be
fore me the Tempest and wi ll cite only these few
li n es
A E Th t g b d p m t y
d by th
H v Im d h k
p pl ck d p
dc d
T h pi
.
,
.
u
e
u
e ar .
n e an
e
e s urs
e, a n
e s a
a
e
a
on or
ro
a se
e s ron
L.
RI
Prospero cal ls fo r music to soothe the frantic
A lonzo and his companions ;
,
A
l
so emn
To
air, a n
Now
an
e
useless,
o
A n d,
as th e
t
omfor er
n
e
o
n
e r
n
ear
rea son
ll
W ill h tly fill
Th t
w li f
to swe
s or
no
e
.
an
es a
a e,
on
e n
er r sn
so
n oran
1
,
sen ses
a
<:
e
.
T
Beg in s
sso
s ea s u
ar n ess,
th e
s u
di lv p c
l
h
t
p
t
h
i
t
g
g
th i
ii g
ig
t fim s th t man tl
arm
a se
ra n s
ure
,
orn n
M lti g th
B g i t ch
T h i cl
er
a
es
e
ch
m
i
d k
Th e
e
b tc
ttl d f cy c thy b i
b il d withi thy k ll
a n un se
e
d th e
h
d t di g
pp chi g tid
bl h
ddy
eir u n
d th e
a
th e rea son a
oul a n
d mu
ers an
roa
n
n
e
e s ores
.
The perception o f real affinities between events
f
i
l
that
is
to
say
o
a
a
ffi
nities
r
those
only
d
f
o
e
(
are real ) enables the poet th u s to make free
with the most imposi n g forms and phenomena
o f t h e world and to assert the predominanc e o f
the so u l
,
,
,
.
,
I D EA LI S M
55
Whilst
thus
the
poet
animates
nature
with
3
his o wn thoughts he di ff ers from the p h ilo so
pher only herein that the one proposes Beauty a s
his main end ; the other Truth But the phi
l o s o p h er n o t less than the poet pos t pones the
apparent order and relations of things to the
“
empire o f thought
The problem of p h iloso
“
phy according t o Plato is fo r all that exists
conditionally to find a ground unconditioned
and ab solute I t proceeds on the faith that
a law determines all phenomena which being
known the phe n omena can b e predicted That
law when in the min d is an idea I ts b eauty
is infinite The true philosopher and the true
poet are one and a b eauty which is truth and
a t ruth which is beauty is the aim o f both I s
not the charm o f o n e o f Plato s or A ristotle s
definitions strictly like that o f the A ntigone o f
S ophocles ? I t is in b oth cases that a spiritual
li fe h a s been i m parted to nature ; that the solid
seeming b lock o f matter has b een pervaded and
‘
dissol ved b y a thought ; that this fee b le human
being has penetrated the vast m asses o f nature
with an i n forming soul and recognized itsel f in
their harmony that is seized their law I n
physics when t h is is attained the memory dis
burthens itsel f of its cumbrous catalogues of
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
”
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
’
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
I D EA LI S M
57
tains of the deep Then they were by him as
one brought up with him O f them took he
counsel
Their influence is proportionate A s objects
Y et
o f science they are accessible to few men
all men are capa ble o f b eing raised b y piety
or by passion into their region A nd no m a n
touches these divine n atures without becoming
in some degree himsel f divine Like a new sou l
they renew the body We becom e physi cal ly
nimble and lightsome ; we tread on air ; li fe is
no longer irksome and we think it will never
be so N o man fears age or mis fortu ne o r death
in their serene co m pany fo r he is transported
out o f the district o f change Whilst we b ehold
unveiled the nature of Justice and Truth we
learn the di ff erence b etween the absolute and
the conditional o r relative We apprehend the
absolute A s it were fo r the first time we exist
We b ecome immortal fo r we learn that time
a n d space are relations o f m atter ; t h at with a
perception of truth or a virtuous will they have
.
,
.
”
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
n o afl
i n it
y
.
l
F
inal
y
religion
and
ethics
which
may
be
5
fitly called t h e practice o f ideas or the in tro du c
tion o f ideas into li fe have an an alogous e ff ect
with a ll lower cultu re in degrading n ature and
.
,
,
,
,
,
NA T URE
8
5
suggesting its dependence on spirit E thics and
religion di ff er herein that the one is the system
o f hu m an duties commenci n g from man ; the
other from Go d R eligion includes the person
ality o f God ; E thics does n ot They are one
to our present design They both put na t u re
under foot The first and l ast lesson o f religion
is The things that are seen are tempora l ; the
t h ings that are unseen are eternal
I t puts an
a ff ront upon natu re I t does that fo r the u n
schooled which philosophy does fo r Berke l ey
and V ia sa The uni form l anguage that may be
heard in the churches of the most ignorant sects
Is
Contemn the unsubstantial shows o f the
world ; they are vanities dream s shadows u n
realities ; seek the realities o f religion The
devotee flou ts nature S ome theosophists have
arrived at a certain hostility and indignation to
wards m atter as the M anichean and Plotinus
They distrusted in t h emse l ves any looki n g back
Plotinus was
t o these flesh pots o f E gypt
ashamed of h is body I n short they might al l
M
f
f
sa
matter
what
ichael
A
gelo
said
ex
o
n
o
y
“
ternal beaut y I t is the frai l and weary weed
in which God dresses the soul which he has
called into time
I t appears that motion poetry physica l and
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
”
,
.
.
‘
,
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
‘
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
I D EA LI S M
59
inte l lectua l s cien ce and re l igion all tend to a f
feet our con v ictions o f the real ity o f the externa l
wor l d But I own there is something u n g ra t e
fu l in expan ding too curiously the part icu lars o f
the genera l proposition that all culture ten ds to
imbue us with idealism I have no hostility to
nature but a child s love to it I expand and
live in the warm day like corn and me l ons Let
us speak her fair I do not wish to fling stones
at my beauti ful mother n o r soil my gentle nest
I only wish to indicate the tru e position o f na
ture in regard to man wherein to esta blish man
a l l right education tends ; as the ground which
to attain is the o bject o f human li fe that is o f
man s connection with natu re Culture inverts
the vulgar views of nature and b rings the mind
to call that apparent which it uses to call real
and that real which it uses to ca ll visionary
Children it is true b elie v e in the external world
The be lief t h at it appears only is an a fter
thought but with cultu re this faith will as sure ly
arise o n the mind as did th e first
T h e advantage o f the ideal theory over the
popular faith is this that it presents the world
in precisely that v iew which is most desirab le to
the mind I t is in fact t h e view which R eason
both specu l ative and practical that is p h ilo so
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
S PI R I T
T is essential to a true theory of n ature
and of man that it should co n tain some
what progressive U ses that are exhausted or
that may be and facts that end in the state
ment cannot be all that is true of this brave
lodging wherei n man is harbored and wherein
all his faculties find appropriate and e n dless ex
A nd a ll the uses o f nature ad m it o f b eing
ercise
summed in one which yields the acti vity o f man
an infinite scope Through all its kingdoms to
the su b urbs and outskirts o f things it is faith ful
to the cause whence it had its origin I t always
speaks o f S pirit I t suggests the absolute I t is
a perpetual e ff ect I t is a great shadow pointing
always to the sun behind us
The aspect o f N ature is devout Like the
fig u re o f Jesus she stands with bended head
and hands fo l ded upon the b reast The hap
piest man is he who learns from nature the
lesson o f worship
O f that ine ff able essence which we call S pirit
h e that thinks most will say least We can fore
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
NAT URE
see G o d in t h e coarse and as it were distant
phenomena o f matter ; but when we try to de
fine and descri b e himsel f both langu age and
thought desert u s and we are as helpless a s
‘
That essence re fu ses to be
fools and savages
recorded in propositions but when m a n h a s
worshipped him intellectu all y the no b lest min
ist ry o f nature is t o stand a s the apparition o f
G o d I t is the organ through which the uni
versal spirit speaks to the individual and stri ves
to lead b ack the individual to it
When we consider S pirit we see that the
views already presented do n o t include the
whole circu m ference o f man We must add
some related thoug h ts
T h ree pro b lems are put b y nature to the
?
mind : What is matter Whence is it ?and
Whereto ?T h e first o f these questions only the
ideal theory answers I dealism saith m atter is
a phenomenon not a su b stance I dealism a c
u a in t s u s with the total disparity between the
q
evidence o f our o wn b eing and the evide n ce o f
the world s b eing The one is perfect ; the other
incapa b le o f any assurance the m ind is a part
o f the nature o f things ; the world is a divine
dream from which we may presently awake to
the glories and certainties o f day I dealism is a
62
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
’
,
.
,
.
63
S P I RI T
h yp othesis to a ccount fo r nature by other pri n
ci les than those o f carpent ry a n d chemistry
p
Yet if it only deny the existence o f matter it
does not satis fy t h e dema nds of the spirit I t
leaves God ou t of me I t leaves me in the
sp l endid labyrinth of my perceptions to wander
without end Then the heart resists it because
it balks the a ffections in denying substantive
being to men and women N at u re is so per
vaded with human life that there is someth ing
But
o f humanity in a ll and in every particular
this theory m akes nature foreign to me and
does n o t account for that consanguinity which
we acknowledge to it
Let it stand then in the present state o f ou r
knowledge mere l y as a use ful introductory h y
o f the eternal
serving
to
apprize
us
o t h esis
p
distinction between the soul and the worl d
But when fol l owing the invisible steps o f
thought we come to inquire Whence is mat
ter ?and Whereto ?many truths arise t o us out
W e l earn that
o f t h e recesses o f consciousness
the h ighest is present to the sou l o f man ; that
the dread universal essence which is not wisdom
o r lo v e or beauty or power but al l in one and
each entire l y is that fo r which all things exist
a n d that by which t h ey are
that spirit creates
.
,
,
’
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
S P I RIT
65
uncon sciou s But it di ffers from the body in
I t is not like t hat now
o n e important respect
su bjected to the human will I ts serene order
is inviola b le b y us I t is there fore to us the
present expositor o f the divine mind I t is a
fixed point where b y we may measure our de
parture A s we degenerate the contrast between
us and o u r house is m ore evident We are as
much strangers in nature as we are aliens from
God We do not understand the no tes o f b irds
The fox and the deer run away from us ; t h e
bear and tiger rend us We do n o t know the
uses o f more than a few plants as corn and
the apple the potato and the vine Is not the
landscape every glimpse o f which hath a gran
deur a face o f h im ?Yet this may show us
what discord is between man and nature for
you cannot free l y admire a no b le landscape if
laborers are digging in the field hard by The
poet finds something ridiculous in his del ight
until he is out o f the sight o f men
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
P ROS P E CT S
N inquiries
respecting the laws o f the W orld
a n d the frame o f things the highest reason
is always the truest That which seems faintly
possible it is so refined is O ften faint and dim
because it is deepest seated in the mind among
the eternal verities E mpirical science is apt to
cl oud the sight and by the very knowledge o f
functions and processes to bereave the student
The
o f the manly contemplation o f the whole
savant b ecomes unpoetic But the b est read nat
u ra lis t who l ends an entire and devout atten
tion to truth wil l see that there remains much
to learn o f his relation to the world , and that
it is not to be learned by any addition or su b
traction o r other comparison o f known quanti
ties but is arrived at by untaught sallies o f the
spirit by a continual sel f recovery and by entire
h u mili t y He will percei v e that there are fa r
more excellent qualities in the student than pre
cis e n ess and in fallibility ; that a guess is o ften
more fruitful than an indisputable a flirm a tio n
and that a dream m a y l et us deeper into the
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
P ROS P E C T S
secret
p
o
f
7
nature than a hundred concerted ex
erim e n t s
.
F or the pro b lems to be sol ved are precisely
those whic h the physiologist and the natural
ist omit to state
I t is not so pertinent to
man to know all the indivi dual s o f the animal
kingdom as it is to know whence and whereto
is this tyrannizing unity in his constitution
which evermore separates and classifies things
endeavori n g to reduce the most diverse to one
form
When I behold a rich landscape it is
less to my purpose to recite correctly the order
and superposition o f the strata than to know
why all thought o f mu l titude is lost in a tran
quil sense o f u n ity I cannot greatly honor
minuteness in details so long a s there is no
hint to explain the relation between thi n gs and
thoughts ; no ray upon the met ap hy sics o f con
ch o l o
o f botany o f the arts to S how the re
gy
l ation o f the forms o f flowers shells animals
architecture to t h e mind and b uild science
upon ideas I n a cabinet o f natural histo ry we
b ecome sensi b le o f a certain occult recogn ition
and sympathy in regard to the m ost unwieldy
‘
and eccentric forms o f beast fi
and insect
sh
The A merica n who h a s been confined in his
own country t o the sight o f buildi n gs designed
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
P ROS P E CT S
He is in
69
tl ll th ph
H b g l dly c
fl h b
F d th i cq i t ce th
er s
lit
ure our
a
er a
in
ere .
e s
e a
es
th at th ey
eca use
,
ere.
ua n a n
i d d bl w
T h e a th d th
d foun t i s
t h ve m v
N thi g w
b t m
o r g ood
A
d lig ht
t
T h wh l i ithe
c pb d of food
O
bi t f pl
For
e r
o
o
n
o
s
res
e
o e
,
o e, an
n
ea n s
u
or as our
,
s e
ne
r ca
o
ea
,
e see ,
s ou r
e
wn
th e
u s,
r our
o
a n
u
,
reasure
oa r
u
,
ea sur e.
t
ve t b d
Nig ht d w th c t i ; which th
withdra ws
M ic d lig ht tt d
h d
All thi g t
fl h
ki d
d b i g; t o
min d
I th i d c t
d c
I th eir c t
T h e s ars h a
ra
s
e
n
s u n o our
M
Th
our
es
ea
a re
e n
an
as en
n
e sun
en
a
es en
er
e
o
ur a n
an
us
n
us
o
n
.
.
,
ur
,
a u se .
an
v t w it m
tic f I eve y p th
11 t k
h
H t d d w th t which d th b fii d h im
W h
ick m k h im p l d w
d h th
O h mig hty l v ! M i
w rld
A th e t tt d h im
ore ser an s
an
e
’
rea
e
en
s
a
s
e no
o
r
n ess
o a
e o
n
o e
no
on
a
.
a
r
n
a
e
o
a
s on e
o
'
,
en
an
a e an
es
an
en
an
,
an
.
a
.
The perception o f this c l ass of truths mak es
the attraction which draws men to science bu t
the end is lost sight o f in att ention to the
means I n view o f this hal f sight of s cience we
“
accept the sentence of Plato that poet ry
comes nearer to vita l truth than h istory
,
,
.
,
”
.
NAT URE
E very surmise and vatici nation o f the mind is
entitled to a certain respect and we l earn to
pre fer imperfect theories and sentences which
contain glimpses o f truth to digested systems
w h ich have no one val uab l e suggestion A wise
writer will fee l that the ends o f st u dy and co m
position are best answered b y announcing u n
discovered regions o f thought and so co m
m u n ica tin g through hope new activi ty to the
torpid spirit
I shall there fore concl ude this essay with
some traditions o f man and nature which a
certain poet sang to me ; and which as they
h ave always b een in the world and perhaps t e
appear to every b ard may b e both history and
‘
prophecy
The foundations o f man are not in matter
bu t in spirit But the element o f spirit is eter
n it v
To it there fore the l ongest series o f
events the oldest chronologies are young and
rec e nt I n the cycl e o f the universal man from
whom the known in dividuals proceed centuries
are points and all history is bu t the epoch o f
one d egradation
We distrust and deny inwardly our sy m
pathy with nature We o wn and disown ou r
re l ation to it by turns We are l ike N ebu ch a d
0
7
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
~
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
P ROS P E C T S
1
7
dethroned bere ft o f reason a n d eatin g
grass like an ox But who can set l imits to the
remedial force o f s pirit ?
A man is a god in ru ins W h en men are
innocent l i fe S ha ll be l onger and shall pass into
t h e immort a l as gent l y as we awake from dreams
N ow the worl d would be insane and ra b id if
these disorganizations shou ld l ast for h u ndreds
I t is kept in check by death and in
o f years
fancy I n fancy is the perpetual Messiah w h ich
comes into the arms o f fallen men and p l ead s
W i th t h em to return to paradise
‘
M a n is t h e dwarf o f h im se l f O nce h e was
permeated and dissol ved by spirit He fi l led
nature with h is overflowing currents O ut from
him sprang the sun and moon from m a n the
The laws o f h is
su n from woman the moon
m ind the periods o f his actio n s ex tern iz ed them
s elves into day and night into the year and t h e
s easons
But having made for himsel f t h is hug e
s hell his waters retired ; he no longer fil l s the
veins and veinlets he is shr u nk to a drop He
sees that the structure still fits him but fits him
colossally S ay rather once it fitted him n o w it
corresponds to h im from fa r and on high He
adores timid ly his own work N ow is th a n the
fo l l ower o f the sun and woma n t h e fo ll ower of
n ez z a r,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
P ROS P E C T S
73
we l l as understanding S uch exampl es are t h e
traditions o f miracles in the earl i est antiquity
o f all nations ; the h istory o f Jesus Christ ; the
achievements o f a princip l e as in reli gious and
political revolutions and in the abolitio n o f
the s l ave trade ; the miracl es o f enthusiasm
‘
as those reported o f Swedenborg Hohen l ohe
and the S hakers ; m any o b scure and yet con
tested facts n o w arranged under the name o f
A nimal Magnetism ; prayer ; eloquence ; se l f
h ealing ; and the wisdom o f children These
are examples o f R eason s momentary grasp o f
the sceptre ; the exertions o f a power which ex
ists n o t in time or space but an instantaneous
The di fference
in streaming causing power
between the actual and the ideal force o f man
is happily figured by the schoolmen in saying
that the knowledge o f m a n is an evening know
l edge v esp er tin a cog n it io b ut that o f G od is a
m orning knowledge ma tu tin a cog n it io
The pro b lem o f restoring to the world ori gi
nal and eternal b eauty is solved by the redem p
tion o f the soul The ruin or the b lank that we
see w h en we look at nat ure is in our own eye
The axis o f vision is not coincident with the
axis o f things and s o they appear n o t t ra n sp a r
ent b ut opaque T h e reason why the world
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
.
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
74
NA T URE
.
l acks unity and l ies b roken and in heaps is be
,
,
cause man is disunited with himsel f He cannot
b e a naturalist unti l he satisfies all the demands
Love is a s m uch its demand as
o f the spirit
perception I ndeed neither can b e perfect with
out the other I n the uttermost meaning o f
the words thought is devout and devotion is
thought D eep calls unto deep But in actual
li fe the marriage is n o t cele b rated There are
innocent men who worship G o d after the tradi
tion o f their fathers bu t their sense o f duty has
not yet extended to the use o f all their faculties
A nd there are patient naturalists but they freeze
their su bject under the wintry light o f the under
standing Is n o t prayer also a study o f truth
a sally o f the sou l into the un found infinite ?
N o man ev er prayed heartily without learning
something But when a faith ful thinker reso
l ute t o detach every o bject from p ersonal rela
tions and see it in the light o f thought shal l at
the same time kindle sc ience with the fire o f the
holiest a ffections then will G o d g o forth anew
into the creation
I t wil l not need when the m ind is prepared
fo r stu d y to search fo r O bjects The invaria b le
m ark o f wis d om is to see the m iracu lo u s in the
P
common What is a da y What is a year ?
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
—
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
P ROS P E C T S
75
What is summer ?What is woman ?W h at is
a chi ld ?What is sleep ?To our b l indness
t h ese things seem una ffecting We make fables
to hide the baldness of the fact and con form it
as we sa y to the higher l aw o f the mind But
when t h e fact is seen u nder the light o f an idea
We behold
t h e gaudy fa b l e fades and S hrivels
the real hig h er l aw To the wise there fore a
fact is true poetry and the m ost beauti fu l o f
fables These wonders are brought to our own
door Y ou also are a man Man and woman
sleep fear
a n d their social li fe povert y l abor
fortune are known to you Learn that no n e
o f these things is superficial but that each phe
n o m e n o n has its roots in the faculties and a ff ec
tions o f the mind Whi lst the abstract question
occupies your intel l ect nature brings it in the
concrete t o b e solved by your h ands I t were
a wise inqui ry fo r the closet to compare poi n t
by point especially at remarkable crises in l i fe
our daily history with the rise a n d progress o f
ideas in the mind
S o shall we come to l ook at the world wit h
new eyes I t shall answer the endless inquiry
What is truth ?and o f t h e
o f the inte l lect
a ffections
What is good ?by yiel ding itsel f
passive to the edu cated Wi l l Then shall come
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
—
,
,
.
P ROS P E C T S
77
m elt
and the face o f the earth becomes green
be fore it so shall the advancing spirit create its
ornaments al o n g its path and carry with it the
b eauty it visits and the song which enchants it
it shall dra w beauti ful faces warm hearts wise
discourse and heroic acts around its way unti l
evil is no more seen The kingdom o f man over
nature which comet h not with observation
a dominion such as now is beyond his dream
he sh al l enter without more wonder
o f God
than the blind man fee l s who is gradual ly re
s tored to per fect si g ht
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
T HE
AN O
A M ER I C AN S C HO LAR
RA T I O N D ELI V ERED BEFO R E T HE P HI
K A P P A S O C I ET Y A T C A M BR I D G E
A U G U S T 31 1 837
,
,
,
.
TA
BE
T HE A M E R I CAN S C H O LA R
M R P R ESI D ENT
G E N TLE M E N
G REE T you on the recommen cement of
our litera ry year O ur anniversary is one of
hope and perhaps not enough o f labor We
do not meet fo r games o f strength or skill fo r
the recitation of histories tragedies and odes
like the ancient Greeks ; for parliaments o f love
and poesy like the Trou b adours ; nor for the
advancement o f science like our contemporaries
in the British and E uropean capitals Thus fa r
ou r h oliday has bee n simply a friend l y sign o f
the survival o f the l ove of letters amon gs t a peo
ple too busy to give to letters any more A s
such it is precious as the sign o f a n in des tru cti
ble instinct Perhaps the time is al ready come
when it ought to be and will be somethin g else ;
when the sluggard intellect o f this continent will
look from under its iron lids and fi l l the post
poned expectation o f the worl d with somethi n g
b etter than the exertions o f mechanical skill
O ur day o f dependence our long apprenticeship
‘
to the learning o f other lands draws to a cl ose
.
A ND
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
T
82
HE A MER ICAN S C HO L AR
The millions that around us are rushing int o
li fe cannot a l ways b e fed on the sere remains o f
foreign harvests Ev e n ts a ctio n s a rise t h a t must
b e sung that will sing themselves Who ca n
dou b t that poetry will revive and lead in a new
age as the star in the constellation Harp w h ich
now flames in our z enith astronomers announce
shall one day b e t h e pole star fo r a t h ousand
years
I n this hope I accept the topic which not only
u sage b ut the nature o f our association seem to
prescri b e to this day the A M ER I CA N S C H OL A R
Y ear b y y ear we com e up hither to read one
more chapter o f his b iography Let us inquire
what light n ew days and events have thrown on
his character and his hopes
I t is one o f those fa b les which out o f an u n
known antiquity convey an unlo c ked fo r wis
dom that the gods in the b eginning divided
Man in t o men that he might b e more h elp fu l
to hi m sel f ; just as the hand wa s divided into
fi n gers the b etter to answer its end
The old fa b le covers a doctrine ever n ew a n d
su b lime ; that there is O ne M a n
present to
al l particu lar men only partially or through one
faculty ; and that you must take t h e whole so
M a n is not a farmer
ciet y to find the whole man
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
—
.
,
.
.
-
,
,
,
‘
,
.
,
—
,
,
.
,
T
HE A MER IC A N S C HO L AR
83
or a pro fessor or an engineer b ut he is all M a n
is priest and scholar and statesman and pro
du cer and soldier I n t h e div ided or social state
these fu nctions are parcelled out to individuals
eac h o f whom aims to do his s tint of the joint
work whilst eac h other performs his T h e fa b le
implies that t h e individual to possess h imsel f
must sometimes retu r n from his own la bor to
em b race all the other la b orers But u n fo rtu
n a tel
i
th
s
original
u
it
this
ountain
power
n
f
f
o
y
has been so distri b uted to multitudes has b een
so minutel y subdivided and peddled out that it
is spilled into drops and cannot b e gathered
T h e state o f society is one in whic h the mem
b ers have su ffered amputatio n from the trunk
and strut a b out so many walking monsters
a
good finger a neck a stomach an el b ow b ut
never a man
Man is thus metamorphosed into a thing into
many things The planter who is M a n sent out
into the field to gather food is seldom ch eered
b y any idea o f the true dignity o f h is ministry
He sees h is bushel and his cart and nothing
beyond and s inks into the farmer instead o f
M a n on the farm The tradesman scarcely ever
gives an ideal worth to his work but is rid den
by t h e routine o f h is craft and the soul is sub
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
T
HE A MERIC AN S C HO LAR
85
the grass grows E very day men and women
co n versing
b e h ol ding and beholden The
scholar is he o f all m en who m this spectacle
m ost engages He must settle its value in h is
mind W h at is nature to h im ? There is never
a b eginning there is never a n en d to the in ex
plicable continuity o f this web o f God but always
circular power retur n ing into itsel f Therein it
rese m bles his own spirit whose b eginning whose
so entire so b ou n d
e nding he never can find
l ess F ar too as her splendors s h ine system on
s ystem shooting like rays up ward downward
without ce n tre without circum fere n ce
in t h e
mass and in t h e particle N ature hastens to re n
der account o f hersel f to the mind Cla ssifi
ca
tion b egins T o t h e young mind every thing is
individual stands by itsel f By and by it finds
h o w to join two things and see in them one na
ture ; th e n three t h e n three thousand ; and so
tyrannized over by its o wn uni fying instinct it
goes o n tying things together diminishing ano
ma lies discovering roots running under ground
where by contra ry and re m ote things cohere and
flower out fro m one stem I t presently lear n s
that since the daw n o f history t h ere has been a
constant accumulatio n and classifying o f facts
B ut what is classi fi cation but the perceiving that
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
‘
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
T
86
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
these o bjects are not chaotic and are not forei gn
but have a l aw which is also a law o f th e h uma n
mind ? T h e astronomer discovers that g eo m e
try a p u re abstraction o f the h uman mind is the
measure o f planetary motion The ch emist finds
proportions and intelligible method throughout
matter ; and science is not h ing but the finding
‘
o f analogy identity in the most remote parts
The ambitious soul sits down b e fore each re
fra ct o ry fact ; one a fter another reduces all strange
constit u tions a ll new powers to their cl ass and
their law and goes on forever to animate the
last fi b re o f organization the outskirts o f nature
by insight
Th u s to h im to t h is school b oy u n der th e
bending dome o f day is suggested that he and
it proceed from one root ; one is leaf and one
is flower ; relation sympathy stirring in every
vein A nd what is that root ? Is not that the
soul o f h is soul ?A thought too bol d a dream
too wild Y et when this spiritu al light sha l l
have revealed the law o f more earthly natures
when he has learned to worship the soul and
to see that the natural philosophy that now is
is only the first gropings o f its gigantic hand he
shall look forward to an ever expanding know
‘
l edge a s to a becomi n g creator He shal l see
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
87
that nature is the opposite of the sou l answer
O ne is seal and one is
in g to it part fo r part
print I ts beauty is the beauty of his own mind
I ts laws are the laws o f his own mind N ature
then becomes to him the measure o f his attain
ments S o muc h o f nature as he is ignorant o f
so much o f his own mind does he not yet pos
sess A nd in fine the ancient precept K now
“
thysel f and the modern precept S tudy na
ture b ecome at last one maxim
I I The next great influence into the spirit
in
O f the scholar is t h e mind o f the Past
whatever form whether o f literature o f art o f
institutions that mind is inscri b ed Books are
the best type o f the influence o f the past and
perhaps we shall get at t he truth
learn t h e
amount o f this influence more conveniently
by considering their value alone
The t h eory o f b ooks is no b le The scholar
O f the first age received into him the worl d
around ; b rooded thereon ; gave it the new ar
rangement o f h is own mind and uttered it again
I t came into him li fe ; it went o u t from him
truth I t came to him short lived actions ; it
went out from him immortal thoughts I t came
to h im b usiness ; it went from him poetry I t
It ca n
was dead fact ; now it is quick t h oug ht
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
”
,
,
”
.
,
.
,
—
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
.
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
89
th e
book b ecomes noxious : the guide is a
tyrant The sluggish and perverted mind o f
the multitude slow to open to the incurs ions
o f R eason having once so opened having once
received this book stands upon it and makes
a n outcry if it is disparaged
Colleges are built
on it Books are writte n on it by thinkers not
by M a n Thinking ; b y men o f talent that is
who start wrong who set out from accepted
dogmas not from their own sigh t o f principles
Meek young men grow up in li b raries believing
it their duty to accept the views wh ich Cicero
w h ich Locke which Bacon have given ; forget
fu l that Cicero Locke and Bacon were only
young men in li b raries when they wrote these
‘
books
Hence instead o f Man Thinking we have
the b ookworm Hence the b ook learned class
wh o value b ooks a s such ; not as related to
nature and the human constitution but as mak
ing a sort o f Third E state with the wo rld and
Hence the restorers o f readings the
t h e soul
emendators the b i b liomaniacs o f all degrees
Books are the best o f t h in g s wel l used ; a bused
amo n g the worst What is the right u se ?What
is the one end which all means go to e ff ect ?
They are fo r nothing b ut to inspire I had bet
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
T
0
9
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
ter never see a b ook than to b e warped b y its
attraction clean out o f my own or b it and made
a satellite instead o f a s y stem The one thi n g
in the world o f value is the active soul This
every man is entitled to ; this every man con
tains within him although in almost all men
o b structed and as yet un b orn The soul active
sees a b solute truth and utters truth or creates
I n this action it is geni u s ; not the privilege o f
here and there a favorite b ut the sound estate
o f every man
I n its essence it is progressive
The book the college the school o f art the
institution o f any ki n d stop with some past
utterance o f genius T h is is good say they
let u s hold b y this They pin me down They
look backward and not forward But genius
looks forward : the ey es o f man are set in his
fore h ead not in h is hindhead : man hopes : gen
iu s creates
Whatever talents may be if the
man crea te n o t the pure efll u x o f the D eity is
not h is
cinders and smoke there may b e b ut
not yet flame There are creative manners there
are creativ e actions and creative words ; man
ners actions words that is indicative o f no cu s
tom o r authority b ut springing spontaneous
from t h e mi n d s own sense o f good and fair
O n the other part instead o f b eing its own
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO LA R
:
9
seer let it receive from another mind its truth
though it were in torrents o f light without
periods of solitude inquest and sel f recovery
‘
and a fatal disservice is done Genius is always
su ffi ciently the enemy Of genius by over in flu
ence T h e literature of every nation b ears me
witness The E nglish dra matic poets have S h ak
s ea riz ed now fo r two hundred years
p
U ndou b tedly there is a right way Of reading
so it b e sternly su b ordinated Man Thinking
must not b e subdue d b y his instruments Books
are fo r the scholar s idle times When he can
read G od directly the hour is too precious to
be wasted in other men s transcripts o f their
readings But when the intervals o f darkness
come as co m e they must
when the sun is hid
and the stars withdraw their shining
we repair
to the lamps which were kindled b y their ra y
to guide o u r steps to the E ast again where the
dawn is We hear that we may speak The
“
A ra bian prover b sa y s A fi
tree
looking
on
g
a fig t ree b ecometh fruit ful
It is remarka b le the character o f the pleasure
we deri v e from the b est b ooks T h ey impress
us with the conviction that one nature wrote a n d
the same reads We read t h e verses o f one o f
the great E n gli s h poets o f Chaucer o f Marv ell
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
-
.
.
.
,
.
.
’
.
,
’
.
—
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
Q
T
HE A MER IC A N S C HO L AR
93
carry out the wealt h o f the I ndies There is
th en creative readi n g as well a s creative writing
When t h e mind is b raced by la b or and in ven
tion the page o f whatever b ook we read b ecomes
luminous with mani fold allusion E very sentence
is dou b ly significant and the sense o f our author
is as b road as the world We then see what is
always true t h at as the seer s hour o f vision is
short and rare among heav y days and months
so is its record perchance the least part o f his
volume The discerning will read in his Plato
or Sh a k sp ea re only that least part
only t h e
authentic utterances o f the oracle
all the rest
he rejects were it never so many ti mes Plato s
and Sh a k s p ea re s
O f course there is a portion O f reading quite
indispensa b le to a wise man History and exact
science he must learn by la b orious reading Col
leges in like manner have their indispensa b le
to teach elements But they can only
O ffi ce
highly serve u s when they aim not to drill but
to create when they gather from fa r every ray
o f v arious genius to thei r hospita b le halls and
by the concentrated fires se t t h e hearts o f their
youth on flam e Thought and knowle dge are
natu res in which apparat u s and pretension avail
nothing Gowns and pecuniary foundations
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
’
,
‘
’
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
T
94
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO LAR
though o f towns of go l d can never countervai l
the least sentence or sylla b le o f wit F orge t
this and our A merican colleges will recede in
their public importa n ce whilst the y gro w richer
every year
I I I T h ere goes in the world a notion that
the scholar s h ould be a recluse a val e t udinarian
as unfit fo r any handiwork or pu b lic labor as
a penkni fe fo r an axe The so called practical
sneer at speculative men as if b ecause
men
they specu late or see they could do nothing I
have heard it said that the clergy
who are
always more universally than any other class the
scholars o f t h eir day
are addressed a s women ;
that the rough spontaneous conversatio n o f men
they do not hear but only a m incing and diluted
speech They are O ften virtually dis franchised ;
and indeed there are advocates for their celi b acy
A S fa r a s this is true o f the studious c l asses it
is not just and wise A ction is with the sc h olar
su b ordinate but it is essential Without it he
is not yet man Without it thought can never
ripen into truth Whil st the world ha n gs be
fore the eye a s a cloud o f b eauty we cannot
even see its b eauty I n a ctio n is cowardice b ut
there can b e n o sch olar without the heroic
mind The pream b le o f thought t h e transi t ion
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
T
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO L AR
95
through which it passes from the unconscious
to the conscious is action O nly so much do
Instantl y we know
I know as I have lived
whose words are loaded with life and whose
‘
not
The world
this shadow of the soul or ot h er
‘
lies wide around I ts attractions are the
me
key s which unloc k my thoughts and make me
acquainted with mysel f I run eagerly into this
resounding tumult I grasp the hands o f those
next me and tak e my place in the ring to su ff er
and to work taught b y an instinct that so shal l
the dumb aby ss b e vocal with speech I pierce
its order ; I dissipate its fear ; I dispose o f it
within the circuit o f my expanding li fe S o
much only o f li fe as I know by experience so
much o f the wildern ess have I vanquished and
planted or so fa r have I extended m y being
my dominion I do not see how any man can
afford for the sake o f his nerves and his nap
to spare any action in which he can partake
I t is pear ls and ru b ies to his discourse D ru dg
ery calamity exasperation want are instructors
in eloquence and wisdom The true scholar
grudges every opportunity o f action pas t by
as a loss o f power
I t is the ra w material out
of which th e intellect moulds her splendid pro
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
—
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
T
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO L AR
97
dhesive inert form and astonish us b y soar
ing from our b ody into the empyrean Cradl e
and in fan cy school and play ground the fear o f
boy s and dogs and ferules the love o f little
maids and b erries and many another fac t that
once filled the whole sky are gone already ;
friend and relative pro fession and party town
and country nation and world must al so soar
and sing
O f course he who h a s put forth his total
strength in fit actions h as the richest return o f
wisdom I will not shut m y s el f out o f this globe
o f action and transplant an o a k into a flo wer
pot there to hu n ger and pine ; nor trust the
revenue o f some single faculty and exhau st one
vei n o f thought much like those S avoyards
who getting their livelihood by carving shep
herds shepherdes ses and smoking D utchmen
fo r all E urope went out one day to the moun
tain to find stock and discovered that they had
whittled up th e last o f their pine trees Authors
we have in num b ers who have written out their
vein and who mo ved b y a mo m m e n da ble pru
dence sail fo r Greece or Palestine follow the
trapp er into the prairie or ram ble round A lgiers
to replenish their merchanta b le stock
I f it were only for a voca b ulary the scholar
a
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
8
9
T
HE A M ER IC AN S C H O L AR
would be covetous o f action Li fe is our diction
ary Years are well spent in country la b ors ; in
town ; in the insight into trades a n d m a n u fa c
tures in frank intercourse with many men and
women ; in science ; in art ; to t h e one end o f
mastering in all thei r facts a lan g uage by which
to illustrate and embody our perceptions I learn
immediately from any speaker how much he h a s
already lived through the poverty or the splen
dor o f his speech Li fe lies b ehind u s a s the
f
uarry
rom
whence
we
get
tiles
and
copesto
es
n
q
fo r the masonry o f to day This is the way to
learn grammar Colleges and b ooks only copy
the la n gu age which the field and the work yard
‘
made
But the final value o f action like that o f
books and b etter than books is that it is a re
source That great principle o f U ndulation in
natu re that shows itsel f in the inspiring and
expiring o f the b reath ; in desire and satiety ; in
the e bb and flow of the sea ; in day and night in
heat and cold and a s y et more deeply ingrained
in ev ery atom and every fluid is kno wn to us
“
under the name o f Polarity
these fits o f
easy transmission and reflection a s N ewton
called them are the law of nature b ecause they
a re the law o f spi rit
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
.
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
T
HE A MER ICAN S C HO L AR
99
The mind now thinks now acts and each fit
reproduces the ot h er When the artist has ex
h a u s ted his materials when the fancy no lo n ger
paints when thoughts are no longer a p p re
hended and books are a wea rI n ess
he h as
always the resource t o li ve Character is higher
than intellect Thinking is the fu nction Liv
ing is the functionary The stream retreats to
its source A great soul wi ll b e strong to live
as well as strong to think
D oes he lack organ
or m edium to impart h is truths ? He can still
fall b ack o n this elemental force o f living them
This is a total act Thinking is a partial act
Let the grandeur o f justice shine in his a ffairs
Let the beauty o f a ffection cheer his lowly roo f
Those fa r from fame who dwell and act with
him will feel the force o f h is constitution in the
doings and passages of the day b etter than it
ca n be measured b y any public and designed
display Time shall teach him that the scholar
loses no hour which the man lives Herein he
un folds the sacred germ o f his instinct screened
What is lost in seemliness is
from influence
gained in strength N ot out o f those on whom
systems o f education have exhausted th eir cul
ture comes the help ful giant to destroy the old
or to build the new but out o f u n hands elled
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
”
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
I OI
man mind which as yet no man has thou g ht
watching day s and months some
o f as such
times fo r a few facts ; correcting s till his old re
cords
must relinquish display and immediate
fa m e
I n the long period o f his preparation he
must b etray often an ignorance and shi ftlessness
in popular arts incurring the disdain o f the a b le
who shoulder him aside Long he must stam
mer in his speech ; o fte n forego the living fo r
the dead W orse yet he must accept
how
O ften
poverty and solitu de F or the ease
and pleasure o f treading the old road accepting
the fashio n s the education the religion o f soci
ety he takes the cross o f making his own and
o f course the sel f accusation the faint heart the
frequent uncertain t y and loss o f time which are
the nettles and tangling vines in the way o f the
sel f rel y ing and sel f directed ; and the state o f
virtual ho stili t y in which he seems to stand to
society and especially to educated socie t y F or
all this loss and scorn what o ffset ? He is to
find con s olation in exercising the highest func
tions o f human nature He is one who raises
himsel f from private considerations and b reathes
and lives on pu b lic and ill u strious thoughts
He is the worl d s eye He is the world s heart
He is to resist the vulgar p rosp erity that re tro
,
,
—
.
,
.
,
.
—
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
-
-
.
,
,
.
.
’
’
.
.
‘
T
102
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO L AR
grades ever to barbarism by preserving and
communicating heroic sentiments no b le bio
graphies melodious verse and the conclusions
W hatsoever oracles the human
o f history
heart in all emergencies in all solemn hours
has uttered as its commentary on the world o f
actions
these he shall receive and impart
A nd whatsoever new verdict R eason from her
inviola b le seat pronounces on the passing men
and events of to day
this he shall hear and
promulgate
These being his functions it becomes him to
feel all confidence in himsel f and to de fer never
to the popular cry He and he only knows
the world The world o f any moment is the
merest appearance S ome great decorum some
fetish o f a government some ephemeral trade
or war or man is cried up by hal f mankind and
cried down b y the other hal f as if all depended
on this particular up or down The odds are
that the whole question is not worth the poorest
thought which the scholar has lost in listening
to t h e controversy Let him not quit h is b elief
that a popgun is a popgun though the ancient
and honora b le o f the earth affirm it to b e the
crack o f doom I n silence in steadiness in
s evere a b straction let him hold by himsel f add
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
t
,
.
,
,
,
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO L AR
T
3
observation to observation patient o f neglect
patient o f reproach and bide his own time
happy enough if he can satis fy himsel f alone that
this day he has seen something truly S uccess
treads on every right step F or the instinct is
sure that prompts him to tell his b rother what
he thinks He then learns that in going down
into the secrets o f his own mind he has de
scended into the secrets o f all minds He learns
that he who has mastered any law in his private
thoug hts is master to that extent o f all men
whose lan g u age he speaks and o f all into whose
‘
language his own can be translated The poet
in utter solitude remembering his spontaneous
thoughts and recording them is found to have
recorded that which men in crowded cities find
true for them also The orator distrusts at first
the fitness o f his frank con fessions his want o f
knowledge o f the persons he addresses until he
finds that he is the complement of his hear
that they drink his words because he
e rs
fu l fils for them their own nature ; the deeper he
dives into his privatest secretest presentiment
to his wonder he finds this is the most accept
able most public a n d universal ly true The
people delight in it ; the better part o f ev ery
m a n feels This is my music ; this is mysel f
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
T
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO LAR
1 05
nce
by your su fferance S ee it to be a lie
and y o u have al ready dealt it its mor tal blow
Y es we are the cowed
we the trustless I t
is a mischiev ous notion that we are come la e
into nature that the world was finished a long
time ago A s the world was plastic and fluid in
the hands of God so it is ever to so much o f
h is attri b utes as we bri n g to it T O ignorance
and sin it is flint They adapt themselves to it
a s they may ; but in proportion as a man has
rm a m e n t flows
any thing in him divine the fi
before him and ta k es his S ignet and form N ot
he is great who can alter matter but he who can
alter my state o f mind They are the kings o f
the world who give the color o f their present
thought to all nature and all art and persuade
men by the cheerful serenity o f their carrying
the matter that this thing which they do is the
apple which the ages have desired to pluck now
at last ripe and inviting nations to the harvest
The great man makes the great thing W h er
ever Macdonald sits there is the head o f the
ta b le Linn ae us makes botany the most alluring
o f studies and wins it fro m the farmer and the
her b woman ; D avy chemistry ; and Cuvier fo s
sils The day is always his who works in it with
s erenity and great aims
The unstable estimates
a
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
t
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
.
06
T
HE AM ER ICAN S C HO L AR
men crowd to h im whose mind is filled with
a t ru th as the heaped waves of the A tlantic
follow the moon
F or this sel f trust the reason is deeper than
can b e fathomed
darker than ca n b e enlight
ened I might not carry with me the feeli n g o f
my audience in stating my own belie f Bu t I
have already shown the ground o f my hope in
‘
ad v erti n g to the doctrine that man is one I
believe man has b een wronged ; he has wronged
himsel f He has almost lost the light that can
lead him back to his prerogatives Men are be
come o f no account Men in history men in
the world o f to day are bugs are spawn and are
called the mass and the herd I n a century
in a millennium one or two men ; that is to say
one or t wo approximations to the right state of
every man A ll the rest b ehold in the hero or
the poet their o wn green and crude b ei n g
ripened ; y es and are content to be less so t h a t
may attain to it s full stature What a testimo n y
full o f grandeur full o f pity is b orne to the
demands o f h is own nature by the poor cl ans
man the poor partisan who rejoices in the glory
The poor and the lo w find som e
o f h is chie f
amends to their immense moral capacity fo r
their a cquiescence in a political and social in feri
of
,
.
-
,
—
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
-
,
,
,
”
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
T
HE A M ER IC AN S C HO L AR
10
7
They are content to be brushed like flies
from the path o f a great person so that justice
sh a ll b e done by h im to that common nature
which it is the dearest desire o f all to see enlarged
and glorified They sun themselves in the great
man s light and fee l it to be their own element
They cast the dignity o f man from their down
trod selves upon the shoulders o f a hero and
will perish to add one drop of blood to make that
great heart b eat those giant sinews combat and
conquer He lives fo r us and we live in him
Men such as they are very naturally seek
m oney or power ; and power because it is a s good
the spoils so called o f o ffice
a s money
A nd wh y not ?fo r they aspire to the highest and
this in their sleep walking they dream is high
est W ake them and they shall quit the false
good and leap to the true and leave governments
to clerks and desks This revolution is to be
wrought b y the gradual domestication o f the idea
The main enterprise o f the world
o f Culture
fo r splendor fo r extent is the upbuilding o f a
man Here are the materials strewn along the
grou nd The private li fe o f one m a n shall b e a
more il lustrious monarchy more form ida b le to
it s enemy more sweet and serene in its influence
to it s friend than any kingdom in history F or
o rit y
.
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
”
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
1 09
Historically there is thou ght to be a di ff er
ence in the idea s which predominate over suc
ces s iv e epochs and th ere are data fo r m a rking the
genius o f the Classic o f the R omantic and now
o f the R eflective or Philosophical age
With
the views I have intimated o f the o n ene ss or the
identity o f the mind through all in div idu a ls I do
not much dwell on these di fferences I n fact I
believe each individual passes throu gh all three
The boy is a Gree k ; the youth romantic ; the
adult reflective I deny not however that a
revolution in t h e leading idea m a y be distinctly
enou gh traced
O u r age is bewailed as the age o f I n t ro v er
P
sion M ust that needs b e evil We it seems
are critical ; we are embarrassed with second
thoughts ; we cannot enjoy any thi n g fo r hanker
ing to know whereo f the pleasure consists we
are lined with eyes ; we see with our feet ; the
time is in fected with Hamlet s unhappiness
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
’
,
ickli d
S
e
’
o er
ith th p l c t
w
e
a e
as
of
th
ou
ht
g
.
is so bad then ?Sight is the last thing to be
pitied Would we be blind ? D o we fear lest
we should outsee nature and God and drink
truth dry ? I loo k upon the discontent o f the
l iterary class a s a mere announcement o f the fact
It
.
,
T
1 10
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
that they fin d themselves not in the sta te of
mind o f their fathers and regret the coming state
as untried ; as a boy dreads the water be fore he
has learned that he can swim I f there is any
period one would desire to be born in is it not
the age o f R evolution ; when the old and the
new stand side by side and admit o f being com
pared ; when the energies of all men are searched
by fear and by hope when the historic glories
o f the old can be compensated by the rich pos
like all
sibilit ies o f the new era ? This time
times is a very good one if we but know what
to do with it
I read with some joy o f the auspicious signs
as they glimmer already
o f the coming days
through poetry and art through philosophy and
science through church and state
O ne o f these signs is the fact that the same
movement which e ff ected the elevation o f what
wa s called the lowest class in the state assumed
in literature a very marked and as benign an as
pe et I nstead o f the sublime and be auti fu l the
near the low the common was explored and
poetized That which had been negligently trod
den under foot by those wh o were harnessing
and provisioning themselves fo r long journey s
into fa r countries is s u ddenly found to be richer
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
1
than all foreign parts The literature o f the
poor the feelings o f the child the philosophy
o f the street the meaning o f household li fe are
the topics of the time I t is a great stride I t
P
is a S ign is it n o t
O f new vigor when the
extremities are made active when currents o f
war m li fe run into the hands and the feet I
a sk not fo r the great the remote the romantic ;
what is doing in I taly o r A rabia ; what is Greek
art or Proven cal minstrelsy ; I em b race the
com m on I explore and sit at the feet o f the fa
m iliar the low Give me insight into to day and
you may have the antique and future worlds
What would we really k n ow the meaning o f ?
The meal in the fi
rk in ; the milk in the pan ;
the ballad in the street ; the news o f the boat ;
the glance o f the eye ; the form and the gait
o f the b ody
show me the ultimate reason o f
these matters ; show me the su b lime presence
o f the highest spiritual cause lurking as al ways
it does lurk in these su b ur b s and extremities
o f natu re ; let me see eve ry trifle b ristli n g with
the polarity that ranges it instantly o n an eter
nal law ; a n d the shop the plough and the
l edger referred to the like cause by which light
undulates and poets sing
and the world lies
no longer a dull miscellan y and lum b er room
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
—
—
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
1 1
3
ould surmount Bu t he sa w and showed the
connection between nature and the a ff ections of
the soul He pierced the emblem atic o r spiritual
character o f the visi b le audi b le tangi b le world
Especially did his shade loving muse hover
over and interpret the lower parts o f nature ; he
showed the mysterious bo n d that allies moral
evil to the foul material forms and h a s given in
epical parables a theory o f insanity o f b easts o f
unclean and fearful things
A nother sign o f our times also marked b y an
analogous political movement is the n ew im
portance given to the single person E very thing
t o su r
that tends to insulate the individual
round him with b arriers o f natural respect so
that each man shall feel the world is h is and
man shall treat with man a s a sovereig n state
with a sovereig n state
tends to true union as
“
well a s greatness
I learned said the melan
ch o l
P
estalozzi
that
no
m
a n in G od s wide
y
earth is either wil ling o r a b le to help a n y other
ma n
Help mu s t c o m e from the b oso m alone
The scholar is that m a n wh o must take up into
himsel f all the a b ility o f the time all the con
t ribu tio n s o f the past all the hopes o f the future
He must b e an university o f knowledges I f
there be one lesson more than another which
c
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
,
”
.
.
,
,
.
.
1 1
T
4
HE A MER IC AN S C HO LAR
should pierce his ear it is The world is no
thing the man is all ; in y oursel f is the law o f all
nature and you know not yet how a glo bule o f
sap ascends in yoursel f slum b ers the whole o f
R eason it is fo r you to know all ; it is for y ou
to dare all M r P resident and Gentlemen this
confidence in the unsearched might o f man be
longs b y all motives b y all prophecy by all
preparation to the A merican S cholar We have
listened too long to the courtly muses o f E urope
The spirit o f the A merican freeman is already
suspected to b e timid i m itative tame P u b lic
and private avarice make the air we breathe thick
and fa t The scholar is decent indolent com
plaisant S ee already the tragic consequence
The mind o f this country taught to aim at
low o bjects eats upon itsel f There is n o work
fo r any b ut the decorous and the complaisant
Y oung m e n o f the fairest promise wh o b egin
li fe upon ou r shores inflated by the mountain
winds shined upon by all the stars o f G od find
the earth b elow n o t in unison with these b ut are
hindered from action b y the disgust which the
principles on which business is managed inspire
and turn drudges or die o f disg ust some o f t h em
suicides What is the remedy ?They did not
e t see and thousands o f young men a s hope ful
y
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
T
HE A MER IC AN S C HO L AR
w crowding
1 I
5
the barriers for the career do
not yet see that if the single man plant himsel f
indomita b ly o n his instincts and there a b ide the
‘
huge world will come round to him Patien ce
patie n ce ; with the S hades o f all the good and
great for company ; and fo r solace the p ersp ec
tive o f your own infinite li fe ; and for work the
study and the communication o f principles the
making those instincts prevalent the conversio n
I s it not the chie f disgrace in the
o f the world
world not to b e an unit
not to b e reckoned
one character ; not to yield that peculiar fruit
which each man was created to b ear but to be
reckoned in the gross in the hundred o r the
thousand o f the party the section to which we
b elong ; and our o p inion predicted g eog ra p h i
cally as the north or the south ? N o t so b ro
t h e rs a n d friends
please G o d ours sh a l l not be
so We will walk on o u r own feet ; we will work
with our o wn hands ; we will speak our own
minds T h e study o f letters shall b e no longer
a name fo r pity fo r dou b t and fo r sensual in du l
gence The dread o f m a n and the love o f man
shall b e a wa ll o f defence and a wreath o f joy
arou n d all A nation o f m e n will fo r the first
time exist b ecause each b elieves himsel f inspired
by the Divine S oul which also inspires all men
no
to
,
,
,
,
.
—
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
A DD RESS
DELI V ERED BEFORE T HE S ENI OR CLASS I N DI V I N I T Y
CO LL EGE CA M BRI DG E SUN D A Y EV ENI N G
Y
U
L
1 5
1 8 38
J
,
,
,
,
.
AD D RESS
N this refu l gent summer it h as bee n a l uxu ry
to draw the breath of li fe The grass grows
the buds burst the meadow is spotted with fire
and gold in the t int of flowers T h e air is fill
o f b irds and s weet with t h e breath o f t h e pine
the balm of Gilead a n d the n ew hay N ight
brings no gloom to t h e heart with its welcome
shade Through the transparent darkness the
stars pour their almost spiritual rays Man
under them seems a young child and his huge
glo b e a toy The cool n ight bathes the worl d
as with a river and prepares his eyes again fo r
the crimson dawn The mystery o f nature was
never displayed more happily The corn and
the wine have been freely dealt to all creatu res
and the never broken silence with which the
o ld bounty goes forward has n o t yielded y et
one word o f ex planation O ne is constrained
to respect the perfection o f this world in which
our senses con verse How wide ; h o w rich
what invitation from every property it gives to
every faculty o f man ! I n its fruitful soils ; in
its navigable sea ; in its mountains o f metal and
stone ; in its forests o f all woods ; in its a nimal s ;
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
-
.
.
A D D RESS
1 21
t h ou gh he has not realized it yet He
H
e knows the sense o f that gra nd word
ou h t
g
though his analysis fa ils to render account o f
it W hen in in n ocency or when by intellectual
perception he attains to say
I love the
R ight ; Truth is beauti ful within and without
fo r evermore V irtue I am thine ; save me ; use
me ; thee will I serve day and night in great
in small that I may be not virtuous b ut vir
tue
then is the end of the creation a n
swere d and God is well pleased
The sentiment o f virtue is a reverence and
delight in the presence o f certain divine laws
I t perceives that this ho mely game o f li fe we
play covers under what seem foolish details
principles that astonish The child amidst his
baubles is learning the action o f ligh t motion
gravity muscular force ; and in the game o f
human li fe love fear justice appetite man
and God interact These laws re fuse to be a d
e u a t el
stated
They
will
not
be
written
out
y
q
on paper o r spoken by the tongue They
elude o u r persevering thought ; yet we read
them hourly in each other s faces in each other s
actions in our own remorse The mora l traits
which are all glo b ed into every virtuous act and
in speech we must sever and de
thought
own ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
’
’
,
‘
.
,
,
,
A D D RESS
1 22
scri b e Or suggest by p a in fi
s l enumerat io n
of
many particulars Y et a s this sentiment is t h e
essence o f all religion let m e g uide your eye
t o the precise o bjects o f the sentiment b y an
enumera tion of some o f those class es o f facts
in which this element is conspicuous
T h e intu ition o f the moral sentiment is an
insight o f the perfection o f the laws o f the soul
These laws execute themselves They are o u t
o f time o u t o f space and not su bject to circum
stance Thus in the soul o f man there is a jus
t ice w h ose retri b utions are instant and entire
He wh o does a good deed is instantly enno b led
He who does a mean deed is b y the action itsel f
c ontra cted
He who puts o ff impurity t here by
puts on purity I f a man is at heart just then
in so fa r is h e G od the safety o f G od the im
m ort a lity o f G o d the majesty o f G od d o enter
‘
i nto that man with justice
I f a m a n dissem b le
d ecei v e he dec eives himsel f and goes o u t o f
acq u a i n tance with h is o wn b eing A m a n in the
vi ew o f a b solute goodness adores with total
h u m ility E very step s o downward is a step u p
ward The man wh o renounces himsel f comes
to himsel f
See how this rapid intrinsic energ y worketh
every where righting wrongs correcting appear
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
A D D RESS
1 2
3
a n ec s and bringing up facts to a h armony with
thoughts I ts operation in li fe though slow to
the sens es is at last as sure as in the soul By
it a man is made the Providence to himsel f
dispensing good to his goodness and evil to
‘
his sin Character is always known The fts
never enrich ; alms never impoverish ; murder
will speak out o f stone walls The least admix
fo r example the taint o f v a n
ture o f a lie
ity any attempt to make a good impression a
favora b le appearance
will instantly vitiate the
e ff ect But speak the truth and all n ature and
all sp irits help you with unexpected furt h erance
S peak the truth and all things alive or brute
are vouchers and the ve ry roots o f the grass
underground there do seem to stir and move
t o b ear y o u witness
S ee again the perfection
o f the Law as it applies itsel f to the a ff ections
and b ecomes the law o f society A s we are so
we associate The good by affini ty seek the
good ; the vile by affinity the vile Thus o f
their own volition souls proceed into heaven
into hell
These facts have al ways su ggested to man the
su b li m e creed that the world is not the product
o f mani fold power but o f one will o f one mind ;
and that o n e mind is everywhere active in each
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
A D D RESS
1 25
hl ori ne and rosema ry I t makes t h e sky
and the hi l ls sublime and the silent song o f the
and c
.
,
sta rs is it By it is the universe made safe and
‘
habitable not by science or power Thou ght
may work cold and intransitive in things and
find no end or u nity ; but the da wn o f the se n
t im e n t o f virtue on the heart gives and is the
assurance that Law is sovereign over all natures ;
and the worl ds time space eternity do seem to
‘
break out into joy
This sentiment is divine and dei fying It is
the beatitude of man I t makes him illimitable
Through it the soul first kno ws itsel f It cor
re ct s the capital mistake o f the in fant man wh o
seeks to b e g rea t by follo wing the great and
hopes to derive advantages f r om a n ot h er
by
showing the fountain of al l good to b e in him
sel f and that be equally with every man is an
inlet into the deeps of R eason When he says
“
I ought ; when l ove warms him ; when he
chooses warned from on high the good and
great deed ; then deep melodies wander through
his soul from Supreme Wisdom
Then he can
worship and b e enlarged b y h is worship ; fo r he
can never go behind this sentiment I n the su b
lim est flights o f the soul rectitude is never su r
mounted love is never outgrown
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
'
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
A D D RESS
I 26
This sentiment l ies at the foundation o f so ci
ety and s u ccessivel y creates all form s o f wor
ship The principle of veneration never dies
out Man fallen into supers tition into sensual
ity is never q uite without the visions o f the
moral sentiment I n like m anner all the ex
pressions o f this sentiment are sacred and per
manent in proportion to their purity The ex
pressions o f this sentiment a ff ect us m ore than
all other compositions The sentences o f the
oldest time which ejaculate this piety are still
fresh and fragrant This thought dwelled a l
ways deepest in the minds of men in the devout
and contemplative E ast ; not alone in Palestine
where it reached its purest expression but in
E gypt in Persia in I ndia in China E urope
has always owed to oriental genius its divine
impulses What these holy b ards said all sane
‘
men found agreea b le and true A nd the unique
i m pression o f Jesus upon mankind whose name
is not s o much written as ploughed into the his
tory o f this world is proo f o f the su b tle virtue
o f this in fusion
M eantime whi l st the doors o f the temple
stand open night and day b e fore every man
and the oracles o f this tru th cease never it is
guard ed by o n e stern condition ; this namel y ;
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
A D D RESS
1 2
7
is an intui tion I t cannot be re ceived at sec
ond h and Tru l y speak ing it is not instru c tion
but provocation that I can receive from another
sou l What h e an nounces I must find true in
me or reject ; and on h is word or a s his second
h e he who he m a y I can accept nothing O n
the contrary t h e absence o f this primary faith is
the presence of degradation A s is the flood so
is the ebb Let this faith depart and the very
words it spake and the things it made b ecome
fal se and hurtful Then fal ls the church the
sta te art letters li fe T h e doctrine o f the di
v ine nature
being forgotten a sickness in fects
and dwarfs t h e cons titution O nce man was
al l ; now he is an app endage a nuisance A nd
because the indwelling Suprem e S pirit cannot
whol ly be got rid of the doctrine of it su ff ers this
perversion that the divine nature is attributed
to one or two persons and denied to al l the rest
and denied with fury The doctrine of inspira
tion is lost ; the base doctrine of the majority of
voices usurps the p l ace o f the doctrine o f the
sou l Miracl es prop h ecy poet ry the ideal li fe
the holy li fe exist as ancient history m erely ;
they are not in the bel ie f nor in the asp iration
o f so cie t y ; but when suggested see m ridicu
l ous Li fe is comi c or p i ti ful as soon as th e high
it
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
A D D RESS
1 29
He said in this jubilee o f sublime emotion I
am divine T h rough me G od acts ; through
m e speaks Would you see G o d see me ; or
see thee when thou also thinkest as I now
think But what a dist ortion did his doctrine
and memory su ff er in the same in the next and
the followin g ages ! There is no doctrine o f
the R eason w h ich will bear to be taught by the
U nderstanding T h e understanding caug h t this
hig h chant from the poet s l ips and said in the
next age This was Jehova h come down out
o f heaven
I will kill you if you say he was a
man The idioms o f his language and the fi
g
ures of his rhetoric have usurped the p l ace o f
his truth ; and churches are not built on his
principles but on h is tropes Christianity h e
came a Mythus as the poetic teaching o f Greece
and of Egypt be fore He spoke of miracles ;
fo r he felt that man s l i fe was a miracle and all
that man doth and he knew that this daily
miracle shines as the c h aracter ascends Bu t
the word Miracle as pronounced by Christian
churches gives a false impression ; it is Mon
ster I t is not one with the blowin g clover and
the falling rain
He felt respect fo r Moses and the prophets
but no unfit tenderness at postponin g their ini
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
‘
.
,
I
A D D RESS
0
3
tial revel ations to the hour and t h e man that
now is ; to the eternal revelation in the heart
Thus was he a tru e man Having seen that the
l aw in us is commanding he would not su ff er
it to be commanded Boldly with hand and
heart and li fe he declared it was God Thus
is he as I think the only soul in history who
has appreciated the worth o f man
1
I n this point of view we b ecome sensi
b le o f the first defect o f historical Christianity
Historical Christianity has fallen into the error
that corrupts all attempts to communicate re
lig io n A s it appears to us and as it has a p
ea red fo r ages it is not the doctrine o f the
p
soul but an exaggera tion o f the personal the
positive the ritual I t has dwelt it dwells with
noxious exaggeration a b ou t the p erson o f Jesus
The sou l knows no persons I t invites every
man to expand to the full circle o f the u niverse
and will have no pre ferences but those o f spon
But by this eastern monarchy
t a n e o u s love
o f a Christianity which indolence and fear have
b uilt the friend of m a n is made the injurer
o f man
The manner in which his name is su r
rounded with expressions which were once sallies
o f admiration and love bu t are now petrified
into o flicia l titles kills all generous sympathy
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
A D D RESS
I 3I
A l l who hear me fee l that t h e l an
a n d liking
guage that describes Christ to Europe and
A merica is not the sty l e o f friendship and en
t h u sia s m to a good and noble hea rt but is a p
a ints a demigod as
p
ro ria t ed and formal
p p
the O rienta l s or the Greeks wou l d descri be
O siris or A pollo A ccept the injurious I mposi
tions o f our early catechetica l instruction and
even hones ty and sel f denial were but spl endid
sins if they did not wear the Christian name
O n e wou l d rather be
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
Apg
a an
,
su
ckled i
n
creed
a
worn ,
ou t
than to be de frauded o f his man l y right in com
ing into natu re and finding not names and
places not l and and pro fessions but even vir
tue and truth foreclosed and monopolized Y ou
shall not b e a man even Y ou shall not own
the world you shall not dare and live after the
infinite Law that is in you and in company with
the infinite B eauty which heaven and earth re
fle et to y ou in all lovely forms but y o u must
subordinate your nature to Christ s nature ; you
must accept our interpretations and take his
portrait as the vulgar draw it
That is al ways b est which gives me to m y
se l f The subl ime is excited in me by the great
’
,
,
.
.
,
’
,
.
.
A D D RESS
I
33
a low benefit to give me some t hing ; it is a
h ig h benefit to enable me to do somewhat of
‘
mysel f The time is coming whe n all men
will see that the gi ft o f God to the soul is not a
vaunting overpowering excluding sanctity but
a sweet natural goodness a goodness like thine
and mine and that so i nv i tes t h ine and mine to
be and to grow
The injustice of the vulgar tone o f preach in g
is not less flagrant to Jesus than to the souls
which it pro fanes The preachers do n o t see
that they make h is gospel not glad and shear
h im of the locks o f b eauty and the attributes
When I see a majestic Ep a m in o n
o f heaven
da s or Washington ; when I see among my
contemporaries a true orator an upright judge
a dear friend ; when I vi b rate to the melody
and fancy of a poem ; I see beauty that is to b e
desired A nd s o lovely and with yet more e n
tire consent o f my human being sounds in my
c a r the severe music o f the b ards that have sung
“
N ow do not d e
o f the true G o d in all ages
grade the li fe and dialog u es o f Christ out o f the
circle o f this charm b y insulation and pecu liar
ity Let them lie as they be fell alive and warm
part o f human li fe and o f the l andscape and of
the cheerful da y
is
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
A
D
RESS
D
34
The second defect o f the traditionary a n d
2
l imited way o f using the mind o f Christ is a
conseque n ce o f the first ; this namely ; t h at the
Moral N ature that Law of laws whose revela
tions introduce greatness yea Go d himsel f
into the open soul is not explored as the foun
tain o f the established teaching in socie t y M en
have come to speak o f the revelation as some
what long ago given and done as if God were
dead The inju ry to faith throttles the preacher ;
and the goodliest o f institutions b ecomes an u n
certain and inarticu late voice
I t is very certain that it is the e ffect o f con
versation with the b eauty o f the sou l to b eget
a desire and need to impart to others the same
knowledge and love I f utterance is denied
the thought lies like a burden on the man A l
ways the seer is a sayer S omehow his dream
is told ; somehow he pub l ishes it with solemn
oy : someti m es with pencil o n canvas some
j
times with chisel on stone sometimes in towers
and aisles o f granite h is sou l s worship is builded ;
sometimes in anthems o f indefinite music ; but
‘
clearest and most permanent in words
The man enamored o f this excel l ency be
comes its priest or poet The oflice is coeval
But o b serve the condition the
with the world
I
.
,
,
—
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
.
.
,
A D D RESS
1
35
spiritual limita tion o f the o fli ce The spirit
only can teach N ot any profane man not any
sensual not any liar not any slave can teach
but only he ca n give who has ; he on l y can cre
ate who is The man on whom t h e soul de
scends through who m the soul speaks alone
can teac h Courage piety love wisdom can
teach ; and every man can open his door to these
angels and they shal l brin g him the gi ft of
tongues But the man who aims to speak as
b ooks enable as synods use as the fashion
guides and as interest commands babbles Let
him hush
To this holy o flice you propose to devote
yourselves I wish you may feel your call in
thro b s o f desire and hope The oflice is the
first in the world I t is o f that reality that it
cannot su ff er the deduction o f any falsehood
A nd it is my du t y to say to y o u that the need
wa s never greater o f new revelation than now
F rom the v iews I have already expres sed you
will in fer the sad conviction which I share I
b elieve with num b ers o f the universal decay
and now almost death of faith in society The
soul is not preached The Church seems to
‘
totter to its fall almost all life extinct
On
this occasion any complaisance wou l d b e crimi
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
A D D RESS
I
37
t h e true faith certainly s h ou l d be its power
to charm and command the soul as the laws o f
nature contro l the activity o f the hands
so
commanding that we find pleasure and honor in
obeying T h e fait h should b l end with the light
o f rising and o f setting suns with the flying cloud
the singing bird and the breath of flowers But
now the priest s S ab b ath has lost the splendor
we a re glad when it
o f nature ; it is unlovely
is done ; we can make we do make even sitting
in our pews a fa r better holier sweeter for
‘
ourselves
Whenever the pu l pit is usurped by a formal
ist then is the worshipper de frauded and dis
consolate We shrink as soon as the prayers
begin which do not upli ft but smite and o ff end
us
W e are fain to wrap our cloaks a b out us
and secu re as best we can a solitude that hears
not I once heard a preacher who sorely tempted
me to sa y I would go to church no more Men
go thought I where they are wont t o g o else
had no soul entered the temple in the afternoon
A snow storm was falling aro u nd us The snow
storm was real the preacher merely spectral and
the eye felt the sad contrast in looking at him
and then o u t o f the win dow behin d him into the
beauti fu l meteor of the snow He had lived in
of
,
,
,
—
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
,
,
,
.
1
A D D RESS
8
3
vain He had no one word intimating that he
had l aughed or wept wa s married or in love had
been commended or cheated or chagrined I f
he had ever lived and acted we were n one the
wiser fo r it The capital secret o f h is pro fession
namely to conv ert li fe into truth he had not
learned N ot one fact in all h is experience had
he yet imported into his doctrine This man
had ploughed and planted and talked and bought
and sold ; he had read books ; he had eaten and
drunken ; his head aches his heart thro b s ; he
smiles and su ff ers ; yet was there not a surm ise
a hint in all the discou rse that he had ever lived
at all N ot a line did he draw o u t o f real h is
tory The true preacher can b e known b y this
that he deals out to the people his li fe
li fe
passed thro ug h the fire o f thought But o f the
b ad preacher i t could not be told from his ser
m o n what age o f the world he fe ll I n ; whether
he had a father or a child ; whether he wa s a
freeholder or a pauper ; whether he was a citizen
or a countryman ; or any other fact o f h is bio
graphy I t seemed strange that t h e people should
come to church It seemed as if their houses
were very unentertaining that they should pre
fer this thoughtless clamor I t shows that there
is a commandin g attraction in the m oral senti
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
A D D RESS
I
39
that can lend a faint tint o f light to dulness
and ignorance coming in its n ame and place
The good hearer is sure he has been touched
sometimes ; is sure t h ere is somewhat to be
reached and some word that can reac h it When
he listens to these vain words he com forts
himsel f by their relation to his remem brance
o f b etter hours and so they clatter and echo
unchallenged
I am not ignorant that when we preach u n
worthily it is not always quite in vain There is
a good ca r in some men that draws supplies to
virtue ou t of very indi ff erent nutriment There
is poetic truth concealed in all the common
places o f prayer and o f sermons and though
foolishly spoken they may be wisely heard ; fo r
each is some select expression that broke out in
a moment o f piety from some stricken or ju b i
lant sou l and its excellency made it rem embered
The prayers and even the dogmas o f our church
are like the zodiac o f Denderah and the astro
n o m ica l m onuments o f the Hindoos wholly in
su la t ed from anything now extant in the li fe and
business o f the people They mark the height
to which the waters once rose But this docility
is a check upon the mischie f from the good and
devout I n a l arge portion o f the community the
m ent,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
A D D RESS
I
4
!
k now
and honor the purity and strict conscience
What li fe t h e publi c
o f numbers o f the clergy
worship retains it owes to the scattered co m
pany o f pious men who minister here and there
in the churches and who sometimes accepting
with to o great te n derness the tenet of the elders
have n o t accepted from others but from their
own heart the genuine impulses o f virtue and so
still co m mand our love and awe to the sanctity
M oreover the exceptions are not
o f character
s o much t o be found in a fe w eminent preach
ers as in the better hours the truer inspirations
nay in the sincere moments of every
o f all
man But with whatever e x ception it is still true
that tradition characterizes the preaching of this
country ; that it comes ou t o f the memory and
not out o f the soul ; that it aims at what is usual
and not at what is necessary and eternal ; that
thus historical Christianity destroys t h e power
o f preaching by withdrawi n g it from the ex p lo
ration o f the moral nature o f man ; where the
su b lime is where are the resources o f astonish
ment a n d power What a cruel injustice it is to
t hat Law the joy o f the whole earth which alone
ca n make thought dear and rich ; that Law whose
fatal sureness the astronomical or b its poorly
t hat it is travestied and depreciated
e mulate
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
1
4
A D D RESS
2
that it is beh o oted and b ehowled and not a trait
not a word of it articulated The pulpit in los
ing sight of this Law loses its reason and gropes
after it knows not what A nd fo r want Of this
cul t u re the soul o f the community is sick and
faithless I t wants nothing so much as a stern
high stoical Christian discipline to make it
know itse l f and the divinity that speaks through
it N ow man is ashamed of himsel f ; he skulks
and sneaks through the world to b e tolerated
‘
and scarce l y in a thousand years
t o be pitied
does any man dare to b e wise and good and so
draw after h im the tears and blessings of his
kind
Certain l y there have been periods when from
the inacti v ity O f the intel l ect on certain truths a
greater faith wa s possi b le in names and persons
The P uritans in E n gland and A merica found in
the C h rist o f the Catholic Church and in the dog
m a s i n herited from R ome scope fo r their austere
piety and their l ongings for civil freedom But
their creed is p a ssing away and none arises in its
room I think no man can go with h is thoughts
a b out him into one o f our churches without
feeling that wh at hold the pu b lic wors h ip had
I t h as lost its grasp
o n m e n is gone or going
on the a ff ection o f the good and the fear of the
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
A D D RESS
1
43
I n the c ountry neighborhoods hal f par
ishes are sig n ing m
to
use
the
local
term
I
t
is
!;
already b eginning to indicate character and reli
gion to withdraw from the relig ious meetings
I have heard a devout person who prized t h e
S abbath say in b itterness of heart O n Sun
day s it seems wicked to g o to church A nd
the motive that holds the b est there is n o wonly
a hope and a waiting W h at was once a mere
circumstance that the best and the worst men in
the parish the poor and the rich the learned
and the ignorant young and O ld should m eet
one day as fellows in one house in sign o f an
equal right in the soul has come to be a para
mount motive fo r going thither
My frie n ds in these two errors I t h in k I find
the causes o f a decay ing church and a wasting
unbelief A n d what greater calamity can fall
upon a nation than the loss o f worship ?Then
all things go to decay G enius leaves t h e tem
ple to haunt the senate or the market Litera
ture b ecomes frivolous S cience is cold T h e
eye o f youth is not lighted by the h ope o f ot h er
worlds and age is without ho n or S ociety lives
to trifles and whe n men die we do not mention
them
A nd now my brothers y ou will a sk W h a t in
h ad
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
”
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
A D D RESS
14
5
‘
wiser than the whole world See h o w nat ion s
and races flit b y on the sea of time and leave n o
ripple to tell where t h ey floated or sunk and
one good soul shal l make the name o f M oses
or of Z e n o or o f Z oroaster reverend forever
N one a ssa y et h t h e stern ambition to be the S el f
o f the natio n and o f natu re but each would be
an easy secondary to some C h ristian scheme
or sectarian connection or some eminent man
O nce leave your own k nowledge o f G od your
o wn sentiment and take secon dary knowle dge
a s S t Pau l s o r G eorge F ox s or S wedenborg s
and you get wide from God with eve ry year this
secondary form l asts and if as n ow fo r cen
the chas m yawns to that b rea dt h that
tu ries
m e n can scarcely b e convinced there is in them
anything divine
Let me admonish you first o f all to go al one ;
to re fuse the good models eve n those whic h
are sacred in t h e imagination o f men and dare
to love God without me d iator or veil F riends
enough you shall find who will hold up to your
e m u lation Wesleys and Ob erlins S aints and
Prophets Tha nk God for these good men but
‘
I
also
am
a
man
I
mitation
cannot
go
sa
y
above its model The i m i ta tor dooms himsel f
to hopeless mediocrity The inventor did it be
is
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
’
’
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
.
,
.
.
A D D RESS
cause it was natu ral to him and so in him it has
a c h arm I n the imitator something else is nat
ural and he bereaves himself o f h is o wn beauty
to come short o f another man s
Y oursel f a newborn h a rd of the Holy G host
cast b ehind y o u all con formity and acquaint
m e n at first hand with D eity Look t o it first
and onl y that fashion custom authority plea
sure and mo n ey are n othi n g to y o u
are not
b a n dages over your eyes that you can not see
b ut live with the privilege of the im m ea su r
able mi n d N o t t o o anxious t o visit periodically
all fam ilies and each family in your parish con
w h en you meet one o f these men or
n ect io n
women b e to the m a divine man ; b e to t h e m
thought and virtue ; let their timid aspirations
find in y o u a friend ; let their trampled instincts
b e genially te m pted out in your atmosphere ; let
th eir dou b ts k n ow that you have dou b ted a n d
their wond er feel that you have wondered By
tru sting your o wn heart y o u shall gain m ore
confid e nce in other m e n F or all o u r pe n ny
wisdom fo r all our soul destroying slavery to
ha b it it is n o t to b e dou b ted that all men h ave
su b lime thoughts ; that all m e n value the few
real hou rs o f li fe ; th ey love to b e h eard ; they
love to be cau ght up into the visio n o f princi
1
6
4
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
—
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
A D D RESS
1
47
p l es We mark with light in t h e m emory t h e few
interviews we have had in the dreary years o f
routine and o f sin with souls that made our
souls wiser ; that spoke what we thought ; that
to ld us what we knew ; that ga ve us leave t o
be what we inly were D ischarge to men the
priestly o ffice and present o r a b sent you shall
be followed with their lo ve as by an angel
A n d to this end let us not aim at common
degrees o f merit Can we not leave to such as
love it the virtue that glitters for the co m m e n
dation o f society and ourselves pierce the deep
s olitudes o f absolute a b ility and worth ? We
easily come up to the sta ndard of goodness in
society S ociety s praise can be cheaply secured
and almost al l men are content with those easy
merits ; but the instant e ff ect o f conversing with
G od will b e t O p u t them away There are per
s ons who are not actors not speakers but in flu
e n ces ; persons too great fo r fame fo r display ;
who disdain eloquence ; to whom all we call art
and artist seems too nearly allied to S how and
by ends to the exaggeration o f the finite and
selfish and loss o f the uni versal The orators
the poets the commanders encroach on u s only
as fair women do b y o u r allowance and homage
S light them by preoccupation of mind slig h t
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
°
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
A D D RESS
1
49
the I mpe ria l Gu ard o f V irtu e the perpet
O ne needs
u a l reserve the di c tators o f fortune
they are the h eart
n o t praise their c ourage
and soul of nature 0 my frie n ds there are
resources in u s on wh ic h we h a ve not drawn
T h ere are m en who rise re freshed on hearing a
threat ; men to whom a crisis w
h ich inti midates
and paralyzes the majori ty
demandin g not the
faculti es o f prudence and thri ft but co m p reh e n
sion im movableness the readiness of sacrifice
comes graceful and be l oved a s a bride N a
pol c o u said of Mass en a that he was not h imself
until th e battle bega n to go aga inst him then
w h en the dead bega n to fal l in ranks around
h im awoke his p owers o f combination and he
put o n terror and victo ry as a robe S o it is in
ru gged crises in unweariable enduran ce and in
aims which put sympathy out o f question that
the angel is s h own But these are heig hts that
we can scarce remember and look up to wit h out
contrition and shame Let us th ank God that
such things exist
A nd now let us do what we can to rekindle
the smouldering nigh qu enched fire on t h e
altar The evi l s o f the church that now is are
mani fest T h e question returns Wh at s h a ll we
do ? I con fess al l attempts to proje c t and es
a re
,
.
,
—
,
.
,
.
—
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
1
A D D RESS
0
5
a Cu l tus with new rites and forms see m
to me vain F aith makes us and not we it
and faith mak es its o wn forms A ll attempts to
contrive a system are a s co l d as the new wor
ship introduce d by the F rench to the goddess
to day pasteboard and filigree
o f R eason
and ending to morrow in m adness and m urder
R ather l et the b reat h o f new li fe be breathed by
F
or
o u through the forms already existing
y
if once you are alive you shall find they s h all
b ecome plastic and n ew The remedy to their
de formi t y is first soul and second soul and
evermore soul A whole popedom of forms
one pu l sation of virtue can upli ft and vivi fy
T wo inestima b le advantages Christianity h a s
given us ; first the S a bb ath t h e ju bilee o f the
whole world whose light dawns welcome alike
into the closet o f the philosopher into the gar
ret o f toil and i n to prison cells and everyw h ere
suggests even to the vile the dignity Of spirit
ual b eing Let it stand forevermore a temp l e
which new l ove new faith new sight shall re
‘
store to more than it s first splendor to m ankind
A nd secondly the institution o f preaching
the speech o f man to m en
essentially the
most flexible O f all organs of all form s What
hinders that now everywhere in pulpits in
t a blis h
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
—
,
,
.
,
,
A D D RESS
1
1
5
l e ctu re roo ms in houses in fields where ver the
i n vitatio n o f m en or your own occa sions lead
-
,
,
,
you you speak the v e ry truth as your li fe and
conscience teach it and cheer the waiting faint
ing hearts of men with new hope and new reve
lation
I look for the hour when that supreme Beauty
which ravis h ed the souls o f those Eas tern men
and chiefly o f those He brews and throug h their
lips spoke oracl es t o all time shall speak in the
West also The Hebrew and G reek S criptures
contain im m ortal sentences that have been bread
B ut they have no epical
o f li fe to millions
integrity ; are fragmentary ; are not shown in
their order to the intellect I look for the n ew
Teacher that shall follow so fa r those shinin g
laws t h at he shall see them co m e full circle ;
shall see their rounding complete grace ; shal l
‘
see the world to b e the mirror of the soul ;
shall see the identity of the law o f gravitation
with purity o f heart ; and shal l sh ow that the
O ught that Du ty is one thin g with S cience
with Beauty and wit h Joy
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
LIT ERARY E T HI C S
ATI ON DELI VERED BEFORE T HE LI TERARY
SOCI ETI ES O F DA RTM O UTH COLL EG E
Y
U
L
24
8
8
3
J
OR
,
1
,
L I T E R A RY
ETH I CS
G E N T LE M E N
HE invitation to address you t h is day
with which you have honored me was a
call so welcome that I m ade hast é to obey it
A sum mons to celebrate with scholars a literary
festival is so allu ring to me as to overcome the
doubts I might well entertain o f my ability to
b ring you any thought worth y o f your attention
I have reached the m iddle age o f man ; yet I
believe I am not less glad or sanguine at the
m eeting o f scholars than when a boy I first
saw the graduates o f my own College assem bled
at their anniversary N either years nor books
have yet availed to ex tirpate a prejudice then
rooted in me that a scholar is the favorite o f
Heaven and earth the excellency o f his coun
‘
try the h appiest o f men His duties lead him
directly into the holy ground w h ere other men s
aspirations only point His successes are occa
sions o f the purest joy to al l men E yes is he
His fail
t o the blind ; feet is he to the lame
‘
ures if h e is worthy are in l ets to higher a d
A nd because the scholar by every
v antages
thought h e thinks extends his dominion i n to
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
’
.
.
.
,
,
.
LIT ERARY ET HIC S
1
57
i
i
ainting
in
sculpture
poet
r
fi
ction
n
n
i
n
p
y
el oquenc e se e ms to be a certain grace without
grandeur and itsel f n o t n ew but derivative a
which whoso
v a s e o f fair outline but e mpty
sees m a y fill with what wit a n d character is in
him but which does not like the charg ed cloud
overflow with terribl e beauty a n d em it lig ht
n in s on all beholders
g
I will not los e m ys el f in the desu l to ry qu es
tions what a re the limita tions and what t h e
causes o f the fact I t su ffices me to say in gen
eral that the diflide n ce o f m ankind in the soul
h a s crept over the A merican mind ; t h at m e n
h ere as e l sewh ere a re indisposed to innovation
and pre fer a n y antiqui ty any usage any livery
roductive
rofit
to
the
unproductiv
o f eas e or
e
p
p
serv ice o f thought
Y et in every san e hour the se rvice of thought
appears reasonable the despotism o f the senses
insane The scholar may lose himsel f in schools
in words and become a pedant ; but when h e
comprehends his d u ties h e above all men is
F or th e
a realist and converses with things
sch olar is the student o f the worl d ; and o f what
worth the world is and with what emphasis it
accosts the sou l of man such is the worth such
t h e cal l of the scholar
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
1
LI T ERARY E T HIC S
8
5
The want o f the times and th e proprie t y of
this anniversary concur to dra w attention to the
doctrine o f Litera ry E thics What I have to
say on that doctrine distributes itse l f under the
topics o f the resources the subject and the dis
ci lin e o f the scholar
p
.
,
,
.
I The resources o f the scholar are propor
t io n ed to his confidence in the attributes o f the
I ntellect The resources o f the scholar are co
extensive with n ature a n d truth yet can never
be h is unless claimed by him with an equal
greatness o f m ind He cannot know them until
he has beheld with awe the in fin itu de and im
‘
personality o f the intellectual power When he
h a s seen that it is not his nor any man s but
that it is the soul which made the world and
that it is all accessible to him he will know that
he a s its minister m a y right fully hold all things
subordinate and answerable to it A divine pil
grim in nat u re a ll things attend his steps O ver
him stream the flying constellations ; over him
streams Time a s they scarcely divided into
months and years He inhales the year as a
vapor : it s fragrant midsummer breath its spar
k lin g J a n u a ry fi
h ea v e n A nd so pass into h is mind
of
the
g
rand
events
in b right tra n sfi
u ra tio n
g
.
.
,
.
.
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
LIT ERARY ET HIC S
h istory to take a
1
59
order and sca l e from him
He is the world ; and the epochs and heroes
of c h ronology are pictorial images in which his
thoughts are told T h ere is no event but sprung
somew h ere from t h e soul o f man ; and there
fore there is none bu t the sou l o f man can
interpret E ve ry presentiment of the mind is
executed some where in a gigantic fact What
else is Greece R ome E ngland F ra nce S t He
l ena ?What else are churches l iteratures and
em pires ? The new man m ust fee l that he is
new and has not come into the world m ort
gaged to the opinions and usages o f Eu rope
and A sia and E gypt The sense of spiritual
independence is l ike t h e lovely varnish o f the
‘
dew wh ereby the o l d hard peaked earth and
its old sel f same productions are made new every
morning and shining with the last touch o f the
A fal se humility a complaisance
a rtist s hand
to reigning schools or to the wisdom o f antiquity
must not de fraud m e o f supreme possession o f
this hour I f any person h ave l ess love o f lib
erry and l ess jealousy to guard his integrity shal l
h e therefore dictate to you and me ?S ay to suc h
doctors We are thankful to you as we are to
history to t h e pyramids and t h e authors ; but
now our day is come ; we have been born out
n ew
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
LI T ERARY ET H IC S
1
61
tha n this indo l ent learning o f anot h er Lea ve
m e alone ; do not teach me out o f Leibnitz or
n d it a ll out m ysel f
S chelling and I shal l fi
S till more do we owe to biogra phy the forti
I f you would know the
fi
ca t io n o f our hope
power o f character see how much you wou l d
impoverish the world if you could take cl ea n
out o f histo ry the lives o f M ilton Sh a k sp ea re
and Pl ato
these three and cause them not to
be S ee you not how much less the power o f
man would be ? I console m ysel f in the poverty
o f my thoughts in the paucity o f great men in
the malignity and dulness o f the nations by fal l
ing back on these sublime recollections and see
ing what the prolific soul cou l d beget on actual
nat u re ; seeing that Plato was and Sh a k sp ea re
three irre fragable facts The n I
a n d Milton
dare ; I also will essay to be The humbl est
the most hopeless in view o f these radiant facts
may now theorize and hope I n spite o f all the
rue fu l abortions that squeak and gi bb er in the
street in spite o f slumber and guilt in spite o f
the army the bar room and the jail h a v e been
these glorious ma n i festations o f the m ind ; and
I will thank my great brothers so truly fo r the
a d m onitio n o f their being as to endeavor a l so
to be just and brave to aspire and to speak
.
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
—
.
,
‘
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
1
LI T ERARY E T HIC S
62
P l otinus too and S pinoza and the immortal
bards o f philosophy
that which they have
written out with patient courage makes me bold
N o more will I dismiss with haste the visions
which flash and sparkle across m y sky ; but o h
serve them approach the m domesticate them
brood on them a n d draw out o f th e past genu
in e li fe fo r the present hour
To feel the full value o f these l ives as occa
sions o f hope and provocation y o u must come
to know that each admirable genius is but a suc
cessfu l diver in that sea whose floor o f pearls is
a l l your own The impoverishing philosophy
o f ages has laid stress on the distinctions o f the
individual and n o t on the universal attributes
The youth intoxicated with his admi
o f man
ratio n o f a hero fails to see that it is o n ly a p ro
‘
e ct io n o f h is own soul w h ich he admires
I
n
j
soli t u de in a remote village the ardent youth
l oiters and mourns With inflamed eye in this
sleeping wilderness he h a s read the story o f the
E mperor Char l es the F i fth until his fancy has
b rought home t o the surrounding woods the
faint roar o f cannonades in the M ilanese and
marches in Germany He is curious concerning
that man s day What filled it ?the crowded
orders the stern decisio n s the foreign despatches
,
,
—
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
LI T ERARY ET HICS
1 63
t h e Casti l ian etiquette ?The sou l answers
B ehold his day here ! I n the sigh in g o f these
woods in the quiet Of these gray fi e l ds in t h e
c oo l breeze t h at sings out o f t h ese northern
mountai n s ; in the workmen the boys th e maid
in the hopes o f the m orn
ens you meet
ing the ennui of noon and saunterin g of the
afternoon ; in the disquieting comparisons ; in
the regrets at want o f vigor ; in t h e great idea
and the puny exe cution
behold Charl es the
F ift h s day ; another yet the same ; beho l d Chat
ham s Ha m p de n s B ayard s A l fred s S cipio s
day o f all that are born o f wo
P ericles s day
men The di ff erence o f circumstance is m erel y
cos tume I am tasting the sel f same li fe
its
sweetness its greatness its pain which I so a d
mire in other m en Do not foolishly ask o f the
inscruta b le ob l iterated past what it cannot tell
the details o f th at nat u re o f t h at day called
Byron or Burke
but ask it o f th e envelop
ing N ow ; the more quaintly y ou inspect its
evanescent beauties its wonderful details its
spiri t u al causes its astounding whole
s o m uch
the more y o u master the biography of this hero
and that and every hero Be lord o f a day
through wisdom and justice and you can p u t up
‘
your history books
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
’
,
’
’
’
,
,
’
,
’
,
,
’
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
—
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
LI T ERARY E T H IC S
1
65
general have good dispositions and a respe ct
fo r justice ; because a n able man is nothing el se
than a good free vascular organization where
into the u n iversal spirit freely flows ; so that his
fund o f justice is not only vast but infinite A ll
men in the abstract are just and good ; what
hinders them in the particular is the m omentary
predominance o f the finite and individual over
the general truth The co n dition o f our in ca r
nation in a private sel f seems to be a perpet u al
tendency to pre fer the private law to O bev the
private impu lse to the exclusion O f the la w O f
universal being The h ero is great by m eans
o f the predominance o f the u niversal nature ;
he has o n ly to open his mouth and it speaks ;
h e has only to b e forced to act a n d it acts A ll
men catch t h e word or embrace the deed with
the heart fo r it is verily theirs as m uch as his ;
b ut in them this disease o f a n ex cess o f organi
z a t io n cheats them o f equal issues
N othing is
more simple than greatness ; indeed to b e sim
ple is to b e great The visio n o f geni u s comes
by renouncing the t o o o fficio u s activity o f the
understanding and givi n g leave and amplest
privilege to the spontaneous sentiment O ut o f
this must all t h at is alive and genial in thought
go Men grind a n d gri n d in the m i ll of a t ru
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
'
.
,
.
,
.
.
1
LI T ERARY ET HIC S
66
ism and n ot h ing comes out bu t w h at was p u t
in Bu t the m oment they desert the tradition
fo r a spo n taneous thought t h en poetry wit
hope virtue learning anecdote a l l flock t o their
Ob serve the phenomenon o f extempore de
aid
bate A man o f cultivated mind but reserved
habits sitting silent admires the miracle o f free
impassioned pict u resque speech in the man
addressing an assembly
a state o f being and
power h ow unlike his own
Presently his o wn
emotion rises to his lips and overflows in speech
He m ust also rise and say somewhat O nce em
barked once having overcom e the nove lty o f
the situation he finds it just as easy and nat
ural to speak
to speak with thou ghts with
pictures with rhythmical ba l ance o f sentences
as it wa s to sit silent fo r it needs not to do
but to su ffer ; he only adjusts himsel f t o the free
spirit which gladly utters itsel f thro u gh him ;
and motion is as ea sv a s rest
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
I I I pass n ow to consider the task o ff ered
to the i n tellect o f this country The view I
have taken o f the resources o f the scholar pre
supposes a subject a s broad W e do not seem
to have imagined its riches We have not
heeded the invitation it holds out To be as
.
.
,
.
.
.
LI T ERARY E T H IC S
1
67
good a scholar as E nglishmen are to have as
much learning as our contemporaries to have
writte n a book that is read satisfies us W e
assume that all thou ght is already long ago
all imagina
a deq u a tel y set down in books
tions in poems ; and w h at we say we o n lv throw
in as confirmatory of t h is supposed co m plete
b ody o f literature A very shallow assumption
S ay rather all literature is yet to be written
Poetry h a s scarce chanted its first song The
perpetual admonition o f n ature to us is The
world is new u n tried Do n o t believe the past
I give y o u the universe a virgin to day
By Lati n and E nglish poetry we were born
and b red in a n oratorio o f praises o f nat u re
flowers birds mountains sun and moon
yet
the naturalist o f this hour finds that he k n ows
nothing b y all their poems o f any o f these fine
things ; that he h a s co n versed with the mere
surface and show o f them a l l ; and o f their
essence or o f th eir history knowin g nothing
Further inquiry will discover that nobody
that not these ch anting poets themselves knew
anyt h ing sincere o f these handso m e natu res they
so co m mended ; that they conte n ted themselves
with the passing chirp o f a bird that they saw
o n e or two mornings and listless l y l ooked a t
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
LI T ERARY ET H IC S
1
69
ease for a bright hour to be a prisoner o f this
sickly body and to become as large as nature
The noonday darkness o f the A merican fo r
est the deep echoing a b original woods where
the living colu m ns o f the oak and fir tower up
from the ruins o f the trees o f t h e last millen
niu m ; where from year to year the eagle and
the crow see no intruder ; the pines bearded
with savage moss yet touched with grace by the
violets at their feet ; the b road cold lowland
which for m s its coat o f vapor with the stillness
o f s u b terranean crystallization ; and where the
traveller amid the repulsive plants that are na
tive in the swamp t h inks with pleasing terror of
the distant town ; this beauty
haggard and
desert beauty which the sun and the moon the
snow and the rain repaint and vary h as never
been recorded by art yet is not indi ff erent to
any passenger A ll m en are poets at heart
They ser ve nature for b read bu t her lovelines s
overcomes them sometimes What mean these
j our n eys to N iagara ; these pilgrims to the
White Hills ? M en b elieve in the adaptations
o f utility always : in the mountains they may
believe in the adaptations o f the eye U n
dou b tedly the cha n ges o f geology have a rela
tion to the prosperous sprouting o f the cor n
c
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
1
LI T ERARY E T H IC S
0
7
and peas in my kitchen garden but n o t less is
there a relation o f beauty between my soul and
the dim crags of A g io ch oo k up there in the
clouds E very man when this is told hearkens
with joy and yet his own conversation with na
ture is still unsung
I s it otherwise wit h civil history ? Is it n o t
the lesson o f our experience that every man
were li fe long enough would write history fo r
himsel f ? W h at else do these v olumes o f ex
tracts and manuscript commentaries that every
scholar writes indicate ? G reek history is one
thing to me ; another to you S ince the b irth
o f N iebuhr and W ol f R oman a n d G reek h is
tory have been written anew S ince Carlyle
wrote F rench History we see that no history
that we have is safe but a new classifier s h all
give it n ew a n d more philosophical arrange
ment Thucydides Li v y have only provided
materials The mo m ent a man o f genius p ro
n o u n ces the na m e o f the Pelasgi o f A thens o f
the E trurian o f the R oman people we see t h eir
state under a new aspect A s in poetry and
history s o in the ot h er departments There
are few masters o r none R eligion is yet to be
settled o n it s fast fou ndations in the breast o f
man and politics and philosophy a n d letters
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
LI T ERARY E T H IC S
1
1
7
and art A S yet we have nothing but tenden cy
and indication
This starting this warping o f the best literary
works from t h e adamant of nat ure is especi a lly
observ able in philosop h y Let it take what tone
t o t h is comple x ion must
o f pretension it will
it come at last Take fo r example the F rench
E clecticism which Cousin esteems s o conclu
sive there is an optical illusion in it I t avows
great pretensions I t looks as if they had all
truth in taking all the systems and had not h ing
t o do bu t to si ft and wash and strain and the
gold and diamonds would remain in the last
colander But Truth is such a fly away suc h a
slyboots so untranspor t a b le a n d u n ba rrel a ble
a commodity t h at it is as bad t o catch as light
S h ut the shutters never so quick t o keep all t h e
light in it is all in vain ; it is gone before you
can cry Hold A nd s o it happens with our phi
l o s o p h y Translate collate distil all the sys
tems it steads y o u not h ing ; fo r trut h will not
b e compelled in any mechanical man n er But
t h e fi rst observation y ou make in the sincere
act o f your nature though o n the veriest trifle
may open a new v iew o f nature and o f man
th a t like a menstruum shall dissolve all theo
r ies in it ; shall take up Greece R ome St oi
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
~
,
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
LI T ERARY ET H IC S
1
73
son I t carries the m away as a flood T h ey a re
as a s l eep
Thus is justice done to eac h generation and
indi vidual
wisdom teaching man that he shall
not h ate or fear or mimic h is ancestors ; that
he shall n o t bewail himsel f as if the world was
old and thoug h t was spent and he was born
into the dotage of things ; fo r by virtue o f the
D eity thought renews itsel f inexhaustibly eve ry
day and the t h ing wh ereon it shines though it
were dust and sand is a new subject with cou n t
less relations
.
.
.
'
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
I I I Havin g thus spoken of the resources
and the subject of t h e scholar out o f the same
fait h proceeds also the rule o f his ambition and
l i fe Let him know t h at the worl d is h is bu t
h e must possess it by putting himsel f into h a r
mony with the constitution o f things He must
be a solita ry la b orious modest and c h aritab l e
soul
He must embrace solitude as a b ri de He
must have his glees and his glooms alone His
own estimate must be measure enough his own
praise reward enoug h fo r him A nd why must
t h e student h e solitary and silent ?That he may
b ecome acquainted wit h h is t h oug h ts I f h e
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
’
.
.
T
T
LI
ERARY
E
H
IC
S
74
pines in a lonely place hankering for the crowd
fo r display he is n o t in t h e lonely place ; h is
heart is in the m arket ; he does n o t see ; h e
does n o t hear ; he does not think But go c h er
ish your soul ; expel companions ; set y our
habits t o a li fe of soli tude then will t h e fa cu l
ties rise fair and fu ll within like forest trees
and field flowers you will have results whic h
when y o u meet your fellow men y ou can co m
m u n ica t e and they will gladly recei v e D o not
go into solitude only that y ou may presently
come into public Such solitude denies itsel f ;
is public and stale The pu b lic can get pu b lic
experience but they wish the scholar to replace
to them those private sincere divine ex p eri
en ces o f which they have been de frauded by
dwelling in the street I t is the noble manlike
just thought which is the superiority demanded
o f y o u and n o t crowds b ut solitude con fers this
elevation N o t insulation o f place b ut inde
e n de n ce o f spirit is essential and it is only as
p
the garden the cottage the forest and the rock
are a sort o f mechanical aids t o this that they
are o f value Think alone and all places are
f riendly and sacred
The poets wh o have lived
in cities have been hermits still I nspiration
m ak es solitude anyw h ere
Pindar R aphael
1
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
LI T ERARY ET H IC S
1
75
D ryden De Sta é l d wel l in crowds it
m a y b e b ut the instant t h ought comes the crowd
gro ws dim to their eye ; their eye fixes on the
horizon on vacant space ; they forget t h e by
standers ; they spurn personal relations ; they
deal with a b stractions wit h verities with ideas
They are al one with the mind
O f cou rse I would n o t have any superstition
a b out solitu de Let the y out h stu dy the uses
Let him u se both
o f solitude and o f socie t y
T h e reason why an ingenious
n o t serve eit h er
soul s h uns society is to the end o f finding soci
ety I t repudiates the false out o f love o f the
true Y o u can very soon learn al l th a t society
‘
can teach y o u fo r one while
I ts foolish ro u
tine a n indefinite multiplication of balls con
certs rides theatres can teach you no more
than a few can Then accept the hint o f shame
o f spiritual emptiness and waste which tru e na
ture gives y ou and retire and hide ; lock the
door ; shut the shutters ; then wel come falls the
impri s oning rain
dear hermitage o f nature
R e collect the spirits Have solitary prayer and
praise D igest and correct the past expe rience ;
and b lend it with the new and divine li fe
Y o u will pardon me Gentlemen if I say I
think that we have need o f a more rigorou s
A n gelo ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
—
.
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
LI T ERARY E T H IC S
1
77
trongest and l on gest lived o f man s creations
t ly used as the weapon o f thought
and only fi
f
and o justice
l earn t o enjoy the pride o f
playing with this splendid engine but ro b it o f
its almightiness by faili n g to work with it E x
t rica t in g themse l ves from the tasks o f the world
the wo rld revenges itsel f by exposi n g at eve ry
tu rn the fo lly of these incomplete pedantic
useless ghost ly creat ures The scholar will feel
that the richest romance the noblest fiction
that was ever wove n the heart and soul o f
beauty lies enc l osed in human li fe I tsel f o f
surpassi n g va l ue it is also the richest material
Ho w shall he know its se
fo r his creations
and o f
o f terror o f wil l
erets o f tenderness
fate ? Ho w can he catch and keep the strain
o f upper music that peals from it ? I ts l aws are
concealed under the details o f daily action A ll
action is an experiment upon them He must
h ea r h is share o f the common load He must
work with men in houses and not wit h their
na m es in b ooks His n eeds appetites tal ents
a ffections a ccompl is h ments are keys that open
t o h im the beauti fu l museum o f human l i fe
Why should he read it as an A rabian tale and
not kno w in h is own beating b osom its sweet
and smart ?O ut o f love and hatred out of
s
’
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
1
LI T ERARY E T H ICS
8
7
earnin gs and b orrowi n gs and lendin gs and
losses ; out o f S ickness and pain ; ou t of woo
ing and worshipping ; out o f trav elling and v o t
ing and watching and caring ; out o f disgrace
and contempt comes our tuition in the serene
and b eauti fu l laws Let him not slur his les
son ; let him learn it by heart Let him en
d ea v o r exactly b ravely and cheerfu lly to solve
the pro b lem o f that li fe which is set be fore h im
A nd this by punctual action and not b y pro
mises or dreams Believ ing as in Go d in the
presence and favor o f the grandest influences
let him deserve that favor and learn h ow t o re
ceiv e and u se it b y fidelity also t o the lower
O bserv ances
This lesson is taught wit h emphasis in the
li fe o f the great actor o f this age and a ffords
the explanation o f h is success Bonaparte rep re
sents t ruly a great recent re volution which we
in this country please God shall carry to its
fart h est consummation N o t the least in s tru c
tive passage in modern histo ry see m s t o me a
trait o f N apoleon exhi b ited to the E nglish when
he b ecame thei r prisoner O n coming o n b oard
the Bellerophon a file o f E nglish soldiers
drawn up o n deck gave h im a military salute
N apoleon o b served that their manner o f han
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
f
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
LIT ERARY E T H IC S
1
79
their arms di ff ered from the F rench ex er
cise and putting aside the guns o f those nearest
him walked up t o a soldier took his gun and
himsel f went t h rou g h the motion in the F renc h
mode The E nglish o flicers and men l ooked on
with astonishment and inquired if such famil
ia rit y wa s usual with the E mperor
I n this instance as always that man with
whatever de fects or v ices represented perform
ance in lieu o f pretensio n F eu da h sm and O ri
en t a lis m had l ong enough thought it majestic
to do nothing ; the modern majes ty consists in
work He b elonged to a class fast growing in
t h e world who think that what a man can d o is
his greatest ornament and that he al ways co n
He was n o t a be
su l t s his dignity by doing it
liever in luck ; he had a faith like sight in the
application o f means to ends Means to ends
is the motto o f al l his behavior He b eliev ed
that t h e great captains o f antiquity performed
their exploits only b y correct com b inations and
by justly co mparing the relation between means
and consequences e fforts and obstacl es The
vulgar ca l l g o o d fortune that which really is pro
du ced b y the ca l culations o f genius But N apo
l eon thus faith ful to facts had also this crowning
merit that whilst he believed in num b er and
d lin g
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
LI T ERARY ET H ICS
1
81
gi fts which applied to better pu rpose make
true wisdom He is a revea ler o f thi n gs Let
him fi rst learn the t h ings Let him not too
eager to grasp some ba dge o f re ward omit the
work t o b e done Let him kno w that thou g h
the success o f the market is in the reward true
success is the doing ; that in the pri vate o b edi
ence t o h is mind ; in the sedulous inquiry day
a fter day year after year to know h o w the thing
stands ; in the u se o f al l means and most in the
reverence of the humble commerce and humble
t o hearken what t h ey sa y and
needs of li fe
s o b y mutual reaction o f thoug h t and li fe to
make t h ought solid and li fe wise ; and in a co n
tempt fo r the gab b le o f to day s opinions the
secret o f the world is to be learned and the skill
truly to un fold it is acquired O r rather is it
not t hat by this discipline the usurpation o f
the senses is overcome and the lower faculties
o f man are subdued t o docili t y ; through which
a s an unobstructed channel the so u l now easily
and gladly flows ?
The good scholar will not re fu se to bear the
yoke in his youth ; t o know if he can the u t
t erm o s t secret o f toil and endurance ; to make
h is o wn hands acquainted with the soil by which
h e is fed and the sweat t h at goes be fore com fort
of
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
’
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
1
LIT ERARY ET H IC S
82
‘
and luxu ry Let him pay his t ithe and serve t h e
world as a true and no b le man ; never forgetting
to worship the immortal divinities who whisper
to the poet and make him the utterer of melo
dies that pierce the ear o f eternal time I f he
have this two fold goodness
the drill and the
inspiration
then he has health ; then he is a
whole and not a fragment ; and the perfection
o f his endowment will appear in his composi
tions I ndeed this two fold merit characterizes
ever the productions of great masters The man
o f genius s h ould occupy the whole space between
G o d or pure mind and the multitu de o f u n ed
He must draw fro m the infinite
u ca te d men
R eason on one side ; and he must penetrate
into the heart and sense o f the crowd on the
other F rom one he must draw h is strength ;
to the other he must o we h is a im The o n e
yokes him t o the real ; the ot h er to the appar
ent A t one pole is R eason ; at the other Co m
m o n S ense I f he b e de fective at either extreme
o f the scale h is philosophy will seem lo w and
utilitarian o r it will appear to o vague and in defi
‘
nite fo r the uses o f li fe
The stu dent a s we all along insist is great
only by b eing passive to the superincumbent
spirit Let this faith then dictate all his a c
.
.
,
—
—
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
LI T ERARY E T HIC S
1
83
tio n S nares and b ribes a b ound to mislead him ;
let him be true nevertheless His success has
There is somewhat in co n v e n
its perils too
ie n t and injurious in his position They whom
his thoughts have entertained or infla m ed seek
him before y et t h ey have learned the hard con
di rio n s o f thought They seek him that he m a y
turn his lamp on t h e dark riddles whose solu
tio n they think is inscribed on the w a l ls o f their
bei n g They find that he is a poor ignorant
man in a w h ite seamed rusty coat like t h em
selves nowise emitting a continu ous stream o f
light but now and t h en a jet of luminous thoug h t
followed by total darkness ; moreover that h e
cannot make o f his in frequent illumi n ation a
portable tap er to carry whither he would and
explain n ow this dark riddle n o w that Sorrow
ensues The sc h olar regrets to damp the hope
o f ingenuous boys ; and the youth has lost a
rm a m e n t
Hence
star out o f his new flaming fi
t h e temptation to the scholar to mysti fy t o hear
the question to sit upon it to make an ans wer
N ot
o f words in lack o f the oracle o f things
the less let him be cold and true and wait in
patience knowing that truth ca n make even si
lence eloquent and memorable Truth shall be
policy enough for him Let him open his breast
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
LIT ERARY E T H IC S
1
85
l
oyment
even
in
reading
a
dull
book
or
work
p
,
,
ing o ff a stint of mechanical day labor which
your necessities or the necessities of others im
pose
-
.
Gentl em en I have ventured to o ff er you these
considerations upon the scholar s place and hope
because I thought that standing as many of you
now do on the threshold o f this College girt
and ready to go and assume tasks public and
private in your coun try you wou l d not be sorry
to be admonished o f those primary duties of the
intellect whereo f y ou will seldom hear from the
lips of your n ew companions Y ou will hear
every day the m axims of a lo w prudence Y ou
will hear that the first du t y is to get land and
‘
m oney p l ace and name
What is this Truth
you seek ?what is this Beau t y ? m en will ask
with derision I f nevertheless God ha ve cal l ed
any o f you to exp l ore truth and beau ty be bold
be firm be true When y o u shall say A s
o thers do so will I : I renounce I am so rry fo r it
my early visions I must eat the good o f the land
and let l earning and romantic expectations go
until a more convenient season ;
then dies
the man in y ou ; then once more perish the buds
o f art and poet ry and science as t h ey have died
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
1
LIT ERARY E T H IC S
86
l ready in a thousand thousand
The h our
o f that choice is the crisis o f y our history and
s ee that you h old y oursel f fast by the intellect
I t is this domineering temper of the sensual
w orld that creates the extreme need o f the priests
ice and right o f the
o f science ; and it is the o fl
i ntellect to make and not take its estimate
B end to the persuasion which is flowing to you
f rom every O bject in na t ure to be its tongue t o
t h e heart o f man and to show the besotted
‘
F orewa rn ed
w orld how passing fair is wisdom
t hat the vice o f t h e times and the country is
a n excessive pretension let us seek the shade
and find wisdo m in neglect Be content with a
l ittle light so it be your own E xplore and
e xplore
Be neither chided nor flattered out of
our
position
f
perpetual
inquiry
N
either
dog
o
y
m atize nor accept another s dogmatism Why
s hould y o u renounce your right to traverse the
s tar lit deserts o f t ru th fo r the prema t ure com
forts o f an acre house and h a m ?Trut h a lso
h a s its roo f and b ed and boar d Make y our
sel f necessary to the world and mankind will
gi v e you bread and if n o t store of it y et such
as shall not take away your propert y in all men s
possessions in all men s a ffections in art in na
ture and in hope
a
m en
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
’
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
’
’
,
,
,
.
,
LI T ERARY E T H ICS
18
7
Y ou wil l not fear that I a m enjoinin g too
stern an asceticism A sk not O f what use is a
s c holars hip that systematical l y retreats ?or Who
is the better fo r t h e p h i l osopher who conceals his
accomplishments and hides his thoughts from
the waiting worl d ? Hides his thoughts Hide
the su n and moon Th ought is al l l ig ht and
publishes itsel f to the universe I t wi l l speak
though y ou were dumb by its own mira cu l ous
organ I t wil l flow out o f y our actions y our
manners and y our face I t will bring you friend
ships I t will imp l edge y ou to t rut h by the l ove
and expectation of generous m inds B y virt u e
o f the laws O f t h at N a t u re wh ich is one and per
fe et it shal l yield eve ry sincere good t h at is in
the soul to the sc h o lar beloved of eart h and
heaven
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
T HE
M E T HO D O F NA T U RE
A N OR AT I ON DELI VERED BEFORE T HE S OCI ET Y O F T HE
A DEL P H I I N W AT ER VI LLE COLLEGE M A I NE
A UG UST
84
,
,
1 1,
1
1
.
,
HE M E T H O D
T
OF
NA T U RE
GENT LEM EN
E T u s exchange con gratu l ati o ns on t h e en
oy m e n t s and the promises O f this literary
j
anniversary The l and we live in has no interest
so cl ear if it knew its want as the fi t co n s ecra
tion of days of reason and t h ought Where
there is no vision the peop l e perish The
scho l ars are the priests o f that thought which
No
e stab l ishes the founda t ions o f the earth
matter what is their special work or profession
they stand fo r the spiritu al interest of the worl d
and it is a co m m o n calamity if they neglect their
post in a country w h ere the m aterial interest is
so predominant as it is in A merica We hear
something too much o f the resu l ts o f machi n
ery commerce and the use fu l arts We are a
puny and a fickle folk Avarice hesitation and
following are our diseases
The rapid weal t h
which hu ndreds in the com munity acquire in
trade or by the incessant expansions o f o u r p op
u la t io n and arts enc h ants the eyes o f al l the
rest ; the l uck o f one is the hope o f thousands
and the bribe acts l i k e t h e neighborhood of a
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
T
HE M E T HO D OF NAT URE
erio rity
1
93
to
his
work
and
his
nowledge
that
k
p
the product o r the skill is of no value except
‘
so fa r as it embodies his spiritual prerogatives
I f I see nothing to admire in the unit shal l I
admire a million units ? M en stand in awe o f
the city but do not honor any individual citi
zen ; and are continually yielding to this daz
z lin
result
o f numbers that which they would
g
never yield to the solitary example of any one
Whilst the multitude of men degrade each
other and give currency to desponding doc
trines the scholar must be a bringer o f hope and
must rein force man against himsel f I so m e
times believe that our literary anniversaries will
presently assume a greater importance as the
e ves o f men open t o their capabilities Here a
new se t o f distinctions a new order o f ideas pre
vail Here we set a bound to the respecta b ility
o f wealth and a bound to the pretensions o f the
law and the church The bigot must cease to
be a bigot to day I nto our c h armed circle
power cannot enter ; and the sturdiest de fender
o f existing institutions feels the terri fi c in fla m
m a bility o f t h is air whic h condenses heat in
every corner that may restore to t h e elements
the fa b rics of ages N othing solid is secure ;
everything tilts and rocks E ven the scholar
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
,
.
.
1
T
94
HE M E T HO D OF NAT URE
not safe ; he to o is searched and revised Is
his learnin g dead ? I s he living in his mem
ory ? The power of mind is n o t m o rtifi
ca t io n
but li fe But come forth thou curious child !
hither thou loving all hoping poet ! hither
thou tender doubting heart which hast n o t yet
found any place in the world s market fit fo r
thee ; any wares which thou couldst buy o r sell
thine
s o large is t h y love and am b ition
and not th eirs is the hour S mooth thy brow
and hope and love on fo r the kind Heaven
justifies thee and the whole world feels that
thou art in the right
We ought to celebrate t h is hour by expres
sions o f manly joy N ot thanks not prayer
s eem quite the highest or truest name fo r o u r
communication with the infinite
but glad and
conspiring reception
reception that becomes
giving in its turn as the receiver is only the
A ll G iver in part and in in fancy I cannot
nor can any man
speak precisely of things
s o sublime but it see m s t o me the wit o f man
h is st rength his grace his tendency his art is
the grace and the presence o f God I t is be
ond
explanation
When
all
is
said
and
done
y
the rapt saint is found the only logician N ot
exhortation not arg u me n t becomes ou r lips but
is
.
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
—
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
T
HE M E T HO D
OF
NAT URE
1
‘
e
ca n s o f
95
j
oy
and
praise
But
not
o f adulation
p
we are too nearly related in the deep o f the
mind to that we honor I t is God in us whic h
checks the lan g u age o f petition by a grander
thought I n the bottom o f the heart it is said ;
‘
I am and by me O child this fair body and
world o f thine stands and grows I am : al l
things are mine : and all mine are thine
The festival o f the intellect and the re turn t o
its source cast a strong light o n the always in
We are
t eres t in g topics o f M a n and N ature
forcibly reminded o f the old want There is no
man ; there hath never b een The I ntellect still
asks that a man may be b orn The flame o f
li fe flickers feebly in human breasts We demand
o f men a richness and universali t y we do not
find G reat men do not content us I t is their
solitude n o t their force that makes them con
There
i
s somewhat indigent and tedi
s icu o u s
p
They are poorly tied to o n e
o u s a b out them
thought I f they are prophets they are egotists ;
if polite and various they are shallo w Ho w
tardily m e n arrive at any result ! how tardily
they pass from it to another ! The crystal sphere
o f thou ht is as concentrical as the geologi
g
cal structure o f the glo b e As our soils and
rocks l ie in strata concentric strata so do al l
.
.
.
,
,
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
T
HE M E T HO D
OF
NA T URE
1
97
which stands n ext I n the divine order intellect
is primary ; nature secondary ; it is the m em
ory o f the mind That which once existed in
intel lect as pure law has now taken b ody as
N ature I t existed already in the mind in solu
tion ; now it h a s b een precipitated and the b right
sediment is the world We ca n never b e quite
strangers or in feriors in nature I t is flesh o f
But we n o
o u r flesh and b one o f our b one
longer hold it by the hand ; we have lost o u r mi
ra cu l o u s power ; our arm is no more a s strong as
the frost n o r our will equivalent t o gravi t y and
the elective attractions Y et we can u se na ture
a s a convenient standard and the meter o f o u r
rise and fall I t has this advantage as a witne ss
it cannot b e debauched When man curses
nature S till testifies to truth and love We may
there fore safely study the mind in nature be
cause we cannot steadily gaze O n it in mind ; as
we explore the face o f the sun in a pool whe n
our eyes cannot b rook h is direct splendors
I t seems to me there fore that it w ere some
suitable p eca n if we should piously cele b rate this
hour by exploring the met h od of n a tur e Let us
see th a t as nearly a s we can and try how fa r it
is trans ferable to the literary li fe E very earnest
glance we give to the realities around u s wit h
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
1
8
9
T
HE MET HO D OF NAT URE
intent to learn proceeds from a ho ly impu l s e
and is really songs o f praise What di ffe rence
can it m ake whether it take the shape o f ex
hortatio n o r o f passionate exclamation o r o f
scientific statement ?These are forms m ere ly
Through them we express at last the fact that
God has done thus o r thus
I n treating a subject s o large in which we
must necessarily appeal to the intuitio n and a im
much more to suggest than to descri b e I know
it is not easy to speak with the precisio n attain
able o n topics o f less scope I do n ot wish in a t
tempting to paint a m a n to descri b e an air fed
unimpassioned impossi b le ghost M y eyes and
ears are revolted by any neglect o f the physical
facts the limitations o f man A nd yet one who
conceives the true order o f nature and b eholds
the visib l e a s proceeding from the invi si b le can
n o t state h is thought without seeming t o those
who study the physical laws t o do them some
injustice Th e re is an intrinsic de fect in the
organ Language overstates S tatements o f the
infinite are usually felt t o be unjust to the finite
and blasphemous E mpedocles undoubtedly
spoke a tru th o f thought when he s aid I a m
God
but the moment it was o u t o f h is mouth
it b ecame a lie t o the ear ; a n d the world revenged
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
HE M E T HO D
T
OF
NA T UR E
1
99
itsel f fo r t h e
seeming arrogance by the good sto ry
about his shoe Ho w can I hope fo r better hap
in my attempts to enunciate spiritual facts ?Y et
let us hope tha t as fa r as we receive the t ruth
so fa r s h all we be felt by every t rue person to
say what is just
The method of nature : wh o could ever ana
lyze it ?That rushing stream will not stop to be
O b served We can never surprise na ture in a
corner ; never find the end of a thread ; never
tell where to set the first stone The b ird hastens
to la y her egg : the egg hastens to be a bird
The wholeness we admire in the order o f the
world is the result o f infinite distribution I t s
smoothness is t h e smoothness o f the pitch o f
t h e cataract Its permanence is a pe rpetual in
c h oa tio n
E very natural fact 1 3 an emanation
and that fro m whic h it emanates is an emana
tion also and from every emanation is a new
emanation I f anything could stand still it wou l d
be crushed and dissipated b y the torrent it re
sisted and if it were a mind would be crazed ;
as insane persons are those wh o hold fast to one
thought and do not flow wit h the cours e of n a
ture N ot the cause but an ever novel e ffe ct
nature descends al ways from above I t is. u n
broken obedience T h e beau ty O f t hese fair
.
,
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
T HE
MET HO D OF NAT URE
20 1
cess o f all allows the understa nding no place to
work N a ture can only b e conceived as existin g
to a universal and not to a particu l ar end ; to a
,
.
universe of ends and not to one
a work o f
to be represented by a circular move
ecst a sy
ment as intention might b e signi fi ed by a
‘
straight line o f de fi nite length E ach e ffect)
strengthens every other There is no revolt in
all the kingdoms from the commonweal : no
detachment o f an individual Hence the cath
olic character which makes every leaf an ex
ponent o f the world When we b ehold the
landscape in a poetic spirit we do not reckon
individuals N ature knows neither pal m nor
oak b ut only vegeta b le li fe which sprouts into
forests and festoons the glo b e with a garland
o f grasses and vines
That no single end may b e selected and na
ture judged thereby appears from this that if
man himsel f h e considered as the end and it b e
assumed that the fi nal cause o f the world is to
make ho ly or wise or bea u t ifi
I I m en we see that
it has not succeeded R e a d alternately in natural
and in civi l history a treatise of astronomy fo r
example with a volume o f F rench M émoir es
When
we
have
spent
u r wo n der
our ser v ir
o
p
in computing this waste fu l hospitali ty with
—
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
T
20 2
HE M ET HO D OF NAT URE
which b oon N ature turns o ff n ew fi
rm a m en t s
without end into her wide co m rrio n as fast as
the madrepores make coral
suns and p lanets
hospitab le to souls
and then shorten the sight
to look into this court o f Louis Q uatorze and
see the game that is played there
duke and
a gam b ling ta b le
m arshal a bb é and madame
where each is layi n g traps fo r the other where
the end is ever b y some lie o r fetch to outwi t
your rival and ruin him with this solem n fop in
wig and stars
the king ;
one can hardly
help asking if this p lanet is a fair specimen o f
the so generous astronomy a n d if so whether
the experiment have not failed and whether it
b e q u ite worth while t o make more a n d glu t
‘
the innocent space with so poor an ar ticle
I think we feel not much O therwise if instead
reat
o f beholding foolish nations we take the
g
and wise men the emine n t souls and narrowly
inspect their biography N one o f them seen b y
himsel f and his performance compared with his
promise or idea will ju sti fy the cost o f that
e n orm ous apparatus o f m eans b y which this
spotte d and de fective person was at last p ro
cured
‘
T o qu estions o f this sort N at u re replies
I
grow A ll is nascent in fant When we are
,
—
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
—
—
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
.
HE ME T HO D OF
URE
203
dizz ied with the arithmetic o f the savant toilin g
t o compute t h e length o f her line the return
o f her curve we are steadied b y the perception
that a great deal is doing ; that a ll seems just
beg un ; remote aims are in active acco mplish
ment We can point nowhere to anything final ;
bu t tendency appears o n all hands : planet sy s
tem conste l lation total nature is growing like
a field of maize in July ; is becoming somewhat
else ; is in rapid metamorp hosis The embry o
does not more strive to b e man than y o n
der burr o f light we call a ne bula tends to be a
ring a comet a globe and parent o f new stars
Why shou ld not then these messieurs of Ver
sailles str u t and plot for tabourets and ri bb ons
for a seaso n without prejudice t o their faculty
to run on better errands b y and by ?
‘
But N ature seems fi
I have
s rt h e r to reply
ventured so great a stake as my success in n o
single creat u re I have not yet arrived at any
end The gardener aims to produce a fine peach
or pear but my aim is the health o f the whole
tre e
root stem leaf flo wer and seed
and
by no m eans the pampering o f a monstrous
pericarp at the expense of all the other func
tions
I n short the spirit a n d peculiarity o f that im
T
NA T
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
T
HE M E T H O D OF NAT URE
205
The termination o f the worl d in a man a p
pears to b e the last victory o f intelligence The
universal does not attract u s until housed in an
individual Who heeds the waste a byss o f pos
sibilit y ?The ocean is eve rywhere the same
but it has n o character until see n with the shore
Who would value any number of
o r the ship
miles o f A tl antic brine b ounded by lines o f lati
tude and longitude ?Con h u e it by granite rocks
l et it wash a shore where wise men d well and
it is filled with expression ; and the point o f
greatest interest is where the land and water
meet S o must we admire in man the form o f
the formless the concentratio n of the vast the
house o f reason the cave of memory S ee the
play o f thoughts ! what nim b le gigantic crea
tures are these what saurians what p a la io t h eria
shall b e named with these agile movers ?The
great Pan o f o ld who wa s clothed in a leopard
skin to signi fy the b eauti ful variety o f things
and the firm a m e n t his coat o f stars
wa s b ut
the representative o f thee O rich and various
M an ! thou palace of sight and sound carry
in g in thy senses the morning and the night
and the un fathomable gal axy in thy brain the
geometry o f the City o f God ; in thy heart
the bower of love and the realms of right and
.
.
,
.
!
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
T
206
HE M ET HO D OF NA T U RE
‘
wrong A n individual man is a fruit which it
cost all the foregoing ages to form and ripe n
The history o f the genesis o r the old m y t h o
logy repeats itsel f in the experie n ce o f every
child He too is a demon or god thrown into
a particular chaos where he strives ever to lead
things from disorder into order E ach individ
ual so u l is such in virtu e o f it s b eing a power
to tra n slate the world into some particular lan
gu age o f its own if not i n to a pictu re a statue
or a dance
why then into a trade an art a
science a mode o f living a conversatio n a char
acter an influence Y ou admire pictures but it
is as impossi b le fo r y o u to paint a right picture
But when the ge n ius
a s fo r grass to b ear apples
comes it makes fingers : it is pliancy and the
power o f trans ferri n g the a ffair in the street into
oils and colors R aphael must be b orn a n d S al
y ator must be b orn
There is no attractiveness like that o f a n ew
ma n The sleepy nations are occupied with their
political routine E ngland F rance and A m e rica
re a d Parliamentary D e b ates which no high gen
iu s n o w enlivens ; and no b ody will read them
wh o trusts h is o wn eye : only they who are de
ce iv e d b y the popular repetition o f di s tinguished
nam es But when N apoleon unrolls h is map
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
T
HE M E T HO D OF NAT URE
20 7
the eye is commanded by original power When
Chatham leads the debate men may well listen
because they must listen A man a personal as
is
the
onl
gr
eat
phenomenon
When
ce n d e n c
y
y
N ature has work to b e done s h e creates a gen
ius to do it F ollow the great man and y ou
shall see what the world has at heart in these
ages There is n o omen like that
But what strikes us in the fine genius is that
which b elongs o f right to every o n e A man
should know himsel f fo r a necessary actor A
link was wanting b etw een two craving parts o f
nature a n d h e wa s hurled into b ei n g as the
b ridge over that yawning need the mediator
b etwixt two else unmarriageable facts His two
parents held each o f them o n e o f the wants and
the union o f foreign constitutions in him ena b les
him to do gladly and g ra cefi
what
the
assem
I Il
y
b led human race could not have su fli ced to do
He knows his materials ; he app lies himsel f to
his work ; he cannot read o r think or look
but he u n ites the hitherto separa t ed strands
into a perfect cord The thoughts he delights
t o utter are the reason o f his incarnatio n
I s it
fo r him to account himsel f cheap a n d super
flu o u s o r to linger by the wayside fo r o p p o r
t u n ities ? D id he not come into being b ecause
.
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
T
HE M ET HO D
OF
NA T URE
1 09
th e
vast and universal to the point o n which h is
genius can act The e n ds are momentary ; they
are vents fo r the current o f inward li fe which
increases as it is spent A man s wisdom is to
kno w that all ends are momentary that the b est
end must b e superseded b y a b et ter But there
is a mischievous tendency in him to tra n s fer his
thought fro m the li fe t o the ends to quit his
a gency and rest in his acts : the tools run a way
with the workman the human wit h the divine
I co nceive a man as always spoken to from be
h ind and una b le to turn his head and see the
I n all the millio n s wh o have heard
s peaker
the voice non e ever saw the face A s children
in their play ru n behi n d each other and seize
one b y the ears and make him walk b e fore them
so is the spirit o u r unseen pilot That well
known voice speaks in all languages governs
a l l men a n d none ever caught a glimpse o f its
form I f the man will exactly o b ey it it will
adopt him s o that he shall not any longer sepa
rate it from himsel f in his thought ; he shall
I f he listen with
s eem to b e it he S hall b e it
insatia b le ears richer and greater wisdom is
t aught him ; the sound swells to a ravishing
music he is b orne away a s with a flood he be
c omes careless o f h is food and o f his house he
.
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
T
2 10
HE M ET HO D OF NA T URE
is the fool o f ideas and leads a heavenly li fe
But if h is eye is set on the things to b e done
and not o n the truth that is still taught and fo r
the sake o f which the things are to be done
then the voice grows faint and at last is b ut a
humming in h is ears His health and greatne ss
consist in h is b eing the channel through which
heaven flows to earth in short in the fulness in
which an ecstatical state takes place in him I t
is piti ful to be a n artist when by forb eari n g to
be artists we might be vessels filled with the
divine o v erflowin g s enriched by the circulations
A re there
o f omniscience and omnipresence
not mom ents in the history o f heaven when the
human race wa s not counted by individuals b ut
was only the I nfluenced wa s God in dis tribu
tion God rushing into m ulti form b enefit ? I t
is su b lime to receive su b lime to love b ut this
lust o f imparting a s from u s this desire t o b e
loved the wish to b e recognized a s individuals
is finite comes o f a lower strain
S hall I sa y then that a s fa r as we can trace the
natu ral history o f the soul it s health consists in
t h e fu l ness o f its reception ? call it piety call
it veneration
in the fact that enthu siasm is
organiz ed th erein What is b est in any work o f
art but that part which the work itse lf se ems to
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
‘
,
.
,
,
,
.
T HE M E T
HO D OF NATURE
require and do ; that which the man cannot do
again ; that which flows from the hour and the
occasion like the e l oquence o f men in a tu
‘
m u l tu o u s debate ? I t wa s al way s the theory o f
literature that the word o f a poet was a u th ori
tati y e and final He wa s supposed to b e the
mout h o f a divine wisdom W e rather envied
his circumstance than his talent W e too cou l d
have gl adly prophesied standi n g in that place
We so quote our S criptures ; and the Greeks so
quoted Homer T h eog n is Pindar and the rest
I f the theory h a s receded o u t o f modern eriti
cis m
it is because we have not had poets
Whenever they appear they will redeem their
‘
o wn credit
This ecstatical state seems to direct a regard
to the whole and not to the parts ; to the cause
and not to t h e ends ; to the tendency and not
I t respects genius and not talent ;
t o the act
hope and not possession ; the anticipation o f all
things by the intellect and not the history it
sel f ; art and not works o f art ; poetry and not
experiment ; virtue and not duties
There is no o ffice o r function o f man but is
rightl y discharged by this divine method and
nothing that is not noxious to h im if detached
fro m its universal relations Is it his work in
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
T
HE M ET HO D OF NA T URE
2 1
l isks set their b rute glorious ey es o n the eye
3
of
every child and if they can cause their na ture
to pass through his wondering eyes into him
‘
a n d s o all thi n gs are mixed
Therefore man must be on his guard agains t
this cup of enchantments and must look at na
ture with a supernatural eye By piety alone
by conversing with the cause o f n ature is he
safe and commands it A nd be cause all know
ledge is assimilation to the o bject of knowledge
as the power or genius o f nature is ecstatic so
m ust its science or the description o f it b e The
poet must b e a rhapsodis t ; his inspiration a sort
O f b right casualty ; his will in it only the sur
render o f will to the U niversal Power which
will not be seen face to face b ut must be re
‘
I t is re
ceived and sympathetically known
m arka ble that we have out o f the deeps o f
antiquity in the oracles ascribed to the hal f fa b
u lo u s Z oroaster a statement o f this fact which
every lover and seeker o f truth will recogni ze
“
I t is not proper said Z oroaster to under
stand the I ntelligi b le with v ehemence but if
incline
your
mind
you
will
apprehend
u
o
y
it : not to o earnes tly but bringing a pure and
inquiring eye Y ou will not understand it as
when unders tandi n g some particular thing bu t
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
”
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
T HE
1 14
M ET HO D O F
NA T URE
with the flower o f the mind Thin gs divine are
not attainable b y mortals who understand sen
sual thin g s but only the light armed arrive at
the summit
A nd because ecstasy is the l aw and cau se o f
nature there fore you cannot interpret it in to o
high and deep a sense N a ture represents the
b est meaning of the wisest man Does the sun
s e t landscape seem to y o u the place o f F rie n d
ship
those purple skies and lovely waters the
amphitheatre dressed and garnished only fo r the
exchange o f thought and love o f the purest
souls ? It is th at A ll other m eanings which
b ase men have put on it are conjectural and
false Y ou cannot b athe t wice in the same river
said Heraclitus ; and I a dd a man n ever sees
the same objec t twice : with his own enlarge
ment the object acquires new aspects
Does not the same law hold for virtue ? I t is
vitiated by too much will He who aims at
progress should aim at an in fi nite not at a spe
The re forms whose fame now fills
cia l b enefit
the land with Temperance A nti S lavery N on
R esi stance N o Government E qual Labor fair
and ge n erous a s each appears are poor b itter
things when prosecu ted fo r themselves a s an
end To every reform in proportion to its
.
,
”
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
T
HE MET HO D
OF
NAT URE
21
5
energy early disgusts are incident so that the
disciple is surprised at the v ery hour o f his firs t
triumphs with chagrins and sickness and a gen
eral distrust ; so that he shuns his associates
hates the enterprise which latel y seemed so fair
and m editates to cast himsel f into the arms o f
that society and manner o f li fe which he had
newly abandoned with so much pride and hope
I s it that he attached the value o f virtue to some
particular practices as the denial o f certain a p
petites in certain specified indulgences and a fter
ward found himsel f still as wicked and as fa r
from happiness in that a b stinence as he had
been in the abuse ? But the soul can be a p
peased n o t b y a deed but by a tendency I t is
in a hope that she feels her wi n gs Y ou S hall
love rectitude and not the disuse o f money or
the avoidance o f trade ; an uni m peded mind
and n o t a monkish diet ; sympathy and use fu l
ness and not hoeing o r coopering Tell me
not h ow great your project is the civil libera
tion o f the world its conversion into a Christian
church the establish m ent of public education
cleaner diet a new division o f la b or and o f l and
f
o
f
r
f
laws
love o laws o property ; I sa y t o
s no end t o which your pr a e
o
u
plainly
there
i
y
tical facu l ty can aim so sacred or so l arge that
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
HE M ET HO D OF NA T URE
T
21
7
What is Love and why is it the chie f good
b ut beca u se it is an overpowering enthusiasm ?
N ever sel f possessed o r prudent it is all a b an
d o n m en t I s it n o t a certain admira b le wisdom
pre fera b le to al l other advantages and whereo f
all others are only secondaries and inde m nities
because this is that in which the individual is
n o longer h is o wn foolish master b ut inhales a n
odorous and celestial air is wrapped round with
a we o f the o bject b lending fo r the ti m e that o h
e ct with the real and only good and consults
j
every omen in natu re with tremulous in terest ?
When we speak truly is not he only unhappy
wh o is not in love ?his fancied freedom and sel f
rule is it not so much de a th ? He who is in
love is wise and is beco m ing wiser sees newly
every time he looks at the o bject b eloved draw
ing fro m it with h is ey es and h is mind those vir
tues which it possesses There fore if the o bject
b e n o t itsel f a living and expanding soul he
presently exhausts it But the love remains in
h is mind and the wisdom it b rought him ; and
it craves a n ew and higher o bject A nd t h e
reason why a ll men honor love is b ecause it
looks up and n o t down ; aspires and not de
spa1rs
A nd what is Genius but finer love a love im
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
—
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
2 1
T
8
HE MET H O D OF NA T URE
ersonal
a
love
o f the flower and per fection o f
p
t hings a n d a desire to draw a new picture or
copy o f the same ? I t looks to the cause and
life : it proceeds from within o u tward whilst
Talent goes from without inward Talent finds
its m odels methods and ends in society exists
f o r exhi b ition and goes to the soul only fo r
power t o work G enius is its o wn end a n d
d raws it s means and the sty l e o f it s architecture
from within going a b road only fo r audience and
spectator a s we adapt o u r voice a n d phrase to
the di stance and character o f the ca r we speak
A ll your learning o f all literatures would
to
never ena b le y ou t o anticipate o n e o f it s thou ghts
o r expressions and yet each is natural a n d fa
miliar a s household words Here a b out u s coils
f orever the ancient enigma so o ld and s o unut
t era ble
Behold there is the su n a n d the rain
a n d the rocks
the old su n the o ld stones
Ho w easy were it t o descri b e all this fit ly ; yet
n o word ca n pass
N ature is a mute and man
her articulate speaki n g b rother lo ! he al so is
a mute Y et when G enius a rrives it s speech
is like a river ; it h a s n o straining t o descri b e
more tha n there is straining in n a ture to exist
When though t is b est there is most o f it G en
iu s sheds wisdom like perfume and advertises
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
T
HE MET HO D
NA T URE
OF
21
9
that it flows out o f a deeper source than the
foregoing silence that it kno ws so deeply and
speaks so musically b ecause it is itsel f a muta
tion o f the thing it describes I t is sun and
m oon and wave and fire in music as astronomy
is thought and harmony in m asses o f matter
What is all history but the work o f ideas a
record o f the incomputable energy which his in
finite aspirations in fi
sse into man ? Ha s any
thing grand and lasting b een done ?Who did
it ? Plainly not any man b ut all men : it was
the prevalence and inundation o f an idea What
b rought the pi lgrims here ? O ne man say s civil
liberty ; another the desire o f fou nding a church ;
and a third discovers that the motive force was
plantation and trade But if the Puritans could
rise from the dust they co u ld not answer I t is
to b e seen in what they were and not in what
they designed ; it was the growth and expansion
o f the hu m an race and resem b led herein the
sequent R evolution which wa s not begun in
Concord or Lexington o r V irginia but was the
overflowing o f the sense o f natural right in every
clear and active spirit Of the period I s a man
b oastfu l and knowing and his o wn master ?
we turn from him without hope : but let him
be fi l led with awe and dread before the V ast and
us
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
HE ME T HO D OF NAT URE
T
22 1
the eastern sea and b e ourselves the children
I stand here to sa y Let us wor
o f the light
ship the mighty and transcendent S o u l I t is
the o ffice I dou b t n ot o f this age to ann u l that
adulterous divorce which the supers tition o f
many ages h a s e ffected between the intellect and
hol iness The lovers o f goodness have b ee n
one class the students o f wisdom another ; a s if
either could exist in any purity without the other
Truth is always holy holiness alway s wise I
will that we keep terms with sin and a sin ful
l iterature and society n o longer but live a li fe
A ccept the in
o f discovery and per formance
Be the lo wly min
t e ll ect and it will accept us
ist e rs o f that pure o m niscience and deny it n o t
b e fore men I t will burn up all pro fane litera
ture all base current opinions all the fal se powers
I draw
o f the world as in a moment o f time
fro m nature the lesson o f an intimate divinity
O ur health and reason a s men need o u r respect
t o this fact against the heedl essness and against
the contradiction o f society The sanity o f man
needs the poise o f this immanent force His n o
bility needs the assurance o f this inexhaustible
reserved power Ho w great soever h a ve been
its b ounties they are a drop to the sea whence
they flow I f you sa y The acceptance o f the
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
'
,
.
,
T
222
HE ME T HO D OF NAT URE
I shall n o t
vision is also the act o f G o d
seek to penetrate the m y stery I admit the force
I f y ou ask
Ho w can any
o f what you s a y
ru les be given for the attain m ent o f gi fts so
sublime ? I shall only remark that the solicita
tions o f this spirit a s long as th ere is li fe are
ne ver for b o rne Tenderly tenderly they woo
and court u s from every o bject in nature fro m
every fact in li fe from every thought in the
mind The one condition coupled with the gi ft
That man shall b e learned
O f tru th is its u s e
wh o red u cet h h is learning to practice E manuel
Swedenborg affirmed that it was opened t o him
“
that the sp irits who knew truth in this li fe b ut
did it n o t at death shall lose their knowl edge
‘
I f knowledge
said A li the Caliph
calleth
unto practice well ; if n o t it goeth away The
only way into nature is to enact o u r b est i n sight
I nstantly we are higher poets and can speak a
deeper l a w D o what y ou know and perception
is co n verted into character a s islands and co n
t in e n t s were b u ilt b y invisi b le in fu sories or as
these forest leaves a bsor b light electricity and
volatile ga ses and the gnarled o a k to li ve a
thou sand years is the arrest and fixation o f the
mo st vo latile and ethereal cu rrents The doc
trine o f this S upre m e Presence is a cry o f joy
—
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
”
.
,
”
,
,
”
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
HE ME T HO D
NAT URE
223
and exultation Who shall dare think he has
come late into nat u re or has missed anything
excellent in the past who seeth the admira b le
stars o f possibility and the y et untouch ed con
t in e n t o f hope glittering with all its mountains
in the vast West ? I praise with wonder this
great reality which seems to drown all things in
the deluge o f its light What man seeing this
can lose it from his thoughts or entertain a
?
meaner subject The entrance o f this into his
mind seems to b e the b irth o f man We can
n o t descri b e the na t ural histo ry o f the soul b ut
we know that it is divine I cannot tell if these
wonder fu l qualities which house t o day in this
m ortal frame shall ever re assemble in equal
activity in a similar frame o r whether they have
before had a natural history like that o f this
body you see be fore you ; b u t this one thing I
know that these qualities did n o t n o w b egin to
exist cannot be sick with my S ickness n o r b uri ed
in a n y grave ; but that they circulate through
the U niverse : b e fore the world wa s they were
N othing can bar them ou t o r shut them in but
they penetrate the ocean and land space and
time form an essence and hold the key to uni
versal nature I draw from this faith courage
and hope A ll things are known to the sou l I t
T
OF
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
M AN
T
HE REFOR M E R
A LE CT U RE REA D BE FORE T HE M E CH A N I CS A P P R EN
T I CES L I BR A R Y A SS O CI AT I O N BO S T O N
’
’
,
A
A
Y
N
R
U
j
2
5
,
1
84
1
.
,
M A N T H E R E FO R M E R
M R P RE S I DE N T
G E N T LE M E N
W I S H to O ffer t o your consideration some
thoughts on the particular and general rela
tions o f man as a reformer I shall assu m e that
the aim o f each yo u ng man in this association is
the very highest that belongs to a rational mind
Let it b e granted that our li fe as we lead it is
common and mean ; that some o f thos e o ffices
and functions fo r which we were m ainly created
a re
rown
so
rare
in
societ
that
the
memor
y
y
g
o f them is only kept alive in o ld b ooks and in
dim traditions ; that prophets and poets that
beauti fu l and p er fect m en we are not n o w no
nor have even seen such ; that som e sources o f
hu m an instruction are almost unnamed and u n
known a m ong u s ; that the community in which
we live will hardly bear to b e told that every
m a n should b e open to ecstacy or a divine i l lu
m i n ation and his daily walk elevated b y inter
‘
course with the spiritual world G rant all this
a s we must yet I suppose none o f my auditors
will deny that we ought to seek to esta b lish
ourselves in such disciplines and courses a s will
deserve that guidance and clearer communication
.
,
A ND
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
MA N T HE
REFORM ER
2 29
institutions are assailed are extre m e and sp ecu
lative and the re formers tend to idealism ?That
only shows the extravagance o f the a buses which
have driven the mind into the opposite extrem e
I t is when yo u r facts and persons grow unre a l
and fantastic b y to o much falsehood that the
scholar flies for re fu ge to the world o f ideas and
aims to recruit and replenish natu re from that
‘
source
Let ideas establish their legitimate
sway again in society let li fe be fair and poetic
and the scholars will gladly be lovers citizens
and philanthropists
I t will a fford no security from the new ideas
that the old nations the laws o f c enturies the
property and instit u tions o f a hundred cit ies
are built on other fou n dations T h e de m on o f
re form h a s a secret door into the h ea rt o f every
lawmaker o f every inha b itant o f ev ery city
The fact that a new thought and hope have
dawned in your b reast should apprize y o u t h at
in the same hour a n ew light b roke in upon a
thousand private hearts That secret which y o u
wo u ld fain keep
as soon as y o u g o a b road
10 ! there is o n e standing on the doorstep to
tell y ou the same There is n o t the most
bronzed and sharpened money catcher who does
to your consternation almost q u ai l and
n ot
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
MA N
2 30
T
HE REF O RMER
hake t h e m o ment he h ears a questio n pro mpted
by the new ideas We though t he h a d s om e
semb l a n ce o f ground to stand upon that suc h
as he at l east would die hard ; but h e trembles
and flees Then t h e scho l ar says Cities and
coa ches shall never impose on me ag a in ; fo r
behold every solitary dream of mine is rushin g
That fancy I had and hesitated to
t o fulfilment
utter because you would laugh the broker t h e
attorney th e market man are sayin g the sam e
thing Ha d I waited a day l on ger to speak I
had been too late B ehold S tate S treet thinks
‘
and Wall S treet doubts and begins to prophesy !
I t cannot be wondered at that this general
inquest into abuses should arise in the b osom
o f socie t y when one considers t h e practical im
pediments that stand in the way of virtuous
f
oung
men
The
young
on
entering
li
e
m
an
y
finds the way to lucrative employments b locked
with abuses The ways o f trade are g rown
selfish to the b orders o f the ft and su p ple to
the borders (if not beyond the borders ) of fraud
The employments o f commerce are not in trin
i
f
i
h
s
s ica ll
unfit
r a man
or
l
ess
gen
al
to
o
y
faculties ; but these are n ow in their general
course so vitiated b y derelictions and abuses at
which all connive that it requires more vigor
s
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
—
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
MA N
T
HE REFORME R
3
1
reso urces than can be expected o f every
f
oung
man
to
right
himsel
in
them
he
is
;
y
lost in them ; he cannot move hand o r foot in
them Ha s he genius and virtue ?the less does
he find them fit for him to grow in and if
he would thrive in them he must sacrifice all
the brilliant dreams o f boyhood and youth as
d ream s he must forget the prayers o f h is child
hood and must take on him the harness o f
routine and obsequiousness I f not so m inded
n othing is le ft him but to b egin the world anew
as he does who puts the spade into the ground
We are a ll implicated o f course in
fo r food
this charge ; it is onl y necessary to a sk a few
uestions
as
to
the
progress
o f the articles o f
q
commerce from the fields where they grew t o
our houses to become aware that we eat and
d rink and wear perjury and fraud in a h undred
commodities Ho w many articles o f daily con
su m ption are furnished us from the We st I n
d ies ; yet it is said that in the S panish islands
the venality o f the o fficers o f the government
has passed into usage and t h at no article passes
into our S hips which h a s not been fraudulently
cheapened I n the S panish islands every agent
o r factor o f the A mericans unless he be a co n
sul h a s ta ken oath that he is a Catholic or has
an
d
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
MA N T HE
REFOR M ER
f
2 33
expending it I do n ot c h arge the
m erchant or the manu facturer
The sins o f ou r
trade b elong to no class to no individual O ne
plucks o n e distributes one eats E very b ody
partakes every body con fesses
with cap and
knee volunteers h is con fession yet none feels
himsel f accounta b le He did n ot create the
a buse ; he cannot alter it What is he ?an o h
scure private person who must get h is bread
That is the vice
that n o one feels himsel f
called to act fo r man b ut only a s a fraction o f
man
I t h a ppe n s there fore that all such in
e n u o u s souls a s feel within themselves the irre
g
pressible strivings o f a no b le aim wh o b y the
law o f their nature must act simply find these
ways o f trade unfit fo r them and they come
forth from it
S uch cases are b ecoming more
numerous every year
But by coming out o f trad e you have not
cleared yoursel f The trail o f the s erpent
reaches into all the lucrative p ro fessions and
practices o f man E ach h a s its o wn wro n gs
E ach finds a tender a n d very int elligent co n
science a disqual ificatio n for success E ach re
quires o f the practitioner a certa i n S hutti n g o f
the eyes a certain dapperness and compl ia n c e
an acceptance o f customs a seque s tra tio n fro m
m anner
o
.
.
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
,
.
.
.
—
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
2
MA N
34
T
HE REFOR MER
the sentiments o f generosity and love a co m
promise o f private opinion and lo ft y i n tegri t y
N ay the evi l custo m reaches into the whole
institutio n o f property until our laws which
esta blish and protect it see m n o t to be the issue
S uppose
o f love and reason but o f selfishness
a m a n is so un h appy as to b e born a saint with
keen perceptions but with the conscience and
love o f an angel and he is to get his living in
the world ; he finds himsel f excluded fro m all
lucrative works ; he has no farm and he cannot
get one ; fo r to earn money enough t o b uy o n e
requires a sort o f concentration toward money
which is the selli n g himsel f fo r a num b er o f
years and to h im the present hour i s as sacred
and invio lable as any future h our O f course
whilst another man has n o land my title to
mine your title t o yours is at once vitiated
I nextrica b le see m to b e the twinings and ten
drils o f this evil and we all involve ourselves
in it the deeper by forming connections b y
wives and children by benefits and de b ts
Considerations o f this kind have turned the
attentio n o f many philanthropic and intelligent
persons to t h e claims o f manual la b or a s a part
o f the education o f every young man
I f the
accumulated wealth o f the past generation is
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
‘
,
.
,
.
MA N T HE
h us tainted
REFOR M ER
2
35
no matter how m uch of it is
o ffered to u s
we m ust be gin to consider if it
were not the nobler part t o renou n ce it and to
put ourselves into primary relations with the
soil and natu re and a b staining from whatever
is dishonest and uncl ean to take each o f us
b ravely his part with h is own hands in t h e
manual labor o f the world
But it is said What ! will you give up the
immense advantages reaped from the division
o f labor and set every man to make his own
shoes b ureau kni fe wagon sails and needle ?
This would be to p u t men back into barba
rism by their own act I see no instant prospect
o f a v irtuous revolution ; y et I con fess I should
n o t be pained at a change whic h t h reatened a
loss o f some o f the luxuries or conveniences o f
society if it proceeded from a pre ference o f the
agricultural l i fe out o f the belief that our primary
duties as men could be b etter discharged in that
calling Who could regret to see a high con
science and a purer taste exercisin g a sensi b le
e ff ect o n young m en in their choice of occupa
tion a n d t h inning the ranks o f competition in
the la b ors o f commerce o f law and o f state ?
I t is eas y to see that the inconvenience would
last b ut a short time This wou l d be great
t
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
M A N T HE
REFOR MER
2 37
and dig a b ed I feel such an exhilaration and
h ealth that I discover that I have b een de fraud
in g mysel f all this time in letting others do fo r
m e what I should have done with m y own
hands But not only health but education is in
‘
the work I s it possi b le that I who get in de fi
nite q uantities of sugar hominy cotton buck
e t s crocke ry ware and letter paper b y simply
signing my name once in three m onths to a
cheque in favor o f John S m ith 8: CO traders
get the fair share o f exercise to my faculties b y
that act which nature inte n ded fo r me in mak
ing all these fa r fetched matters i m portant to
my com fort ? I t is Smith himsel f and h is car
rie rs and dealers and manu facturers ; it is the
sailor the hide drogher the butcher the negro
the hunter and the planter who have inter
ce t ed the sugar o f the sug a r and the cotton
p
o f the cotton
They have g o t the education I
only the com modity This were all very well
if I were necessarily a b sent being detained b y
work o f m y own like theirs work o f the same
faculties ; then should I b e sure o f m y hands
and feet ; but now I feel some shame be fore my
wood chopper my plough man and m y cook
fo r they have some sort o f sel f su fficiency t h ey
ca n contrive without my aid t o bring the day
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
-
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
MA N T HE
2 3s
REFOR MER
and year round b ut I depend o n them a n d
have not ear n ed by use a right to my arms a n d
feet
Consider further the di fference b etwee n t h e
first and second owner o f prope rty E very sp e
cies o f property is preyed on b y its own ene
mies as iron by rust ; tim b er b y rot ; clot h
b y moths ; provisions by mould putridity o r
vermin ; money b y thieves ; an orchard by in
sects ; a planted field by weeds and the inroad
o f cattl e ; a stock o f cattle b y hunger ; a road
by rain and frost ; a bridge by freshets A nd
whoever takes any o f these things into h is pos
session takes the charge of de fending them from
this troop o f enemies or o f keeping them in re
pair A m a n wh o supplies his own want who
b uilds a raft or a b oat to go a fi
finds
it
s h in
g
easy to caulk it or put in a thole pin or me n d
the rudder What he gets only as fast as he
wants fo r his own ends does not em barrass
him or take away h is sleep with looking after
B ut when he comes to give all the goods he has
year after year collected in o n e estate to h is son
house orchard ploughed land cattle bridges
h ardware wooden ware carpets cloths provi
sions b ooks money
and cannot give him t h e
skill and experience which made or collected
,
,
‘
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
MA N
HE REFOR MER
T
2 39
these and the method and place they have in
not
h is own li fe the son finds h is hands full
t o u se these things but t o look a fter the m and
de fend them from their natural enemies To
him they are not m eans b ut masters Their
enemies will n ot remit ; rust m ould vermin
rain su n freshet fire all seize their own fill
him with vexation and he is converted from
the owner into a watchman or a watch dog to
this magazine o f o ld and new chattels What
a change I nstead o f the masterly good humor
and sense of power and fertility o f resource in
himsel f ; instead o f those strong and learned
hands those piercing and learned eyes that
supple b ody and that migh ty and prevailing
heart which the father had whom nature loved
and feared whom snow and rain water and
s h seemed all to know and to
land b east and fi
ser ve
we have now a puny protected person
uarded
b
walls
and
curtains
stoves
and
down
y
g
b eds coaches and men servants an d women
serva n ts from the earth a n d the sk y and who
bred to depend on all these is made anxious
by all that endangers those possessio n s and is
forced to spend so much time in guardi n g them
that he h a s quite lost sight o f their original u se
nam ely to help him to h is ends
to the pro
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
M A N T HE
REFOR M ER
24 1
io n s with the work o f the world ought to d o
it himsel f and not to su ffer the accident o f his
h aving a purse in h is pocket or his having b een
b re d to some dis honorable and injurious craft
to sever him from those duties ; and fo r this
reason that la b or is G od s edu cation ; that he
onl y is a si n cere learner he only can become a
master who lea rns the s ecrets o f labor and who
by rea l cunn ing extorts from nature its sceptre
N either would I shut my ears to the plea o f
the learned pro fessions o f the poet the pries t
the law giver and men o f study genera lly ;
namely that in the experience o f all m en o f
that class the amount o f manual labor which
is necessary to the maintenance o f a family in
disposes a n d disq u a lifi
es fo r intellectual ex er
tion I know it o fte n perhaps usually happe ns
that whe re there is a fine organization apt fo r
poet ry and philosophy that individual finds
him s el f compell ed to wait on h is thoughts ; to
was te several days that he may enhance and
glori fy one ; and is b etter ta ught b y a mod
c rate and dainty e x ercise such a s rambling in
t h e fi e lds ro wing skati n g hu n ti n g than by the
d ownright dru dgery o f the fa rmer and the smith
I wo uld not quite forget t h e v e nera b l e couns e l
o f the E gyptian mysteries which declared that
t
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
MA N
24 2
T
HE REFO R MER
there were two pairs o f eyes in m a n and it
is requisite that the pair which are beneath
should be closed whe n the pair that are above
them perceive and that when the pair above
are closed those which are b eneath should b e
opened Y et I will suggest that n o separatio n
from labor can be without some loss o f powe r
and o f truth to the seer himsel f ; that I dou b t
not the faults and vices o f our literature an d
philosophy their too great fineness e ffeminacy
and melancholy are attributable to the enervated
and sickly h abits o f the literary class Bette r
that the book should not be quite so good a n d
the book maker a b ler and b etter and not him
sel f o ften a ludicrous contrast to all that he h as
written
But granting that fo r ends so sacred a n d dear
some relaxatio n must be had I think that if a
man find in himsel f a n y strong b ias to poetry
to art to the contemplative li fe drawing him to
these things with a devotion incompa ti b le with
good husbandry that m a n ought t o reckon early
with h imsel f and respecting the com pensa tions
o f the U n iv e rs e o u h t t o ransom himsel f from
g
the duties of economy by a certain rigor a n d
p rivation in h is habits Fo r privileges so rare
and grand let him not stint to pay a great tax
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
MA N T HE
REFORM ER
24 3
Let him b e a ca mo bite a pauper and if need
b e celi b ate also Let him learn to eat his meal s
standing and to relish the taste o f fair water and
b lack b read He m a y leave t o others the cost ly
conveniences o f housekeeping and l arge hos
i
Let
t
a lit y and the possession o f works o f art
p
him feel that genius is a hospitali t y and that he
wh o can create works o f art needs not collect
them He must live in a chamber and postpo n e
his sel f indulgence forewarned and forearmed
against that frequent mis fortu ne o f men o f g en
ius
the taste for luxury This is the tragedy
attempting to drive al ong the eclip
o f genius ;
tic with o n e horse o f the heavens and one horse
o f the earth th ere is only discord and rui n and
down fall to chariot and charioteer
The duty that every man should assume h is
o wn vo ws should call the institutions o f society
to account and examine their fitness to him
gains in emphasis if we look at our modes o f
living Is our housekeeping sacred and h o n
o ra bl e ? D oes it raise a n d inspire u s or does
i
t cripple us instead ? I ought to b e armed by
every part and function o f my household by all
my social function b y my economy by m y feast
ing b y m y voting by m y traffic Yet I a m
almost no party to any o f these things Custom
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
-
,
.
,
—
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
MA N
T
HE REFOR M ER
24
5
cushio n s will be le ft to slaves E xpense
will be inventive and heroic We shall eat hard
and lie hard we shall dwell like the ancient
R omans in narrow tenements whilst our public
edifices like theirs will be worthy fo r their pro
portion o f the landscape in which we set them
fo r conversation fo r art fo r music fo r worship
We s hall b e rich to great purposes ; poor only
fo r selfish ones
N ow what help fo r these evils ?Ho w can the
m a n who has learned but one art procure all the
conve n iences o f li fe ho n estly ? S hall we say all
Perhaps with his own hands S up
we think
pose he collects or makes them ill ; yet he
h a s learned their lesso n
I f he cannot do that ?
The n perhaps he can go without I mmense
wisdom and riches are in that I t is be tter to
go without than to have them at to o great a cost
Let u s learn the meaning o f eco n omy E conomy
is a high humane o ffice a sacrament whe n its
aim is grand ; when I t I S the prudence o f simple
tastes when it is p ractised fo r freedom or love or
devotion M uch o f the economy which we see in
houses is o f a base origin and is best kept ou t
Parched corn eaten to day that I m a y
o f sight
have roast fowl to my dinner Su nday is a base
nes s ; but parched corn a n d a house with one
an
d
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
—
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
.
,
,
24
MA N
6
T
HE REFORM ER
apartment that I may be free of all perturba
tions that I may be serene and docile to w hat
the mind shall speak and girt and road ready
fo r the lowest missio n o f knowledge or goodwi ll
is frugality for gods and heroes
Can we not learn the lesson o f self help ?So
ciet y is fu ll o f infirm people who incessantly
summo n others to serve them They contrive
eve rywhere to exhaust fo r their si n gle com fort
the entire means and appliances o f that luxu r y
to which our inve n tion has yet attained S ofas
O ttomans stoves wine game fowl spic es per
fu m es rides the theatre entertainments
all
these they wa n t they need and whatever ca n be
suggested more tha n these they cra ve also a s
if it was the b read which should keep the m
from starv ing ; and if they miss any one they
represent themselves as the most wronged a n d
most wretched persons o n earth O ne must have
been b orn and bred with them to know how t o
prepare a meal fo r their learned stomach M ca n
time they never bestir themselves to serve a n
other person ; n o t they they hav e a great deal
m ore to do fo r themselves than they ca n p o s
s ibl
n ce perceive the cruel
per
orm
nor
do
they
o
f
y
joke o f t h eir lives but the more odious they
ro w t h e S harper is the to n e o f their complaining
g
,
,
-
,
,
.
-
,
.
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
MA N
T
HE REFOR MER
24
7
craving Can anything be so el egant as to
have few wants and to serve them one s sel f so
as to have somewhat le ft to g ive inste ad o f b eing
always prompt to gra b ? I t is more elegant to
answer one s o wn needs than to be rich lv served ;
inelegant perhaps it may look to day and to a
few but it is an elegance forever and to all
I do not wish to be absurd and pedantic in
re form I do not wish to push my criticism o n
the state o f things around me to that ex tra v a
t o suicide or
ant
mark
that
shall
compel
me
g
to a n a b solute isolation from the advantages o f
civil society I f we suddenly plant ou r foot a n d
1 will neither eat nor drink nor wear nor
say
touch any food or fa b ric which I do n o t kno w
to b e in nocent or deal with a n y person whose
who le m anner o f li fe is not clear and rational
we shall stand still Whose is so ? N ot mine
not thine not his But I think we must clear
ourse lves each o n e by the interrogation whether
we have earned our b read to day by the hearty
contri b ution o f ou r energ ies to the com m on
benefit ; and we m ust not cease to t en d to the
correction of flagran t wrongs by laying one
s tone aright every day
But the idea which now beg ins to agita te
society has a wider scope tha n our daily employ
an
d
.
’
,
,
’
-
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
—
4
,
,
.
.
,
-
,
.
MA N
T
HE REFORMER
24
9
that there is an infinite worthiness in man which
will appear at the call o f worth and that all
particular re forms are the removing o f some
impediment I s it not the highest duty that
m a n should b e honored in us ? I ought not
to allow any man because he has broad lands t o
feel that he is rich in my presence I ought to
make him fee l that I can do without h is riches
that I cannot be bou ght
neither by com fort
neither by pride
and though I b e utterly pen
that he
n iless and receiving bread from him
is the poor man b eside m e A nd if at the
same time a woman or a child discovers a s en
tim en t o f piety or a juster way o f thinking than
‘
mine I ou ght to co n fess it by my respect and
obedience though it go to alter my whole way
‘
o f li fe
The A mericans have many virtues but they
have n o t F aith and Hope I know no two
words whose meaning is more lost sight o f
We u se these words as if they were as O b solete
A nd yet they have the
a s S elah and A men
broadest meaning and the most cogent a p p li
cation to Boston in this year The A mericans
have little faith They rely on the power o f a
dollar ; they are deaf to a sentiment They
th ink y o u may talk the north wind down as
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
MA N
2 50
T
HE REFORMER
easily as raise society and no class more faith
less than the scholars o r in tellect u a l men N o w
if I talk with a sincere wise man and my friend
with a poet with a conscientious youth who is still
under the dominion o f his own wild thoughts
and n o t yet harnessed in the team o f society t o
drag with us all in the ruts o f custom I see a t
once h o w paltry is all this generation o f un b e
l ie v ers and what a house o f cards their insti
t u tio n s are and I see what one brave m a n
w hat o n e great thought executed mig h t e ff ect
I see that the reason o f the distru st o f the prae
t ical man in all theory is h is ina b ility to per
Look h e
ceiv e the means where b y we work
say s at the tools wit h which this world o f yours
A s we cannot make a planet
is to b e built
with atmosphere rivers and forests b y means
o f the b est carpenters or engineers tool s with
Chemist s la b oratory and smit h s forge to b oot
s o neither can we ever construct that heavenly
society y o u prate o f o u t o f foolish sick s e lfish
men and wome n such a s we know them to be
But the b eliever not only b eholds h is heaven
to b e possi b le but already to begin to exist
n o t b y the m e n or materials the statesman uses
bu t b y men t ra n sfi
u re d and raised above them
g
selves by the power o f principles To princi
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
’
,
’
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
MA N
T
HE REFOR MER
251
n g else is possi b le that tra n scends
les
somethi
p
all the power o f expedients
E very great and commanding moment in
the annals o f the world is the triumph of some
enth u siasm The victories o f the A rabs after
Mahomet who in a few years from a small
a n d m ean beginning established a larger empire
than that o f R ome is an exa m ple They did
they knew not what The naked D era r horsed
o n an idea was found an over m atch fo r a troop
The women fought like
o f R oman c avalry
They
m e n and conquered the R oman men
were m iserably equipped miserably fed They
were Temperance troops There was neither
brandy n o r flesh needed to feed them They
c onquered A sia and A frica and S pain on b ar
ley The Caliph O m ar s walking stick struck
more terror into those who saw it than another
‘
man s sword
His diet was b arley b read his
sauce wa s salt ; and o ftentimes by way o f a h
His
s tin e n ce he ate his bread without salt
drink wa s water His p alace was built o f m u d ;
and when he le ft Medina to go to the co nquest
o f Jerusalem he rode on a red came ! with a
wooden platter hang ing at his saddle with a
bottle o f water and two s acks one holdi n g bar
ley and the other dried fruits
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
’
.
’
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
M A N T HE
REFORMER
2 53
by the malice sl y ness indolence and
alienation of domestics Let any two matrons
m eet and observe how soon their co n versation
“
turns on the trou b les from their h elp as our
phrase is I n every knot o f la b orers the rich
m a n does not feel himsel f among his friends
and at the polls he finds them arrayed in a m ass
in distinct opposi tion to him We complain
that the politics o f masses of the people are
c ontrolled by designing men and led in oppo
sitio n to mani fest justice and the common weal
and to their own interest But the people do
n o t wish to b e represented or ruled by the
ignorant and b ase They only vote fo r these
because they were asked with the voice and
sem b lance o f kindness They will n o t vote for
them l ong They inevitably pre fer wit and pro
bity To use an E gyptian m etaphor it is not
their will fo r any long time to raise t h e nails
o f wild beasts and to depress the heads o f the
sacred b irds
Let our affection flo w o u t to
our fellows it would operate in a day the great
est o f all revolutions I t is better to work o n
institutions by the sun than by the wind The
S tate m u s t co n s ider the poor man and all voices
must speak fo r him E very child that is b orn
mu st h ave a just chance for his b read Let the
so n e d
,
,
,
.
,
”
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
”
.
.
.
,
g
.
.
MA N
2 54
T
HE REFORM ER
elioration i n our laws of property procee d
from the concession o f the rich not from the
grasping o f the poor Let us begin by ha b itu al
imparting Let us unders tand that the equ i
table rule is that no o n e should take more tha n
h is share let him be ever so rich Let me fe e l
that I am to b e a lover I am to see to it tha t
the world is the b etter fo r me and to find m y
reward in the act Love would put a n ew face
on this weary old world in which we d well a s
pagans and ene m ies too long and it would warm
the heart to see h ow fast the vain diplo m acy o f
statesme n the impotence o f armies and navies
and lines o f de fence would b e superseded by
this unarmed child Love wil l creep where it
o will accomplish that b y im erce ti
ca nnot
g
p
p
ble methods
being its own lever fulcrum
and power
which force could n ever achieve
Have you not seen in the woods in a l ate a u
tu m n morning a poor fungus or m u shroom
a p l ant witho u t any solidity
nay that seemed
nothing b ut a so ft mush or jelly
by its con
stant total and inconceiva b ly gentle pushing
m anage to b reak its way up through the fros t y
ground and actually to li ft a hard g rust on its
head ? I t is the sy mbol o f the power o f kind
ness The virtue o f this principle in human
am
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
MA N
HE REFOR MER
T
2 55
ociety in application to great interests is o bso
lete and forgotten O nce or twice in history it
has been tried in illustrious instances with sig
nal success This great overgrown dead Chris
t e n do m of ours still keeps alive at least the
name of a lover of mankind But o n e day all
men wil l be lovers and every calam ity will be
dissolved in the universal sunshine
Will y ou su ff er me to add o n e trait more to
this portrait of man the re former ? The medi
ator between the spiritual and the actu al world
S hould have a great prospectiv e prudence A n
A rabian poet descri b es his hero by saying
S hi w h
I th wi t d y ;
A d i th mid mmer
C l
d h d
He who would help himsel f and others should
not be a subject o f irreg ular and interrupted
impulses o f virtue b ut a continent persisting
m
i movable person
such as we have seen a
few scattered up and down in time fo r the bless
ing o f the world ; men who have in the gravity
o f their natu re a quality which answers to the
fly wheel in a mill which distri butes the motio n
equably over all the wheels and hinders it from
falling unequal l y and sudde n ly in destructive
s
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
ne
un s
e
n
n
n
as
e
n er
a
e
oo n ess an
,
,
-
,
su
s a
e.
,
,
L E CT U RE ON
A D AT
RE
T HE
MA
T HE
S O NI C
DECEM BER
2,
T
1
TI M E S
EM P L E
,
84
1
O STO N
B
,
T H E T I M ES
L E C T U RE O N
HE TI M ES as we say o r the present
aspects o f our social state the Laws D i
vinity N atural S cience A gricu l t ure A rt Trade
Letters have their root in an invisi bl e spiritual
reality To appear in these aspects they must
first exi s t or have some necessary foundation
Beside a ll the small reasons we assign there is
a great reason fo r the existence o f every extant
fact ; a reason which lies grand and im mova b le
o ften unsuspected behind it in silence The
Times are the masquerade of the E ternities ;
trivial to the dull tokens o f no b le and majestic
agents to the wise ; the receptacle in which the
P ast leaves its history ; the quarry out o f which
‘
the genius o f to d ay is building up the Future
The Times the nations manners institutions
opinions votes are to be studied as omens as
sacred leaves whereon a weighty sense is in
scri b ed if we have the wit and the love to search
it o u t N ature itsel f seems to propound to u s
this topic and to invite us to explore the mean
ing o f the conspicuous facts o f the day E ve ry
thing that is popular it h a s been said dese rves
the attention o f the philosopher : and this fo r the
—
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
L E CT URE ON T HE T I MES
2 61
reason than hereto fore which e n croaches on th e
other every day puts it out of counte n ance out
and out o f temper and leaves it no
o f reaso n
thing but silence a n d possession
The fact of aristocracy wit h its two weapo n s
o f wealth a n d ma n ners is as commanding a fea
ture o f the nineteent h century a n d the A merican
repu b lic as o f old R ome or modern E ngland
The reason and influe n ce of weal t h the aspect
o f philosophy and religion and the tende n cies
which have acquired t h e n ame o f T ra n scen den
t a lis m in O ld and N ew E ngland ; t h e aspect o f
poetry a s t h e exponent a n d interpretation o f
these things ; the fuller development and the
freer play o f Character a s a social and political
age n t ; these and other related topics will in
turn come to b e considered
Bu t the s u bject o f the Times is n o t an a h
stract question We talk o f the world b ut we
mean a few men and women I f y o u speak o f
the age y ou mean your o wn platoon o f people
as D ante and M ilto n painted in colossal their
platoons a n d called them Heave n and Hell
I n o u r idea o f progress we do n o t go o u t o f
this personal picture We do n o t think the sky
will b e b luer or honey s weeter or our cli m ate
more temperate b ut only that our relation to
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
L E C T URE
2 62
ON T
HE T I MES
our fellows wi l l be simpler and h appier W h at
is the reas o n to be given fo r this extre m e attrae
tion which p er son s have fo r u s but t h at they a re
the A ge ?they are the results of the Past ; the y
are the heralds o f the F u t ure They indicate
these witty su ff ering blus h ing intimidatin g
figures o f the only race in which there a re indi
v id u a ls or changes how fa r on the F ate h a s gone
‘
and what it drives at A s trees make scenery
and constitute the hospitality o f the landscape
so persons are the world to persons
a cun n ing
m ystery by which the Great Desert o f thoughts
and o f p lanets takes this engaging form to b ring
as it would seem its meanings nearer to t h e mind
Thoughts walk and speak and look with eyes
at me and transport me into n ew and m a g n ifi
cent scenes These are the pungent instructors
who thrill the heart o f each o f u s and make all
other teach i n g formal and cold Ho w I follo w
them with aching heart with pining desire ! I
count mysel f not h ing b e fore them I would die
fo r them with joy They can do what they will
with me Ho w they lash u s with those tongues
How they m ake the tears start make u s b lush
and turn pale and lap us in E lysium to sooth
ing dreams and castles in the air By tones of
triumph o f dear love by threats by pride t h at
.
,
.
—
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
—
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
L E CT URE
ON T
HE T I MES
2 63
freezes ,
these have the skill to make the world
look b leak and inhospita b le or seem the nest
I
do
not
won
er
at
the
oy
d
o f tenderness and
j
miracles which poetry attri b utes to the music
o f O rphe u s when I remem b er what I have ex
erie n ced from the v aried notes o f the human
p
voice They are an incalculable energy which
cou n tervails al l other forces in nature because
they are the c h an n e l o f supernatural powers
There is no interest or institutio n so poor and
withered but if a new strong man could be born
i n to it he would immediately redeem and replace
it A persona l ascendency
that is the only
fact much worth considering I remember some
years ago somebody shocked a circle o f friends o f
order here in Bo st o n wh o supposed that our peo
ple were identified with t h eir religious den o m i
nations by declaring that a n eloquent man
let
him b e o f what sect soever would be ordained
at o n ce in o n e o f our metropolitan churches
To b e sure he would ; and not only in ours but
in any church mosque or temple on the planet ;
but he must be eloquent able to supplant our
method a n d c l assification by the superior beau ty
‘
E very fact we have was brought
o f his own
here by some pers on ; and there is no n e that wil l
not change and pass away before a person whose
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
—
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
.
,
,
,
.
L E C T URE O N T HE T I MES
2 65
let us set up our Cam era also and let t h e su n
paint t h e peop l e Let us paint the agitator and
the man o f the o l d sch ool and the member o f
Congress and the college professor the formi
da ble editor t h e priest and re former the con
t em p l a tiv e girl and the fair aspirant fo r fashion
and opportunities the woman o f the worl d who
has tried and k nows ;
let us examine h o w
well she knows Cou l d we indicate the indi
ca t o rs
indicate those who m ost accurate l y re
presen t every good and evil tendency o f the
general m ind in the just order which they take
on this canvas o f Time so that al l witnesses
should recogni z e a spiritual law as each well
known form flit ted for a moment across the
wall we should have a series o f sketches w h ich
would report to the next ages the co l or and
quality of ours
Certainly I think if this were done there
would be much to admire as wel l as to con
dem n
souls o f as l o fty a port as any in Greek
or R oman fame might appear ; men of great
heart of strong h and and of persuasive speech ;
subtle thin k ers and men o f wide sy m pathy
a n d an apprehension which looks over all his
tory and every where recognizes its own To
be sure there wi ll be fragments and hints o f
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
L E CT URE ON
2 66
T
HE T I MES
men more than eno u gh : bloated promises
which end in nothing or little A nd the n trul y
great men but with some de fect in their co m
positio n which neutralizes t h eir whole force
Here is a D amascus blade such a s you may
search through nature in vain to paral lel laid
up o n the shel f in some village to rust and
ruin A nd h o w m any seem not quite available
fo r that idea which t h ey represent ? N ow and
the n comes a b older spirit I S hould rather sa y
a more surrendered soul more in for m e d a n d led
by G o d w h ich is much in advance o f the rest
quite be y ond their sy m pathy but predicts what
sh al l soon b e the ge n eral fu lness ; a s whe n we
stand b y the seas hore whilst the tide is coming
in a wave comes up the beach fa r higher than
any foregoing one and recedes and for a long
while none comes up to that mark ; but after
some time the whole sea is there and beyond it
But we are n o t per m itted to stand as spec
t a t o rs o f the pageant whic h the times ex h i b it ;
we are parties also and have a respo n si b ility
which is not to b e declined A little while thi s
interval o f wonder and comparison is permitt ed
u s b ut to t h e end that we shall play a m anly
part A s t h e solar syste m moves forward in the
h eavens certain stars op en b efore u s and cer
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
ON T
L E CT URE
HE T I MES
2 67
tain stars close up b ehind us ; so is man s life
The reputations that were great and inaccessi
b le change and tarnish How great were once
Lord Baco n s dimensions ! he is now reduced
almost to t h e middle h eight ; and many anot h er
star h a s turned out to b e a planet or an aster
o id : only a fe w are the fixed stars which have
The change and de
n o parallax or none fo r u s
cli n e o f o ld reputations are t h e gracious marks
S lowly like light o f morn
o f o u r own gro wth
ing it steals o n us the new fact t h at we who
were pupils or aspirants are now society : do
compose a portion of that head and heart we
are wont to think worthy of all reverence and
heed W e are the representatives o f religion
and intellect and stand in the ligh t o f I deas
whose rays strea m t h rough us to those younger
and more in the dark What further relations
we sustain what new lodges we are entering is
T O da y is a king in disguise
n o w unknown
T o day al ways looks mean to the thoughtless
in the face o f an uni form experience that all
good and great and happy actions are made up
precisely o f these b lank to day s Let u s not
b e s o deceived Let u s u n mask the ki n g a s he
passes Let u s n o t inha b it times o f wonderful
and various promise without divining t h eir te n
’
.
.
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
-
,
‘
-
.
.
.
L E C T URE
ON T
HE T I MES
2 69
cience and phi la n thropy occ u py the ground
whic h Calvinism occu pied in the last age and
c ompose the visib le church o f the existing gen
e ra t io n
The present age wil l be marked b y its
harvest o f projects fo r the re form o f domes
tic ci vil literary and ecclesiastical institutions
The leaders of the crusades against W a r N egro
slavery I ntemperance Government based on
force U sages o f trade Court and Custom house
O aths and so on to t h e agitators o n the sy s
tem of E ducation and the laws o f Property are
the right successors o f Luther K nox R o b i n son
Fo x Pe n n Wesley and Whitefield They have
the same virtues and v ices ; the same noble
impulse a n d the same b igotry These move
ments are o n all accoun ts important ; they n o t
only check the special a buses but they educate
the conscience and the intellect o f the people
Ho w ca n such a question a s the S lave-trade
be agitated for forty years by all the C h ristian
natio n s without thro wing great light o n ethics
into the ge n eral mi n d ? The fu ry with which
the slave trader de fends every inch o f his b loody
deck and his howling auction platform is a
trumpet to alarm the ear of mankind to wake
the d u ll and drive all neutrals to take sides and
to listen to the argument and the verdict The
s
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
-
,
'
,
,
.
2
L E C T URE ON
0
7
T
HE T I M ES
Temperance question which rides the conver
sation o f ten t h ousand circles and is tacitly re
ca lled a t eve ry public and at ev ery private ta b le
drawing with it all the curious ethics o f the
Pledge o f the Wine question o f the equity o f
the ma n u facture and the trade is a g y m n a s
tic training to the casuistry and conscience o f
the time A nti masonry had a deep right an d
wrong which gradually emerged to sight out
The political ques
o f the turbid contro v ersy
tio n s touc h ing the Banks ; t h e Tari ff ; t h e limits
o f the executive power ; the right o f the con
s t itu en t to instruct the representative ; the treat
ment o f the I ndians ; the Boundary wars ; the
Congress o f nations are all pregnant with eth
ical conclusions ; and it is wel l if government
and our social order ca n extricate themselves
from these ale m b ics and find themselves s t ill
government and social order The student of
history will hereafter co m pute the singular value
o f our endless discussio n o f questions to the
mind o f the period
Whilst each o f these aspiratio n s and attempts
o f the people fo r the Better is magnified b y t h e
natural exaggeratio n o f its advocates until it
excludes the others from sigh t and re p els dis
creet persons by the un fair n ess o f the plea
the
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
L E CT URE
ON T
HE T I MES
2 71
movements are in real ity al l parts o f one m ove
ment There is a perfect chain
see it o r
see it not
o f re forms emerging from the sur
rounding darkness each cherishing some part
o f the genera l idea and all must be seen in order
to do justice to any one S een in this their
‘
natural connection t h ey are sublime The con
science o f t h e Age demons trates itse l f in t h is
e ff ort to raise the l i fe o f man by puttin g it in
h arm ony with his idea o f the Beauti fu l and the
Just The histo ry of reform is always identical
it is the compariso n of the idea with the fact
O ur modes o f living are not agreeable to our
imagination W e suspect they are unwort h y
We arraign our daily employ m ents They a p
pear to u s un fi t unworthy o f the facu l ties we
spend o n them I n conversation with a wise
man we find oursel ves apologizing for our em
l
o m en ts ;
we
speak
them
with
shame
f
o
p y
N ature literature science childhood appear to
us beauti ful ; but not our own dai l y work not
the ripe fruit and considered labors of man
This beauty which the fancy finds in eve rything
else certai n ly accuses the man n er o f l i fe we lead
Why should it be hate ful ? Why should it
contrast thus with a l l natural beauty ? Why
shou l d it not be poetic and invite and raise us ?
,
.
—
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
L E CT URE ON
T
HE T I M ES
2
73
thought that they ca n ever have any foot
ing in real li fe seems long since to have been
exploded by a ll judicious persons Milton in
h is b est tract descri b es a relation bet wee n re
lig io n and the daily occupations which is true
until this time
A wealthy m a n addicted to his pleasure
and to his profits finds religion to b e a traffic
so entangled a n d o f so many piddling accounts
that o f all mysteries he cannot skill to keep a
stock going upo n that trade What should
he do ? F ain he would have the name to be
religious ; fain he would b ear up with his neigh
b ors in that What does he there fore but re
solve to give over toiling and to find himsel f
out some factor to whose care and credit h e
may commit the whole managing o f h is religious
a ffairs some divine o f note and esti m ation that
must b e To him he ad h eres resigns the whole
ware house o f h is religion with all the locks and
keys into his custody ; and indeed makes the
very person o f that m a n h is religion ; esteems
h is associating with h im a su ffi cient evide n ce and
commen datory o f h is o wn piety S o that a man
may sa y h is religion is now no more withi n him
sel f bu t is b eco m e a dividual m oveable and
go es and comes near him accordin g a s that good
th e
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
2
L E CT URE
74
O N T HE T I MES
the ho u se He entertains h im
gives h im gi fts feasts him l odges him ; h is re
lig io n comes h ome at night prays is liberally
supped and sumptuously laid to sleep ; rises is
saluted and after the ma l msey o r some well
spiced bru a g e and better break fasted than he
whose m orning appetite would have gladly fe d
o n green fi gs b etween B ethan y and Jerusalem
h is reli gion walks abroad at eight and leave s
his kind entertainer in the shop trading a ll day
without his rel igion
This picture would serve fo r our times R e
lig io n wa s n o t invited to eat or drink or sleep
with us or to make o r divide an estate but
was a holiday guest Such omissions judge
the church ; a s the compromise made with the
slaveholder n o t much noticed at first every day
appears more flagrant mischief to the A meri
can constitution But n o w the purists are look
ing into all these matters The more intelligent
are growing uneasy o n the subject o f M arriage
They wish to see the character represented also
in that covenant There shall be nothing brutal
in it but it shall honor the man and t h e wo
m a n as much a s the most di ff u sive and univer
s a l actio n
Gri m ly the sa m e spirit looks into
the law o f Property and accuses men o f driving
m a n frequents
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
L E CTURE
ON T
HE T I MES
2
75
a trade in the great bou ndless providence w h ic h
h ad given the air the water and the land to
men to use and not to fence in and monop o
lize I t casts its eye on Trade and D a y La bor
and so it goes up and down paving the earth
with eyes destroying privacy and making thor
ough l ights I s all this for nothing ? Do you
suppose that the re forms which are preparing
wi ll be as superficial as those we know ?
By the books it reads and t ra n sla t es ju dg e
what books it will presently print A great deal
o f the pro foundest thinking o f antiquity which
had b ecome as good as O b solete for us is n o w
and in
t e appearing in extracts and a l lusions
twenty years will get all printed anew S ee how
daring is the reading the speculation the ex
f
n o w some genius
I
o f the time
erim e n t in
g
p
shall arise wh o could unite these scattered rays !
A nd always such a genius d oes em b od y the
ideas o f each ti m e Here is great variety and
richness o f mysticism each part o f which n o w
only disgusts whi lst it forms the sole thought
Comer out yet
o f some poor Per fectionist or
when it shall be taken up a s the garnitu re o f
some pro found and all reconciling thinker wi ll
appear the rich and appropriate decoration of
his ro bes
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
”
,
-
,
.
L E CT URE
ON T
HE T I MES
2
77
alone The you ng men wh o have been
vexing society fo r these last years with regener
ative methods seem to have made this mistake ;
they all e x aggerated some special means and all
failed to see that the R e form o f R e forms m u st
b e accomplished without means
The R e forms have their high origin in an
ideal jus tice bu t they do not retain the purity
They are qu ickly organized in some
o f an i d ea
lo w inadequate for m and present no more
poetic image to the mind than the e vil tradi
tion which they reprobat ed They mix the fire
o f the moral sentiment with person a l a n d party
heats with measureless exaggerations a n d the
blind ness that pre fers some darling m easure to
justice and trut h Those wh o are urging with
most ardor what are called the greatest b enefits
o f mankin d are narro w sel f pleasing conceited
men and a ffect us as the insane do They bite
‘
I think th e work o f
u s and we run m a d also
the reformer as innocent as other work that is
done aroun d him but when I have see n it near
I do not like it better I t is done in the same
wa y it is done pro fanely n o t piou sly ; by m a n
It
is
a
buz
z
in
a e m en t by tactics and clamor
g
the ear I cannot feel any pleasure in sacrifices
which display to me such partiality of character
an
d
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
2
L E CT URE
s
7
ON T
HE T I M ES
We do not want actions but m en not a chem i
ca l drop o f water but rain ; the spirit that shed s
and sho wers actions countless endless actions
Y ou have o n some occasion played a b old part
You have set y our heart and face ag ainst soci
i
et
when
you
thought
it
wrong
and
returned
t
y
fro wn fo r frown E xcellent : now can you a ff ord
to forget it reckoning all your action no m ore
than the passing o f your hand through the air
or a littl e breath o f your mouth ?The world
leaves no track in space and the greatest ac tion
‘
To the youth
o f man no mark in the vast idea
diflid e n t o f his a b ility and full o f compunctio n
at his unprofi table existence the temptation is
always great to lend himsel f t o pu b lic m o ve
m ents and as o n e o f a part y accomp l ish wha t
he cannot hope to e ff ect alone But he must
resist the degradation o f a m a n to a measure
I must get with tru th t h ough I should never
come to act as y o u ca ll it with e ff ect I mus t
consent to inaction A patience which is grand ;
a b rave and cold neglect o f the o fli ces which
prudence exacts so it b e done in a d eep upper
pie ty ; a consent to so litude and inaction which
proceeds out o f an un wi llingness to v iolate
character is the century which makes the gem
Whilst there fore I d esire to express the respect
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
’
O N T HE T I MES
L E CT URE
2 79
j oy I feel be fore this sublime connection
o f re forms now in their in fancy around us I
urge the more earnestly the paramount duties
I cannot find lan g uage o f su ffi
o f sel f reliance
cient energy t o convey my sense o f the sacred
ness of private integri ty A ll m en all things
the state the c hu rch yea the friends o f the hear t
are p h antasms and unreal beside t h e sanctu ary
With so much a we with so much
o f the heart
fear let it b e respected
The great majo rity of men unable to judge
o f any principle until its light falls o n a fact are
not aware o f the evil that is aroun d them until
they see it in some gross form as in a class o f
inte m perate men or slaveholders or soldiers
or fraudulent persons Then they are greatl y
mov ed ; and magni fying the importance o f that
wrong they fancy that if that a b use were re
dressed all wou ld go well and they fill the la n d
with clamor to correct it Hence the mission
ary and other religious e ff orts I f every island
and every house had a Bi b le if every chil d
wa s b rough t into the S unday S chool would t h e
wounds o f the world h eal and man b e upright ?
But the man o f ideas accounting the circum
stance nothing judges o f the com m on wealt h
‘
from the state o f h is own m I n d
I f he says
an
d
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
~
,
,
’
.
,
,
T HE T
L E CT URE ON
I MES
2 81
ter The exaggeration which our young people
make o f h is wrongs characterizes themselves
What are no t rifles to t h em they natu rally think
are no trifles to P ompey
We say then that the re forming movement is
sacred in its origin ; in its management and de
tails timid and pro fane These bene factors hope
t o raise man b y improving his circu m stances
by combination of that which is dead t h ey hope
to make something alive I n vain By new in
fusions alone o f the spirit by which he is made
and directed can he b e t e made and rein forced
The sad Pestalozzi who shared with all ardent
spirits the hope o f E urope on the outbreak o f
the F rench R evolution after witnessing its se
quel recorded his conviction that the ame l io
ration o f outward circumstances will b e the e ffect
but ca n never b e the means o f mental a n d moral
i m provement Q uitting now the class o f a c
tors let u s turn to see how it stands wi th the
other class o f which we spoke namely the stu
dents
A new disease has fallen on the li fe o f man
E v ery Age like every human b ody h a s its own
distemper O ther times have h ad war or fa m
ine or a b arbarism domestic or bordering a s
their antagonism O ur forefathers walked in the
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
-
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
L E C T URE ON T HE T I MES
world a n d went to their graves tormented wit h
the fear o f S in and the terror o f the Day o f
Judgment T h ese terrors have lost their force
and our torment is U n b elie f t h e U ncertain t y
as to what we ought to do ; the distrust o f t h e
value o f what we do and t h e distrust that t h e
N ecessity (which we all at l ast b elieve in ) is fai r
cen t
and be n efi
O ur R el igion assumes the neg
a tive form o f rejection
O ut o f love o f the tr u e
we repudiate the false ; a n d the R eli g ion is an
a bolishing criticism
A great perplexity h angs
like a cloud on t h e brow o f all culti v ated per
a certain im b ecility in t h e b est spirits
s ons
n d
which distinguishes the period We do n o t fi
t h e same trait in the A ra b ian in the He b rew in
G reek R oman N orman E ngli s h periods ; no
b ut in other m e n a natural firmness The men
d id n o t see b eyond the need o f the hour They
f
lanted
their
oot
stro
n g and dou b ted not h in
p
g
We mistrust e v ery step we take We find it th e
worst thing a b out time that we know not what
‘
to do with it We are s o sharp sighted that we
can neither work nor think neither read P lato
nor not read h im
Then there is what is called a too intellectual
tende n cy Can there b e t oo m uch intellect ?
W e have never met with any such excess But
2 82
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
,
.
.
.
L E C T URE O N T HE T I M ES
2 83
the criticism which is levelled at the laws a n d
m anners ends in thought without causing a
The genius o f the day d oes
n ew method o f li fe
n o t incline to a deed but to a beholdi n g
I t is
not that men do not wish to act ; they pine to
b e employed but are paral yzed by th e u n cer
tainty what they should do The inadequ a cy o f
the work to the faculties is the pain ful percep
tion which keeps them still This happens to
the b est Then talents b ring their usual temp
rations and the current literature and poetry
with perverse ingenu ity draw us away from li fe
to so litude and meditation This could well be
borne if it were great and invo l untary ; if the
men were ravished b y their thought and hur
ried into ascetic extravagances S ociety could
then manage to release their shoulder from its
wheel and grant t h em fo r a time this privilege o f
sa bb ath But they are not so Thinking which
wa s a rage is b ecome an art The thinker gives
m e results and never invites m e to b e present
with him at his invocation o f truth a n d to enjoy
wit h h im its proceed ing into his m ind
S o little action am idst such audacious a n d yet
sincere pro fession that we b egin to doubt if
t h at great revolution in t h e art o f war which
has m ade it a ga m e of posts instead o f a ga m e
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
‘
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
L
E C T URE
HE T I MES
ON T
'
2
85
gen in the atmosphere ?What has checked in
this age the ani m al spirits which gave to our
fore fat h ers their bounding pulse ?
But have a little patience with this melan
ch o l
humor
Their
unbelie
arises
out
f
a
o
f
y
greater Belief ; their inaction out o f a scorn o f
inadequate action By the side o f these men
the hot agitators have a certain cheap and ridicu
lous air ; they even look smaller than the ot h ers
O f the two I own I like the specu lators best
They have some pie ty which looks with faith
to a fair Fu tu re unpro faned by rash and u n
equal attempts to realize it A nd trul y we shall
find much to console u s when we consider the
cau se o f their u n easiness I t is the love o f great
ness it is the need o f harmony the contrast o f
t h e dwa rfi
s h A c t u al with the exorbitant Idea
N 0 man can compare the ideas and aspirations
o f the innovators o f the present day with those
without feeling h ow great
o f fo r mer periods
a n d h igh this criticism is
The revolutions that
impend over socie ty are not n o w from ambition
and rapaci ty from impatience of o n e or another
form o f government but from new modes o f
thinking whic h S hall reco m pose society a fter
a new order which s h all animate labor by love
a n d science
whic h s h all destroy th e value o f
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
'
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
2 86
O N T HE
L E CT URE
TI MES
many kinds o f property and replace al l p ro
perty within t h e dominion o f re ason a n d equi t y
There was never so great a thought labo ring in
the breasts o f men as now I t al m ost see m s as
if w h at was a fore t ime spo k en fabulously a n d
hieroglyphically was now spoken plainly the
d oc trine namely o f the indwelling o f the Crea
tor in man The spiritualist wishes t h is only
that the spiritual principle should h e su ffered
to demonstrate itsel f t o the end in all possi ble
applications to the state o f man without the
ad m ission O f anything unspiritu al that is any
thing positi ve dogmatic o r personal The ex
cel le n ce o f this class consists in this t h at they
have b elie ved that a fli rm in g the need o f new
and h igher modes o f living and action they
have a b stained from the recommendation o f l ow
m ethods Their fault is t h at they have stoppe d
at the intellectual perception that their will is
n o t yet inspired fro m the F ountain o f Love
B ut whose fault is this ?and what a fault a n d
to w h at inquiry does it lead ! We have com e
to that which is t h e spring o f all power o f
beauty and vir t u e o f art and poetry and who
shall t e l l u s according to what law its inspira
tions and its in formations are given or with
holden
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
L E CT URE
O N T HE T I MES
2
87
I do n o t wish to be g uil t y o f the narrowness
and pedantry o f in ferring the tendency and gen
ius o f the Age from a few and insu ffi cient facts
or persons E very a g é h as a t h ousand sides and
signs and tendencies and it is only when su r
v ey ed from in ferior points o f view that great
varieties o f character appear O ur time t oo is
full o f activity and per formance I s there not
something comprehensive in the grasp o f a soci
ety which to great mechanical in v en tion and the
b est ins titutions o f property adds the most dar
ing theories ; which explores the subtlest and
most universal problems A t the mani fest risk
o f repe ating what every other A ge h as thought
o f itsel f we mi g ht say we think the Genius o f
this A ge more philosophical than any other h as
been righter in its aims truer with less fear
less fa b le less mixture of any sort
But turn it how we will as we ponder t h is
meaning o f the times every new thought drives
us to the deep fact that the Time is the child
The main interest wh ich any
o f the E ternity
aspects o f t h e Times can h ave fo r us is the
great spirit whic h gazes through them the light
which they can shed o n the wonderful ques
tions What we are ?and Whither we tend ?
We do not wis h to be deceived Here we dri ft
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
L E C T URE ON T HE T I MES
2 89
n eat h all these appearances lies that which is
that which lives that which causes This ever
renewing generation o f appearances rests on a
‘
reality and a reality that is alive
T o a true scholar the attraction o f the aspects
o f nature the departments o f li fe and the
as
p
sages o f his experience is simply the in forma
tion they yield him o f this s u preme natu re which
lurks within all That reali ty that causing force
is mora l The Moral S entiment is but its other
name I t makes by its presence or a b sence right
and wrong beauty and ugliness genius or de
ra v a t io n
f
A
s
the
ranite
comes
to
the
sur
ace
p
g
and towers into the highest mountains and if
we dig down we find it below the superficial
stra ta so in all the details o f o u r domestic or
civil li fe is hidden the elemental reality which
ever and anon comes to the surface and forms
the grand men who are the leaders and ex
amples rather than the companions o f the race
The granite is curiously concealed u nder a t h ou
sand formations and s u rfaces under fertile soils
and g rasses and flowers under well manured
ara b le fields and large towns and cities but it
makes the foundation o f these and is always in
dica t in g its presence b y s l ight b ut sure signs
8 0 is it with the Li fe of our li fe so close does
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
L E CT URE O N T HE T I MES
that al so hide I read it in gl ad and in weepin g
eyes I read it in the pride and in the humility
it is recognized in every b argain a n d
o f people
in every complaisance in every criticism and in
a l l praise ; it is voted fo r at elec t ions ; it win s
the cause with juries ; it rides the stormy elo
u e n ce o f the senate sole victor ; histories a re
q
w ritten o f it holidays decreed to it ; statues
tom b s churches built to its honor ; y et m en
seem to fear and to s h un it when it h omes b arel y
to V iew in our immediate neigh b orhood
F or that reality let u s stand ; that let u s serv e
and fo r that speak O n l y a s fa r as t h a t shin es
through them are these times or any times
worth consideration I wish to speak o f th e pol
iti es education business and religion around us
without ceremony or false de ference Y ou will
a bsolve me from the charge o f flip p a n cy or m a
l ig n it y or the desire to sa y smart things at the
expense o f who m soever when you s ee that real
it y is all we prize and that we are b ound on our
en t rance into nature to speak fo r that Let it
not b e recorded in ou r own memories that in
this moment o f the E ternity whe n we who were
named by our names flitt ed across the l igh t we
were afraid o f any fact or disgraced the fair
Day by a pusillanimous pre ference o f our b read
2 90
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
L E CT URE ON
T
HE T I M ES
2 91
to our freedom What is the scholar what is
the man f or b ut fo r hospitality to every new
thought o f h is time ? Have you leisure power
property friends ?Y ou shall b e the asylum and
patron o f every new thought every unprove n
opinio n every untried project which proceeds
‘
out o f good will and honest seeking A ll the
newspapers all the to n gues o f to day wil l o f
cou rse at first de fame what is noble ; b ut you
who hold not o f t o da y not o f the times but
are to stand fo r it : and
o f the E verlasting
the highest compliment man e ver receives from
heaven is the sending to him its disg u ised and
discredited angels
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
-
,
,
.
,
T HE
A
C ONSERVA TI VE
LECTU RE DELI VERED
TON
BOS
,
AT
T HE
DECEMBER
M A SO N I C
9
,
1
84
1
TEM P LE
,
T H E C O N S E RV A T I V E
HE two parties which divide the state the
party o f Conse rvatism and that of I nno
vation are very old and have disputed the pos
session of the worl d ever since it was made
This quarrel is the su bject o f civil histo ry The
conservative party esta bl ished the rev erend hie
ra rch ies and monarchies o f the most ancient
world The battle o f patrician and plebeian o f
parent state and co lony o f old usage and aeco m
m o da tio n to new facts o f the rich and the poor
reappears in all countries and times The war
rages not only in battl e h el ds in national coun
cils and eccl esiastica l synods but agitates every
man s bosom with opposing advantages every
hour O n rol l s the old worl d meantime and
now one now the other gets the day and stil l
the fight renews itsel f a s if for the first time
under new names and hot personalities
S uch an irreconcila bl e antago n ism o f course
must have a correspondent depth o f seat in the
human constitution I t is the opposition of
Past and F uture o f Memory and Hope of the
U ndersta nding and t h e R eason I t is the pri
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
T
HE CO NSERVA T I VE
’
2 97
with N ight thou art become a n evi l eye ; thou
s pakest from l ove ; now thy words smite me
with hatred I appea l to F ate must there not
‘
b e rest ? I appeal to F ate a l so said U ra
nus must there not be motion ? B ut S aturn
was silent and went on making oysters for a
thousand years
A fter that the word o f U ran u s came into
his mind like a ra y of the su n and he made
J u piter ; and then he feared a gain ; and nature
froze the things that were made went b ack
ward and to save the world Jupiter slew h is
father S aturn
This may stand for the earl iest account o f a
conversation on politics between a Conserva
tive and a R adical which h a s come down to us
I t is ever thus I t is the counteraction o f the cen
I
nnovation
is
t r p e t a l and the centri fugal forces
i
the salie n t energy ; Conservatism the pause on
the last moveme n t That which is wa s made by
God saith Conservatism He is leaving that
he is entering this other rejoins Innovation
There is always a certain meanness in the
argument o f conservatism joined with a cer
tain superiority in its fact I t a flirm s because
it holds I ts fingers cl utch the fact and it will
not open its eyes to see a better fact T h e ca s
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
’
,
.
,
‘
’
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
T
2 98
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
t l e which c onservatism is set to defend is t h e
a ctual state o f things good and bad
The p ro
j cet of innovation is the b est possi b le state o f
t hin g s
O f course conse rvatism always has t h e
W orst o f the argu ment is always apologizing
p l eading a necessity pleading that to change
would b e to deteriorate : it must saddle itsel f
with the mountainous load o f the violence and
must de n y the possi b ili ty o f
v ice o f society
good deny ideas and suspect and stone t h e
prophet ; whilst innovation is always in t h e
right triumphant attacking and sure o f fina l
success Conservatism stands on man s con
fessed limitatio n s re form o n his indispu ta b l e
in fi
n itu de ; conservatism on circumstance
lib
era lis m on power ; one goes to make an adroi t
m ember o f the social frame the other to post
po n e all things to the man himsel f ; conserva
t is m is de b onair a n d social re form is individua l
and imperious We are re formers in spring and
summer in autum n and winter we stand by t h e
old ; re formers in the mor n ing conservers at
night R e fo rm is a flirm a tiv e conservatism neg
ative ; conservatism goes fo r com fort re form
fo r truth Conservatism is more candid to be
hold another s worth ; re form more disposed t o
m aintain and increase its own
Conservatis m
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
’
.
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
2 99
makes no poetry breathes no prayer has no
invention ; it is all memo ry R e form has no
gratitude no prudence no hus bandry I t makes
a great di fference to you r figure and to your
thought whether your foot is advancing or re
ceding Conservatism never puts the foot fo r
ward ; in the hour when it does that it is not
esta b lishment b ut re form Conservatism tends
to universal seeming and treac he ry b elieves in
a negative fate ; b elieves that men s temper
gover n s them ; that fo r me it avails not to trust
in principles they will fail me I must bend a
little ; it distrusts na t u re ; it thinks there is a
—
general law without a particular application
law fo r all that does not include any one R e
form in its antagonism inclines to asinine resist
ance to kick with hoo fs ; it ru n s to egotism
and b loated sel f conceit ; it runs to a b odiless
pretension to un n atural refining and elevation
which ends in h y pocrisy a n d sensual reaction
A nd so whilst we do not go b eyond genera l
statements it may b e safely a flirm ed o f these
t wo metaphysica l antagonists that each is a good
hal f b ut an impossi b le whole E ach exposes
the a b uses o f the other but in a true society in
‘
a true man b oth must com b ine N ature does
n o t give the crown o f its appro b ation namely
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
7
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
HE C ONSERVAT IVE
T
1
6
3
nature eac h o f t h ese elements being a l
ways present each theory has a natural support
A s we take ou r stand on N ecessity or on E th
ics shall we go fo r the conservative or fo r the
re former I f we read the worl d historically we
shall say Of al l the ages the present hour and
circumsta n ce is the cumulative result ; this is the
b est throw o f the dice o f nature that has yet
b een or that is yet possi b l e I f we see it from
th e side of W ill or the M oral S entiment we
shall accu se the Past and the Present and re
quire the impossi b le o f the F uture
B ut although this bi fold fact l ies thus united
in real na ture and so united that no man can
continue to exist in who m b oth these elements
do not work yet men are not philosophers but
are rather v ery foo l ish children who b y reason
o f their partiality s ee everything in the most
absurd ma n ner and are the victims at al l times
There is even no philo
o f the nearest o bject
sopher who is a philosopher at all times O ur
experience our perception is conditioned b y the
need to acquire in part s a n d in succession that
is with every truth a certain falsehood A s this
is the invaria b le method o f our tra ining we
must give it all owance and su ff er men to learn
a s they have done fo r six mil l enniums a word at
In
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
T
2
6
3
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
a time ; to pa ir o ff into insane parties and lear n
the amount of tr u th eac h knows b y the deni a l
F or the pres en t
o f an equa l amount o f truth
then to come at what sum is attaina b le to us we
must eve n hear the parties p l ead as parties
T h at which is best a b out conservatism th a t
which though it cannot b e expressed in de
tail inspires reverence in all is t h e I nevita bl e
There is the question not on ly what the con
s e rva tiv e says fo r himsel f but why must h e s a y
it ?What insurmounta b le fact b inds him to that
side ? Here is the fact which men cal l F ate a n d
fate in dread degrees fate b ehind fate n o t to b e
disposed o f b y the con sideration that the Con
science commands this or that but necessitating
the question whether the facu lties of man will
play h im true in resisting the facts o f univers al
experience ? For although the commands o f
the Conscience are essen t ia lly a b solute they are
h is t or ica lly limitary Wisdom does n o t seek a
literal rectitude but an u se ful that is a con d i
t io n ed one such a one as the facu lties o f m a n
and the constitution o f things will warrant T h e
re former the partisan loses himse l f in drivi n g
to the utmost some special ty o f right conduct
until h is own nature and all nature resist him
b ut W isdom attempts n oth ing enormous a n d
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
0
3 3
disproportioned to its powers nothin g w h ich it
cannot perform or nearly perform We h a ve al l
a certain inte ll ec tion or presentiment of re for m
existing in the mind whi c h does not yet descend
into the character and those who throw them
What
s elves b lindly o n this lose themselves
ever they attempt in that direction fails and
reacts sui cidal l y on the actor himsel f This is
the penal t y o f having tra nscended nature F or
the existing wor ld is not a dream and cannot
with impunity b e treated as a dream ; neither
is it a disease ; but it I S the ground on which
you stand it is the mother of whom y ou were
b orn R eform converses with possi bi lities per
chance with impossi bilities ; but here is sacred
fact This also was true or it could not b e : it
had li fe in it or it could not have existed ; it
has li fe in it or it could not continue Y our
schemes may b e feasi b l e or may not b e bu t
this has the endorsement of nature and a l ong
friendship and coha b itation with the powers o f
nature This will stand until a b etter cast of the
dice is made The contest between the F uture
and the Past is one between Divinity entering
Y ou are welcome to
a n d Divinity departing
try your experi m ents and if y ou can to dis
a t id eal repu b l ic
l
a
c
e
the
a
c
a
l
order
by
th
t
u
u
o
p
y
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
T
HE C ONSERVAT IVE
h ave
6
3 5
your bein g in this and your deeds co ntra
dict your words every day F or as you ca nnot
jump from the g round without using the resist
ance o f the ground nor p u t out the boat to
sea without shovin g from the shore nor attai n
liberty without rejectin g obligation so you are
under the necessity o f usin g the A ctu al order
o f things in order to disuse it ; to live by it
whilst you wish to take away its li fe The past
has baked your loaf and in the stren gth o f its
bread you would break up the oven But y ou
are betrayed by your own nature Y ou also are
conservatives However men please to style
themselves I see no other than a conservative
party Y ou are not only identica l with us in
your needs but also in your methods and aim s
Y ou quarrel with my conserv atism but it is to
build up one o f your own it will have a new
be g inning but the same cours e and end the
same trials the same passions ; among the lov
ers o f the new I observe that there is a jealousy
o f the newest and that the seceder from the
seceder is as damnable as the pope himsel f
O n these and the like grounds of genera l
statement conservatism plants itsel f without
da n ger o f being displaced E speciall y be fore
this p er son a l appeal the innovator must con fess
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
T
6
6
3
HE C ONSERVAT I V E
his weakness mu s t con fess that no man is to
be found good enough to be entitled to stan d
champion fo r the principle But when this great
tendency comes to p ractical encounters and is
challenged by youn g men to whom it is no a h
s tra ct io n but a fact o f hun ger distress and ex
elusion from opportunities it must needs seem
injuriou s The youth o f cou rse is an innovator
by the fact of his birth There he stands newly
born on the planet a universal beggar with a ll
the reason of things one would say on his side
I n his first conside ration how to feed clothe and
warm himsel f he is met by warnings on every
hand that this thing and that thing have owners
and he must go elsewhere Then he says I f
I am born in the earth where is my part ?h ave
the goodness gentlemen o f this world to show
me my wood lot where I may fell my woo d
my field where to plant my corn my pleasan t
ground where to build my cabin
Touch any wood or field or hou se lot o n
your peril cry all the gentlemen o f this world ;
but you may come and work in o u rs for u s
and we will give you a piece o f bread
A nd what is that peril
K niv es and muskets if we meet you in t h e
a ct ; imprisonment if we find you afterward
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
’
.
,
-
,
,
’
,
,
,
’
.
,
’
,
.
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
0
3
7
A nd by what authority ki n d gentlem en ?
By our la w
A nd your law
is it just ?
‘
A s just fo r y ou as it wa s fo r us We wrought
fo r others under this law and got our lands so
I repeat the question Is your law just ?
N ot quite just bu t necessary Moreover it
is juster n o w than it was when we were born
we have made it milder and more equal
I will none of your law returns the youth ;
‘
it encu mbers me I cannot understand or so
m u ch as spare time to read that needless libra ry
N ature has su fficiently provided
o f your l aws
me with rewards and sharp penalties to bind me
not to transgress Like the Persian noble o f old
“
I a s k that I may neither command nor obey
I do not wish to enter into your complex socia l
system I shall serve those whom I can and
they who can will serve me I shall seek those
whom I love and shun those whom I love not
and what more ca n all yo u r laws render me ?
With eq u al earnestness and good faith replies
to this plainti ff an upholder o f the establish
ment a man o f many vi rtues
Your opposition is feather brained and over
fine Y oung man I have no skill to talk with
you but look at me ; I have risen early and sat
’
,
’
.
,
.
’
,
.
’
,
.
,
,
’
.
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
”
.
.
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
-
.
,
,
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
0
3 9
E arth is yours so also is it mine A ll your a g
re a t e existences are less to me a fact than is my
g g
own ; as I am b orn to the E arth so the E arth
is gi ven to me what I want o f it to till and to
plant ; nor could I without pusil lanimity om it
to claim so much I must not only have a
n ame to live I must live
My genius leads me
to build a di fferent manner o f life from any
o f yo u rs
I cannot then spare you the w h o l e
world I love y ou better I must tell you the
truth practically ; and take that which you cal l
yo u rs I t is God s world and mine ; yo u rs as
m u ch as you want mine as m uch as I want
Bes ides I know your ways ; I know the sy m p
toms o f the disease To the end o f yo u r power
you will serve this lie which cheats you Y our
want is a gul f which t h e possession o f the broad
earth would not fill Yonder su n in heaven you
wou ld pluck down from shining on the universe
and make him a propert y and privacy if you
could ; and the moon and the north star you
would quickly have occasion fo r in your closet
and bed chamber What you do not want fo r
u se
you crave fo r ornament and wh at your
convenience could spare you r pride cannot
O n the other hand precisely the de fence
which was set up for th e British Constitution
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
’
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
,
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
T
1
0
3
namel y that with a l l its admitted de fects rotte n
borou ghs and monopolies it worked well a n d
s ubstantial justice wa s someho w done
the wis
dom and the wort h did get into parliament a n d
every interest did by right or m ight or sleight
get represented ; the same de fence is set u p
fo r the existing institutions They are n o t t h e
b est ; they are not just ; and in respect to you
personally O brave youn g man ! they cannot be
justified They have it is most true le ft y o u
no acre fo r your own and no law but our la w
to the ordaining o f which y ou were no par t y
B ut they do answer the end they are really
friendly to the go od un friendly to the bad ;
the y second the industrious and the kind ; they
foster genius They really have so m u ch flex i
bilit y as to a fford your talent and character o n
the w h ole the same chance o f demonstrati o n
a n d success which they m ight have if there wa s
no law and no property
I t is trivial and merely superstitious to sa y
that nothing is given you no outfit no ex h ibi
tion ; fo r in this institution o f cr edit which is
as universal as honesty and promise in the h u
man countenance al ways some neighbor stan d s
ready to be bread and land and tools and stock
to the young adventu rer A nd if in any o n e
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
—
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
T
HE C ONSERVAT IVE
1
1
3
spect they h ave come s h ort see what ample
retribu tion of good they have made They h ave
lost no ti m e and spared no expense to colle ct
libraries m useums ga lleries colleges palaces
hospitals O bservatories cities The ages h ave
not been idle nor kings slack nor the ri c h nig
f
ave
we
not
atoned
o r this smal l o f
a rd ly
H
g
fence (which we could not help ) o f leaving y ou
no right in the soil by this splendid indem
n ity o f ancestral and nation a l wealt h ?Would
you have been born like a gipsy in a hedge
and pre ferred your freedom on a heath and the
range o f a planet which had no shed or boscage
to cover y o u fro m sun and wind
to this to w
ered and citied world ?to this world of R ome
and M emphis and Constantinople and V ienn a
and Paris and London and N ew Y ork ? F or
thee N aples F lorence and V enice ; fo r thee the
fair Mediterranean the sun ny A driatic ; fo r thee
both I ndies smile ; fo r thee the hospitable N orth
opens its heated palaces under the polar circle ;
fo r thee roads have been cu t in eve ry d irec
tion across the land and fleets of floatin g pal
aces with eve ry secu rity fo r strength and pro
vision fo r luxu ry swim by sai l and by steam
through all the waters of this world E very
island fo r thee has a town every town a hotel
re
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
3 3
1
Besides it might temper your i ndig natio n at
t h e s u pposed wrong which society has done y ou
t o keep the question be fore you h ow socie t y
got into this predi ca ment ?Who p u t things on
this false basis ? N o single man but all men
N o man voluntari ly and knowingly ; but it is
the resu l t of that degree o f cu lture t h ere is in
the planet T h e order o f thi n g s is as good as
the character of the population permits Con
sider it as the work o f a great and ben efi
ce n t
and progressive necessity which from the first
pulsation in the fi rst animal li fe up to the pre
sent high cu l ture Of the best nations has a d
T hank the rude foster mother
v a n ce d thus fa r
though sh e has taught you a better wisdom than
her o wn and has set hopes in y our heart which
shall be history in the next ages Y ou are your
sel f the res u lt of this manner o f l iving this foul
compromise this vituperated S odom I t nour
is h ed you with care and love on its breast as it
h a d nourished many a lover o f the right and
m any a poet and prophe t and teacher o f men
I S it so irremediab l y bad ? Then again if the
mitigations are considered do not al l the m is
chie fs virtually vanish ? The form is bad but
see you not h ow every personal character reacts
on the form a n d makes it new ?A strong per
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
T
34
1
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
ma kes the l aw and cu stom nul l be fore h is
Then the p rinciple of l ove and trut h
o wn will
rea ppears in the strictest courts o f fashion and
property U nder the richest robes in the dar
lings o f the selectest circles o f E uropean or
A merican aristocracy the strong heart will beat
with love o f mankind with impatience o f acci
dental disti n ctions with the desire to achieve
its own fate and make eve ry ornament it wea rs
authentic and real
M oreover as we have al ready shown tha t
t h ere is no pure re form er so it is to be co n sid
ered that there is no pure conservative no m a n
who from the beginning to the end o f his li fe
maintains the de fective institutions ; but he wh o
sets his face like a flint against eve ry n ovelty
when approached in the con fi dence o f conve r
sation in t h e presence o f friend l y and gene r
ous persons has also his gracious a n d relentin g
moments and espouses fo r the time the caus e
a n d even if this be a shortlived e m o
o f man
tion yet the remem b rance o f it in pri vate hou rs
mitigates his selfishness and compliance wit h
custom
The F riar B ernard lamented in his cell o n
Mount Cenis the crimes o f mankind and rising
one m orning before day from his bed o f moss
so n
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
HE C O NSERVAT I VE
T
35
1
and dry leaves he gnawed his roots and berries
drank of the spring and set forth to go to R ome
to reform the corruption o f mankind O n his
wa y he enco u ntered many travellers who greeted
h im courteously and the ca bins o f the peasants
and the castles o f the lords supplied his few
wants When he came at last to R ome h is
piety and good will easil y introduced him to
m any families o f the rich and on the first da y
he sa w and talked with gentle m others with
their ba b es at their b reasts who told him how
m uch love they bore t h eir children and h o w
they were perplexed in their dai ly walk lest they
‘
should fail in their duty to them What ! h e
s a id and this on rich embroidered carpets on
marble floors with cunning sculpture and car ved
wood and rich pictures and piles o f books
a b out y o u
Look at o u r pictures and
books they said and we will tell y ou good
F ather how we spent the last evening These
are stories o f godly chil d ren a n d holy families
and romantic sacrifices made in old or in recent
times by great and not mean pers ons ; and last
evening our family was collected and our hus
b ands and b rothers disco u rsed sadly on what we
could save and give in the hard times T h en
came in the men and they said What cheer
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
,
,
,
T
HE C O NSERVAT I VE
1
3
7
t h e contemplation o f some S cy thian A n a ch a r
sis the erect formidable valor o f some D orian
townsmen in the town o f S parta ; the vigor o f
Clov is the F rank and Al fred the S axo n and
A laric the G oth and Mahomet Al i and O mar
the A rabians Saladin the K urd and O thman
the Turk su fli ced to build what you call society
on the spot and in the instant when the sound
mind in a sound body appeared R ich and
fine is your dress O conservatism ! your horses
are of the best b lood ; your roads are well cut
and well paved ; your pantry is fu ll o f meats and
your cellar o f wines and a very good state and
condition are you fo r gentlemen and ladies to
live under ; b ut eve ry one o f these goo ds steals
away a drop o f my b lood I want the necessity
A ll this costly
o f supplying my own wants
culture o f y ours is not necessary G reatness
d oes not n eed it Y onder peasant who sits neg
lec te d there in a corner carries a whole rev o lu
tio n o f man and nature in h is head which shall
b e a sacred history t o some futu re ages F or
man is the end o f nature ; nothing so easily
organizes itsel f in ev ery part o f the universe as
he ; n o moss no lichen is so easily born ; and
he takes along with him and puts ou t fro m
hi m sel f the whole apparatus o f society and con
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
1
3
T
8
HE C ONSERVA T I VE
dition ext emp or e as an army encamps in a desert
and where all was just now blowing san d creates
a white city in an hour a government a m a r
ket a place fo r feasting for conversation and
fo r love
These considerations urged by those who s e
characters and whose fortunes are y et to be
formed must needs command t h e sympathy o f
all reasonable persons But beside that char
ity w h ich should make all adult persons inter
and engage them to se e
es t ed fo r the youth
that he has a free field and fair play on h is en
trance into li fe we are b ound to see t h at the
society o f which we compose a part does not
permit the formation or continuance o f views
and practices injurious to the honor and we lfare
The objection to conservatism
o f mankind
when em b odied in a party is that in its love o f
acts it hates principles ; it lives in the senses
not in truth it sacrifices to despair it goes fo r
availableness in its candidate n o t fo r worth ;
and fo r expediency in its m easures and not for
the right U nder pretence o f allowing fo r fric
tion it makes so many additions and su pple
ments to the machine o f society that it will play
smoothly and so ftly but will n o longer grind
any grist
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
1
3
9
The conservative party in the u n iverse con
cedes that the radical would talk su fficiently to
the p u rpose if we were still in the garde n o f
E den he legislates fo r man as he ought to be
his theory is right but he makes no al lowance
fo r friction and this omission makes his whol e
doctrine false The idealist retorts that the con
s e rv a tiv e falls into a fa r more noxious error in
the other extreme The conservative assumes
sickness as a necessity and his social frame is a
hospital his total legislation is for the present
distress a universe in slippers and fla n n els with
bi b and pap spoon swallowin g pills and herb
tea S ickness gets organized as well as health
the vice as well as the virtue N o w that a vi
cio u s system o f t rade has existed so lon g it has
stereotyped itsel f in the h u man gene ration and
m isers are born A nd now that sickness has
got such a foothold leprosy has grown cunnin g
has got into the ballot box ; the lepers outvote
the clean ; society has resol ved itsel f into a
Hospital Committee and all its laws are quar
antine I f any man resist and set up a foolis h
hope he has e n tertained as good against the
general despair S ociety frowns on him shuts
him out o f her opportunities her granaries her
re fectories her water and bread and will serve
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
T
1
2
3
quarre l some and re fractory to a degree that em
h arrassed the agents and seriousl y interru pted
the progress o f the work The corpora tion were
advised to call o ff the police and build a Ca th o
lic chapel which they did ; the priest presently
restored order and the work went o n prosper
S uch hints be sure are t o o valua b le t o b e
o u sl y
l ost I f you do n o t va l ue the S a bb ath or other
religious institutions give yoursel f no co n cern
a b out maintaining them They have already
acquired a market value as co n servators o f pro
perty ; and if priest and church mem b er should
fail the cham b ers o f commerce and the presi
dents O f the b anks the ver y innholders a n d
l andlords of the county would muster with fu ry
to their support
O f course religion in such hands loses its
essence I nstead o f that reliance which the sou l
suggests on the eternit y o f truth and duty men
are misled into a reliance on institutions which
the moment they cease to b e the instantaneous
creations o f the devout sentiment are worthless
R eligion among the low b ecomes low A s it
loses its truth it loses credit with the sagacious
They detect the falsehood o f the preaching bu t
when they say so all good citizens cry Hush ;
do not weaken the S tate do not take o ff the
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
T HE
2
2
3
C ONSERVA T I VE
stra it jack et from da n gerous perso n s E ve ry
ho n est fello w must keep up the hoax the bes t
he ca n ; must patroniz e Provide n ce and pie t y
and wherever he sees anything that wil l keep
men amused schools or churches or poetry o r
picture galleries or music or what not he mus t
‘
cry Hist a boy a n d urge the gam e on What
a complime n t we pay to the good S P I R I T wit h
our superserviceable z eal !
But n o t to bala n ce reasons for and aga i n s t
the establishment any longer and if it s t ill be
a sked in this n ecessity o f partial organizati o n
which party on the whole has the highest clai m s
I bring it home t o the
o n ou r sympathy
private heart where all such questions m u st
have their fi n al arbitrament Ho w wil l every
strong and generous mind choose its grou nd
- with the de fenders o f the old ?or with t h e
seekers of the new ? Which is that state whic h
promises to edi fy a great brave and ben efi
ce n t
man ; to throw him on his resources and ta x
the strength o f his character ? O n which par t
will each o f us find himsel f in the hour o f health
and of aspiration ?
I u ndersta n d well the respect o f mankind fo r
war because that b reaks u p the Chinese stagna
t ion o f society and demo n strates the person a l
.
,
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
T
HE C ONSERVA T I VE
2
3 3
merits o f al l men A state o f war or anarchy in
which la w has little force is so fa r va l uable that
it puts every man on trial The m a n o f princi
ple is kno wn as such and even in the fury o f
faction is respected I n the civil wars o f F rance
Montaigne alo n e among all the F rench ge n try
kept his castle gates unbarred and made his
personal integrity as good at l east as a regiment
The man of cou rage and resources is shown
and the e ff eminate and b ase person Those who
rise above war and those who fall b elow it it
easi l y discriminates as well as those who accept
ing its rude condi t ions k eep their own head by
their o wn sword
But in peace and a commercial state we de
pend n ot as we ou ght o n our knowledge and
all men s knowledge that we are honest men
but we cowardly lean on the virtu e o f O thers
Fo r it is alway s at last the virtu e o f some men
in the society which keeps the law in any rever
ence and power Is there not something shame
fu l that I should owe my peace ful occupancy o f
my house and field not t o the knowledge o f
my countrymen that I am u sefi
a l b ut to their
respect fo r sundry other reputable persons I
kno w not whom whose joint virtue sti ll keeps
the law in good odor ?
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
T
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
2
3 5
der me in what I shall do to men ? O n th e
other ha n d these disposi tions establish their
relations to me Wherever there is wo rth I
shall be greeted W h erever there are men are
the o bjects o f my study a n d l ove S ooner or
later all men will be my friends and wi ll tes
t ify in all methods the energy o f their regard
I cannot thank y our law fo r my protection I
protect it I t is not in its power t o protect m e
I t is my business to make mysel f revered I
depend on my honor my labor and m y dispo
sit io n s fo r my place in the a ffections o f man
kind and not on a n y conventio n s or parchments
‘
o f yours
But if I allow m y se l f in derelictio n s and be
come idle and dissolute I quick l y come to love
the protection o f a strong law be cause I feel no
title in mysel f to my advantages To t h e ih
temperate and covetous person no love flows ;
to him manki n d would pay no rent no divi
dend if force were once re l axed ; nay if they
could give their verdict they would say that
h is sel f indulgence and his oppression deserved
punishme n t from society and not that rich
board and l odging h e now enj oys The law
ac ts the n as a s creen o f his u n worthiness and
makes h im worse the lon ger it p rotects him
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
,
.
T
2
6
3
HE C ONSERVAT I VE
I n c o n cl usio n to retur n from this al tern a ti on
Of p a rtia l v iew s to the high p l atform o f univer
sa l a n d n e c essary h istory it is a happine s s fo r
m a n ki n d that in novation h as got o n so fa r a n d
h as so free a fi e l d before it The bo ldness o f
t h e h o p e men entertai n tra n s ce n ds all form er
experience I t calm s a n d cheers them with the
ic
ure
t
o f a simple a n d equ al l i fe o f t ru t h a n d
p
piet y A nd this h op e flowered on what tre e ?
I t was n ot imported from the sto ck o f som e
ce l estial p l a n t bu t grew here o n the wild crab
I t is much t h at this o ld a n d
o f c on serv atism
vitu perated sy stem o f t hin gs h as borne so fair
a chi l d It predicts that amidst a planet p eo
pled with conserva tiv es one R eformer may yet
be born
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
T HE
A
T RANS C EN D EN T A LI S T
L ECT U RE REA D
BO S
AT
TO N
,
T HE
M A SON I C
JA NU A R Y ,
1 84 2
TEM P L E
,
THE
T RA N S C E N D E N T A LI S T
HE first thing we have to say respe ctin g
what are called n ew views here in N ew
E ngland at the present time is that they are
not new but the very oldest o f thoughts cast
into the mould of these new times The light
is alway s identical in its composition b ut it fal l s
on a great variety o f o bjects and by so falling
is first revealed to us n ot in its own form fo r
it is formless but in theirs ; in like manner
thought o n ly appears in the objects it classifies
What is popularly called Transcendentalism
among us is Idealism ; Idealism as it appears in
1 84 2
A s thinkers mankind have ever divided
into two sects M aterialists and Idealists ; the
fi rst cl ass foundi n g on experience the secon d
on consciousness ; the first class b eginning to
think from the data o f the senses the second
class perceive that the senses are n o t final and
say The senses give us representations o f
things b ut what are the things themse l ves they
cannot tell The materialist insists o n facts on
histo ry on the force o f circumstances and the
anim a l wants o f man ; the idea l ist on the power
‘
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
T
0
33
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI ST
Thought and of Wi l l on inspiration on m ir
acle on individua l cu l ture These two modes
but the idea lis t
o f thi n ki n g are both nat ural
contends that his way o f thinking is in higher
nature He con cedes al l that the other a fli rm s
admits the impressio n s of sense admits their
coherency their use and b eauty and then asks
the materialist fo r his grounds o f assurance th at
things are as his se n ses rep resent them But I
he says a flirm facts not a ffected by the il l usio n s
o f sense facts which are o f the same natu re a s
the facul t y which report s them and not l iab l e
to dou bt ; facts which in their first appearance t o
u s assume a native superiority to material facts
degrading these into a lan g uage by which t h e
first are to be spoken ; facts which it only need s
a retirement from the senses to discern E very
materialist will be a n idealist ; but an idealis t
‘
can nev er go backward to be a materialist
The idealist in speaking o f events sees the m
He does not deny the sensuous fact :
a s spirits
by no means ; but he will not see that alone
He does not deny the presence o f this table
this chair and the walls of this room bu t h e
looks at these things as the reverse side o f t h e
tapestry as the ot h er en d each being a seque l
or completion of a spiritual fact which nearly
Of
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI ST
T
1
33
concerns him This man ner o f looking at thin gs
.
trans fers every object in natu re from a n inde
pendent and a nomalous position without there
into the consciousness E ven the materialist
Condi llac perhaps the most l ogical expounder
“
Though
o f m a t eria lis m was constrained to say
we should soar into the heave n s though we
should sink into the abyss we never go out of
oursel ves ; it is a l ways our own thought that we
erceive
What
more
cou
l
d
an
idea
l
ist
say
?
p
The materialist secure in the certai n ty o f
sensation mocks at fin e spun theories at star
gazers and dreamers and be l ieves that his l i fe is
solid that he at l east takes nothi n g fo r granted
but knows where h e stands and what he does
Yet how easy it is to Sh ow him that he also is
a phantom walking and working amid phan
toms and that he need only ask a ques tio n or
two b eyond his daily questions to find his solid
universe growing dim and impalpab l e be fore
his sense The stu rdy capitalist no matter how
deep and square on blocks o f Q uincy gra n ite he
l ay s the foundations o f his banking house or
E xchange must set it at l ast not on a cube
corresponding to the angles o f his struct ure but
on a m a s s o f unk n own materials and so l i dity
red hot or white hot perhaps at the core which
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
T
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI ST
333
re ckons the world an appearance T h e
materialist res p ects se n sibl e m a sses S oci ety
Government so cial a rt a n d l uxury every es
t a blish m en t every m a ss whether majority o f
numbers or exte n t o f space or amount o f o h
The
idealist
has
e ct s every socia l a c tion
an
j
other measure which is metaphysica l name l y
the ra n h which thin g s themse lv es take in h is
consciousness ; n o t at al l the si ze or appearance
Mind is the only reality o f which men and all
other nat ures are better or worse reflectors
N ature literat ure history are only subjective
he
A
l
though
in
h
is
action
o v er o w
n omena
p
p
ered by the l aws o f actio n and so warm ly co
operating with m e n even pre ferring them to
himsel f yet whe n h e speaks scientifical l y or
a fter the order o f thought he is constrained to
degrade perso n s i n to representatives o f truths
He does not respect labor or the products o f
l abor namely property otherwise than as a
m ani fol d s y mbo l illustrating with wonderfu l
fidelity of detail s the l aws o f being ; he does not
respect governme n t except as fa r as it reiterates
the l aw o f his mi n d ; n or the church n or chari
ties nor arts fo r themse l ves ; bu t hears as at a
vast dista n ce what they say as if his conscious
antomimi
c
n ess wou l d s e a k t o h im throug h a
p
p
an
‘
d
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
T
334
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
cene His t h ought t ha t is the U niverse
His experience in cl i n es h im to behold t h e
ro
c
essio
n o f fa cts y ou a l l th e world a s flow
p
s
—
,
.
.
,
ing p erpe tuall y outward fro m a n in visible u n
sounded centre in himself centre a l ike o f h im
and o f them a n d n ecess itating h im to regard a ll
thin gs a s having a subjective or relative exis t
ence relative to that aforesa id U nkno wn Centr e
o f him
F rom this trans fer of th e world i n to the co n
this beholding o f al l t h ings in th e
s cio u s n ess
mind follow easily his w h o l e ethics I t is sim
f
l
be
se
l
dependen
The
height
er to
t
h
t
e
p
deity o f man is to be sel f su sta i n ed to need n o
gi ft no forei gn force S ociety is good when it
does n ot violate m e but best when it is likes t
to soli t ude Ev erything real is sel f existen t
E verything divi n e shares the sel f exi stence o f
Deity A ll that you a ll the world is the shadow
the perpet
o f that substance which you are
ual creation o f the powers of t h ought o f those
that are dependent and o f those that a re inde
pendent o f your will Do n ot cumber yoursel f
with fru itless pains to mend and remedy remote
e ffects ; let the soul be erect a n d a ll thi n gs wi ll
go well Y ou thi n k me the child of my circum
stances : I make my circums ta nce Let a n y
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
-
.
,
-
,
.
,
,
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI ST
T
h ought or
335
of
mine be di ff erent from
that they are the di ff erence will trans fo rm my
condition and e conom y I
this thought which
is called I
is the m ould into whi c h the world
is poured like melted wax The mould is in
visible but the world betray s the shape o f the
mould You call it the power of cir cumstance
but I t I s the power o f me A m I in harmony
with mysel f ?my position wil l seem to you just
and commanding A m I v icious and insane ?
my fortunes will seem to you obscure and de
scending A s I am so shall I associate and so
shall I act ; C e sar s history will paint out C ae sar
Jesus acted so be cause he thought so I do
not wish to overloo k or to gainsay any reali ty ;
I say I make my circumstance ; but if you ask
me When ce am I ? I feel like other men my
relation to that F act which can not be spoken
or defined nor even thought but which exists
and will exist
The Trans cendentalist adopts the whole con
n ect io n o f spiritual doctrine
He believes in
miracle in the perpetual open n ess of t h e h u m an
mind to n ew in flux of light and p ower ; he be
‘
liev es in in s pira tion an d in e cs tasy
He wishes
that the spiritual principle should h e su ff ered to
d emonstrate itsel f to t h e end in all possible
t
m o tive
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
’
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
T
do ctrine
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI ST
337
cal culation would lie as the dying
Desdemona lied would lie and deceive as
Pylades when he persona ted O restes ; wou ld
assassinate like Timoleon ; would perjure m y
sel f like E paminondas and Joh n de Witt ; I
would re solve on suicide like Cato ; I would
commit sacrilege with D avid ; yea and pluck
ears o f corn on t h e S a bbath for no other reason
than that I wa s fainting fo r lack o f food F or I
have assu rance in my sel f t h at in pardoning these
faults according to the letter man exerts the
sovereign right which the majes t y o f his being
con fe rs on him he sets the seal o f his divine
n ature to the grace he accords
I n like man n er if there is anything grand
and dari n g in human thought or virtue any re
lia n ce o n the vast the unknown any presenti
m e nt any extravaga nce o f faith the spiritualist
adopts it a s most in nature The oriental mind
h a s alway s ten de d to this largeness Buddhism is
an expression o f it The Buddhist who thanks
no man who says Do not flatter your bene
but who in his conviction that every
factors
good deed can by no possibility escape its re
ward will not decei ve the bene factor by pre
tendi n g that he has don e more than he should
is a Transcende n talist
of
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
”
,
,
,
,
.
T
8
33
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
Y ou wil l see by this sket ch t h at there is n o
uc
h
thin
g
a
Transcendenta
l
a
t
that
as
r
s
p y
there is n o pure Transcendenta l ist ; that we
know o f none but prophets and h eralds o f such
a p h i l osophy ; that all who by strong bias o f
nature h ave leaned to the spiritual side in doc
trine h ave stopped short of t h eir goal W e
have had many harbi n gers and forerunne rs bu t
o f a purely spiritual li fe
h isto ry has a fforded
no example I mean we have yet no man who
has leaned entirely on his character a n d eate n
angels food ; who trusting to his senti m ents
foun d li fe made o f m iracles ; who workin g
fo r universal aims fo u nd himsel f fed he knew
not h o w ; cl othed sheltered and weaponed he
k ne w not how a n d yet it was done by his o wn
‘
hands O nly in the instinct of the lower ani
mals we find the suggestion o f t h e m ethods of
it and something higher t h an our unders tand
ing The squ irrel hoards nuts and the bee
gathers honey without knowing w h at they do
and they are thus provided for wit h out selfi
sh
ness or disgrace
S hal l we say then that Transcendental ism is
the Saturnalia or excess of F aith ; t h e presenti
ment o f a fait h proper to m a n in his integri t y
excessiv e only when h is i m p erfect obedien ce
,
.
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
T
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI ST
339
hinders the satis faction o f his wish ?N ature is
transcendental exists primarily necessarily evyr
works and advan ces y et takes no thought for the
morrow Man owns the digni t y o f the li fe which
throbs around him in chemistry and tree and
animal and in t h e invo l untary fu nctions o f his
own b ody ; yet h e is balked when he tries to
fli n g himsel f into this enchanted circl e where
all is done without degradation Yet genius and
virtue predict in man the same absence o f pri
vate ends and o f condescension to circumstances
united with every trait and talent o f bea u ty and
power
This way o f t h inking falling on R oman times
m ade S toic philosophe rs ; falling on despotic
times made patriot Catos and Bru tu ses fal l i n g
on superstitious times made prophets and apos
tles ; on popish times made protesta n ts and
ascetic monks preachers o f F aith against the
preachers o f Works ; on prelatical times made
Puritans and Q uakers ; and falling on U nitarian
and commercial times makes the peculiar shades
o f I dealis m wh i c h we kno w
I t is well known to most o f my audience that
the Idealis m o f the present day acquired the
name of Transcendental from the use o f that
t erm by I m m anuel K ant o f K On i s ber
who
g
g
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
T
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
34
1
o m mon labors and competitions of the mar
k et and the ca u cus and b etake themselves to a
certain solitary and criti cal way o f living from
which no solid fruit has yet appeared to justi fy
They hold themselves aloo f :
t heir separation
t hey feel the disproportion b etween their fa cu l
t ies and the work o ff ered them and they pre fer
to ram b le in the count ry and perish o f ennui to
t h e degradatio n of such charities and such a m
bitions as t h e city can propose to them They
are striking work and crying out fo r somewhat
worthy to do ! What they do is done only be
cau se the y are overpowered by the humanities
that speak on all sides ; and they consent to such
l a b or a s is open to them though to their l o fty
dream the writing o f I liads or Ham lets or the
building o f cities or empires seems drudgery
N o w every one must do after his kind be h e
asp or angel and these must T h e question
which a wis e man and a student o f modern h is
tory will ask is what that kind is ?A nd truly
a s in ecclesiastica l history we take so much pain s
t o know what the Gn o stics what the E sse nes
what the Manichees and what the R e formers
believed it would not misbe come us to inquire
n earer home what these companions and co n
te mp ora ries o f ours t h ink a n d do at leas t so far as
c
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
34
T
2
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
these thoug hts and act ions appear to be not acci
dental and pe rsonal but com mon to many and
the inevitable flower of t h e Tree o f Time O ur
A merica n literature and spiritu al history are we
con fess in the optative m ood bu t whoso knows
these seething brains these admirable radicals
these unsocial worshippers t h ese talke rs wh o
talk the su n and moon away will believe that
this heresy ca nnot pass away without leaving its
‘
mark
They are lonely ; the spirit of their writing
and conversation is lonely ; they repel infl u ences ;
they shun general society ; they incline to shut
themselves in their cham b er in the house to live
in the country rather than in the to wn and to find
t heir tasks and amusements in solitude S ociet y
to be sure does not like this ve ry well it sa i t h
Whoso goes to wal k alone accuses the whole
world ; he dec l ares all to be unfit to be his com
panions ; it is very uncivil nay insulting ; So
‘
Meantime this retiremen t
cie ty will retaliate
does not proceed from any whim on the pa rt
o f these separators ; but if any one will take
pains to talk with them he wi l l find that t h i s
part is chosen both from temperament and fro m
principle with some u nwillingness too and a s
a choice o f t h e less of two evils ; fo r these p er
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
T
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI ST
34 3
ons are not by nature melancho l y sour and
unsocial
they are not stockish or bru te
b ut joyous susceptib l e a ffec tionate ; they have
even m ore than others a great wish to be loved
Like the young Mozart they are rather ready
to cry ten times a day But are you sure you
love me ? N ay if they te ll you their whole
tho u ght they will own that love seems to them
the last and highest gi ft o f nature ; that there
are persons whom in their hearts they daily
thank fo r existing
persons whose faces are
perhaps unknown to them but whose fame a n d
spirit have penetrated their solitude
and for
whose sake they wish to exist To behold the
beauty o f another character which inspires a
new interest in our own ; to behold the b eauty
lodged in a human b eing with such vivacity o f
apprehension that I a m instantly forced home
t o inquire if I am not de formity itsel f ; to b ehold
in another the expression of a love so high that
it assures itsel f assures itsel f also to m e agains t
ev ery possible casual ty except my unworthiness ;
these are degrees on the scale o f h u man hap
i
n ess to which they have ascended ; and it is a
p
fideli ty to this sentiment which has made co m
mon association distastefu l to them They wish
a just and even fellowship or no n e They can
s
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
—
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
—
T
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI S T
34 5
avage rudenes s ; t h e delicate one will be
shallow or the victim o f sensi b ility ; the rich l y
a ccomplished will have so m e capita l a b surdi ty ;
T is strange
a n d so every piece has a crack
b ut this masterpiece is the result o f such an ex
treme delicacy that the most uno b served flaw in
the b oy will neutralize the most aspiring genius
and spoil t h e work Tal k with a seaman o f the
hazards to li fe in his pro fession and he wil l ask
you Where a re t h e old sailors ? Do y o u not
see that all are young men ? A nd we on this
sea o f human thought in like manner inquire
Where are the Old idealists ?where are they
who represented to the last generation that ex
tra v a g a n t hope which a few happy aspirants
su ggest to ours ? I n looking at the clas s o f
counsel and power and wealth and at the ma
tronage o f the land amidst all the prudence
and all the tri v iali t y one asks Where are they
who represented genius virtue t h e invisible and
heavenly world to these ? A re they dead
t aken in early ripeness to the gods
as a n
cient wisdom foretold their fate ? O r did the
high idea die out o f them and leave their u m
perfumed body as its tom b and ta b let announ
cing to a l l that the celestial inhabitant who once
gave them beau ty had departed ?Will it b e
a
s
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
T HE T
RANS C EN D EN T A LI S T
better with the n ew generation ?We easily pre
dict a fair futu re to each new ca ndidate wh o
enters the lists but we are frivolous and vola
tile and b y low aims and ill example do what
we can to defeat this hope Then these youths
b ring us a rough but e ff ectu al aid By their
unconcealed dissatis faction they expose our pov
A
ca n ce o f m a n to man
erty and the in s ig n ifi
man is a poor limitary b enefactor He ought
a great influence
to b e a shower o f ben efi
ts
which should never let his b rother go bu t
s ho u ld re fresh old merits continually with n ew
o nes ; so that though absent he should neve r
b e o u t o f my mind his name never fa r from
my lips ; but if the earth should open at m y
side or my l ast hour were come his nam e
should b e the pra y er I should utter to the U ni
verse But in o u r experience man is c h eap and
friendship wants its deep sense W e a ff ect t o
dwell with our friends in their a b sence b ut we
do n o t ; when deed word or letter comes not
they l e t u s g o These exacting children a dv e r
tise u s o f our wants There is no compliment
they p a y you
n o smooth speech with the m ;
only this one complime n t o f insatia b le ex p ec
ta t io n
they aspire th ey severely exact and if
they only stand fast in this watch tower a n d
,
,
.
.
.
.
—
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
T
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI ST
34 7
persist in demanding unto the end and withou t
end then are they terri b le friends whereo f poet
and priest ca nnot choose but stand in awe and
what if they eat clouds and drink wind they
have not b een without se rvice to the race of
‘
man
With this passion fo r what is great and ex
t ra o rd in a ry it cannot b e wondered at that they
are repelled by vulgari ty and frivolity in people
They say to themselves I t is b etter to b e alone
than in b ad company A nd it is really a wish
to be met
the wish to find society fo r their
hope and religion
which prompts them to
shun what is ca lled society They feel that they
are never so fit fo r friendship as when they have
quitted mankind and taken themselves to friend
A picture a book a favorite spot in the hills
or the woods which they can people with the
fair and wo rthy creation o f the fancy can give
them o ften forms so vivid that these fo r the
t ime shall seem real and socie ty the illusion
But their solitary and fastidiou s manners not
only withdraw them from the conversation b ut
from the la b ors o f the world ; they are not
good citizens n o t good mem b ers o f societ y ;
unwillingly they h ea r their part o f the pu b lic
and p rivate burdens ; they do not willingl y
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
T
34 9
them What you call y our fundamental
institutions your great and holy causes see m
to the m great abuses and when nearly seen
paltry matters E ach ca use as it is called
Temperance say Calvinism or
s a y Ab olition
U nitarianism
b ecomes speedily a l ittle shop
where the article let it have been at first never
is now made u p into
s o su b tle and etherea l
porta b le and convenient cakes a n d retailed in
small quantities to suit purchasers You make
very free u se O f these words great and holy
but few things appear to them such F ew per
sons have any magnificence o f nature to inspire
e n thusiasm and the philanthropies and chari
ties have a certain air o f quacke ry A s to the
general course o f l iving and the daily e m ploy
ments o f men they cannot see much v irtu e in
these since they are parts o f t h is viciou s circle ;
and as n o great ends are answered b y the men
there is nothing no b le in the arts b y which they
are maintained N ay they have made the ex
e rim e n t and found that from the li b eral pro
p
fessions to the coarsest man u al la b or and from
the courtesies o f the academy and the co l lege
to the conventions o f t h e cotillon room a n d the
morning call there is a spirit o f cowardly co m
promise and seeming which intimates a fright fu l
to
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
’
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
-
,
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
T
0
35
skepticism a l i fe wit h ou t l ove and an activi t y
witho u t an a im
U nless t h e ac tion is ne cessary unless it is
adequ ate I do not wish to perform it I do not
‘
wish to do one thing but on ce I do not l o v e
routine O n c e possessed o f the principle it is
equ ally eas y to make fou r or fort y thou sand
applications o f it A g reat m a n will be conte n t
to have indi cated in a n y the slightest m anner
his perception o f the reigning I dea o f his time
and will leave to those who like it the multipli
cation o f examples When he has hit the white
the rest m a y shatter the target E very thing a d
m onishes us how needlessly long li fe is E very
m oment o f a hero so raises and cheers us that
a twelvem onth is an age A ll that the bra ve
! a n thus bri n gs home from h is wars is the reco l
“
l ection that at the storming o f S amos in t h e
heat o f the battle Pericles smiled on me and
passed o n to another detachment
I t is t h e
quality o f the m oment n o t the number o f days
o f events o r o f actors that imports
N ew we con fess and by n o means happy is
o u r condition : if y o u want the aid o f o u r labor
we ourselves stand in greater want o f the labor
We are miserable with inaction We perish o f
rest and rust but we do not like your work
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
T
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI ST
35
1
Then says the world S how me your own
We have none
What will y ou do th en cries the world
We will wait
How long ?
U ntil the U nive rse becko n s a n d cal ls us to
work
But whilst you wait y ou grow O ld and u se
’
’
.
,
,
’
.
.
,
’
.
’
.
,
it so : I can sit in a corner and p er ish
n o t move u n til I have
as
call
it
but
I
will
u
o
( y
)
the highest command I f n o call S hould come
fo r years fo r centuries then I know that the
want o f the U niverse is the attestation o f faith
by my abstinence Y our v irtu ous projects so
called do n o t cheer me I know that which
shall come will cheer m e I f I cannot work at
least I need not lie A ll that is clearl y due to
day is n o t to lie I n other places other men
have e n countered sharp trials and have be
haved themselves well The m artyrs were sawn
asunder or hung alive o n meat hooks Cannot
we screw ou r courage t o patience and truth and
witho u t complaint or even with good humor
await our turn o f action in the I n fi nite Coun
sels
Bu t to c ome a little closer to the secret o f
Be
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
-
,
T
HE T RANS C E ND ENT A LI S T
35 3
lightning faith fo r continuous day light this
fev er glow fo r a benign climate
These two states o f thought diverge e v ery
moment and stand in wild contrast T o him
wh o looks at his li fe from these moments o f
ill u mination it will seem that he skulks and
plays a mean shi ftless and subaltern part in the
world That is to b e done which he has n o t
S kill to do o r to be said which others can sa y
better and he lies by or occu pies his hands
with some plaything until his hour comes
again M uch o f o u r readi n g much o f our
l abor seems mere waiting : it was not that we
w er e born fo r A ny other could do it as wel l
or better S o little sk ill enters into these works
so little do they mix with t h e di vine li fe that
it really signifies little what we do whether we
turn a grindstone o r ride o r ru n or make fo r
tunes o r govern the state The worst feature
that the two
o f this dou b le consciousness is
l ives o f the understanding and o f the soul
which we lead really show very little relation
to each other ; never meet and m easure each
other : one prevails n o w all buzz and din ; and
n it u de and para
t h e other prevails then all in fi
dise and with the progress o f li fe the t wo dis
c ov er no greater disposition to reconcile them
of
-
,
-
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
'
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
T
354
selves Y et what is m y faith ?What a m I
What but a thou ght o f sereni ty and in dep e n
den ce an abode in the deep blue sky ?Pres
entl y t h e clouds shut down again ; yet we retai n
the bel ie f that this petty web we weave will a t
last h e overshot and reticulated with veins of
the blue a n d that the m oments will characteriz e
the days Patience then is fo r us is it n o t ?
Patience and still patien c e When we pas s a s
n it u de o u t
presentl y we shal l into some new in fi
o f this Iceland o f ne ations it wil l please us to
g
reflect that though we had few virtues or cons o
l a tio n s we bore with our indigence nor o n ce
strove to repair it with h ypocrisy o r false he at
o f any kind
Bu t t h is class are not su fli cie n t ly characterized
if we omit to add that they are lovers and wor
shippe rs o f Beauty I n the eternal trinity o f
Truth G oodness and Beauty each in it s per
fectio n including the three they pre fer to mak e
‘
Beau ty the sign and head
S omething o f t h e
same taste is o b serva b le in all the moral m ove
ments o f the time in the religious and ben ev o
lent enterprises They hav e a liberal even a n
aes t h e iic spirit
A re ference to Beauty in actio n
sou nds to be sure a little ho l low and ridi culou s
in the ears o f the old churc h I n politics it h as
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
T HE T
RANS C EN D ENT A LIS T
35 5
iced when they treated o f justice if
o ft e n su fl
they kept the bounds of selfish calcu l ation I f
they granted restitution it wa s prudence which
granted it B ut the j u stice which is now claimed
fo r the black and the pauper and the drunkard
is fo r Beau ty
is fo r a necessity to the soul o f
the agent n o t o f the beneficiary I say this is
the tenden cy not yet the realization O ur virtue
totters and trips does n o t yet walk fi rm ly I ts
representatives are austere ; the y preac h and de
nounce ; their re ctitude is not yet a grace They
are still liab l e to that S light taint of burlesque
which in o u r stran ge world attaches to the z ealot
A saint shou l d be as dear as the app le o f t h e
eye Y et we are tempted to smile and we flee
fro m the workin g to the spec u l ative re former
t o escape that sam e slight ridi cu l e
A las for
these days o f de risio n and criticism ! We call the
Beauti ful the highest be cause it appears to us
t h e g o l den mean es c aping the dowdiness o f the
good and the heart l essness o f the true They
are lovers o f na ture also and find an indemnity
in the invio l able order o f the wor l d for the v io
lated order and grace o f man
There is no doubt a great dea l o f well
founded objection £0 be spoken o r fe l t against
the sayin g s a n d doings of this cl ass some o f
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
—
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
'
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
T
if
HE T RANS C EN D EN T A LI S T
35 7
h e can keep from lying injustice and sui
,
,
cide This is no time fo r gaiety and grace His
strength and spirits are wasted in rejection
But the strong spirits overpo wer thos e arou nd
them without e ff ort Their thought and emo
tion comes in like a flood quite withdraws them
from all notice o f these carping critics ; they su r
render themselves with glad heart to the hea
g
v en l
u ide and only by implication reject the
y
clamorous nonsense o f the hour Grave seniors
talk to the deaf church and o ld book mum b le
and ritualize to an un heeding preoccupied and
advancing mind and thus they by happiness o f
greater momentum lose no time bu t take the
right road at first
But all these o f whom I speak are not pro
ficien ts the y are nov ices ; they only show the
road in which man should travel when the soul
has greater health and pro wess Y et l et them
feel the dignity o f their charge and deserv e a
larger power Their heart is the ark in which
the fire is concealed which shall burn in a broader
and uni versal flame Let them obey the Genius
then most when his impulse is wildest ; then
most when he seems to lead to u ninhabitabl e
deserts o f thought and li fe ; fo r the path whic h
the hero travels alone is th e h ighway o f health
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
—
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
T HE T
8
35
RANS C EN D ENT A LI ST
and bene fi t to m ankind What is the pri v ilege
and nobili ty of ou r nature but its pe rsistency
t h rough its power to attach itsel f to what is
permanent ?
S o cie t y also h a s its duties in re feren ce to thi s
class and m u st behold them with what chari ty
it can Possibly some bene fi t m a y yet accru e
from them to the state I n our Mechanics F air
there must be not only bridges ploughs car
penters pla n es and baking troughs bu t als o
—
some few fi ner instru ments
rain gau ges ther
m o m e ters and telescopes ; and in society be
sides farmers sailors and weavers there mus t
be a few persons of purer fire kept specially a s
gauges and meters o f chara cter ; persons o f a
fine detecting instinct wh o note the small est a c
cumulation s o f wit and feeling in the bystander
Perhaps t o o there might b e room fo r the ex
citers and monitors collectors o f the heaven ly
spark with po wer to convey the electricity to
others O r as the storm tossed vessel at sea
‘
speaks the frigate o r line packet to learn its
longitude so it may n o t be without its a dv a n
tage that we should now and then encounter
rare and gi fted m en to compare the points o f
our spiritual compass and veri fy our bearing s
‘
from superior c hro n ometers
.
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
’
,
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
.
’
,
,
,
.
T
HE T RANS C EN D ENT A LI S T
35 9
A midst t h e downward tenden cy and prone
ness o f things when every voice is raised fo r a
new road or another statute or a subscription
o f stock ; fo r an improvement in dress or in
dentistry ; fo r a new house or a larger business ;
fo r a political party or the division o f an estate ;
will y ou not tolera te one or two solitary voices
in the land speaking fo r thoughts and princi
ples n o t marketable or perishable ? S oon these
i m provements and mechanica l inventions wil l
be superseded ; these m odes o f living lost out
o f memory ; these cities rotted ruined by war
by new in ventions by new seats o f trade o r
the geologic changes
all gone like the shells
which sprinkle the sea beach with a white colon y
to day forever renewed to be forever destroyed
But the thoughts which these few hermits strove
t o proclaim by S ilence a s well a s b y speech not
on l y by what they did but by what they fo r
bore to do shall abide in beauty and strength
t o reorga nize themselves in nat u re t o invest
themselves anew in other perhaps hi gher e n
dowed and happier mixed clay than o u ts in
‘
fuller union with the surroundin g system
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
T HE
YO UN G A M ER I C A N
A L ECT U RE R EA D BEFO RE T HE M ER C A N TI LE
L I BR A R Y A S SO C I A T I O N BO STO N
FEBR U A R Y 7 84 4
,
,
,
1
.
T H E Y O U N G A M E R I CA N
G E NT LE M E N
T is remarkable that ou r people have their
intellectual culture from one country and
‘
their duties from another This false state o f
things is newly in a wa y to be corrected A mer
ica is beginnin g to assert hersel f to the senses and
to the imagination o f h er children and E urope
is receding in the same degree This their re
action o n education gives a new importance to
the internal improv ements a n d to the politics o f
the country Who has n o t been stim u lated to
reflection by the facilities now in progress o f
construction fo r tra vel and the transportation
‘
o f goods in the U nited S tates ?
ce n t fo r
This rage o f road bui l ding is be n efi
A merica where vast distance is so main a con
sideration in our domestic politics and trade
inasmuch as the great political promise o f the
invention is to hold the U nion staunch whose
days seemed already numbere d by the m ere
inconvenience o f transporting representatives
j udges and o flicers across such tedio u s distances
N ot only is dista n ce a n n ih i
o f land and water
lated but when as now the locomotive and t h e
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
T
HE YO UN G A M ER IC AN
6
3 5
The task o f surv eyin g plantin g and bui l din g
upon this immense tract requires an education
and a sentiment com mensurate thereto A con
s cio u s n ess o f this fact is beginnin g to take the
place o f the purely tradin g spirit and education
which sprang up whilst all the population li ved
on the frin ge o f sea coast A nd even on the
coast pru dent men have beg un to see that every
A merican should be educated with a V iew to the
values o f land The arts o f engineering and o f
architecture are s tudied ; scientific agriculture is
an o bject o f growin g attention ; the mineral riches
are explored ; limestone coal slate and iron ;
and the value of timber lands is enhanced
Columbus alleged as a reason fo r seeking a
continent in the West that the harmony o f na
ture required a great tract o f land in the western
hemisphere to balance the kno wn extent o f la n d
in the eastern ; and it now appears that we must
estimate the native values o f this broad region
to redress the balance o f our own judgments
and appreciate the advantages opened to the
human race in this country which is our fortu
nate home The land is the appointed remedy
fo r whatever is false and fantastic in our culture
The continent we inhabit is to b e physic and
food fo r our mind as well as our body The
,
,
.
-
.
,
.
,
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
T
6
6
3
HE YO UN G A MER ICAN
land wit h its tranqu il liz in g san ative influence s
is to repair t h e errors of a s ch olas tic and trad i
t io n a l education and brin g us into just re l atio n s
‘
with men and things
T h e h abit o f livin g in the presence of t h es e
invitations o f natural wealt h is not inoperative ;
a n d this habit combined with the moral senti
ment which in the recent years has interrogated
every ins t itution usage and l aw has naturall y
given a stron g direction to the wishes and ai m s
o f active young men to withdraw from cities a n d
cultivate the soil This inclination has appeared
in the most unlooked fo r quarters in men sup
posed to be absorbed in business and in thos e
‘
connected with the libera l pro fessions A nd
since t h e wa l ks o f trade were crowded ,whi l s t
that o f agriculture cannot easi l y be inasmuc h
as the farmer who is not wanted by others ca n
yet grow his own bread whi l st the m anu facturer
or the trader who is not wanted cannot
this
seemed a happy tendency F or b eside all the
moral benefit which we may expect from the
farmer s pro fession when a man enters it co n sid
e ra t e l ; this promise d the conquering o f the soil
y
plenty and beyond this the adorning o f t h e cou n
try with every advantage and ornament whic h
la b or ingenuity and aff ection for a m an s hom e
could su est
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
—
,
,
.
,
,
—
,
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
’
,
,
.
T
HE YOUN G A MER ICAN
6
3 7
Meantime with cheap la n d and the pacific
disposition o f the people everything invites to
the arts o f agricultu re o f gardening and domes
tic architecture Pu b lic gardens on the scale o f
such plantations in E urope and A sia are n ow
unknown to us There is no feature o f the old
countries that strikes an A m erican with more
agreea b le surprise than the b eauti ful gardens o f
E urope ; such as the Bo b oli in F lorence the
V illa Borghese in R ome the V illa d E ste in
Tivoli the gardens at Munich and at F rank fort
on the Main : works e asily imitated here and
which m ight well make the land dear to the cit
ize u and inflame patriotism I t is the fine art
which is left for u s now that sculpture painting
and religio u s and civil architecture have b ecome
e ff ete and have passed into second childhood
We have twent y degrees o f latitude wherein to
choose a seat and the n ew modes o f travellin g
enlarge the opportunity o f selection by m aking
it easy to culti vate very distant tracts and yet
remain in strict interco u rse with the centres
A nd the whole force o f
o f trade and population
all the arts goes to facilitate the decoration o f
lands and dwellings A garden h a s this a dva n
tage that it makes it indi ff erent where you live
A well laid garden makes the face o f the country
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
’
'
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
-
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
6
3 9
the best stock and the b est cu l ture
whose interest and pride it is to remain hal f the
year on t h eir estates and to fill them with every
convenience and ornament O f course t h ese
make m odel farms and m odel architecture and
are a constant education to the eye of the sur
rounding population Whate ver events in pro
gress shall go to disgust men with cities and
in fuse into t h em the passion fo r country li fe and
country pleasures will render a service to the
whole face o f this continent and will further the
m ost poetic of all the occupations o f real li fe
the b ri n ging out by art the native but hidden
graces o f the landscape
I look on such improvements also as direct l y
tending to endear the land to the inha b itant
A ny relation to the land the ha b it o f tilling it
o r mini n g it or even hunting o n it generates
the feeli n g o f patriotism He wh o keeps s h op
on it o r he who merely uses it a s a support to
h is de s k a n d ledger or t o h is m a n u fa ct o ry v a lu es
it le ss The vas t m ajority o f t h e people o f this
country live by the land and carry its quality in
‘
th eir m anners and opinions We in the A tlan
tic states by position have b een commercial
and h ave as I said im b i b ed easily an E uropean
cultu re Luckily fo r us now that steam h a s nar
me n
of
,
,
.
,
,
.
‘
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
T
6
37
HE YO UN G A MER IC AN
rowed the A tl antic to a strait the nervous roc ky
West is intruding a new and continental e l emen t
into the national mind and we shall yet have a n
A merican genius Ho w much better when t h e
who l e land is a garden and the people have
gro wn up in the b owers o f a paradise Withou t
lookin g then to th ose ext raordinary social in
flu e n ces which are now acting in precisely thi s
direction but on l y at what is inevitab l y doin g
around us I think we must regard the la n d as
a commanding and increasing power on the citi
zen the sanative and A merica nizing influence
which promises to disclose new V irtues fo r ages
to come
2
I n the second place the uprise and cul
mination o f the new and anti feudal power o f
Commerce is the po l itical fact o f most sig n ifi
cance to the A merican at this hour
We cannot look on t h e freedom o f this cou n
try in connexion with its youth without a p re
sentiment that here shall laws and institu tions
exist o n some scale o f proportion to the majesty
To men legislating for the area be
o f nat u re
twixt the t wo oceans betwixt the snows and t h e
tropics somewhat o f the gravity of na ture wi l l
in fuse itsel f into the code A heterogeneous pop
u la t io n crowding on a l l ships from all corners o f
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
1
37
world to t h e great gates o f N ort h A merica
namely Boston N ew Y ork and N ew O rl eans
and thence pro ceeding inward to the prairie and
the mou ntains and quickly contributing their
private thoug h t to t h e public opinion t h eir tol l
to the treasury and their vote to the e l ection
it cannot be do u bted t h at the legislation of this
country shou l d be come more catholic and cos
m o p o lita n than t h at o f any other I t see m s so
easy fo r A meri ca to inspire and express t h e most
expansive and humane spirit ; new born free
J l strong the land o f the laborer o f the
h ea l t h fi
democrat o f the philanthropist of the believer
o f the saint she should speak fo r t h e h uman
race I t is t h e country o f the F u ture F rom
W a shin gt on pro verbially the city o f ma g n ifi
cent dista n ces t h rough all its cities states and
territories it is a country o f b eginnings o f pro
‘
ects o f designs o f expectations
j
Gentlemen there is a sublime and friendly
Destiny by which the human race is g uided
the race nev er dyi n g the individua l never spared
to results a ffe ctin g m asses and a ges M en are
narrow and sel fish but the Genius or Destiny
cen t
is not narrow but ben efi
I t is not discov
ered in their ca lcu l ated and voluntary a ctivity
but in what be fal ls with or without their desig n
th e
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
T
HE YO UN G A MER IC AN
373
in the existin g state o f soi l s gases animals
and morals : the best that could y et live there
shall be a better please God This Genius or
D estiny is o f the sternest administration though
rumors exist o f its secret tenderness I t may b e
styled a cruel kindness serving the whole e v en
to the ruin o f t h e mem b er ; a terrible communist
reserving all profits to the community without
dividend to individuals I ts la w is you shall
have everythin g as a me m ber nothin g to your
sel f F or N ature is the noblest engineer y et
uses a grinding economy working up all that
is wasted to day into to m orrow s creation
not a superfluous grain o f sand fo r all the osten
t a tio n she makes o f expense and pub l ic works
I t is because N ature thus saves and uses la b or
ing fo r the general tha t we poor particulars are
so cru shed and straitened and find it so hard
to live S he flung us out in her plenty but we
cannot shed a hair or a paring o f a nail but in
s t a n t ly she snatches at the shred and appropri
ates it to the general stock O ur condition is
l ike that of the poor wolves : if one o f the flock
wound himsel f or so m uch as limp the rest ea t
‘
him up incontinently
That serene Power interposes the check upo n
the capri ces and o fliciou sn ess o f our wills I ts
l ive
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
’
-
-
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
T
374
HE YOUN G A MER ICAN
charity is not o u r chari ty O ne o f its agen t s is
our will b ut that which expresses its el f in o u r
wil l is stronger than our will We are very fo r
ward to help it b ut it will not b e accelerated I t
resists o u r meddling el eemosy nary contrivan ces
We devise sumptua ry and relie f laws but t h e
principle o f population is always reducing wages
to the lowest pittance on which human li fe can b e
sustained We legislate ag ainst forestalling and
monopoly ; we would have a common granary
fo r the poor ; but the selfishness which hoards
the corn fo r high prices is the preventive o f
famine ; and the law o f sel f preservation is surer
policy than any legislation can b e We con
coct eleemosyn a ry s y stems and it tu rns ou t
that our charity increases pauperism We inflate
our paper currency we repair commerce wit h
unlimited credit and are presently visited wit h
unlimited bankruptcy
I t is easy to see that the existing generatio n
ce n ce which in its
are conspiring with a be n efi
working fo r coming generations sacri fi
ces t h e
passing one ; which in fa tuates t h e most selfis h
men to act against their private interest fo r t h e
pu b lic wel fare We build railroads we kno w
not fo r what or for whom ; but one thing is
certain that we who build will receive the very
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
T HE
YOUN G A MER IC AN
375
mallest share o f b enefit Benefit will acc ru e
they are essential to the count ry but that will
be felt not until we are no longer countrymen
We do the like in all matters
M
h t th Alm ig hty t th F t
t
By
c t d i vi l bl p i g
We plant trees we build stone houses we re
deem the waste we make prospective laws we
found colleges and hospitals fo r re mote genera
tions We should b e mortified to learn that the
little benefit we chanced in our o wn persons to
receive was the utmost they would yield
The history o f commerce is the record o f this
cen t tendency
The patriarchal form of
ben efi
government readily beco m es despotic as each
person m a y see in h is own family F athers wis h
to b e fathers o f the minds of their children a n d
behold with impatience a new character and way
o f thinking presuming to S how itsel f in their
own so n o r daughter This feeling which all
their love and pride in the powers o f their chil
dren cannot su b due becomes petulance and
tyranny when the head o f the clan the e m peror
deals with the same di ff erence
o f an empire
D i ff erence o f opin
o f opinion in his subjects
ion is the one crime which kings never forgive
“
A n em pire is an immense egotism
I am the
s
.
,
,
.
an
’
s
ea r
se re
an
e
e
o
n
o a
e s rn
s
u ure se
”
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
T
HE YO U N G A MER ICAN
377
e y well But when peace co m es the nobles
prove very whi m sical and uncom fortable mas
ters ; their frolics turn out to be insulting and
degrading to the commoner F eu da lism grew
to be a bandit and brigand
Meantime Tra de had begu n to appear : Trade
a plant which grows wherever there is peace as
soon as there is peace and as l on g as there is
peace The luxury and necessity o f the noble
fostered it A nd as quickl y as men go to foreign
parts in ships or ca ravans a new order o f things
springs up ; new command takes place new
servants and new masters Their in formation
their wealth their correspondence have m ade
the m quite other men than le ft their native
shore Th ey are nobles n o w and by another
patent than the king s F eudalism had b een
good had broken the power o f the kings and
had some g ood traits o f its own ; but it had
grown misc h ievous it was time fo r it to die and
a s they say o f dyin g people all its faults came
out Trade was the strong man that broke it
down and raised a n ew and unknown po wer in
its place I t is a new agent in the world and
one o f great function ; it is a very intellectu al
force
This displaces physical strength and
instals computation combination in formatio n
v r
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
T
8
37
HE YOUN G A M ER IC AN
science in its room I t calls out all force o f
a certain kind that slumbered in the former
d y nasties I t is n ow in the midst o f its car eer
F eu da lis m is not ended yet O ur governments
still partake largely o f that element Trade goes
to make the governments insigni fi
cant and to
brin g every kind o f faculty o f every individua l
that can in any manner serve any person on
s a le
I nstead o f a huge A rmy and N avy a n d
Executive D epartments it converts Govern
ment into an I ntelligence O flice where every
man may find what he wishes to buy and e x
pose what he has to sell ; not only produce and
manu factures but art skill and intellectual a n d
moral values This is the good and this the evil
o f trade that it would put eve rything into m a r
ket ; tale n t b eauty V ir tue and man himsel f
The philosopher and lover o f man have m uch
har m to sa y o f trade ; b ut the historian will se e
that trade wa s the principle o f Li berty ; that
trade planted A merica and destroyed F euda l
ism that it makes peace and keeps peace a n d
it will a bolish slave ry We complain o f its o p
pression o f the poor and o f its building up a
new aristocracy on the ruins o f the aristocracy
it destroyed But the aristocracy o f trade h a s
no permanence is not entailed was the resul t
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
T HE
YOUN G A MER ICAN
379
o f toil and talent the result o f merit o f some
kind and is continually falling like the wa ves
o f the sea be fore new claims o f the same sort
Trade is an instrument in the hands o f that
friendly Power which works fo r us in our o wn
despite We design it thus and thus ; it turns
out o therwise and fa r better This ben efi
ce n t
tendency omnipotent wit h out v iolence exists
and works E ve ry line o f h istory inspires a
con fi
dence that we shall n o t go fa r wrong ; that
That is the moral o f all we learn
t hings mend
that it warrants Hope the prolific moth er o f
re forms O ur part is plainly not to throw our
selves across the track to b lock improve m ent
and sit till we are stone b ut to watch the uprise
o f successive mornings and to conspire with the
‘
n e w works o f new days
Government has been
a fossil ; it should b e a plant I conceive that
the office o f statute la w should b e to express
and n o t to impede the mind o f mankind N ew
thoughts n ew things Trade was o n e in st ru
ment b ut Trade is al so b ut fo r a time and
must give way to somew h at broader and b e tter
whose signs are already dawning in the sky
o f that which
I
pass
to
speak
f
the
signs
o
3
is the sequel o f trade
I n consequence o f t h e revolution in the state
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
1
8
3
scram b le o f parties for the pu b l ic purse
the main duties o f government were omitted
the duty to instruct the ignorant to supply
the poor with work and with good g u i dance
These communists pre ferred the agricultura l
li fe as the most favorab le condition fo r human
cu lture ; but they thought that the farm as we
manage it did not satis fy the right am b ition
o f man
The farmer after sacrificing pleasure
taste freedom thought love to his work turns
out o ften a bankrupt like the merchant This
result might well seem astounding A ll this
dru dgery from cock crowing to starlight fo r
to end in mortgages and the
a l l these years
auctioneer s flag and removing from b ad to
worse I t is time to have the thing looked into
and with a si fting criticism ascertained who 18
the fool I t seemed a great deal wo rse b ecause
the farmer is living in the same town with men
who pretend to know exactly what he wants
O n one side is agricultural chemistry coo lly
exposing the nonsense o f our spendthri ft agri
cu lture and ruinous expense o f man ures and
o ff ering b y means o f a teaspoon ful o f artificial
uano
to
turn
a
sand
b
ank
into
corn
and
on
;
g
the other the farmer not only eager fo r the in
formation but with bad crops and in de b t and
in
th e
,
,
—
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
-
,
,
,
’
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
T HE
2
8
3
YOUN G A MER IC AN
bankruptcy fo r want o f it Here are Etz le rs
and mechanical projecto rs who with the F o u
undoubtingly affirm that the small e s t
rierists
union wou l d make eve ry man rich
and o n
the other side a multitude o f poor men and wo
men seekin g work and who cannot find enoug h
to pay their b oard The science is confide n t
and surely the poverty is real I f any mea n s
could b e found to b ri n g these t wo together !
This was one design o f the projectors of t h e
A ssociations which are n ow making their fi
rS
t
fee b le experiments They were founded in lov e
and in l a b or They proposed as you know
that all men should take a part in the manual
toil and proposed to amend the condition o f
men b y su b stituting harmonious fo r hostile in
I t was a no b le thought o f Fourier
du st ry
which gives a favora b le idea o f his system t o
distinguish in h is Phalanx a class a s the S acre d
Band by whom whatever duties were disagre e
able and likely to b e omitted were to b e a s
sumed
A t least an economical success seemed cer
tai n fo r the enterprise and that agricultu ral a s
sociatio n must sooner or l ater fix th e price of
b read and drive single farmers into associatio n
in sel f de fence ; a s the great commercial and
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
‘
.
,
,
,
-
,
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
8
3 3
manu facturing companies had already done
The Community is only the continuation o f
the same movement which m a de the joint stock
companies fo r manu factures mining insurance
b anking and so forth I t h a s turned out cheaper
to make calico by companies ; and it is proposed
to plant corn and to bake b read by companies
U ndou b tedly a b unda n t mistakes wil l b e m ade
b y these first adventurers which will draw rid
icu le on their schemes
I think for example
that they exaggerate the importance o f a favorite
project o f theirs that o f paying talent and la b or
at one rate pay ing all sorts of service at one
rate say ten cents the hour They have paid
it so ; b ut not an instant wou l d a dime remain
a dime I n one hand it b ecame an eag le as it
fell and in another hand a copper cent F or
the whole value o f the dime is in knowing what
to do with it O ne m a n b uys with it a land title
o f an I ndian and m akes his posterity princes ;
or buys corn enough t o feed the world ; or pen
ink and paper or a painter s b rush b y which
he can communicate himse lf to the human race
as if he were fire ; and the other b uys b arley
candy M oney is o f no value it cannot spend
itsel f A l l depends on the skill o f the spender
Whether too the o bjection a l most universally
.
-
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
-
.
,
,
’
,
,
,
.
.
.
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
8
3 5
wo u l d
each citizen pay a com mission fo r the sup
port and continuation o f good g uidance N one
s h ould b e a governor who has not a talent fo r
governing N ow many people have a native
skill fo r car ving out b usiness fo r many hands ;
a genius fo r the disposition o f aff airs ; and are
never happier than when di fficu l t practical ques
tions w h ich em b arrass other men are to be
solved A ll lies in l ight before them they are
in their element Could any means be contrived
to appoint only these ! There really seems a
progress towards such a state o f things in which
this work shall b e done by these natu ral work
men ; and this not certainly through any in
creased discretion shown by the citizens a t elec
tions b ut by the gradual contempt into which
o fficial government falls and the increasing dis
position o f private adventurers to assume its
fallen functions Thus the national Post O ffice
is likely to go i n to disuse b e fore the private
telegraph and the express companies The cur
ren ey threatens to fall entirely into private hands
Justice is continual ly administered more and
more b y private reference and not b y litiga
tion We have feudal governments in a com
m e rcia l age I t would b e b ut an eas y extension
o f ou r commercial system to pay a private em
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
T
6
8
3
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
a
f
ee fo r services a s we pay an archit e c t
p
an en gineer or a lawyer I f any man has a t a l
ent fo r righting wrong fo r administering d iffi
cult a ff airs fo r c ounselling poor farmers h ow t o
turn their estates to good hus b andry fo r co m
binin g a h undred private enterprises to a gen e ra l
b enefit let him in the coun t y town or in C o u rt
S treet put up his sign b oard M r S mith Go v
i
n
h
cr u or M r Johnson W or kin
g
g
Ho w can our young men complain o f t h e
povert y of things in N ew E ngland and n o t
feel t h at pover t y as a demand on their ch a ri t y
to make N ew E ngland rich ?Where is he wh o
seeing a t h ousand men useless and unh a ppy
and making the whole region forlorn b y the ir
inaction and conscious h imsel f of possessing the
facul t y they want does not hear his call to g o
and be their king ?
We must have kings and we must have no b le s
N ature provides suc h in every socie t y
onl y
let us h ave t h e real i n stead o f the titular Le t
us have our leading and our inspi ration fro m
the best I n eve ry society some men are born
to rule and so m e to advise Let t h e powers be
well directed d irected by love and t h ey woul d
everywhere be greeted with joy and honor T h e
c hief is the c hief all the world over only n o t
ero r
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
'
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
8
3 7
his cap and h is plume I t is only their dislike
o f the pretender which makes men sometimes
unjust to the accomplished man I f society
were transparent t h e no b le would eve rywhere
b e gladly received and accredited and would
not b e asked fo r h is day s work but would b e
felt as benefit inasmuch as he was no b le That
were h is duty and stint
to keep himsel f pure
and puri fying the leaven of h is nation I think
I see place and duties fo r a no b leman in e ve ry
society ; b ut it is n ot to drink wine and ride
in a fine coach b ut to gu ide and adorn li fe fo r
the multitude by forethought by elega nt studies
b y persev erance sel f devotion and the remem
b rance o f the hum b le old friend by maki n g his
‘
li fe secretly beauti ful
I call upon you you n g men to o b ey your
heart and b e the no b ility o f this land I n every
age o f the world there has b een a leading nation
one o f a more generous sentiment whose emi
nent citizens were willing to sta n d fo r the inter
ests o f general justice and humanity at the risk
by the m e n o f the m oment
o f being calle d
c h imerical and fantastic Which should b e that
nation but these S tates ?Which should lead
that movement if not N ew E ngland ?Who
should lead the leaders but the Young A meri
.
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
T
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
M an
l
8
3 9
a on e
p
Ca n
im p ibl
erform th e
e.
oss
shall n o t need to go into an enumeration o f
our national de fects and vices which require this
O rder o f Censors I n the S tate I might not set
down our most proclaimed o ff ences a s the worst
I t is not o ften the worst trait that occasions the
loudest outcry Men complain o f their su ff er
ing and not o f the crime I fear little from the
b ad e ff ect o f R epudiation ; I do not fear t h at
it will spread S tealing is a suicidal business ;
you cannot repudiate b ut once But the b old
face and tardy repentance permitted to this local
m ischie f reveal a pu b lic mind so preoccupied
with the love o f gain that the common senti
ment o f in dignation at fraud does not act wit h
its natural force The more need o f a withdra wal
from the crowd a n d a resort to the fountain o f
right by the b rave The timidity o f our pu b lic
opinion is ou r disease or shall I say the pu b
licn ess o f opinion the a b sence o f private opinion
Good nature is plenti ful b ut we want justice
with heart o f steel to fight down the proud
The private mind has the access to the totality
o f goodness and truth that it may b e a b alance
to a corrupt society ; and to stand for the pri
vate verdict against popular clamor is the o ffice
I
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
T
6
39
the noble I f a hu m ane measure is p r o
f
ounded
in
behal
o f the slave or o f the I ri s h
p
ma n o r the Cath o l ic o r fo r the su ccor o f t h e
p o or ; that sentiment that proje ct will hav e
the homage o f the hero That is his nobilit y
h is oath of knighthood to succor the hel p les s
and oppressed ; always to throw hi m sel f o n
the side o f weakness o f youth o f hope ; on t h e
l i b eral on the expansive side never on the de
fensive the conservin g the timoro u s the lock
a n d bolt system
M ore than our good will we
may not be a b le to give We have our own
a ff airs our own genius which chains each to his
proper work We cannot give our li fe to the
cause o f the de b tor o f the slave or the pauper
as another is doing ; but to one thing we are
bound not to blaspheme the sentiment and the
work o f that man not to throw stum b ling b locks
in the way o f the a b olitionist the p h il a n t h ro
pist ; as the organs o f influence and O pinion are
swi ft to do I t is fo r us to confide in the b ene
fi
ce n t S upreme Power
and not to rely on our
money and on the state b ecause it is the gu ard
o f m oney
A t this moment the terror o f o ld
people and o f v icious people is lest the U nio n
o f these states be destroyed : as if the U nio n
had any other real b asis than the good pleas u re
of
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
T HE
YOUN G A MERIC AN
1
39
a majori t y o f t h e citizens to b e united But
the wise and just man will al ways feel that he
stands on his own feet that he imparts strength
to the S tate not receives security from it ; and
that if all went down he and such as he would
quite easily com b ine in a new and b etter consti
E very great and memora b le community
t u t io n
has consisted o f formida b le individ u als who like
the R oman or the S partan lent his own spirit
to the S tate and made it great Yet only by
t h e supernatural is a man strong ; nothi n g is so
weak as an egotist N othing is mightier tha n
we when we are vehicles o f a truth b efore which
the S tate and the individual are alike ep h e m
e ra l
G e n t lem e n t h e development o f our A merican
internal resources the extension to the utmost
o f the com m ercial system and the appearance
o f new moral causes which are to modi f
the
y
S tate are giving an aspect o f greatness to the
F uture whic h the imagination fears to open
O ne thing is plain fo r al l men o f common sense
and common conscience that here here in A mer
ica is the home o f m a n A fter all the deductions
which are to be m ade fo r our piti fu l politics
which stake every grav est national question o n
the sill y die whether James or whether R o b ert
of
‘
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
‘
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
T
HE YOUN G A M ER I C A N
393
the open future expanding here be fore the
eye o f every boy to vastness would they l ike t h e
closing in o f the future to a narrow s l it o f sky
and that fast contractin g to b e no futu re ?O ne
thi n g fo r instance the b eauties o f aristocracy we
com m end to the study o f the travell in g A m eri
can T h e E nglish the most conservative peop l e
this side o f I ndia are not sensi b le of the restraint
but an A merican would seriously resent it The
aristocracy incorporated b y law and education
degrades li fe fo r the unprivileged c l asses I t is
a questionabl e compensation to the em bittered
feeling o f a proud commoner the reflection that
a fo p who by the magi c o f title paraly zes his
arm and plucks from him hal f the graces and
rights o f a man is himsel f a l so an aspirant ex
cluded wit h the same ruthlessness from h igher
circles since there is no end to the wheels within
wheels of this spiral heaven S omething m a y b e
pardoned to the spirit o f loyalty when it b ecomes
fantastic ; and something to the imagination for
the b aldest l i fe is sym b olic Philip I I o f S pain
rated his am bassador for neglecting serious a ff airs
in I taly whils t h e debated some point o f honor
“
with the F renc h ambassador ; You have le ft a
b usiness o f i m portance for a cere m ony The
am bassador rep l ied Your M ajesty s se l f is but
of
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
”
.
’
,
T
394
HE YOUN G A MER IC AN
a ceremony I n the E ast where the religio u s
sentiment comes in to the support o f the ar is
t o cra cy and in the R omish church also there is
a grain o f sweetness in the tyranny ; b ut in En g
land the fact seems to me intole ra b le wha t is
commonly affirmed that suc h is the tra n sc e n
dent honor accorded to wealth and b irth that n o
man o f letters b e h is eminence what it may is
recei ved into the b est socie t y except a s a lio n
and a show The E nglish have many virtu e s
many ad vantages and the proudest histo ry o f
the world ; but they need all and more than a l l
the resources o f the past to indemni fy a hero i c
gentleman in that country fo r the m o rt ifi
ca t io n s
prepared fo r him b y the system o f society a n d
which seem to impose the alternative to resist o r
to avoid it That there are mitigations and prae
tical alleviations to this rigor is not an excus e
fo r the rule Com manding worth and person a l
power must sit crown ed in a ll companies nor wil l
extraordinary persons b e s lighted or aff ronted in
a n y com p any o f civilized men
But the syste m
is an invasion o f the sentiment o f justice and t h e
nati v e rights o f men which however decorated
‘
must le ssen the value o f E nglish citizenship I t
is fo r E nglishme n to consider not fo r u s ; we
o nly sa
Let
us
live
in
A
merica
too
h
k
n
a
t
l
fi
l
y
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
T
HE YO UN G A M ER IC AN
395
our want o f feudal institutions O ur houses
and towns are like mosses and lichens so slight
and new ; but youth is a fault o f which we shall
daily mend This land too is as old as the F lood
and wants no orna m ent or privilege which nature
could bestow Here stars here woods here hills
here animals here men abo u nd and the v ast ten
d e n cies concur o f a new order I f only the men
are employed in conspiring with the designs o f
the S pirit who led us hither a n d is leading us
still we shall quickly enough advance out o f all
hearing o f others censures out o f all regrets o f
our own into a new and m ore excell ent social
s tate than hist ory h as recorded
fo r
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
’
,
,
.
,
NO T ES
NO
TES
A
N T U RE
b yi h p
N h is
o
h o w,
b y
ur
a mon g
,
d
th e ce ar an
b b y thick t
d
to
.
a r err
Rox
of
e s
ld
~
d th t
h e foun
,
Mr E merson
Good-by e
oem
s
a
b h with G
b yh d th g h city b
h
by C c d Riv w
M an in th e
od
us
ma y mee
t
.
f hi g a d
d
lw y p t h im
f th
H k w w ll tho m d w th hill f W lth m d
d th
Ch lm f d w d i h i ch lb y d
N wt
f b
1
ch l t chi g d y T h tt cti
d livi g
tifi
f
ith
t
h
i
c
i
p
l
i
hich
h
lt
w
N t
w
w
d
g
g
d H b i m
i g h i mi i t y h m f m li m
M Em
fit v t
w
A th littl b k N t
f
i
ti
l
l
h
ld
h
i
m
t
t
b
l
k
i l tt
t
w
y
it m j tifibl t c ll v t m l g th it hi t y
d th c pti it m t with i Am ic d i E g l d
I hi j
l it d
pp h w l g h h d b
t
i hi
Th
f it cc
fi t m ti
m dit ti g thi b k
di y
hipb d t i g h m h i li t vi it t E p
J t th y l t th b k pp d I t will
i 1 8 33
d th t th h d b
ttl d d y
m mb
d
d
b
Hi h m h d b
b k p by th d th f
h im
f
h
i
i
f
d
c
il
h
m
c
t
i
f
m
d
it
hi y
w
g
hip h d d iv h im t p t h m h i ch ch H h d
i w
d E gl d t
y t It ly F c
c it
m d th j
f
H
w
S
th
p
p
f
ch
d
li
it
hi t
d
g
g
p
“
d wi h I k w
t mb 6 I lik my b k b t t
I n h is
o
’
er s
a
oo
n e
e
on
e
n
s
ers,
see
us
s
e
n
a
on
ar
n
e
re
us
e
ere
.
oun
s
ors
a
e
a
e
s s ren
e
er
oo
,
ree
ears
a
s
o
e,
an
r
ourn e
an
re urn n
,
en
o
o
a
a
een
sa
an
ar
ra n
,
re a re
or a
e
oo
o
an
a
ou
e,
e
a
s
o
an
een
n
s
u ro
e
a
s
.
e
ea
o
r
s
o
r es
e
.
an
e
.
s an
or
e.
n a ure,
e
un se
n
an
an
urs
ur
s or
n
e
s
or s,
s
ea re
er a n
en ure
o
u
o
ur
e
,
n
oo
o
a
en
e
s re o
e
rs
s
on
on
ro en
n
an
no a
a er
een
a
’
s ea r es
o
ese
e
e
o
en
rs
e
.
ea r
a
an
.
a an
er
an
o
oo
e
os
so
a
n
oes n o
oar
s
e en
e
s
.
or
n
on
s
o
.
a
1
erson
r.
o
a
ea u
e ra s
as
,
o
s s
on s o
r n
s
o en
s
n
s
o
re u s on
a s on e
o re a
a
s
an
s
ur e
e
ourn a s
s
a
a
e
a
e re e
n
oo
s s
e
ra
reas n
or
o
e
e
e
n
e
a
e
oo
e a
s.
oors
ere
s,
s or
e
a
n s r
s
n
n
o
th e
,
er
ea
e
re
a u re
or
se
an
,
oo - ea
s
on
ou se
e
orn
ou
,
a
re ru
es,
e
ne
Mr C a bot in
NO T ES
M em i y th
h is
.
sa
o r
s
01
4
by
at
Ch r istia n
th e
chi f g
f th U it i
N t
w
t d th i d lg tly
p tic l h p dy c t i i g
t
tif l w iti g d t d v id f
d phil phy
m ch b
th
i f di d d
b t
wh l p d ci g th im p
H dd
m
c d t li m w tt cked ( th Og h
d
T
m
ft
d t)
th e t h w v imp t t f
dic l v l ti b t t ft I th i k i th p
f
Em
lik th
I n h im it w ld b f lt
ev l ti
w
wh d
f N t
v luti
t c t
E h e ld l v e
til h h g t dy th w
w k
p tic l h p dy
T h E mi
Vi w f th
i
m
f
t
t
H
l
c
t
it
fl
ctiv
D
N
gg
p p m It i divid d i t ig ht ch pt which mig ht
B g i i g imply
lm t w ll h v b c ll d c t
m
f
h
it
t
k
d
t
h
ch
ct
h
p
dy
m
g
til
d d t g
if lift d fl h i f t b y th d p
d c
t f h i th g ht th w it d pp d h i p
lity
c t i po t g t h im
d p t d th w d which
I t i h w v v y p ibl th t th p g f d t i
l t ch pt f N t
p tic l d i g f th
w
th
th g ht f h i w f d f i d M Alc tt
Imm di t ly th pp c f N t Eme s w t
t
C ly l
I d y
littl b k I h v j t w p bli h d
t i g w dg I h p t m thi g m w thy d ig ifi
mi g
f t pic
c t T hi i ly
which I w ld
l
l
dl
y
p
k
d
i
h
d
l
g
g
Ex a min er
ra
er
ea u
u
rea e
u
u
en
o
a
ra
.
s e
un
oe
os
a
e n ou
un
e
as
er urren
un
o
re ea e
an
s,
ou
ar
ou a
e
s
.
s ea
e
e
ea
s
er a n
a
e
as a
s a re
r
e o
e
o
.
er
,
.
re erre
ren
,
’
o
san
a
so
erson a
s
e
s
s ron
an
e
a ssa
a
e
a r a
o
en e
e
oe
,
er
ro
a
so
r a
a
nn n
e
ee
r er
ea ra n
e,
a
a
our
littl z
a
na
er
it s
cl
n
e
n
e
o so
o e,
s on
an
oo
e
C arlyle thus h a iled
Y
o
ers,
a ra
e
r en
e a
as
oe
a
e
e
- ou n
erson
n
o,
er n
o
e
.
r on
ure,
ro e
e
en er n
a
a ur e,
on
a e
sen
an
o
s ne
s o
e
o
er
oss
o
,
r o
a n os.
e
er
e
a ur e
ee
,
o en
on
as a
e
e
or s
e
a
s
u
O
.
ore
ou
s
e er,
o
as
e
o
e
"
o
a
ore a n
as
,
een
e
o u
as
or
n o
e
a
oo
,
e
o
s
a
.
es s a cou n
.
r
,
so r ere
a
n
,
,
”
’
o
e
o
e er
n
o es n o
o
e
n er s
o
,
on a n n
oso
as a
s
,
e
e ne
’
r.
en
o
ou
rea
o
xa
es s
rose
r a
a ure,
as
e
as a
,
on s o
re o
en a
no
u
,
so
ress on
as
ur e
a
sou n
o
e
ra n s en
a
r a
e o
n
ro u
s,
on
no
an
a r an s,
a
oe
a
as
n
sn eere
re o u
erson
su
r
e a
.
ore
en
u
o e,
”
rea
n
n
e
o
or a n
e
e
on
,
th e
,
no
ore
o
o
us
u
s e
or
an
s
an
n
ou
s on
ear.
a
pp
earan
o ou re
e a u re
d
c
e
Na tur e g a ve me
tr
ue sa tisfa c
N O T ES
02
4
ti
I rea d it a d then len t it bo t t ll my cqu in tan c e
f
th t h d
ch thi g fim wh m imil
di t
i
f
m
lw y c m b ck Y
it
t
h
fi
t
ch
p
th
r
t
i
y
g
t
I
c
l
l
it
th
F
d
ti
d
G
d
pl
g
m y b ild wh t
which y
v of g t d t h b
i
t
h
iv
b
ild
I
t
t
A
p
c
lyp
t
i
h
t
h
w
t
h
g
y
Op S c t b c m
v ldt m
I j ic m h
f
w
th
d
i
y
l
w
ith
hich
l
k
t
t
h
i
t
l
o
g
y
f yo
d mi
with
w d
D w lli g pl c
f th Ewig
M l di wh ich pip i th wi d
d
d tt th m lv f th i ll
d d ig ht d thi g
b w itt
d w by g m t m chi y b t which ll
t t
ig ht w iti g i ki d f tt mpt t w it d w Y w ill
wh t th y
will b i g y
on
n
.
a
a
a
a sen se
s
a
e
a
In
ou
e
a
an
o
no
e
er
r
r
see
n
en
a
an
e
so un
a
n
a
o
n
re o
rn
e
s an
s
u
o
r e
an
on
een
e
u
n
s
on
s
an
ea r
roun
us
n
s
u
,
o
e
uc
s an
n er
a
e
a
oo
n
n
ere
s
.
c
e
as
n e,
urs an
n
-
ru e
se,
an
o a
so
rou n
ou
or
ea rs
e
an
o a
en
o
er o
a
rea
ru e
e
a e o
es
s a
on
a r ver
s
a
s
sou
e o
se
a
a
a
o
o
e
es re ea e
-
n
r
e
oun
o
en
u
er a
s
seren
e
s,
s
.
e
'
ou sa
o a
u
a soe er
e o
rous
n
u
u
o
e re
or
ra
a
en
on
.
a
ou
en
or su
a
rea er .
a
n
a
ou
.
”
ou .
l tt w itt i Ap il 1 8 39 h t ll th t p pl
b gi i g t q t y h
Ih v
t
t pi p
f
d y i tw C mb idg b k
c t i M Rich d
M ckt Mil
M P
b
tifh l littl
T y dil tt t
p t d p litici wh m I l v m ch ppli d t m f
th t h mig ht w it p it
N t
ft
h
c iv d th i g ti g i l tt h m
A d
St li g
In
are
a
nn n
e
on
a
uo e
o
ur e,
.
soo n
e u
re e
e
an
oo s
e
e s
s
ou r ca n
u
an
e
e
e
ar
or
a
,
e
a
.
r.
e
ea u
eo
a
er a n
a
o e
r
er
a
,
a
,
o
,
e
a
e
.
,
ere
r
a
an
o
an
r
ou
n es,
on
n
n
en
o
n
ou
ou n
oe
r
er
e
e
o
e
or
”
on
.
s
e
ree n
n
a
er
e
o
er n
SEP T EMBER 30 , 1 8 39
ern E n
s
ng
a h as
w
r
g
.
Ihv
d v y v y littl m d
m ch
m
tr ck d pl d m
a
s
u
e rea
er
er
,
ea se
an
oh n
terlin
g
e so
o
a
u
on g
li h iti th t
c t p d ct i
re en
ro
u
on s ,
p
d
h
g
T
O
i
R
T
h
S
y
J
(
d Oh
T g dy
D gh
P m
S fl d
w h w
b
k w
h
bj f bi g ph i y C lyl d A h d
H
W
h
h i b illi
d i pi i g m
Em
f m d
l
f i d h ip by l
h
il S li g
ly d h i
gh h y
84 7
S
m l i g
b
A C
d
l
w
S
g
d
m
p
E
bli h d by M
p
H gh
Miffli
897
C
1
S
e
, a
writer of
rose an
verse
e
n
x
n
e
;
’
ex t on s
'
ter a n
au
no
t
s
t ou
n as t
r
an
t er
e su
t an
t e
or r es on
ou
ton ,
oe
ect o
ns
n ever
en ce
n
s
o ra
r n
et ,
et
8:
t ra
;
or
een
c. , 1
b
es
un t
t er i n
.
ra
ar
erson
an
a st n
a
,
or
ter n
an
e
e
tc.
,
rc
e an
e
’
no
,
o
ea con
a c ose
r en
s ear
ea t
er son ,
u
e ver ,
it
are .
ett ers
s
n
s e
est
1
.
,
ee
ee t s.
0
NO T ES
4 3
l y th
f
fii d C lyl wh
h ggy b w d
lm t
ft
lik
w hich
t y
d d p y d th g ht h v
d imp
iv
ith vid tly b i g th
i v y tt ctiv
d bl f th th
I t t th t y will l g c ti
by y
m pl
w ll
d ct i th k wl dg
i
t difl
d Pl t
d Sh k p
wh t
th t th S
d E th
by w ki g ch i h i v c ti
d th t w
th y
ythi g b tt th m t b k livi g d c c w
b
m y b tt
d d ly by d i g
lik wi
F
i
f m ch
d c di l ki d
f thi t th
w ll
I hl
lw y m i y d b t
ose o
on
os
a
-e
ee
an
er
s
e o
ou
e
n
ea
o
ru
s
a
,
a o
an
er
an
oun e a n
on
so
e
as
e
our
or
r n e,
o
an
s
on
or
.
n ue
e
are
er
e
or
an
u
on
a
e
c an
s
a ssura n c
n ess,
n
a
e
s are ro
an
,
e
a
an
n
s
en
n o
e
s ea re
a
o a
se
on
ou
as
n
n
as
a n
s re
a
e
en
er e
a
ea
e
on
,
e as
ar
or
an
e, n e
e
ours
o
en ess
a
ru s
an
are
e
en
ress
our ex a
un
e o
a
- ro
ose s a
e,
ar
er.
e o
e
a
en
an
e
I se,
o
s
ou
e
ra
a
our
'
a
s
or .
e
f th
y Em
c d h i d ct i
Ov
U iv l Mi d which
th g h ll h i
th
I t k y t i g iv
i th w d
Th
bl t mi
w k
t d th pp iti f G d I t i th
it y fN t
i t
th
h
hich
iv
l
pi
it
p
k
i
di
w
t
h
t
t
h
g
g
Th
vid l d t iv t l d b ck th i divid l t it
w ld p c d f m th
m
pi it th b dy f m
It
i
m t
d i f i
i c ti
f G d
p j cti f
G d i th
c ci
B t it diff
f m th b dy i
im p t t p ct It i t lik th t w bj ct d t th
h m will I t
d i i vi l bl by
It i
f
th
t
th
p
t p it f th divi m i d I t
fi d p i t wh by w m y m
i
dp t
thi
l
In
s
ersou
or
s r
s
e
or a n
an
or
s a re
s r
es
e un
n
e I
h d
h dit y
th e
ea
ere
.
P
ar
l ti
ere
o n us
o
e
a
s
s ea
ex os or o
e
Em
e
.
ro e
on
o
o
n
on e
e
e
o
us .
e
s,
n
ne
ea sure our
a
n
an
e
su
o a
n
e
e
e
no
e
s
o
a
,
n
es
o
ro
,
s
.
o
o
a
.
s
o
e
e
.
a r ure .
e
”
l v d t pl c m tt t
h i ch pt
D
H lm
t
d
th
t
h
t
gg
f
t tbf
di c
viv d th i
i th fi t diti
h pl c d th w d
N t
N t
i b t
im g
imit ti f wi
Mr
.
s
u se o
Before
on
or er
resen
e
as
ers
,
o
ua
r
u
seren e
s
n ote I
of
arn a
s no
o n
,
n
o
r
s
o
rou
e no
on
n
e s
ou s.
.
o u s,
xe
P ag
on s
.
ere ore,
s a
n er or
ar
e
a
r ne
o
or s
e
ersa
un
e sa
ro
res e
an
u
ea
o
o er an
or an
of
e
s
run s
e a
as
e
,
n
en
s
o s an
s
ro ee s
o
n
rou
ua
an n ou n
ersa
no e
a u re
o
h im
n
e
,
.
erso n
essa
a
a
a
.
er.
ex
r.
e
s
u
rs
an
o e
es
o
e ore a
ur e n
a ure
erson
o
su
s o urse
e
on
a
a e a
e
e or
o
es e
sur
a
a
e
e
a
o
on
e
us
e
o
a
n
or s
s
NOT ES
v
yw
W
ser er.
v er
by
g
I will b
Stran
th
h th i
c lt l ti b tw
d m
c wli g c pi
I mmvd
th
ym p thi
I y I will li t t th i i vit ti
t li t
C mp th li i
T h S phi
t
I
feel
e
orm ,
e
t at
a
e s
4
e
n
re a
o cu
s an
s en
sa
e
on
an
on s, a n
s or
es.
no e
,
ere
ra
e
een
o e
a
.
n
s
o
on
a
.
”
e a n a u ra s
P ag
4
05
.
o
.
e
are
ne
n x,
e
n
P oems
h
d q ti
It h ld b m mb d t h w l g
t 2
P g 4
p t f th d c t d w ld th fi t ch pt f G i t d
i 1 8 36
th
l d fi l th ity C ti
G l gy
t l g y w i th i i f cy c m p tiv
t my
d p l
Th
lit tl
dv c d d bi l g y h dly b
w phil
ph ic id f p g iv d v l pm t d m li ti f ti
h d by th
w ci c w
w lc m d by M Em
h m i i g with th l w f pi it
I
h v ly b di Em
ly
t I
th
P g 7
f
d h i t ch
ymb l f lig ht d l w i th i b ty
th i
t c i
d
t
th y g id h i th g ht
d ill mi t h i w k
T
P
p
ci
lly
h
t
S
(
W
P
m
A
pp
di
d
t
II
C
h
ct
d
!
!
Hi
Uil
ly j
l h w th t th y t m f C p
I
i wid d h i vi w
mi i t
8 33 i F1
H
c h did h m g t th t mb f G lil
d th
d N wt
liv f K pl
my
d H ch l A t
d
ft
p d th h p th t ld g mig ht b i g h im l i
t
t dy th t
I t w h i c l Hitch y w g t
Ci ili ti
t
d S l it d )
S i ty
t I
P g 9
C mp th
t c i
t b k of
M Em
h m P l t ch
W hy
y i th M l
P ythi
P i t
th
c
h
O cl i V
T h e S is th c
ig
t f Ap llo
th t ll m
T
e
a
ar
no e
,
as
an
a eon o o
an
a
so
o o
ro r ess
e ne
en
s
on z n
e
a
oun
s
e r vas
an
u
oe
ex urs on
na e
r.
e
a
e a
,
erson
an
’
s
za
on
o
e
o
’
u ar
eases
a use
a
ou
,
eo .
a
e
’
s
s ron o
01
e
an
,
a on
o
n a n o e- oo
e
e
en are
n
u e.
o
n
o er
e sure
our
es
an
e rea
r n
n
’
o
I
n
,
oe
er,
e s s e
an
ra
s
e
e
e
s essa
ea u
a ra
e sen en
er
a
u
oun se
are
as
ea r
er
a
ers
a
oc e
,
erson
n
,
e
,
o
an
s
”
o
.
a
a
o
,
or
,
erson
es
n s er.
a
o
on
e ora
”
n o es,
a
as
r es ess
un
on
o e
e s ars.
no e
re urn
e
e
v
o
en
ee es e
s as
ne
r.
an
oo
e
a
an a o
e
e
.
eo o
.
.
ourn a s s o
e
a s a r.
ea
on
a ra
an
s oo
en es s
e
o
r
s
sure
,
er an
resse
o s u
e
e
an
s
o
e
ex
n
s ear
e
es o
s o
e
o r s.
x
en
o s o
s
en
a
s
en e
e,
a
.
ers
.
n en s
en
ea
s,
r e
en
no e
,
ere
e,
e
orn
e e o
e
o
ar e a
o
o
rea
,
ar
.
er o
on
n an
on
ere
a
or
er
u es
e
rs
au
n
an
,
e
na
ere
ea s o
e
o
e
e re
or
e so e an
n
ar
s ou
.
e e u a e
o
e
th e un an swere
ou art
or a
s,
erse
n ora n
o
o
,
N O T ES
l in t ll ct fr m th t wh ich i
ti
06
4
i hd wi
to th t which pp
by
wt
sen se
a
e
n ote 2
9
,
t bi
tin ctl y a u o
a
tt
th e s
P ag
a
r
ua
e
9
e
3
h
S
s
a
h t f ll w
di
lif th t M Em
d w
o
a
o
s are
s
resen
on
,
n
os
a
e
rou
w ll
ta rn is
e
e
a on e
a
r.
a
er s
o
e
o
er
oo s to
of
n s
e
.
a ote
,
t
s sen en ce an
re
,
o rec
se
o
phic l p
ti g th
d g i g lm t d ily l t th w d
l
i
m
eiv
th
h
th
y
b
ic
lif
hi
t
g
og ra
him lf t
pi it l lif
un e
hi
T
.
Con cor
led in
son
e e
on a
ea rs .
a
P ag
th e ra
ng
ra
.
i
een
yi
A n d m err
Bu t
so
b
s on
er on
h h y cl y
ly m k f
on e
,
o
as
a
,
l
d
g
W ld i
mk it
P m
H fi t pp i h i p bli h d w it
P g 10
t I
i g Em
d ct i f th U iv l Mi d th O v
l which th
th g h ll h i w k
ft
T h littl p m
P
A
pp
di
l
d
m
x i
l
P
(
)
to mi d by thi p
g
T h e woods
at
h t
sa d,
o
fi
m d of joy
a
,
a re
ear
a
e n sa
a
e
a
n
erson
s
sou
rso e
,
’
erea
,
e
e
e I I
a ssa
ssote I
,
M th
e
On
ou g
al l
e
n
s
a
se e
oe
oe
,
u
n
ersa
n
rou
an
s
ears
a
e
er ra n
oe
n
P ag
r ne o
o
s
rs
ere
.
.
s e
or
s
or s .
s,
en
s.
r
e
er
s ca
e
e.
.
ht th
kd
e sk
oo
l
y
sc om
e
fi
i l do wn
was ba se in m an ,
i y to g did t t th t w
Achi v
p c wh
W ld
P m A pp e di
An d
a r
n
aun
u es
e e our
e 1
3
ittl p
l
e
In
ssote I
,
th e
p
h i
which ci c
ere
s
n
oe
s,
,
en
jo
urn a
’
,
lf
1
or
x.
n
8 55 is wri
tt
th
en
i
s
oem
rose
wa s
T
o
o can
ea e
a
P ag
e
flw
l
ct
m ch
g
whit
s no
en
on e red, an
e
d
o
u
on e
er so
ne
e.
e
ru n
swee
s;
t
on e
.
p t ll d fl
as
th e
four-
g
yp
it h
re
etal
e a
e
as, on e
g
ow er
ree n
,
NO T ES
0
4 7
t
G g H b t poem M
I 3
P g
2
y
fi t z f which e g iv i ch pt viii f thi
fi
i d H
M Em
y Th
P g 14
s I
“
1 d
th !t th w d ! t g t my di
w t
t g
b t t g t th t
t c which di n rs ly p rv m to
e
a
ve s a n
ar
u
,
o
e
o
P ag
6,
e 1
n ote I
Essay s Fir st Ser ies
,
P ag
a t th e
d
hil
dix
en
P ag
.
e 1
e
morn in g
es th e
rs
e
oem
e
r
a
ua
s,
e
.
from th e
seen
a
o
ro a
en
an se,
e
o
oe
e.
s,
)
8,
n ote I
a t
.
rou
ca len dar
t e
n
u
O f th e
a
,
ou san
pi td c
fl
ra e of
a n e
dy
ea rs,
owers, etc .
M a y -D a y
n ote 1
e 2 3, n ot e I
h
Compa re
.
i
e 24
r u
n ote I
,
P oems
.
,
Northman ,
ua tra n
.
i
n
t
lid
h
o
h
t
h
g
g
g
ee,
q
Ea
.
ch
an
form,
e sea of
O de
P ag
e
itt p b bly
liv d t th O ld M
hill pp sit ( P m
M r Emerson
e
T
n n er,
wr
Sun rise,
Ah ! w ll I mi d h
F i hf l th g h th
P ag
.
pi it l L w
S
,
orea u ,
rese
e of
a
p
Th e
.
ti
ib
escr
App
n ote I
,
fi t pg
o
on
e
s essa
en r
,
oo s
n
o
.
en
s
e
e
an
.
7
sa me me, w
e1
o
See
.
’
s
er
a
erson
ere
sus en an
a
n
en
r.
.
o no
ro e
u
e
er er
eor e
.
as o
e
a
sso e
,
’
Beau ty ,
to
d All
etc.
!
d
an
”
s
P oem
.
ph
en o
a n es,
P oems
.
h
d
o
r
m
P
4
t m n if t
P g 2 4 ss t 3 T hi T in ity of th diff
f Spi i t th
r
m
h
t
h
u
n
iv
e
y
b
l
iz
d
i
n
tt
ti
m
b
g
y
th
P t
f lig ht hea t m ti
asp ct
w s b l tho g ht
n
I t i stp
d a g i i th ch pt
Spi it
with Em
i th i
y in T h T c d t li t i thi v lum
e
P ag
a
e2
,
n ote 2
e
,
o e
on s o
e
r
ro ean
s essa
Th e
e
,
.
s,
h
t eme of
e
o
resse
e
e
e s
,
s e
Th e R
r
s
.
rou
erso
n
.
s
,
o
,
a n
ran s en
on
n
en a
o
a,
oe
eren
o
e
,
a
e
s
a
a
a
a
n
s.
es a
er
a sa
u
er
r
s
o
,
NOT ES
P ag
s
s
o
t
e
2
I
,
3
e
.
t i tt th m
se
U ch g d i it i t llig c
F
h
d
l
t
l
v
t
i
w
g
O
it
j
y
i
it
i
v
f
jy
g
g
N t
F g m t P m App dix
T h e moun
n
an
a n
n
e
ne
o
o
l tp
P ag
34
e
p
So
iii
,
P ag
,
4
.
.
r e es.
en s,
su
oe
p m
ch thi
en
s,
M on a dn oc
oe
be
ng s
A ¢l y ap
3 wfm
£
?
”
.
.
hk
S
etc .
i A cos
ovm v o
F
.
F
ph cl
t
d l
W
l
hip
T hi d ct i
P ag
4
e
eig n ty of
4
e
li t
,
E thics
”
t
su
2
c mp
n ote I
,
App
p dd
an
f
”
,
.
Sover
in
e
on
Lif e
(
of
a
an
ora
cl
Na ture is
e of
F
wood ;
th e
in
ce
d c
are
The
.
Comfort
,
ex
fi
f
d Biog r ap h ica l Sket elzes ten
”
P ru en e,
Essay s, Fir st
en d of
Leet ser es
o
s
a
l t pl y
p ti
”
rne
o
s
.
,
s en er
P oems,
n ote I
dmen
omm an
P ag
1
ors
a so
,
th e
es,
rom a
os
dise o
f Zeus ever f a ll a r ig h t
i
n
s
ra men
6
u
s
e
a
so
C
o
m
e
n
a
o es,
7 3
g
Essay s First Ser ies
c
ea
r e
th e
Ca n
e,
.
'
n ote I
39
e
.
a nu
ra
in
e sen
en
on e
s,
a ssa g e
“
n ote I
,
Ma eoetlz
s ea r e,
me
as
n e
s
”
a ure,
e sa
ers
s
es s e s
or a
See also th e
u
ra g
t
m en
s on
th e
v h d by
P t
IV
o er ea r
oe
”
.
,
en dix .
P ag
e
4
2
,
n ote 2
.
ch m y mood 0 p ti t t !
W h cli mb
ch ig ht th ci t ky
L vi g
pc
ti
c
N t c
f g
f
t
di
F g m t th P t P m App di
T ea
e
our
o
ea
ea
n
on
s a
o
ra
e o
a
!
8
0
4
43
e
ph
,
r ate I
en o
an es of
B.
t
au
E le
ht
g
n
e an
e no s a n
e, n o
a,
ear
e
th e un
!
o
e r a
”
,
a n es,
so
s
o
s
,
e.
oe
en o
en
s ars
n o s ars,
,
ph
th
h p di t
ity of G d
See
.
en
a
,
en s on
ra
P ag
,
P oems
x.
en
s,
.
phil ph ( 5 7
d N t
Hi d
an
an
oe
d
oso
a ure .
er
s
0
oc
NO T ES
10
4
ti
‘
Ev
r n e,
Emerso
in
m l was , th e O n e
’
n
iti
wr
s
t t
!
n g s.
en o
d
th e
ph
an es
ith
th
ht
.
.
recu rs
id T h i
c m p bl t m
A th K R g
y th t wh t !
sa
G od , th e g rea es a mon g g o s an d m en ,
”
a s ne
er in form n or
ou g
Mr
’
h is St u den t s Hist ory o
f P lrilosop lzy , sa
tl
con stan tly
A ll ,
d
an
ere
,
o
r
ur
s
o
e
ara
on e
s
or
in
o ers ,
.
en o
a
a
ph t g ht w
th t wh t w m G d i th
im m
t bl d c mp h iv m t i l iv which h ld withi
mi
it d d t mi
ll th
ph m t which
lig ht d phil phy will d c th m y d iti f th p p
T h c c pti
l f ith
i
t
lik th t f Spi
i
l t tim
t 2
P g 43
T hi p
c
c
l
ct
iv
i
g
g
i D c mb
1 8 32
b f th B t S ci ty f N t l
Hi t y
P g 45
Alth g h th
d g d ti
w
t 1
P l t ic d ct i
I thi k it c t y t M Em
t dy b li f i m li ti th t th
p i h impli
m
ly th t th im l
lw tp i
c di g i
T hi im g
lig htly v i d i f d
t
P g 46
1
P
i
P m A pp di
M Em
b illi t b th Ed
P g 46
t
2
m
Em
E
d Ch l
Ch
h
w d Bli
d
y
f N t
di d withi th tw y b f th p blic ti
pw
bility h i b th t ll i h i
Of Ed w d
d
p m Th Di g
B
ti f l with
O f Ch l h w t
f
h
i
i
f
p
ll
l
i
p
i
c
y
m
w
l
m
t
g
y
y
I h v f lt i h im th i tim bl dv t g wh
G d ll w it
f fi di g
b th d fii d i
f
h
i
M
i
E
t
P g
m
w
t
I
47
S
l
I
b
h
chil
d
y
m
w
d
i
m
w
t
h
j
p
m i g m y l f with y i g v
c mm w d
bl ck
b d t tw ty thi ty tim
til th
whit
a n es
as
au
e an
a
o
e er
an
a
e
on
e on e
s
o
erse
en a
an
e
s no
un
a ssa
e o
s
n
an
o
a
n oza
o
a
en
o
e
es o
e
e
u
n
es .
e
a
s or
sso e
,
o
s ea
ere
n
e
an
oe
,
e
,
e
en
o
a u ra
ar
’
r e.
e
,
ara
an
o
e
,
us n
re
e
se
’
oa r
e
n
n
’
,
ro
a
.
r.
er
en a
sa
e c
.
n
,
’
ere
a s en
’
s
es
ser e s .
n
ou n
s
,
e
a
on
s
ro
er
ro e :
e o
oun
n es
a
er a n
en
,
er
ro
u
o
or
e
on
r
o
a
e
e
n
s
s
e.
e,
on e .
on e
en
”
o
un
on
or s, as
es,
ur e .
u
as
n
a
n
s
an a
a
ro e
n
,
eau
en
a
ers,
erson
en
e
erson
o
an
r
s
e
ar es
n
o
a
erso n
ar e
,
ex er en
no e
,
ourn a s,
e,
s
”
n
e
e
a
a
e
as
r.
au n c
e ore
no
an
an
n
ar es
ea rs
ers
o
s
o
s
erson
an
o
e,
a
r.
.
on
a
x.
en
s,
e
er s e s
s
.
erson
n
a
o
u re
e
e e x ress on
a
o
a s are
no e
ss
o
a
on ra r
so
on
e ora
a
no e
,
e
ar
oe
n
e ra
e
n
e an
a
a
os on
e
ou
.
r n e,
e e
n
e ore
,
urs
.
a on
a
s
.
er ,
e
a
no e
,
e e
n
a
on
o
en o
re u e
e
.
e
un
n or
ose
oso
a er
ou
a er a
e
n es a
en e
ar
en s
re
e na
a
a
un
s
a
a
s,
’
,
e
NO T ES
d l t ll m i
which w
ig ht
th
ith h d y t
child fi t l
w
wor
os
s
ea n n g
a
as
er
ne
’
as a
P ag
ma n
5
e
y
2
rs
s
p m
ph i
o f th e
t
oe
in g me a m or
t
e ern a
l
1
P an ,
P ag
e
53
P ag
e
53
P ag
e
on
n
d
ng
,
thi
th e
”
Ibg
d bt
I w th t
wh
bit y I t
ll
e an
to
en
sa
un
oo
an
,
ar
erse
s
a
rar
.
.
n
o
a
ou
”
s
n
e c.
ere
u
,
ea
e
.
s, as
os s ,
for
re a
esso n
a ote
,
an
,
l ti b t w
i I d li m
Th
i t ld
fl wi g iv
W
i
d t
II T h
d l t
t
O w d d
n a u ral
an
fi
xedn ess
d
n a me
e r
a
an
4
1 1
of
o
h
”
n o es,
an
ar
n
a er
in
e rus
on
th e
,
etc .
n ot e 1
.
,
n ote 2
.
,
ssote
,
t
tc i
Sh a ksp eare, Son n e lxx
Sh a ksp ea re, Son n e
.
x x v.
l
tt
w
itt
i
D
c
m
b
1
8
8
3
53
3
t
R v J m
F m Cl k th diti g i Ohi T i
M
m
W t
hich
E
c
t
i
b
t
d
M
t
w
g
h
T h H mbl Be
y
I m mb i y l tt y m ti d th m k f
T k
0 t k th
th t th v
m fi
i d f y
lip w y w
I thi k th y
B
t Sh k p
Fl tch
b th t g th w v I thi k
m t
vi it d by ch t y g l m th t t z I k w it i
d
i R ll
M
l
I
b t it i i M
;
f
m mb
iti
tici g th t th M l
d St v
d
l g t y w
b t v ly divid d th f Sh k p
B t th
f B m t
d Fl tch
it l i
d th
I f h did
d c i ll f
f th
th
t w it
it th y did t d w h ll h v m f th k w
W h t c
i
ig
th
th
t
I
t
w wh
i
w
t
?
g
l t wh i g
o
e
a
.
e
so
on
a
sn
a
er,
n or
e
u
ere
or
ose
e
er.
o
P ag
e
sn
55
a
ea u
a
ea sur e
or
e en
,
e
an
,
a
are
e
re
u e
e o
o
a
n
s
a so
an
cr
or
a
u
e
n ern a
e
so
s ea re,
ev
r e
no
our
e
a
un
s
no
.
.
lid
p rvi
Th e
Is
e
so
,
ous
lid iv
t l v
et
so
un
o
o e,
erse
c.
Cupido
,
n
e a
”
ssote I
,
no
ese
er .
s or
sun
ea u
e en s , a n
,
e
ose
e er,
a.
an
er .
e
e
are .
ea sur e
e
s a
ere
o
ar
a
e
s an
a on es,
or
e,
a
er
as
an
e re
n
o e
o
e
on
no
erses,
ea
ou
o
on r
on e
en
s ea re s
a
,
n
n
erson
’
or on e, n on e
s a
e
as
n
e
ou
e
n
s
er,
e e
s
er
e
s arr
a
en
n
r.
a
ere n o
en
ar e,
our
n
r
er
e
e sa
ours
er n o
an
,
er
,
en r
en
e,
o
o,
e
ca
e-
su
o
re
o
n or
,
n
er ,
’
e
s
essen
e
en
e
s a
an
u
re
a
ree
es
es er n
In
.
P oems
.
NO T ES
1
4 3
th
ideali tic th ry which h h d h d with ch g r t i
t
M mi o
t
t
Al
b
y
F
b
B
t
B
S
d
f
W
T H i
t
w
H
h
P g
d
i
i
i
y
divi
2
f
1
t
7
g
c c th g h ymb l i phic d i h t cc d with
th wh w it myth c c i g th G d
P cl
Tl l g y o
f P l t I iv
P g 73
t
Al x d L p ld F z Emm ich
1
H h l h ( 794
t W ii t m b g
f
pi t b
p i c ly f mily k w f th mir c l c
tt ib t d
i G m y
t hi p y
d E gl d
hi g t
d tW
f M
M tti g ly i 1 8 2 4
P g
m
D
I
i
d
b
t
d
t
R
lph
t
t
B
2
73
P
y f H v d U iv ity f th f ll wi g i f m ti
with g d t th
p i
T h ph
i
t
( p
h
i
i
i
fi
t
w
ili
ht
k
w
l
d
f
m
th
t
i
t
i
t
g
g
g
) g
f G d ( m t ti
f ll d y k wl d g
t
t d with th
g
f thi g i th i
K wl d g
v l t
it i )
d
p tic l ity i twilig ht k wl dg whil th k wl dg f
th
id th t c tit t th pl f c ti i d y k wl dg
T h i di ti cti
c p d t th t ch ic l di ti cti b
T
h
tw
k
w
l
d
di
ti
cti
i
i
i
i
d
t
g
p
p
b tw m i g d v i g k wl dg f t th ai
T g l ify G d
h im
t
f th p ti l k wl dg
ti
i
i
m
t
l
i
i
f
t dp i t f d k
t
t
t
l
f m th
g
T
h
i
i
i
t
t
l
h
v
b
th
i
w y t d k
g
g
p
h
T
i
t
h
m
t
t
i
b
i
c
t
i
d
i
i
th
t
g
p
w
t
h
w
l
h
v
th
y
k
l
i
i
f
t
h
t
g
p
ly th g h th h ig h
hig h i th l w
th
f th
i v y
lw y g l ify G d T h
ph
d
c i ly m i g l d with th p bl m f m i g d v i g
d
pplyi g t th p i d p c di g th c ti f th
e
eo
s
eres
a
on
e
no e
,
r ou
ern s
o se
o
rn
a
o
s
o
a
a
a
n
,
no e
,
n o
e
ea s
o n
n
on e ,
an
e s
an
a
e
n
n
n
o
e
,
o
r
u e
n
on
,
er
n
a
no
e
e
o
aa
so
or see
n
e
ar as
er
e
ro
re e
e
n
o
e
e
orn n
on o
.
e
on
r ee
o see
o
na
e s
n
e
on
o
or
ese
rea
e
s n
no
e
an
e o
e
a u
e
so
e
no
u
e an
.
e use o
.
,
a
o
ssa
s n
o
s eo u
s con
u
a
.
or
o
na
no
e re ers
e
no
ves er
n a ures
e
e
on a n e
—
se era
e
on
a
a
s
o
n
o
on
o u es er
na
an
e
a
n or
e o
o
a r on
a
n
o
rea
e.
en
er o
er
as
rase
er
o
a r n ess,
o
ssa
a
e
e,
e
r or
e
e
n
s
e en n
e
e
us,
er
r.
o
e
e
s
a
or
s
ro
u res, a
o
or
an
e
ves er
e
a
so a
ur ous
as a
e
rou
on
o
ar n ess s eo ss
e v es er
or s
r e
an
,
e
e
no
no
ar a
a
”
a
u ous
an
n
,
no
an
ne
ra n
orn
,
a
n
- a
an
n
,
o s.
eo o
an
orres on
orn n
o
e
e
ers
u e
os er or
e s an
a
r es
no
on
e
ro
a
a
e
on s
n
een
on o
u
s
.
s
a
er
e
e
a
s
an
n
n
es
n
o
n s or
,
ese ex ress on s
o
s
u ar
a
n
orn an
an
.
es res
ern n
or
.
ar ar
ar
e
an
rs.
.
een
n
er
e
s
no
n
o
a
e
.
ers,
ra s e
a
ea
.
ra
re ar
eo u
.
,
o
,
o,
a
e
err
.
an
,
on
1
e
e
s
no e
,
en o
o
,
o
o s s or
e
r
a
e
e
.
s
i eo o
a
co
su
arr s.
.
.
ear
a
r on son
or
e
.
e
e
a
o
ra ses
an
o
e
na .
e
e
a
o
er
er
s
er
e en n
e sun an
NO T ES
14
4
moon
vii
of
d
an
St
l iv
xx
i
h
A
.
D ods
xx x ,
T
.
St
See
.
omas
i
k
ug ust n e s
’
l ti
Al
P tI Q
t
s ra n s a
Aq i
u n as,
p
City o
f God, Boo ! L, ch a t ers
on
e
so th e Su mma T lseol og i‘
’
.
lviii
u e stio
ar
,
Q
Ar t 6;
.
ue s tio
Ar t 3
.
,
P ag
e
.
6
7 ,
n ote 1
.
i
W
ser
th
fa r
h
an
um an
H bl
The
h
Let me g o w
ear a sk y
Ih
F
ra g
I will
ere er
Th e
s on
e Bee,
P oems
s
oe
.
,
ic till
P t
P oem Appe
mu s
orn
t
men
um
’
b
seer, etc .
.
”
n
s,
,
A M ERI CAN S CH OLA R
Em
ch
iv
h d b
g
dix
.
T HE
In
1
Mr
8 34
erson
.
a t th e a n n u al
mee
ti
b idg T h y
Am hbf h
r
e.
ree
on t
e ore t
ng
of th e
lt
mee
e
ti
t
P h i Be
n
h
e
g
Ka
a
pp
n
e
n
ro e
s
i
Ca m
n
e
Add
e th e
ourn a
29
P oem
e th e
ci ty i
So
a
i vit d to g iv
w t i hi J
h e wa s
ears a er
osen to
een
a
re ss.
l
JU L
h ld
1
Y,
8 37
.
w it fo
d g iv m lig ht I
th
fi I t i ot
C mb idg m
th y f th Sch l
t f ll t b
ll b k wh i ch it b h v h im t k w l
b k w hippe b t h m t b bl t e d i ll b k th t
which l n g iv v lu t b k
th
in ll to r d
i c ptibl t xt f T th T h t l n f th i tyl i
i t llig ibl cc pt bl t h im
h
t e A ll w se woul
If
e
r
a
e
en a
eor
e
oo es
oo s
a
oo -
ors
a o
on e
n
e, a
I n h is
a
e
a
e
a
e
e
u
es
e
orru
n e
as
r,
e
o
o
e a
o ar s c
.
ch
d d m iti
n ee
e
on
o
a
e
oo s
ea
a
on e,
e
er s
a o e o
a
e
s
.
Memoir of Emer son Mr Ca b ot
mu
o
r
s n
ce .
n a
a
a
.
ea s
,
o r a
e
oo s
ru
o
’
no
r e
s ou
,
e
o
us
o
e
e
e
on
to th e
p k thi dd
c ltiv t d cl f p
u
s ea s of
a e
a ss o
s a
ress
erson s
1
NO T ES
4 5
th m lv i t d f t ki g
i N w E g l d t thi k f
th i pi i fr m E p f m b k
th
N w
M L w ll p ki g f thi p ch f
f
m
i
it
l
k
i
N
E
l
d
ti
th
w
w
w
m
g
g
p
c ll d id T h P it
v lt h d m d
ccl i ti
c l ly d th R v l ti p litic lly i d p d t b t w w
till
ci lly d i t ll ct ll y m d t E g li h th g ht till
Em
t th
c bl d g v
ch c t th d g
Hi
ti b f th
f bl
w t
d th g l i
m thi ty y
P h i B t K pp S ci ty t C mb idg
g
v t with t y f m p ll l i
lit y
w
c t b lw y t
d i th m m y f it
l
W h t c wd d
pict q
d it i pi ti
d b
th
l i l wh t wi d w cl t i g with g h d wh t
th i m f pp v l wh t g im il c f f g
di
t
H lm
c d i h i Lif f Em
th t ly h
D
h
i
K
f
P
B
l
dd
b
t
pp
f
t
h
t
h
y
d
S ci ty b
li t d t with ch p f d tt ti
i t t H p k f it
O
i t ll ct l D cl ti f
Idp d c
N th i g lik it h d b
h d i th h ll f H v d
i c S m l Ad m
pp t d th fli m ti f th q ti
W h th
it b l wf l t t t th chi f m g i t t if th
c mm w lth c t th wi b p v d It w
y
T h di g ity
p i h
t fid f l t with
d th
f
m
t t
t
h
lity
c
d
m
ic
m
b
ly
t
tl
d
f
w
y
by th li m th t l k d f th i fiit i th m l i th
fiki ; th milk i th p
T h y c ld
d t d th
d p th g ht g g t d by th m
t fl w th t bl w
b t th
d m tic ill t ti h d ki d of
e y h meli
n
n on s
er o
a
e
a
a
o
s en e
e ss a s es,
en
n
a
o
us a s
an
a
s ns
u res uen ess a n
o
ro a
a
us
r
or
er
n
o
an
e , so
ara
rea sure
ra
on
n
n
e
e
s en
e
,
an
ers
on
e ore
e
r
ears a o,
era r
our
or
e
e
or
ea
s,
a
ore on e
o
s
rea
an
ea er
r
ere
e
a
ro
es
es a s
ou
e
a
e
s
e
n
.
a
n ess,
u
,
e
u s er n
,
e
e
us
en
e en
a
s
s
e
s ora
a
a
a
e
n
e
a
a s so
a
a er.
e
ou
a
oore
a
an
n
a
ua
ue
o
e
o
e
o
re o
e an
a
e en
a s an
on
n e e
e
a
an
o
o o s.
s e o
o
n s ea
es
se
e
ro
o
ur
or es o
e a
or
en n
a
e o u
cu
e
n s s, a
n
e
an
erson
an
a
e
a
so
,
,
an
,
s
sa
,
s ea
r ua
s
e
as
n
uro e or
o
e
o
r.
o
an
n
e
s
sen
r.
an
o
on e o
e
e en
e
en
a
e
o
o
a
een
ue
a
s su
or e
er
e
ee
u
an n o
ea
an
e
or
s
en
a
a
a
on
an
on o
ara
e
ua
ou
o
oo e
s su
1
Essay
e
us ra
on
e
e
a a
e
or
e
n
e
.
e
on s
e
a
a s ea s
ean es
a
T h orea u , AIy Study
n
n
e
.
,
n
e
ou
,
e
s ra e,
.
a sse
n
’
ere
ues on
e
a
reser e
ar ar
s o
a
ve o
a
ere an
an
an
r
e
se
es e
es
o
er
e
n
e a
ress on
a
n
ear
ru s
o
o
ex
a
e
ese
u
a
au
n
n e e
ur
as
e a
ro ou n
su
as
rare
a
e
e ore
resses
e
e rea
r
o
erson
e o
e.
o sa
no
s en e
s
n
on
n
a
e s o e o
.
o
s n
n
e an n u a
een
n eres
n
es re or s
o
un
er
o
as s a r e
.
n
ea
e
ers a n
a
n urs r
M a da m
,
e
o
o
s,
’
NO T ES
4
1
7
p p l ti
d p p ty f th E g li h c will i
tim c t i ly f ll withi th Am ic c t
th t th
f th e E g li h t g
w it
h ll w it t th Am ic
d
t t th
i l d p blic d th h ll th g rea t Y k b
cen tre
of
o
er a n
e
u
b
er
e
an
,
e
o
n
en
ra e
s
an
r e
ue s a
on
s
s an
er
n
n
e
o
ro
a
r ers o
no
on an
u a
oas
o
so
,
e
e
a
er
e
s a
n
an
an
ee
an
e
orn
ti thi p p f
C b t mitt d th fi t th
In
edi n g
o
o
P ag
e
a
s
e
82 ,
a
rs
e
n ote I
.
a g es .
y p i
I t d cti
S m
th e
Mr
I n tellect
p
ree
In
.
History of
Na tur a l
or
er
of
os u m
P
lt
a o
is
a ver
P f
thi f bl b t i h i
G d
t
f P l t ch
M l M Em
wi
diti
y
W h t
bl w d w w t h im ! G d divid d m
i t m th t th y mig ht h lp ch th
T hi id
O f B th ly
p d i f d i th ch pt
difl
tly
l iii p 37
i th M
L v
ls
sion of
n
’
s
on
e
s
N
en
n
u
o
no
a
n o
e,
a
s
’
u ar
or s
e
n ro
s
e o
ro essor
o
r.
or a s,
erson
o
e
e
a
on
u
sa
ea
o
er.
a
er
s,
e
o
e
oo
’
an
ea ,
s
'
ex resse
eren
”
o e
P ag
e
n
e
84 ,
n ote I
s
,
or a
vo
,
n
oun
e
.
.
.
.
h
v
orsem an
ser es th e
O de in scn bed
'
e
85 ,
n ote 1
to
W
.
h
et
H Ch a rmi
orse,
c.
ng
.
i
t
is
n a u re
Ess y
a
erson
8 6,
s, an
’
s
d
rea
vi p dcd
a n
n ote I
q lly
e ua
di
n
g
ro u e
are roun
,
all ra
in
o
,
th pl
er
P ag
e
thi ddr
In
.
th e
th e
Newton , La pla ce,
O wen
s
,
ara
a
k
wor
s
u n er,
,
a
P oem s,
H t
Ly ll F
dy
e
.
d
d;
y
t
s re urn
etc .
,
Uriel
e
P oems
foun ;
n ot
Un it an d un iverse
P ag
,
.
L n e in
In
er
.
Th e
P ag
ro
an
ess,
a re
of
i
d h is
use o
.
h
h t
ou
th e
M r Em
e s of
en
L n n aeus,
P oems
,
t roug
vid c
M t
e
th e
an d
”
.
ci c
L m ck H ch l
f th i f ct
a s ers
of
a
ar
,
ers
e
er
a
s on
an
S
en
e,
,
an e .
8 6,
n ot e 2
.
In
on e
of th e
J
l
o urn a s,
Mr Em erson
.
4
NO T ES
8
1
q t
F ch th
G od,
it i c t i th t th
uo es a
ren
Na
mot
or s
h th
W
s
e
e
w l be
ere
s
.
ass
ure
P ag
no e
,
cha pter
a
re a
be
e re
a
”
.
s
e n
e
a e
e
rou
th
er or n o
il
l
fi
T
t
h
hi
c
l
d
iti
t
1
88
g
t p ed th g h th l mbic f m
er a n
s
Pa
au
’
an
o
of
on
’
as
N a t u r e,
in
,
A rt
iii
.
89,
e
n ote 1
Emerson
.
T
,
h
orea u , an
ll
d Lowe
th re e
,
m pl t Am i
y g m t th t p ch wh t
d
ch ol
ig i lity i
f i d p d c i th g ht
p i
p t m ch f th i tim d i g th i c ll g t m
pl i g d di g i th Lib y t th
p
f th
p ib d c ic l m th by i c i g c
t th
tim
c M Em
hp d
t 1
A ll th i fl
P g 91
t
th w t h w th m th ig ht f th pi i t
t
m fi d m
w
cl im d f th
d th i t ll ct t th
“
b dy I h i J
l f 8 56 h w it
Ihv b
c c ll d v lti f
d p kin g wh t w
w iti g
t
w
tw ty fi thi ty y
d h v
di cipl
T h w ld b di cipl m t g t th f
t i f t th p
d mig ht w ll g t
m
i hi m lf t
v ym
g
h
ht
th
d
g
d l B ec
C mp h i p m Eti
M Em
f ll w d h i c
l t
P g 93
t I
ch l t
d littl p dl y H
f
d i
th
b k th p g w itt f h im d lig htly p d v th
th
I
t
h
T
h
M
d
d
c
ll
d
f
P g
t
I
95
w hich
d
T h Sch l
i cl d d i L
L tt
w ll
d Bi g p l i l Sk t l
i thi p ch M
t
Em
t dily h ld p t th ch l th d ty f ctiv
d b v m h d e peci l ly imp ed p
h im by h i p ivi
en
oun
ars
s
ress on
rescr
e
a
on
n
.
r
n
n
ra u
ou s
are
a
e
e
oo
ers
o
a
e
es
on
e
a
e no
o
o
o
o
e
s
r
or
e
e
no
e
ee n
es
e
on e
e
o
”
.
en
en er
ore
a
or
s
ru
o
e
e
a
a n
e
e.
e
a
no
oun
e
e
en n e
r
.
rea
r
es
o
o
e
o
e
ro u
or
en
a
erson
.
e
a
e
.
ou n se
s
e soon
an
n
oun
a sse
o
o
a
er
e
.
e
er s
leg ed lot
r ea
.
o ar,
an
oo
s u
s
o
a
a
”
e
are
e e zes, a s
o
s ea
resses
e a
e
o ra
e
n
.
an
erson
ra
no e
,
u r es a n
an
a
r
an
,
oe
o
assa
us
an
no e
,
an
e
e
erson
as
as
s
en se o
.
r
e
er
e.
s
o ar
e s
e
r
ex
e e
en sure a
e
o
ere
ea rs,
s
an
o
ee
a
o e er
se
'
1
or
r
- e
u en
n
o
e ex
e
e
e sa
s ea
ou
n
s o
o
ourn a
- ve or
e
as
o
s
an
en
e
.
e
u rr n
er c a n
na
er
a
n
ere
or
ur n
rar
o
e
an
e
e
n
,
ers
o
n e
e
o
no e
,
o exer
an
u u
u rr
e r
n
exa
an
ou
n
e
o
rea
se
o
,
en
u
an
e
o
e en
s en
,
e
a
n
o
or n
ex
a
e s
os
e
as
n
n
o ar
u
e
on
u
an
e
n
s s ee
e
u
ee
r.
,
o
a
s
o
e
r
P ag
feren t
P ag
n ote 2
95 ,
e
vi
ew
e
8
9 ,
NO T ES
th m
Th
e
.
Non Eg o
from th e
n ote 1
er
o
r
a
es
e a
03 , n ote 1
t
d
an
o
u
an
s
dif
e
.
wer ?
yi ld
d t
n e- ree
e
a
n
o
e
W
e 1
es a
9
.
n
P ag
impli q it
m t phy ici
e
of t h e
h t p iz th t w
O ly wh t th pi t
W
4
1
e
s, etc .
oo n o es,
II
’
P oems
.
.
.
t ll th
t f
W ho
on e of
e e
I s ma s
I
a ll
er o
c t
my
am
se re s
.
phi
Th e S
P oems
n x,
.
dd d liv d b f th e
A ti l v y S ci ty i N w Y k M ch 7 1 8 54 M
Em
id th t
cm t l t t l
h t lf
li c th h ig ht d p f cti f m i li c
G d
S lf
t c i th c cili ti
y
T hi
f th
R li c
d
T h Ov S l
M Em
P g 1 08
t
l
1
w t i hi J
fi thi
ti
I t w th h ppi t t t my ld
th m which Ch l H y W
v
t
t
t
t
h
g
P h i B t K pp di
M P id t h
id I pp
ll k w wh
th
t cm f m
pp
ll
d I
k w wh t h h
id I g iv y
th
Spi it f C c d
P ag
-s a
n
re
6,
e 1 0
o
er
erson
sa
e,
e
an
e
a
ora
s
a
no
e
a
it ma kes
P ag
us a
e 1 1 2
Sweden
b
org
ll
n ote I
,
th e
,
f
o
My tic
s
e 1 1
ss re or
ro
o
o
e
,
er ,
en
e rea
e
n ot e 1
n
n
rou
.
res
en
es
ro
er
e
e
’
as
o
,
an
ou
a
e
su
ose
ose a
su
e
r
.
Em
dvt
erson
e o es
or
on
o
a
ch pt
a
er
to
.
,
on
.
a
.
n
ea
a
o
oa s
a
e sa
,
ou rn a
s
u rn
es
a
n
in R ep resen ta t ive M en
T h e wr n g s o f P es a o ,
ose
e u a
ro e
a
iti
3
f m
Swi
t ch i g h v
wh
imp v m t i d c ti i E p
d i Am ic P t l zzi
b
t
d g g d th g h lif by pp t f il
P ag
e
on
s
.
’
min d
Mr
.
essa
o
e on
.
e
.
on e
e
se
a
”
e
r.
t
earn
s re an
,
r.
,
,
o
o
arren
ora or
o
an
e ore
ere
ar
erson
en r
a s sa
e
as
on
as
e
,
r.
.
n n er :
ere
no
or
a
a
on
a
ress
ou
er
ar es
e a
a
on o
re on
e
no e
es
o
er e
e
an
ru
a
on e
s
an
e
an
e
,
er
a
n
e
e
In
.
e
a
s sen en
e an
n ot e I
a
s
uro
n
es a o
aren
a
e
t l zzi th
t
i
t
h
ht
m
ch
w
g
d A m ic h d b g
fi t c
b
w
p tly d t l ck f
ro u
er
e an
’
s
ures,
so
a,
a
e un
ourse
ue
e
n
u
en e cen
ar
e earn es
o
a
as
o
N O T ES
i
21
4
cl g y h wi g th m th g li s an d
l
b
fi
t
f
th
l
y
ch
ch
t
thi
d
d
t
h
e
d
p
g
y
d
w
t
f
m
l
y
t
h
l
t
h
p
l
h
y
t
f
w
t
g
lm t wh ll y h t
Th
pp t ity t f h i mi d
cm H w
pp ch d by m y th f m th D i i ity Sch l p b
bly c mmitt t i vit h im t m k th A l A dd
l
T h D ivi ity Sch l y th wi h d t
t A p il
J
t lk with m c c i g T h i m I w t th h vy h t d
f
I lw y fid th t my vi w chill h ck p pl t th
fi t p i g B t th c v ti w t w ll d I c m
d I t ld th m th t th p ch h ld b p et
w y ch
d
l v f th h m i f m l t
mit with th
i
i
if
t
l
k
U
it
i
A
ci
ti
p
ct
d
t
t
t
h
y
p tic T h y ll mil d N A mi i t
w d y i pl i
fp
H i w mi g p
t
p
t p
th
ick b d d h m tic l
d th fi f th mi t l s
f
viv
city
h
i
w
d
ch
d
f
i
t
d
i
t
h
e
g
y
f
f
S
m
b
li
ci
ti
h
C
b
id
t
c
i
m
d
t
g
g
g
p
t ph
l gy
Alth g h h k w th t wh t h h ld y m t d
h ck m y f th ld cl g y b c
t i d by h i t d
d th y w f d w ti g it m d cl d ty th t
h d c m t h im t
p th mi d f th y g p tl
f
t
p
i
b
iliti
th
i
c
lli
t th
g
g
Th
Th
dd p v k d g t cti
th ities
f th
ch l p blicly w h d th i h d f ll c mplicity i
m
f g
cc io P of
A d w No to
t
th
lib l cl g y f th d y
d w ig ht m g th m
w th
i th B t
t g ly tt ck d th vi w f Em
Ad
v l d Ch i ti ity d
ly p
m ki g lig ht f
ti
M
m
fi
i
m
th
i
E
v
d
d
ith
h
h
i
e
w
m
w
g
p
A mer can
th e
to
ro
en ess
a
or
an
ar e a
os
ee
ou rn a
rs
,
a
a
rs
o
s
n
en n
a
a
e
oo
e
oe
rose,
es
e,
e
e
rose o
n
ure
ra seo o
en un
ou
e
o
e s
e o
or
oo
s ron
ser , a s
roa c
a
a
n
a
a
on
a
ora
or
e
a
ar
s a
r
a
a
as e
s,
s
a n
s
a
n s re
e
an
e sor
o
- an
o
ex
e
n a ure : a n
s
n
re
e
s
e a
see
an
e
a
er s ou
rea
an
’
.
n en s
or
e
,
,
e a
an
,
o
- ear e
ea
e
.
s e
s
eo
en
on cs o
s
er
er
an
r
or
ro o e
r
er
a
n
n
on
e
e
e
n
e
o
.
er
r.
re
oun
n
era
erso n
n
r s an
’
s re
e
.
s o
r
s
re ea e
erso n
ese
on
an
ore
s o
ear
a
u
es
os
a
.
rea
rea
essor
a
es
s o
as e
u
.
n
s an
s
a
,
n ee s
us
re
e
see
,
e
a
sa
e a use ,
,
n
s ou
e
a
es o
e
an
er
a
ress
ou
n s er, n o
a
e
oss
n
e
e
o o en
ress
as
a
sso
o
ou n
o
a
on
sou s, a n
ne
e
ere
rea
e
o
o
e
o
a
ersa
ro
n n ua
ra
as
e
.
e
e
ar s,
on
e.
or s o
s
ar
o
a
e
a e
oo
oo
o.
a
a
e
e
en
rose .
a
ru
a
.
e
e
r eu
an
on
ar an
s
e
s o
e s
o
n
an
,
ose
vn
n
e
a
an
o
e
o e
a
o
soon
e
e
e
e s an
s
ro
a
e
n
e
o
a
.
s
e
u
e
s
n a u re ou
s
.
.
s
ou
ern n
.
eere
r ee
n
r
on
a
e
o
ora
es a
nu
.
o
so
o
or
s u
ur
n es
e u
e
an
e
or u n
e
a
eo o
o
o
roa
a
o
n
s o
,
ee n ess o
s
e
er
re
n
o
a
,
or
au
an
a
er
o
e
rea
o
e
o s on
an
en
n ear
a
oor
a
o
,
T
NO
ES
4
h h d been asso ci t d i th
S c d C hurch Rev Hen ry
W are th
p f
i th D ivi ity Sch l f lt th t
h
m t b
d ti
th t th sou l k w
p
m
t
th
itd d
p ch d
h l
ft
m
t
hi f m
thi d th p i t H t th
l
t
wi hi g th t h b
d t d
l g
with ki d l tt
tt cki g th ew vi w Em
t b i g p f
tly
m
f h i pi i
th
t
t
w e f th p ci
g
by which th y mig ht b j tifi d t h i mi d M C b t i
y
hi M m i
Em
epli d i
lett which h ft b q t d
it d v t b f th
ity f t mp
it di
tir
pl y b t l
c f i th t h w i c p bl f
n
i g
Th
i
y l willi g l bl t b
h
m
f
l
ic
I
c
ld
p
i
b
ly
iv
t
h
t
o
s
g
p
g
y
m t
f
c
lly
hi
t
hich
d
ct
i
i
m
w
t
y
y
t d f I d t k w wh t g m t m i f c
t
f
t
h
p
i
th
ht
t
yi
i
w
H
g
y
g
f
c t mp i t liv li
f th f ct
lig i
d
th i c l d v b d by g m t
22
e
a e
a
en a
,
res s e
s an
ea
as a
a
n
a
e
o
ar
a
e
e
re
se n a ure o
eser es
a
n
s,
u
o e
us
e
oo
on
o
s
or
er
e
e
no
un
er s oo
e n
no
s,
or
n
co
er e c
e ar u
r.
.
en
a
ru e
o no
ora r es
s
o
n
n e er
en s
ar u
’
as
e
.
e er sen se o
on e
e
e
o
e
ar
u
r ne o
n
n e
re eren
e
o rou se
n
on
re
s o
s
an
,
”
en
ar u
a
e
e
ea n
r
s
r ea s o
ess a
o
,
er
o
on e
ou
x
uo e
e o
a
or
an
a
ou
a
a
n
on
a
n
as
e
s
e
o
ess
s,
no
o a
e
a
e sa
n
seren
e
een
en
as o
e en
no
ex ress on o
ou
sc
su c
on
s
o
er
a
on ess on
ou
or
on e
s
or
‘
ou
o an
e,
s n o on e ,
en s
s
n
ere
.
s an
o
e
a so as a
.
e
us
a
e
o
n on s,
s o
e
,
s
erson r
as
erson
’
.
erso n s
on
a
s as
e
o r sa
e
s
n
s
e n
ser
e ser
e sen
e
oo
s no
a
e
er,
,
n
no
rea
er
n
a
ue
e
e
o n s.
er
o
e on
e
n
a
soon
an
,
ro esso r
as
oc r n e
a
n
.
p i t d ft h i d th i th App dix
t th
f
H ym
dt
T h B h mi
P m
which i
l wh i th
t Em
th g ht f th i d q cy
fm
t
p D ity i mb di d H id I d y p
lity t G d b c
Lif
it i t littl
m ch
t t
G
d
F
p
l lif i f i t d c ld t th
y
f
g
R
d B
d L v
ty th t which i ll th
i lif
f lif th
f
lv flv
th
In
o
an
e
ly p
ear
oe
e se
an
son a
o
ea son
s
e o
3
Th e
prin ted
e ause
o
e,
an
s
e rea son
p
corres o n den ce
in fu ll in
ea u
an
A
pp
o
b tw
e
een
en dix to
rea son
th ese
e
o
no
e
e
,
e
na
u
oo
en er
o e o
e,
o
s
or
.
ese,
o e
”
.
frien ds, wh ich does h on or to
’
er
.
o
o
ua
en
s a
a
M r Ca b ot
.
s re erre
e sa
e,
or
en
e
,
.
o
,
n
,
”
ou
s
oo
o
an
e an
o
e,
a n
’
e
o
s
ea
n
erso n
s e
e
s
an
e
o
er
a
ese n o es,
o ex ress
erson a
e
rn
e
s,
ere n
o
oem ,
M emoir of Emer son
.
b
ot h
,
is
2
N O T ES
4 3
C b t
pl i th t wh t h m
by p
lity m
H
th limit ti t
i divid l
thi g m
t b
H
S p m Bi g
t th
did t d y lf c ci
did t w t th i f mi g S l f th
iv
ht p i
Jhvh
c di v w l f th vi w f thi
T h g h m ch bh
w
t
ll th
dd
p blicly p d
h
w
t bl d Mi Eliz b th P b dy i l tt t M Al
I l d f M ch t E g l d l t th t D
d
C h m i g g d d th dd
ti ly
t D ivin ity H ll
th
j tifibl d d d c itici m
p f ct y ch cter
vic c pi g v th U it i ch ch t th tim
f
f th g ht it ti d p
H h il d th c mm ti
ig
f th t pi it which
th t m thi g did liv i th mb
f th
t
d c yi g P it
h d d v l p d U it i i m
M M c
ch ch
D C w y t ll h w th y
g
I
P k w t h m
Th d
l
d w t i hi J
h ll g iv
b t ct b tiful j t d t ibly blim
f th ch ch i it p
t c diti
My
w h i pict
li
d d thi w k I h ll w it th l g m dit t d
m
th
t t f th ch ch d th d ti f th
e no
o
o a
e
as
e
re a n
ser
e
e
e
es
ur
as
s rou se
s ra
ser
on s on
In
e ore
r
for
n
s a e
n
e
o
t
on
e, an
,
Bos
so
,
an
resen
s
s a
r
ur
an
ou rn a
on
e
on
e
u
e
su
on
e
ou n
e
err
an
us
ur a n
n
s
-
.
a e
e
ese
es o
Cambridg e there wa s mu ch
d
n
s
r
s
o
n
e.
e
as a
e a
e s
a
ro e
e an
ee
e
on
a ra
u
a
o
o
.
ur
s
ers
re
en
es a
s rre
ou
ea u
e
e of
a
as
sa fe or
ti
so
ur
ar an
r.
or
er u n
ex
a
as an
a
e
ere
r.
o
re a es
,
s
s o
dis
d i d d
tim
ly thi ty y p d by
it w f lt t th U iv ity th t M Em
w
t
b c ll d p
d i bl p
t k y ctiv
t
tu rba n c e
bf
e
ci cl
th e
ar
n
u
earers
er
e
ou
ure
e
e
a
an
e e
o
,
an
,
o
n
en
u re o
s
on
on
ar er
e no a
s a
p
r.
.
,
n
ar a n s
n
”
ore
eo
sou
e
.
s u
e
a
on
e
e
e
e e o
a
o
o
o
a
n
n
s
er
o
n
e
so
r
e
n
ree
e
a
a
en
erse
ress a
e a
n ee
e an
a
o
,
o
es er,
an
o
o
no
,
ea
e
a
re a r e
n
ar
us
ss
sa
resse
ex
u
.
er
an
e
.
e
un
e
o
e or
orren
a
u
ress
rou
u re
e
s
see
.
ou
a
ou
n
ua
n
o an
o
ou sn ess
n or
e
an
no
- on s
se
en
on
a
erso n a
ea n s
e
an
ore
n
no
a
a
a ns
ex
a o
es ra
its
a
e
e
ee
n
erson
e
n
ers
e
o
r
n ea r
,
r
a
a
e
on
u
ears
a sse
erson
.
o
a
as
e an
a
e
a
fi
rn c tion s
.
H lm wittily
h d littl m
y
Em
th th p t f P t cl
th
k f g ht v h i b dy T h pp t l t
wh
G
m wh t di pp i ti g
f hi
dd m t h v b
d
t mp y t i ty w di g bl t h im H h d
th
In
th e
e
en
s a
o
e
e
at
on ro ers
erson
s
sa
c t v y
ree s
r ess
orar
o er
ou
us
a
n o or e
e
e,
ore
e
a
tim
th e
een
as
as
an
so
sa
ar
e a
.
e
reea
a
e
es
o
.
e
”
o
s
Dr
sa
o
o
a ro
ar en
o n
.
n
us
resu
,
an
e
a
P ag
e 1 22
n ote I
,
li
cl
t n g on e to th e
fou n
di
P ag
t
Ethic
K ea
e 1 22
m
en
gy
er
n ot e 2
,
er on
s s
Lect ur es
s,
n
as
,
a
li
h mility f
S v
ig ty
Th e
in
s
o ere
p
en sa tion
hi
li
ef, sure
n ote 1
,
e
a
or r
en
.
e 1 24
,
e
n ot e 2
Not
of
Com
etc .
d th
l
g
an
e 1 2
e s
O de
to
n ote I
5
D u ty
,
dost p
t
s ron g
.
.
v
t ci
an
ers
e
rr a
ou
n
.
s c ot , etc .
Saa di
m en
s on
t
h v
ea
en
es a
n
S ug g estin g
en t
k
bl
tt d
see s a n o
ivi iti
Lif
t
bu t d
reser e th e s ars
A n d th e mos
in Saa di
u se
o
,
e e
’
man wh o
e
ra g
P ag
n
s o
a e
a
a
’
”
P oems
.
,
.
F
ou
r ne
o
no
e
s
ou
e
s
rou n
h
or e
a e,
s a
en r
oo
u e,
A
T
v it d ct i
i c ll F t
e
hi per d th M
W
P ag
fa
.
H c h did t tt ck th
b
th t th g d wh ig htly h w with t i it ti g
t idic l w l d di pl c th vil
e 1 24
arg um en
ru
o e ern a
in P oems
ors
is h e m en m
s
s
hip
W
See a lso
.
T
P ag
n
’
y
l t th
n e e es
ere
Emerso
.
ro
e
a
an
e 1 23, n ot e I
of
n
ra
rou
P ag
rom
u
n es on
h
ca l Sket ch es
i
p
Biog
was
en ue
e
o
.
,
uo e
and
rne
o
e
s ar
er
a
ro a
Essay s, First Ser ies
’
q td
,
p b bly v y t
t b
i it th d ct i
e,
h d d f m thi
Th
h
w
hich
I
w
d
d
t
t
g
On e
v
resen
5
2
4
C ompare th e
.
Hyp i
’
a ssa
s
.
O ver-Soul
Th e
n
NO T ES
T hi p
g
p
t h
e,
fiom
h
.
”
th e
e en d,
P oems,
li
n es
App di
in W
en
d
x.
th
or swor
wron g
en s t rou g
h th
ee are
h
fres
an d
’
s
NO T ES
26
4
P ag
e 1 2
5
,
n ote 2
Bro
h
T
P ag
6,
t
a ll th e
n ote 1
ur ose
th e
as
sta n z a
is th e La w
er, swee er
an
p p
sa m e
c
Lo
v v
t P
e e er sa w , etc .
g
T h e P oe
ra e
”
App
ms,
oe
,
dix
en
.
d bt
I n R ep r esen ta t ive M en th e
w s om of th e Eas is s o en of
e
.
o
f
Em
i t id
t pk
ck wl dg d th m Hi mi d p p d f t h m
by P l t d th N P l t i t h ly f d th S ip t
d l t
d lig ht d i th i p t p ci ll y
f th O i t
m ch i th fi t th t i
v l f hi
S di
d H fiz ;
p m h d pt d S di S y d
ic
m
f
t
h
g
P
l
e 1 2
th
T o th e
.
a to to th e a n c en
son
e
no
a
a o an
o
r en
e
oe
e a
s
e
e
eo
sa
e
or
re are
rs
e
er
as
cr
u r es
se era
en er
a
e
o e s, es e
n
a
,
or
e
ou n
n
e
n
aa
e
e
u
n
e ear
a on s s,
so
o
s
e.
a er,
,
a
an
aa
e
an
,
er
.
e
na
a
o
s
or
e
i
divi
t
th
t
t
h
7
v
l th divi l m t h d i m
by v y l
f
t
h
ti
C
lvi
i
t
i
t
t
Th
t
h
w
;
g
g
if m
ti which Em
f
d w c ti
w ld
S
i
f
h
t
t
h
t
f
l
fl
d
pi
it
ly p
th
g
Ev th w d f th G d
d
fm
B t th p ch
d
S ld m i thi l w li f
l d th t h m y h
A
My G d
P m
P ag
e 1 2
o er-sou
,
n ote 1
ne e e
e
,
on o
e re en era
on
o
en
s
a
n s
e
erson
on
cra
Th e
.
er
o
re un sea e
easure
e er
e
s o
s
n
n
on
o
’
an
e 1 2
9
,
n ote 1
For w
.
ou
.
,
s ea r
’
o
e s roun
e
a
ea r.
a
ar
P ag
r
o
e
so u
an
s resoun
o
s,
e re en
n u ou s,
oo
e
es o
or
e
u
e
or
a
as
s sou
e
n a ure,
as n s an an eou s
oun
a es o
e
en
a re
ne
en
oe
,
s.
.
ht
a
n ee
F
dI
t
of
Boo
ra g m en s on th e
k
or
P oe
t
pi t
r es
”
,
,
etc .
P oems,
App di
en
x.
Ca bot in h is M emoir sa ys th a t
M r Em erson
n d h is in ten ti o n so fa r m is
wa s su rprised to fi
ta ken a s to lea ve ma n y of h is Un ita ria n brethren to su ppose
P ag
e 1
ote 1
n
0
,
3
.
Mr
.
.
th a
t
h e was
t yi
r
ng
to
b littl
e
e
th e
ch ct
ara
er
of
J
esu s
.
Far
2
NO T ES
4 7
v c f J
p
fi m thi h w t yi g t pl c th
f
f
w
d
ch
cti
t
h
t
it t
t
t
h
t
g
th
cl im f cl iv v l ti h ld l it
t i wh
f c
th t Mi Eliz b th P
M C b t f th m ti
b dy id i h R mi i
h
h
t
t
D
C
i
g
f
p
ff
m
m
f
thi
ct
itt
d
b
y
M
E
t
t
w
w
f
g
h
i
m
tim i th
di g f th dd
d h
d
t
g
t it i th p i ti g b t th t h
fl cti p f d t
l t th p p
t d it w
d H w l d t pl i it
b y wh t mig ht m ft th g ht
M i P b dy g d h im t l t t p t c pit l F t th
fi d f m
Em
b t M
w d
I f I did
th y w ld ll g t l p
W
t I
P g 1 31
d w th Mi ll
S
t
T h w ld i t
m ch with
Th
t I
blim d d ctrin f S lf R li
P g 1 32
c
'
e
s,
o
rou n
ru e
s
n
se
or e .
sa
er
e
o
s e
e
n
e rea
s ore
e
e
ea
ss
r en
r n
n
,
or
e
no e
.
e
u
a
er
a
no e
,
n ote 1
s
ea
a
or
a
as
an
o
re
o
re erre
on
e
no
ou
te
ex
o
a n
.
r.
o
a
u
erson
an s
a
ere
e
o
a
,
”
.
or s
or
us
a n eous
sce
on n e s,
.
su
e
.
o se
s e ur e
e
ea s
u
,
o
e
a
erson
on
su re
s ou
ss
.
.
ou
a
on
as
ann n
e on
as rea
esu s u
a
a
ress, an
o s ee
oo
s
on s
e a
u
o
en
or
e
on
re e a
r
an
a
e
e
as
,
us
r.
,
”
e rea
n scen ces o
ur e
an
e
a
o
ou
e
a
n
o
o
er
as o
see
a
so ,
ur
er s an
a
o
ex
o
e re eren
a e
rea
e
e
e
n
o
o
o
a
n
n
a
e
r.
sa
o
ou
,
en
”
r
as
e
o
e
o
e
e
e.
an
P ag
e 1
33
v
Lo
’
e s
.
h t
ea r s are
fa ith fi
rl , bu t
d
l ti l L v
n ot
C e es
Th e
fon
etc ,
,
o e,
a
P oems
’
.
t
h
B
c
ll
p
ph
t
i
t
d
d
33
m
d
ivi
th
t
h
i
h
p
h
p
t Em
b
t
w
g
g
m
m ki g fi
f h i cl ic l h
ddl
f
mig ht
m t
th m I th p g f m th J
l Ap il 1 q t d i
h
i t d ct y t t thi dd
p k f h i wi h t
th
p ch t p t
m k
T hi i t ld i v
i
Th
P b
t 1
P g 1 34
P ag
e 1
erson
o
as
n ro
e
a
lem ,
”
P ag
n a l of
or
rea
e a
a
u
e
no e
er a
,
.
n ot e 1
.
er
ro
a
s a
oe
e s an
ue
o n or ,
earers
a
o urn a
e
o
ru e
no e
e r
s
e
ro
e
a
e
e o
a ssa
e
n
.
To
.
n
o so
see
e
n ot e 2
,
u
ers
s,
o
uo e
,
e s o e o
ress,
er a
,
n
r
,
ar s
sa n s
s
n
o
s
.
s
s
o
n
erse
n
ro
e
P oems
.
35
Th e
e 1
,
c p
Mr
.
Eme
rson
ld U it i i m
or se-c o
n
ar a n s
c p k i hi J
f B t tl S t eet
on
o
e s o e
ra
e
n
r
s
.
our
NO T ES
w hil t th
c ll c ti of it cl im pp
m
f my
w thi
I m c l d by th h p
d
ch g
d p iv m f th ti f ti
d
ci i g it hig h t fi ti
e re o e
s
or
un
o
an
no
an
an
exer
sn
on
n ess,
s
e sa
rn c
on s.
t
is
4
i
n a ure
o e
Un it
d
an
ro
a n
d
un i erse are roun
u e
a ll ra
,
ess, an d
y
d
c d parag ra ph
se on
Circles
no
e
u su n
o
t
s re urn
ill b
ice w
urn
Uriel
ter
n se
a
a
on
s ac
foun
n ot
v
I v i p d c d
Evil will bl
See al so th e
ith se
tim
th t
f p r i g
w
e
.
L n e in
n
resses
e
e o
e
es
n ote 2
,
s o
a
on so e
a
e r
e c an
P ag e 1 5 1
s
29
.
P oems
,
.
hi dd
in
t
in Essay s, Fir st Ser ies
ch p
ress, an d th e
s a
a
.
L T ER
A RY E T H I C S
I
Mr
Emerso
n
.
i
wr tin g
,
A
i en d Carlyl e
fi
h is
to
,
t
6,
u g us
th ki g h im f h i f i dli t kin g f fri d f
Th
th
p
ti
Am ric Sch l ) y
I
h v w itt
d ki d f m t th S i Cl
d
C mb idg T heol g ic l Sch l f t ig ht g ;
d
of
dd
Lit
y S ci ti f D tm th C ll g f
t
th
th g h I h t Am ic pl il q c I c t il y y N
Th
y g m wh bid m p k l
fi t I
t
h i v y fl i I will w t y t h ld my t g till
t wi t
f ll w d with b t i
dy i
T h D tm th ddr
N wp p
C mb idg D ivin ity t d t
t v l th t t
th
N th
th h d ly l c l ci l ti
w
d th
d i d d it was two d y j
y by t g which
il
m d i c mp y with
d
M Em
fi d
ig h b
E
f
h
i
h
K
y
r
a
d
t
o
D
th
t
r
t
m
d
q ( g
)
J
1
8 38 ,
r
e
our
r
er
a
o u en
en
e
a so .
no
r
s:
a o
ou
o
ass
an
an
or
e e,
eas
an n o
s ea
sa
or
s
en or
or n
e,
en
”
e
o
ar
e es o
o
an
on
oo
a
o
en
oun
o
erar
a e
ou
o
o
o ar
an
ser
o
see
es
e
n
a
e
e
o
e
rea
an
r en
s
”
on
en
a
r ess
a
or
n
oor ora
e
a
an
sa
o
e
rs
on
ue
,
'
ear,
n ex
o
er
s
o
o
n er.
er a
en
ou
ar
e
a
a
o
r.
erson
es,
a
o a
on
n
e
a
e
ra roa
o n
en s ve .
o o
r
e
rcu a
ee
.
e
a
n
e
on
,
o
’
s
a
as n o
n
s
ers
s a
or
ern
s a e
r en
ou
a
e
s.
o urn e
a
an
ua e
en
ere
an
a
n ne
u
s u
a
a
s
ess
’
an
,
an
ne
s son
or,
,
o
NO T ES
0
3
4
If y m
ch H v
f th f m di
id
D
m t
H lm
ch d D tm th th
di
h d
h v b p p d fo m ch m
t tli g p f m
th th t t which th y li t d T h b ld v w l which
fl tt d th d v c t f C mb idg w l d h v
dd
ld t
lik th c h of d m t th c ti
t f th H
f
f
v vi y I f th w
d
p
l
ti
q
y
bl d ct i i th ilv h w f l q c d w hich
th y h d b
itti g th pl m g f th d y g li t d
m
l
with
ct
l
t
h
k
t
w
c
i
t
d
g
p
t dy ld d g m ti t d y v T h
f ch ch l ft th
m m b th D tm th C ll g
f th t d y c
t h lp
wh
mili g t th th g ht f th c t t i th w y f d i ki g
b tw th p k d th l g p t
t l
t th ld
p t f h i di c
th
t m
P h p h w v
f M Em
diff c b tw th fi d m t l c c pti
d mic th d y f th t pl c d tim w t
d th
w
t
h
w
t
h
t
f
li
k
d
b
y
t
f
il
t
b
g
g
y
v ic d d p c f l m
d p k
rea
a n o er.
r
o
.
e
a
e
e
e
e
o re
e
er
e
a
,
s au
eren
rea
ee n
e
e
u
ea
an
e
o ox
o
er.
s ea
an n ere
a
n
ou
e
a
ose
an n o
o
e
rn
eas
n
er
e o
e ex re
r
e an
e
er
.
e
a en e
e a
o
s
s en e
on s o
a
a
er
o
e er,
e
on
en a
a
rn
a
o
on
as e er .
or a
,
s,
er a
or
os
ar
a r er
e
e
n
on ra s
on
an
u es
o ox
r
e e o
o
e.
e
or a n
s s as
e
er a n
en
o
ou
o
een
e en
son an
o
e
e
ar
e or
e
e
e un
o
a s a
a
soun
a se or
or
o
e
a
u
o
ou
e s ea
o
e
,
en s, an
e
e
een
ar
n
an c e
a
e
a
e o u en
er o
o
a
en an s o
ro s o
us
er or
ou
ous o
sa
en ce
n
o
e
an
er s o
e s ur
e
ur
n
s
e
r
au
e
e au
s ar
.
scou rse ,
er
,
ore
a
ere
e s
u ous re e
un
s
n
een
a
o
ere
.
rne
o
o
o
oo
ou
u
s en e
o e o es
ras
ar
a
e
e
o er a
r
o
a
ar
e
or
e
or o
ru
rea
a
re a re
ere
u
a
es,
een
an
an
as
e s
oo
ee
”
f
w
h
i
p
m
l
g
g
55
c mplim t b t th c fid ti l d ch ct i tic tt
f hi i t
c by M Em
y g ch l
t
t
th
i th m
l wh
p d th t th
d f h i f li g
Sch l h
d w th whit l t i lif
M Em
l
P g
t
w t i hi J
1 55
2
f 8 33 p ki g
f h i b th
Ch l
if c
l t ig ht p v k d m t h w h im f ct pp tly ti ly
w t h im th t m y
ti
cc
ch it i i c mp d
w h ll y f p tic l f il
v y p blic w k f mi f th
l t imp t c h vi g b
p b bly with t c pti
t d t th tim
f il
P ag
e 1
o
an
en
o ar
1
,
,
n
ne
no e
o
o
ea s
ar
or a n
a
e
s
e
e
a
a
e as a
ou n
s
ro
a
ure.
”
u
u
ro a
er
ere s
a
,
ro e
s
n
e
a
,
a
as
or
en
aren
s,
o
ou
s
o urn a
en sur e
ar es s n a
ess , su
n
s
o
’
a
ee n ,
o a rs
er s
.
er,
ures , e er
ara
a
”
erson
r e su
n
e
or
as n o
ex resse
ere
n
o
o s o
en
u ar
an
r.
o
a
a
e se
,
e
.
n
s ea
,
ee n
assa e
n
en
e
o
e
n
ro o e
o
no e
s
ra
as
e
a
o
on
er a
erson
an
,
T is Open
.
ra
r.
e
as
n ot e 1
u
,
e
n
o
,
o
re
o se
ne o
ex e
e
on
,
NO T ES
1
43
I
th
y M Em
th
P g e 1 5 8 n te 1
H did t m k h i th g ht
t h i b li f
th
h
i
h
ht
m
d
m
t
d
t
h
t
l
d
th
n
g
I th J
l f m wh ich shi
P g 159
t 1
T h l v ly i
c cm
i th
t
ti
f th d w
Th
p i
m e i mil i f
d i th
ly p m S
ri
i P m
F gm t N t
M Al
d I l d f M ch
P g 1 60
te 1
t
E g l d i th m tt t h i b k
Em
c ll
tt ti t th f ll wi g p g i Pl t rch Life of Ci
t lli g f h i c lti g th
cl t D lphi i h i y th
th
U p h i i q i i g b y wh t m
h
mig ht i
t
t
h
h
i
m
t
t
l
y
p
i
t
b
d
ll
t
f
d
t
w
g
g
t k th pi i f th m ltit d f h i g id i lif
M Em
t 2
f th
pi i f
P g 1 60
w
th t dmi bl Am ic fli
th
lt G
l C k
c th t h th g ht littl f th ff ct f g
wh t ld h i ffi
d
l d
yi g E mpl i th b t g
l d
b
i
Em
l
v
l
d
livi g p t h i b li f M
t
g
g
y
phi f m P l t ch d w
t tly ill t t d h i l
d c
t by cd t
Hi i t t i C dw th wa
t
P g 1 60
t 3
m ch i th vi w
f th
th b t i P l t wh m h fi t
c m p i C dw th p g wh
b y i c ll g
Th
m i p b bly t
wh
w iti g s
fT
m
Pl t
d th
phil ph w cc ibl t h im i t l ti
Th
P g 1 60
t 4
p tic l p c l ti
d b li f
f th
ci t phil ph w
tt ctiv t h im th
y t m f th m d m t phy ici w
i t ti g I t
d b
ty f th L w
p t d by th
w th f d m
p ph t d i g
th t h
c d f T h d g m tic di
m d
ytmmk
p fit bl t h im
f th
ti
ti
a
a sser s
e
e
se
n
en
an
on
a
ra
o
o
n
o
u res
e
sa
an
o
a
o
as
ro
nc
n
,
e
ree
e s an
on s o
cer o,
ou
s
n
e
e.
n
e
e o
a e
en era
e e
’
o
e
,
en
”
an
o ra
a ue
s
u s ra e
on s a n
o
roo
or er,
en era
no
n on
as o
.
o
n a u re a n
rea
erson
s
a
,
r se
o
es
e
es
s
,
u
s
e
s
an
,
e au
’
or
s
ere a
e
.
oso
ec
o
o
an
sn
ers,
e s s e
ea u
a
-
e
e
an s
e
,
e e.
e
r
n
on
a o
n
ra n s a
on s .
on s a n
e
e e s
o
as
un
e
.
a s re or e
or.
e
rs
e
ere u n n eres n
a
are
a ers see
ra
as a
ro
so
o
o
s e u a
a
s
o
ose
,
ess
ere
e a
ern
e
an n
n
o
no
o
a o,
en a
oe
ers
n
s
or
u
u
es,
en n e
ers
no e
or ,
a
rue o
n
n eres
s
s o
en
s o
n
erson
e o
r.
.
oso
e
e
.
e
ou
e
o
u
er
e an
s s e
e
ro a
s
e
no e
e
on
e u
a
e
ea n s
c er,
xa
,
e
or
an
o es.
,
n
u
o
a
u ar
e
an
a
erson
.
’
o
e
u
r
.
ers
n
e
e
a
u
er
s
an e
a
e
e
ro
es,
r es ess
o
s o
u
ora
e
un
o
on
u a
n
e
a
no e
or ers, sa
era
a ssa
n
e
,
,
a
n
o
e ex
oe
re a n
oo
s
s
”
a ure .
o
u rn
n
n on
e
o
o
”
e
e ear
er
e
s sen
n
e xa n
us
: n o,
ro
,
e
ou n
r.
e
on su
s
ou
s
on o
en s on
.
o
e
e o
a
n
or
rea es
e
,
s
on
a
no
s
e
ra
,
ou rn a
n v en
s
s,
o
o
n
e
oe
e
er,
a
e sa
.
n
a
o e
e
erson
.
e s ars a so .
an
e
n
r
,
e
a
e su n
.
es,
o
ress o n
no e
,
no
a
,
er essa
an o
e
e
a
a
n
.
e e
s
ou
en
o
,
e
o
a
e
e
a
o
s
.
NO T ES
i g d pict
c
h
w
g
Here voices r n
A n d g ra
c
e on
ures
an
,
4 33
’
ere er
ra e
F
b
It
urn
u rn
t
m en
ra g
,
.
from Noteh ook
s
.
i p g h w th th g h t which
Th N t
j tifid t M Em
l
h i pl
f w i ti g
M th d f M t l P hil phy which l t i h i lif w
m
m
ti
lly
cc
pli
h
d
i
h
i
phil
phy
c
t
C
b
id
g
p
i
h
i
C
b
t
y
l
l
l
M
H
i
t
t
I
t
N
t
y f
(
)
H h d l g ch i h d th th g ht f m
Mmi
th
t dy f th mi d f d d
f itf l m th d f
th
p ll li m f th m t l l w with th l w f t l
t
H l it
II i
t
h
fl
idity
t 2
t
P g 1 72
fi
i p t
pp
c f th
di
d th
f ll th i g
w
i
m
i
h
d
ct
pp
v
h
E
i
T
g
y
d
v
p
M
Em
d t y My
P g
t
1 73
1
T h g i ft
f
d m d my t g th i t b lit y
li
f
hl
t ld i W d t
II i th
t d
th
P ag
e
o
o
o
us
e
ar a
,
en a
o
ara
e s
ure .
s or
o
n
a
on
or
o
e
a e
n
r.
.
e
n
s
e
e
s
n
ore
a
o
e
on
e
ex ern a
s o
a
r
s
sa
ou n
as
e
a
ou
e
a ura
s
o
a
e
e
o
a
on
ourses a
ec
er s
en a
e
oso
ou
n
r
o
e
s
,
s u
e
e s o
an
s
s
o
e
a ssa
n
e
u
s
oso
e
s
o r
ru
Th
.
erson
ura
a
e
na
”
e
a
n
e
no e
,
a vr a
e a ra n
e on e
e o
ea r
a
e
rs ,
n
ere
e er
u
ro ea n
s
erso n
n
s
e
o
are
o ar
sc
e so
o
u se
erso n
r.
.
s ren
or
P oems
r n es
o
era c e u s s
’
s
erse .
an
e
e rea
ese
rose a n
oo
.
s, a n
u ses.
a
’
no e
,
a
u
n ote 1
r.
a
see
o
2
7
e 1
o
”
ar
e
.
oo n o es,
n
sa
,
so
s o
”
.
e
n
,
.
t
c
t
ct
ith
w
h
75
f c ti
p t th
ti g with
w ld
d d i g
lt
th g ht d th q mg f f ct t t l t i t th g ht
h
d
lik
ly
d
l
t
w
iti
i
t
i
g
g
M Em
l y p lpit
t
th
P g
1 82
1
m pl tf m g v
Ly
ch ch ct
thi p g ph g
fi
t
h
i
y
hich
t
d
liv
d
i
c
t
y
t
w
w
g
tw
ti
ttl m t ll v th N th d W t
d f
b f c l iv t d di c i citi H w ld t
w ll
di c b t h d f ith i th p c pti
writ d w t h i
O th
th h d h w t t g E g
f h mbl p pl
P ag
or
ou
,
an
o n
s ur e
e
o
as
o
o
s
n s an
e
as
e
o
u
n
e
o
e ea r
an
no e
or
a
,
essa
a
e su
er se
e
e ore
u t
a e
o
s au
e.
en
n
en s a
au
e,
e o
’
rs
en
u
er
o
s
e
er
es
a
an
ern a
n
o
n
ou
a
,
s
a ra
ra
an
e
e
e
,
or
n
e
u
n
es.
n
a
ere
e
,
e
s.
er a s
a ra
ere
s,
n
e rson
a
a
ra n s a e
r
a er
on a
on
a
o
s
a
r.
.
ron
eo
ere, o
ar
e a c u rr
n
,
ceu
es s
e
a
n ece ssrt y o f th e
The
.
on e 3
an
,
a
n ote 1
e 1
su
ou n r
es
ou
er e
ro e s ron
,
no
on
n
NO
T
ES
4 34
h rt sen te c
d i d liv y i t d c d fr q
li h i
cd t which w ld pp l t th m th y l w y did
mitt d i th
M y f th w
v p ig
h im
y f p blic ti
th
n
s o
n
s
o
an
.
or
P ag
e 1
8 6,
on
e
o
n
e
e
as
,
a
etc
,
a r en
u
,
o e
M ET H O D O F
He
1
Mr
,
beau tifi
rl
e
on
s ora
84
1
of
ru n n
.
My G d
J ly
h t l by th
thi ti
to
s
.
o
In
a
se ere
e
Ever th e w rds of th e Go ds resoun d
T HE
e u en t
n ro u e
er
e
ere o
a
n ot e 1
ea
a
ese
u
s
e essa
n
an
ou
o es
an e
es,
Eme
P oems
,
an
A
to
se
e oo
at
ea
on e
.
N T URE
b t k him lf th
ly b ch N t k t
d l
rso n
.
.
a n as e
,
i gl
w it
e
s n
to
r
e
e
.
mi d
d lici
i d
i twt
i g h im f th
h w t t h i b th
M dit
yi g
I h p d th t w it
ti b t ly m y
f
ll
l
l
til
it
m
d
t
d
y
p
i
tli
w
d
g
g
g
bility f c m pl ti
f
cc
I hd hm
D p t
M
i
C
b
t
hi
t
h
t
i
t
h
ti
i
t
ch
t
f
g
i
th
i ct d b dl
di
ti
ct
i
t
t
f
t
g
y
ti
g
I
h i l tt
t
m mb i g h i
C lyl M Em
fi d c
t t p i f Sil c w t
A
l t th i
f th y
I i c ig ibl p ti g Y k m w iti g
f
ti t d liv t th b y i
littl c t y
c ll g i d y h c Y will y I d t d v th id
f
i
M
0
if
k
t
l
it
m
b
t
h
t
w
w
y
y
t
th
pl c ! B id I m lw y l d by th
t
h p f yi g m thi g which h ll tick by th g d b y
foun
n
d th
o
n
sa
a a n
r.
.
r en
sea son
o ra
o
e o
P ag
o e
’
ess,
u
on
o
e
a
s n
er,
o ss
ru s e
on
e ora
e
,
ess,
su
o
n
a
ou n
o
o
on
e
ea r
o
e
a
ar
er
en
s
u se .
o
s
o
ou
a
e
o
n
s
on e o
e 1
so
n
2
9
,
e
re
e
er n
su
oso
es
.
is
s
s
e
s
e
er
er
uo e
rea
a
ea
o
e
on
ure
o e
.
es
e
o
oo
l tt q t d b v
v y l t ch
m th e
hich
a
a
a
e a
eser e
n a ura
o
n
ou n r
e
our
s
r
ee, a
o no
sa
es,
ro
w
on e o
n
s a
F
(
an
s
a
s u su a
n
ne
ou
n
e
s
ou
.
a es
n ot e 1
o
,
ro e
e,
e s ou
e
u
ese
sa
o
erson
.
en
orr
n
,
r
e,
ra se o
h l phil phy
w
n s
o
on s an
s
an
o
es era e
.
e
see
n
ro
s
o
on
ora
an
e
a r er , un
an
er
e
e es n n e
o ru n
r
o
ro e
e
as
,
re
.
s
’
on
a
n exa
n
o
e
o
”
es on
an
ar er a n
re
e sea ,
ere
e
o
o
erran ean
e
a ers,
sun n es
ou s a rs an
e
e
,
ne
ou
ere
s.
”
My
)
a c uies
q
NO T ES
4 35
O ly wh I e h w m ch w k i t
a d p timi m
e c
i
i
mf
i
p t f
pi
t
li
t
th
b d
wh t
y
m
t
i
t
lli
t
l
v
ici
A
ic
I
l
m
t
m
g
g
y
d t mm i g t g
fum bli g fig
M Em
w ld h v
j ic d
t 1
P g 1 93
i w d b t w k f i d til t
i W illi m M
h
th t it h ld b
t
h
m
k
ll
t
w
t
jy
wh t v
w ld b th b tt
t
d th t th c tt
n
c
n
e
o n e,
e
r ea
s
o
en
n
n
n
no e
,
e
s ou
an
a
w orse
e
on
o
erson
e
o
r ua
n
a
s
a
en
e
re o
e
ar
e
e
,
”
e user ,
as
e
ou
e
us r a
n
o
er a s
a e er,
s
a,
ou
or
a
o
s
”
ue .
a
ou
or
u
er
r.
or
,
s
on
a
o
a
or an
er n
or
orr s s
a
a
.
’
o
ou s
ar
a
,
s a
ers an
e
a
oe
sen su a
,
s e
en
or a
roo
a
n e
,
n
.
er, n o
.
P ag
n ote 1
95 ,
e 1
p ibiliti
iv l g d
pi it
t Th
T o h im
.
r u al
s
ma
tt
were
ers
of
out
t
h
i
yi
g
g
b ty It w ith p
wi d m
H id with S i t A g ti
i d
t p c iv d
W
l
h
i
l
I
ill
d
l
w
w
w
w
g
f ll f
m
t
P g 1 96
t 1
Th w y w
“
l
c ll d th m i th d y J
I
M Em
i p c i i g
dily im p t d ymm t y t m y fi g i
th i c ll c i m i ig ht H w c ld I d b t th t
w
m
m
i
m
ch
t
i
d
hich
th
w
t
h
! !
pp d ? N
i
h
i p t
w c diti
w
w c mp y h
d i
d mb T h v lvi g lig ht
w
m bl
m
th
wh
cill t fim i ig ifi
t
l
y
g
B t h
c i d ch w g t v th y g t d t
f h i ch ild
vi it
ti d th m if
th
d q
h
th g ht th t th b t w d mig ht y t c m f m th i
m th
P g 1 99
It w i d d h z d
v t
t 1
th t f Em p d cl i h i q t d
p k t
ti
f
h
i
t
p
c
f
divi
p
f
N
w
E
d
t
y
g
l d c ll g f tiv l i th d y th t G d pp d i m
c h b c m ch l th g h which d ity
th t b y b di
th e
un
oo
ersa
c e ve
fl
ran
o
e
erson
u e
rea
e
ne
rese
or
es
ns
e
o
an
e
e
an
o
a
on o on es,
o
u
o urn a
s.
o
u
'
n
ac
e
er
n ex
as
ns
o
a
e
e re o
.
a es
os
so
e
on s
er e v n
ou
ou
n
on
so
.
n
en u ses
n
as
u u s n e,
”
ne
ne
er
er
a n
ere
.
e
n
e
as
.
ose
as er
n
e re e ve
e
or
e
s
ors
ea
o
ne
e
u es
ren
s
a
ou
ou
,
n
c a n ce
o
es
,
e en
an
,
e
u es
or
oun
on e
o
e
s u
e
e
en
as
ro
er
s.
a
as
a
sa
n
a
e
a n sa
.
u
an
o
o
n
an
e r
er .
n
,
no
,
s
a
e
so
as
eare
e
e
n
ea
a
on
s
ex e e n
er
sa
e
.
.
a
ea u
or
,
no e
,
e
was
ere
.
s o
er e
e
r.
as
a rg um en
n ess or
no
or
a
of
es
oss
e
,
no e
o
e o
e
o
resen
e e
o
e
es
en
n
s
n
e
o se
e a
ee
as
a
e a
s,
a
a sser
uo e
n es an
e o
a
e
es
n
as
.
on
o r a s ea
ro essors, a
a
o
ea re
a
an n e
en ure
ar ou s a
a
rou
er
n
e
n
an
e
o
l A ddr wher
ph t b d T h
t p t ch m
Sch oo
p
th e
ess
e s as
ro
P ag
s.
ar
oe
ru e
e 2 1
e
3
n ote 1
,
s ea
e
s an
ar
NO T ES
he p k
f th
c mm p ch
d pli ft
o
on
u
s.
g
e
o
s
4 37
rea
a s sa
yi
d
P ag
oor of
p ty
oe r
n ote I
4
of Proc
dt
referre
,
l
roses,
- ou
sew
him
er of
h
P oems
,
q t
lf k c k
ere
no
se
lt
vi
P
u o es
.
s in
a o
a n
”
.
b bly q t d f
Pro
.
in wh
us,
p
d
.
ld S l
or
Emerson el
.
t
e 21
on
a
Mr
.
T h e ma n wh o is mas
ng :
a t th e
l ti
3
n ote 2
,
ers an d
.
The W
e 21
ea
er arg ues a n
rea
S tars ta un t us wit h their m ystery
P ag
t t ch
rom
uo e
a
ich
Chal dean
th e
Ta
ora
cl
yl
t
’
ra n s
or s
t
Of
es are
en
o.
p ct f th hig h id l f th
ht
ith
h
m
t
m
t
h
wh pl t d N w E g l d wh b
w
g
pi i t f C m w ll d f Milt
l w y m i d with M
Em
T h fi y f ith
bl c tici m f th m n
d
livi g i th p
c f th th w ld t
d w m
H
i hi
tm t
d t
w
w ig h d th i
ft
p k f wi h t w it th t y f C l vi i m i N w
Y et i h i
E g l d b t did t d
Hi t ic l D i c
t C
d ( M i l l i ) th
Hi t ic N t f Lif
i N w E gl d
d L tt
h
i
l
t
d
i
L
B
g p
(
d th
y B t
i
H
t
l
N
Sk t h )
t
f
y o
(
i th
d l with th
bj ct
Ad
I t ll t) h
l
d t th N w E g l d S ci ty i N w Y k i 8 7
b
c tly p i t d with th ddr
by th t
w hich h
ci ty
P g 222
t 1
Ali I b A b T lib wh mar i d th
da g ht f M h m t d b cam c liph
P ag
e 2 2 0 , n ote 1
o
en
ro
o
r
s
erson
an
e
en
a
no
on cor
a
e c es
n e
ec
ress
,
e
a
u
e
e s or
e
a n es
er
or
a
n s
s or
r n e
as
,
n
e
e
ou
e
.
e
n
s ourse
a
e
o es o
o ra
er a
ca
s or
a so
e
o
,
,
a ron
a ur a
e
su
o
an
een re en
o
ese
o
o s on
e
n
r.
ec ur es a n
essa
e
o
s or
an
n
s
s es r
e
,
e
a ne
n
s
n
ea s
e
e
o
e
an
,
as
so
n
r
e
e o
s ern n ess,
o so .
sce
ers
e
an
resen
s re
a
e
e
e as e
no
n ess an
o
a
,
ea s o
e
rou
o
,
on
e
s
u
,
an
an
n
or
res e
o
a
e r n a rro
an
n
an
n
s o e o
n
er
e
e
en
e
e
.
o
o
an e
Th e
.
n
or
e
n
1
esses,
0
,
a
.
e
er o
,
no e
a
o
n
.
e
an
e
u
e
a
a
,
.
o
re
e
NO T ES
8
43
M A N T HE R E FO R M E R
M ch i
which thi A dd
Th e
i
y
ren
ress
Histor
in h is
l brar
ib y A i ti b f e
d by M W i
w d liv d i m ti
i B t
d i g m d t w k with it
fi th
d lm
lt
th
y
a n cs
e
s
sor
App tic
’
of
som e
e
as
ere
ve
L
ousan
en
s
,
es
r.
n
or
es
a e
as
e or
,
on e
o
a
vo u
on
ssoc a
rar
o n
as
os on
c
es
’
s
as
e
ea r
87 3
1
.
P ag
e 22
7
i
i
g
bj ct
n n n g Of
C om pare with th e
.
The
Ov
e
t
y
we
or , an d
e
o
n ote 1
,
er-Sou
hp
l
W
e
W
o e.
fi
n d ou t
iv
g
g
e
p
th e
a ssa g e a t
p
t
h
t
t
p
t th t h m lif
th e
e u
ran
be
as
a
o
u
e
an
e
t it w m a
P g
A t g t t m t f h i b li f
t
229
1
which pp
m y w y i th p
d p m
i
th t
th g ht will
ttl th
lid t mi g f ct ; th t th
ch l f ig ht c g iz th t
l
P g 2 30
i d
Em
d m y f hi fi
d
t 1
f m
o t mp
i liv d t
th i id
d
ly
g
f
cl im d by th m f th ch ch th ch g
th
m
v p c t d th m
wh h d ej ct d d id d
i th
t 1
M Alc tt d h i c mp i
P g 2 34
h t liv d F itl d c m m ity w
c f t d b y th
dil mm th t th y
d d l d f th i ci l p im t
h
l
h
d
lt
t
t
l
d
ld
i
th
t
l
i
h
t
fi
f
t
b
;
g
y
y p
y
m
f
m
id
y
d
h
h
p
th
i
c
m
t
m
i
w
p
f
p mi i g il
O ly f w m th b f th d liv y
t 1
P g 2 36
f thi lé t
th e c mm
ity t B k F m i W t R
b y d th l d hip f M G g Ripl y b g
ff t t
c f ch m mb th b fit f l b f th
b dy d mi d d f th c mm ity th e dv t g f divi
is mea n , bu t h ow did we
e
a
ears
a
a
no e
,
n
ou
o ar s
a
a
ro
a
o
e
or
o
,
er
n ee
so
er
no e
o se u re
an
n
,
ea
.
e
ea s
ro
s
en
e, or
erse u e
e
a
e
s an
ea
s
e
er
oru
.
n
a n on s
o
s
e
on ro n e
ex
a
so
t rc
r
o
,
a
re or
an
e r
an
e
s,
s
a
o
ere
r
oe
an
or
e
s
.
an
u
o
n
e ex
,
e
no
en
an
an
an
n
a
un
ers
or ea
an
see
un
o
ee
o
e
es
o
e n
e
er
so
a se
en
,
e
e r a r es
n ers
.
c ure ,
un
e
or e en
,
as
ro se an
n
er
r.
s
s a e
rue rea
e
ur
e
.
re
sn
,
es
e
cou
o
e
s
ur
,
an
on e
un
O
e
s
so
o see
an
er
erson
en
ru
a
e
.
no e
a
a
e
e
,
e
e
o
e
e
or
e
r
a
e
e
e
a
s
no e
,
e
o
an
re o n
orar es
c n e
a
ar s
e
a
so
un se
’
s
s ron
.
th a
or
e
on
a
roo
e
e
er
o
e
un
en e
e
s
a
o
,
a
er
ox
es
n
,
eor e
r.
o
ar
e
e
e ore
s
e an
or
o
a n a es o
e
l bo
w E gl d
of
sion
Ne
See
r.
a
n
an
NO T ES
Hi t ic N t
Life an d Letters
o es of
s or
Biog
and
Lect ures
,
4 39
h
ca l Sket ch es
i
p
ra
Emerso
in
.
ptit
d
7
f rm
t i i g f c yi g
v
l rg g d
th
b t
p i lly i h i
ly y
C c d h eh lder
d p f bly f h i
h t k m c
f hi g d
ch d
B ti h
h ld m tt h di lik d t b v d by th
pe
i lly t c ll p
v t H lik d th v f m H c
it p
A t mihi
G ym d m
My
i
ht
h
d
m
b
h
ll
w
e
b
g
y
p
(
)
P ag
n or
u
n
c a
a
on a
n
are o
s
a
ers
a r en
e
an
d
ro er
a
,
e
P ag
is
’
n
t ld i
o
n
on
o
e
e
e
an
aa
a
res ec
n
e
.
ora e
an us
e
,
him
ng
se
or
s oo
t
,
an
d
e ore
’
e -
a
.
was g rea
or
a
lf
erses,
en
e
oor, etc .
er s
oe
e
en s on
ra
ar
,
ers, es
erse ro
i
ki
s th e
His
,
assa n
o
- ea r r s a
v ti
s ser a n
or
r en a
o
s or
o
e e
cu
ar en ,
ou s
e ser e
e
e
a
a
e
u
from th e P ers an ,
s
.
er th e a
or
p t f lb
O i t l f m i th v
S id S di W h I t d b f
H
c m l driv d
th
F g m t th P t P
e 2 38 , n ote 1
ith
re era
an
p v b perh p
T h ki g
a
ne
or e en
,
an
ro
r
n
a
,
s
su c c urr
o
h ad
n
ears as a
ser a n s.
on
u
.
ea r
s
ou se o
o
a rr
n
e
so
Mr
.
or
es ec a
oo
u
n ote 1
,
ra n n
e
,
e
e 2
3
”
,
oems,
App di
en
x.
f
hi p g g g ts th li
G g H b t i h i C h ch P ch
S m g
t t te p vid b t t
A m t i g mi d
b th l t th by
P g e 24 8
A m tt f th d y i N w E g
t 1
l d mig ht h v b th w d p t i R b R y m th by
W
d w th
ld
O f ld thi g
ll e v
h
d
O f g d thi g
o
g
g
W e 11 h w th t w
h lp to fr me
A w ld f th t fll
P ag
e 24 0,
eor e
n ote
er er
o
1
n
e
T
.
s
rea
es a
,
an
a
or s
no e
e
ro
s
so
n
o
.
een
o
es
su
e
u
o
are
u
ose
n
os
a
o
ere
s
n
o
or
n
o
a
s o
or
o
o er O
,
s n on e are
n
oo
’
ar
s a
o
n es
o
no
e,
or
or s
e
e
or
ur
a s er n
a
assa
s
e can
er s u
o
e
en ou
a
.
e
’
s
on
n
NOT ES
P ag
e 2
n ote 1
53
,
t d by
t ra n sla e
W
or ks
v er
in
tt
o
h
n
c
e
e
s
i
u
s
o
n
P
i
d
e
S
n
r
o
v
T r ea tise o
,
f y
T a or a n d r n e
w
h is Select
.
omas
l
ot in us, Lo n
P
f
o
C r s a n an d
d
yl
on
pi td
,
ar
e 25
6,
e a
n ote 1
.
i
en ur
so we
d th
e sun
an
Like sower s se
’
h
T
e
q ick
ere
u
F
ra g
d moo n for
t
orn
g
a
t
P oe
th e
s on
ra n
s
b
be
App di
en
x.
a n
n o
s
d
see s.
P oems,
,
a
T HE T I
,
i
a n
”
.
App di
P oems,
,
en
x.
M ES
f eig ht
tr d t y L ct e of c
T h T im
l ct
iv
b
y
M
E
m
t
h
t
g
M ic T m pl i B t i th wi t f 1 84 1 4 2 T h
“
Th
w
O th
C
v tiv
Th
P t
Th
T
c d t li t
M
Ch ct
R l ti
P
pect
t N t
T h T im
Th C
Th T
d
e v tiv
l i cl d d i th i v l m w p i t d i
d t li t
th
D i l (J ly 1 8 4
O ct b 1 84 2 J
y
Th
P t y
P t
i p rt i p i t d i
d Im g i
i L tt
t
M
d l
d S
l A im
Chara ct
i p t i E y
d Se i
S
T
hi
t
’
t ll m i
d i t hi b i
en ed to
men
d
n g -wee s,
o
m oon m u s fa
an d
lv d
.
cl thi
h is
as
T h e P oe
Sun
y
.
T m es wore h e
He
e
e
o
t
Sy n esiu s wa s la er a con
B s o of C ren e ; h e i e
81 7
1
ith
h i ti ity
bcm ih p
ly p t f th Fifth C t y
th e ear
P ag
T
44
1
wa s th e In
s
ures on
e
ason
o
en a
e
a
ron
”
,
”
,
u
oe
e
”
59
,
,
on ser a
s
e,
ourse
a
”
erson
—
oe
e
”
o
ara
er,
a
e
e
.
”
e
,
”
e a
on
.
e
n
u
on s r a
n
e
a
,
s
ers a n
ar
.
s
n
ssa
T h is ima g e
an ua r
r n e
an
a
an
na
a so
r es .
econ
of
n
,
an n ers
s,
s,
ere
oe r
n
ran s
e
e,
o u
,
rn e
oci a
,
an
e
o er ,
2,
,
n ote 1
ur
”
”
a so
n
n
an n ers,
n
,
n
e 2
e
n er o
os on
ros
er,
P ag
r.
,
es,
s
en
”
s
”
e
cen
es
e
en a
a u re,
e
n
e
ere
ra n s en
e
e
e
ers
o u c or
g
o
dlik d y h mbly
e
a
s
u
NO T ES
2
44
i i d pp a
esp ci lly i
th
p
d sg u
se
e
a
P ag
e rs severa
a
n
60 ,
e 2
n ote 1
l ti
is th e
so u
P ag
e2
oem
e
of
on
62 ,
m
n ot e 1
ci t d ct i f th
l wly c di g
en
r ne o
o
s o
a s en
P ag
n
63,
e2
i
,
s,
thi
thi
Fl wi g
pi i t m
In
n
F
J
in h is
ourn al ,
Lo
v
e
”
n e.
d th e n u
p
t
a
ppli d t
ore a n
d m ore
o
oo
u
pp
hm
ea rs t h e a n
a g es a
o th e
e
b yh d
h is
rom
.
,
.
but
,
r
as s
.
u s
s an
o
”
Mr E merson s writin g s
”
M a y -D a y
an d in
p t it
As h e
n e an d
e
in
es
a
.
.
n ote 1
l tim
D y
’
i
u
t
cl y
s rea m
an
f ms t h e
n or
M
r
p
,
a
Em e
de
rso n
.
.
f m
lig ht d i t y T h b illi t if fl id d cl m ti
t d t i c ll g
p ci lly J h Ev tt d c t i y th
fim th S th h d ch m which c d th i w d t
m i i h i m m y f m th
d y h d t c c iv f w
wh
S i
th
d cl im
th
wh l c ll g fl ck d t h
m ig hty
A
y th h w l d w lk f t h W b t
p ch d k ly j y d th g c f l d t di d l q c
f E dw d E v
tt H dmi d th l g t b i g c l
m t y f p ch
ci ti f W d ll P h il
d c tti g d
lip wh w v f lly h im l f til ch ll g d m c d
h
i
fl
b
l
v
ic
M Em
w d liv y w
g
ibl dmi bly m d l t d p ci lly i
di g p t y d
p ct d p w t th ig ht m m t M N P W illi
f
m i g
i
ticl ( H yg p h N w Y k
d
c ib h i fi t h i g f E m
thi g
d m g th
y thi f th
p i f h i v ic
A h vy d v li k
f
m f
m g
li with f g c
h
p
m
bl
t
g
which h ld b lift d by
wh l wild
whi l wi d
d d pp d i t
b ch f
p w ld t m m
if it
v c ld h v g w th th E m
vi
m i pi d
ig t h i vi ibl d t l b dy
d f
P g 2 67
I
M Em
c py f T yl
t
1
h m k d th
t l ti f P l ti
d fiiti
f tim by
A chyt th P yth g
d i di i ih l flux
d
ti
e
s u
'
n ora or
en s
o
e
a n
s
o e
ou
,
o
een
ar
as er
O
r
erson
.
o u a e
e
e
o
an
us n
ar
s r
a
s
sa
o
a
o e
an
ro
e
s
a
ra n s a
no
erson
s
a
ns
re
e
on
as
,
o
e
a
an
no e
o
n
ore
.
n u s,
a
n
e
orea n
,
o
s
con
o
s,
.
e
er
o
an
n
s,
a se -
e
r
e
n ue
an
,
no
an
n a u ra
o
e n
on
an
n
e
o
v s
a
n
see
erson
o
.
ex
,
a
ou
e
e
e
,
oo
,
er u
erson s
ar e
e
o
e an
s
u en
en a
.
on
’
r.
a
r.
a
ere
n
ro
e
a s en
.
e n ou
e
an
o
e
a
oe r
ea
ra n
,
e
or
s
or
,
e o
n
.
e
ra
ra n
ou
,
o
an
,
e
en
e,
e
s,
s ou
n o a
n e er
ra
o
ern ess,
as
s ee
a
en
s
no
ea r n
e
rea
n
o
ur r
e su r r se o
s o
osso
e r
e
reea
a
e o
e
o
en
a
as a
es e
,
er a
ea r n
rs
s
es
er
e
n
s u
on
a
un
se
u
s o
ra
u n ex
n
r
’
e n un
n
u
ou
e s er s
e e an
e
re
a
e
’
an
ra e u
e
e
an
,
a s n e er
a
e,
o
s ee
o
s,
e
e
so
o re
s
en o rs
e
ear
o
or
on
o
ear
ar
a
.
er a n
e r
ar
s,
o
e
o
en o
ere
a
on s o
a
an
a u se
ose
ou
a
e
,
ere
n
ar
e e
o
or
,
o
ro
e
an
a
a
or
e
e
ee
a
,
s
a
e e , es e
ou
n
en
s
o
n
an
r
e
.
o re
’
s
o ce
”
o
.
’
or s
a
e
e
NOT ES
44 3
It h l d b remembe d th t thi l
P g 2 71 n t 1
N w E g l d b i tl d
i th d y wh
w
w itt
t
t i vi g t td
th
d th i dv c t
w ith r f m
dic l q lity th fi m t f th ir ch m
i
th
f h i w ll k w h pit l
fl ck d t M Em
bc
f g d
ity t th g ht T h f h i c mbi ti
d f h m
f g d t mp
with j t iti
with y mp thy
th c wdi g c
with
d h i bility t l k
im
p p ctiv i m k bl
d
M Em
v l d hig hly th p
t 1
P g 2 74
th
p t y f M ilt
p ci lly th A p g iti
w ll
O f thi p
m
ph
D
H
l
y
P g 2 77
t 1
g
A ll th i
d m ch m
lik it w ld h dly h b li
d t by th d t dv c t f th v i
t
f m
if
m
M
b
b
t
H
dy
E
h
id
it
d
v
d
d
l
y
i c cti
c pt t g g t wi
d b tt
T h ch m f h i im g i ti
d t h m ic f h i w d took
w y ll th
ti g f m th th g ht th t pe t t d t th
v y m
t c d li t
w f th
e
a
r
en
e or
s
an
o
ou
c s
,
ers e
ue
an
a
a
o su
es
o
s
a
n ot e 1
cr
a u ses
a
r.
s
ou
er on e
s,
no
.
or s
s
e
o
n e ra e
a
s
er a u e
o
us
s
een
a ve
e
.
es sa
o
e un
ser a n
e
ca
a r ou s re or
.
a
rose
r eo a
e
e
sa
e
e en ra n
sen se
us
ar
o
an
on
ro
o
78 ,
na
a
e
a
ou
o a es
ex e
e s n
e 2
a
es,
os
oo
n
ara ra
e
on
a rro
P ag
ore
n
o
er
e
a ue
es e
,
s
.
a
a
er
on
erso n
ar
e
ro
e
s
or
u
erson
.
o
on
rs
.
r.
u
ere a
r
a r en
e
e
o
ese
on
e
e - no
na
o
ec
o on e an o
o ou
s
er a n
ar a
u
o
o
sn
oo
.
no e
,
s an
en e
o
oe r
e
e
a
no e
,
as
e
as
e
s re
e,
e
a
oo
s a
an
,
o
s
an
en s o
e a u se o
ere o re
s.
n
s
a
n
e
e re n e
or
erson
a
s
en
s
o a es, s r
e r a
r.
o
e
a
e
n
re
e
s ou
.
ua
a
ra
e
o
,
as
ure
n
o e
s en ers.
e
.
ch m y m d 0 p ti t t
W h climb
ch ig ht th ci t ky
L vi g
p
hd
c
N t c
f g
f
t di
F g m t th P t P m App di
T ea
our
e
o
ea
ea
on
n
n
ti
on
th e
e 2 8 0 , n ote 1
Mr
,
Emer
.
b t dvic
es
Ab liti
o
p ty
oe r
a
on
an
,
e
son
on
T ra de
d
sen
an
tim
en
h
W
.
en
o
e
th e
e
e
o
o
as
n
s
,
oe
,
un
on s
er
ou
,
o ern
.
en
s,
x.
d c id
y It g ht t c t i
v m t T mp c
I t mig ht w ll dd ch
tit t it b t merit
ar
e
no
’
D ia l was
s O
es
s
e.
oe
t i h i di
th
t pic f G
d D m tic Li f
t will w c
wro
en
e , n o s a rs,
ear
en s o n
s ars
en
e an
a e, n o
ra
P ag
a
,
s a ce n o s a
ra e o
o
oo
en
,
o
e
e
u e
s
on s
es
era
on a n
era n
a
e,
su
”
.
t
lec
it tio
ual a g
NO T ES
th e period
H i
f
n o
a
fa
s as
e
.
44 5
i
con serva
r to th e
tiv t th f m
H h h i b li f
d if y
f i pl y
b t h l v
d th g h h
will h i p j dic
id with th p ty f th e fut h will t b j t t th
p
t th p t
e re or
o
e as
es
s
or
resen
P ag
es,
re u
s
,
e
ar
e
as
6
,
9
e 2
er.
e
u
e
o
e e s an
s
as
o es
a r
ure,
e
a
an
,
no
ou
,
ou
,
e un u s
o
e
e
.
n ot e 1
Em e son
Mr
r
.
.
’
i ten in g t
hig h pl
ls
s ea g er
th e
o
f
th
i
ct
ci c d h i
i
f
I
T h e A m ic
v y wh h w i h i p
dv
h
p k f ev y t ifl b i tli g with P l ity th t
Sch l
l
i
l
w
m
it
i
t
tly
t
C
p
ti
an
a
g
p g ph t it d it pp i th f rth v
h d v t
T h Sphi
f
an d l wh
S g g ti g th
d f
li i th
P g
2 97
t
1
Th
dy
Sil t
h th wift L d
Th
h
d
y
t
m
till
t
d
r
i
e
t
g
of
m en
en
s
ere s o
e er
ra n
n s an
es
e
a
on
e ern a
o
nx
e
o
ren o
P ag
s
n
a
on
en s
o
ears
a
erse
ou
e
n es
e
n
e
en
o
a so
e
a
n ote
9
,
1
s
of
o
s e
i d
res ore
s s
b c mi
e o
mn
in P
ng
lt
c.
,
T
’
a o s
h
ese
.
E merso
Mr
.
.
or
e s
u ne
r n
o
29
e
o ar
n
es n
ru s es
d ct i e
l c ll d t
P rota g ora s
’
is
n
an
ere.
u
ro u
e us
er
s
:
en
tt
rs
an
,
.
e
an e
er
a
n
.
a
e se
no e
,
erse
r
er
s on
a
rose a n
s o
ara ra
e o es a
e
s
n
n
e s ea
o ar
er
s u se o
e an
n
’
o
s
th
b
i
g
g
hp f
ci ty
t
wn
s ren
en
d
p ly i divid l d h i ymp thi
p im ily i th dv c f th i divid l h i p tfil ll w
f
c f th
iz
ti
d
t
h
v
l
f
t
h
d
i
g
g
m t h v
f wh t th P t
t bli h d c pl d with h i
f mi g cl
f th
i th
p c pti
w k
f th
m
i t ti g
Th
t g th f th Eg ypti i t
P g 30 4
t 1
it till
I ih
7
N t m ly th c ck b i d
P g 31 2
t 1
h c ll d th m vi it d
t
w f m
th
m
M Em
b t hig h mi d d
d b v p t ta ts g i t
ure
n
r
ar
an
e o
ua
on
er e
ore
a
s
r.
s
no e
on
o
ua
an
e
or so
s res ec
,
a ue o
e
s
ou
,
re or
e
o
o es
an
n
e es a
a
,
re or
ers,
n
a
r
e
e
o
u ar
an s
e
s
ass,
e
s
O
an s
e
s
o
.
o
.
e
u
e s ren
.
xxx .
no e
e
,
a
es
.
sa a
erson
e
ea n esses
e
,
.
a
ro
e
”
s
o
eres n
n
see
as
a
s
e o
or a n
e u se o
e
s
an
e a
n
a
o
an
,
ere
on o on es,
-
n
e
an
e
e
as
ra
- ra n e
ra
a
e
e
ro es
e
n
or n ar
s e
,
a
a ns
NOT ES
6
44
th e
rum
u
it w
fih
ig h b
h md
h is
ere
se
l
ne
fi
ien ds
dfi
y
life
arti cia lity of
s n ess or
fou n d
as th e
'
o rs an
.
th i fi t cti th y d v l d th
m
t
g
th y f d T h
c r d littl f th a d
d M Al
c tt wh c ll d f h i t x id th t h
d th fil d
m ch
i c th y th g ht th i m
y w Oft mi
ppli d th y w ld t p a y M Em
l v lh dw
i th
l g
ctiv t h i fi
f l c
i d
t m
vi w
E it i my t y c l m d i t
A d l k c lly
d h im with h p c mm
F bl f C itic
L w ll
In
er
e
ou n
o
rs
as
u
a
e
n
e
e
or
e
a
s
run , a
u se u
n
s er
erson
orre
e
s s
n
a
oo s
oo
a
an
s
s
ea
’
en
s
as,
ex re
e
s ar
roun
c i
with
ern n
He
e
2
3 5
er
ero s reso
an
l fe,
n
e
a
e
e
a
en
es o
e en
en
en
T
.
’
e
res e
i
n ote 1
,
e
b tt
e
s
a a ra
e, an
r
s,
an
on
,
ere ore
ser e
e
r
sen se .
on
or
r
s.
or
n
n
e
e
e
ese ,
.
r
un
hi l ct
b t did
t
c t t k
Th P t
which h w
phil ph
tic p t
im p i
th
fid lm t
m
t
th
g
u
no
on ra s
’
”
as
e,
”
oe
er,
o so
oe
e ar u
e
ca
”
,
sa
an
ress o n
e e
mg
a s in
en
s
n as a
n
en
,
ea
’
c
l f ll
a
s
s
.
o
e
n
e
en
,
e
s
resu
e
,
ua
.
A LIST
T h e T i mes,
ourse on
an
e sa
a
en
o
e
ea n
eor
e
ea
s o
a
,
,
sa
en
en a
s
e
en
e
ares,
e.
e
e
s
ree
no
es,
a
o
r
no
a
”
e
a
an
cs
,
as
o
,
e ex re
,
e n
r
e
,
a e
o n ser a
een
e
erson
a
es e
or
e
o
e
r.
ra n s e n
s
o
,
on
e,
o u
n
r
as
,
n a ura
or
.
a
,
a
,
n th e
see
as s o
e
en
o a
th i
n
co n
,
i ht m t
w imm di t ly f r
thi v l m
Th C
v tiv
m i
m
h
m
ld
b
t
t
w
t
g
h wi g F M Em
wh
c ll d
id I m i ll my th y th i
d p li
d
Si L li St ph
id h idic l d
th t h i t c d t li m w
k w
d
lik lt m l
ig id d fiit c d A ll
d ll th wi d m h d cl
i
th
t i
as
,
s sa
e
wa s th e four
ure
e
s
1
n
erson
r
or
en
en
s o
A
s a
e
a
,
T HE T R NSC E ND E NT
T
o
hi p r g ph w itt i 1 8 4
h
t
i
h
lv
h
f
w id l mig ht
d
t
h
g
littl ch g h v
v d f M Em
pit ph
p ct d th l w w itt
lt f th
w itt
t d ci f m ki d i th p t y t h i i divid l
Ot d p
d t th h lp d t m d th m
P ag
xe
e
n en se ,
o
e
s
en
e e
s
s
o
e
as
’
en
r.
use
e
on e
r.
.
e
s, an
a
er
ou
no
e ro
sa
,
a rra n
e
s.
.
e
er a u e
un
a e
e
ou
on
e
or
on
sn
e
,
e
e
a
so ,
,
on
orea u
.
en
,
rea
u e
n
an
.
n
e
NO T ES
44 7
ti
t th pl y T h
m t phy ic b t i th
Th P t
i t v i g l ct
y
w
t h w v
th
b y th t m i th S c d S i b t th m ch f
i
P t y
with li b l dditi
w hich b p i t d l t
i th v l m L t t
d S i l A im
d I m g i ti
H lm ft p ki g f th p j dic t lly
D
T
th
c d t li t
tim f th i
i ti g g i t
t th
l ct
y
O
th
th h d w h v th vid c f vi it
im p i th y
w h k w g d d l f th w ld
t th
p d c d p h im
h
Th
p g p i B t
y D ick i h i
t
f phil
ph k w
Am i n N t
th
T
O i q i i g wh t th i
d t li t
pp ll ti mig ht b
pp d t ig ify I w g iv t d t d th t wh t v w
i t llig ibl w ld b c t i ly T c d t l N t d iv
I p d th i q i y
i g m ch c m f t f m thi l cid ti
f ll w
til l fith
d th t th T c d t li t
d f
f my fi
i d M
C lyl
I h ld th y f
f hi M
T h i g tl m
f ll w
R lph W l d Em
h
w itt
v l m f E y i which m g m ch th t
my
d f cif l ( if h will p d
i d
m f
yi g )
i m ch m
th
th t i t
t d b ld
d m ly h
T
c d t li m h it cc i l v g i ( wh t ch l h
f
m
t
l
b t it h
d
q
liti
pit
th
h
t
h
i
fi
l
g
t m g th
mb
h ty di g t f C t d
t l
ptit d t d t ct h i ll th milli v i ti f h v
if I w
l ti g w d b A d th f
I
B t i
thi k I w ld b T c d t li t
trea se on
e a
e
na
a
a
ure, sa
ro
e
er,
rr
s
ere
en
a
no
a
u
e
as n
P ag
en
as
o
e
a
o
an
u
s
oe r
s.
e
e o
ex
s
o
or
s
a
e
ress on
a
oo
er
e e
n
e 330 , n ote 1
v l ti
on
an
.
d
on
en a
an
ear
o
o
,
o
n
o
an
a
u
so
n
e
e
o
an
,
.
as
oo
s
,
o
an
a
s
a
e
en
or sa
an
an
er e er
es o
ere a
s
er sa
on es
ar e
os on an
,
’
.
v ywh
i G d
ere , a s e er
n
s s a re
on
s us
ere ore,
a s en s on
u r
a r es
on
en a
n
s
,
es
ua
r
e
.
e
as
er
o
.
ra
a
a
e
ursu e
,
ra n
e
a e er
en a
n
e
H
c i
e a
ar on
er a
ran s en
e a
as
a
erson
o
s,
n
s ou
a s on a
a
a
ra n s en
ea
n
on
ru e a n
s o
e nu
on
a
a
s
no
s
n
en s,
ers an
e , or,
ssa
s
ran s en
e
as
as
e o u
ar
sa
,
s
o un
e
o
’
ers
er a n
a
e
eu a
ou
faith in
o
n
e
a
e
a
a
ar ro e .
n
u
e n a ura
e
os on
s e u
ore
u
ea s
or
en
ro
o u
u
ran s en
no
e
r.
an
s
e essa
oc a
re u
s s
oso
as
r.
s,
rea
s
u rn
en
r
as
n
ou n
an
er o
o
er,
er s a n
e
a
n
u
,
or
ers o
o
an o
on s,
e
en a
e
o
ou
o
u
o
a se
n
n
o s
e
n
o
e
as s run
s s.
en a
un n
ea
o es,
ose
n
e
e er,
a
e
a
o
,
u
e
on
u
er ca
su
e
an
oo
ere
sc en
o u
ra n s en
er
o
a
e
e
e
e
n e
u
er es,
or
s
n
o
as n o
era
er s ea
a a ns
s n
e
n
es, a
o
r.
oe
a er,
on
na
e son n e
e on
e
r n e
e
an
e
n
n
u
u re
e
n er en n
s,
s
o
’
pp
w tim
ere , a
s o
n
ea rs th e su re
e.
I n th e
NO T ES
449
I n ter h
c v ti i possible H i p bl f tr th
id f h im Al c tt t i h by th g a deu f h i g l
A d g i
f vi i
H i
d th h p f p tic l
t
f
e
i
l
m
i
r
b
ti
l
p
i
b
ili
t
y
v
y
m
a
d
g
p i
c tdf
d
til cc t d
wh ich i t be
f
f
t
l
i
t
d
ddit
c
t
l
t
ct
i
f
an
g
g
It d
cq i t d with th l by fiq t t m k
ll w c f d fect b t t i th b t i t me t I ev m t
with
on
o
sa
oo
or, re
a
o
an
e
or
34
2 , n ote 2
e
’
u
s,
n
es
e
s
'
s an
a a n :
oun e
a
n a ura
e u en
use
n s ru
s
er
un
,
e
e
,
a a o ue o
en s
e
ua n e
s on e a
r o
or, an
o our
on
a
as
e
.
su sc e
u
a c oun e
o
s
”
u a rs.
ea u
u
r n
e
ar
ror, a
on
s ere
n ee
s o
ea
en s, a
as
ress on
e
e o
a
a s on s es
o
an
s ca
e
.
,
s on
o
s
on
ersa
a
o
n
s.
a e
er
e
.
P ag
e
.
vi
ld will m ch f g iv et
P t
I V P em Appe
T h e ci l wor
The
P ag
e
34 7
,
n ote 1
”
oe
n dix.
s,
o
,
e
e
.
d w se
an
ou
e a
o
’
ar s
no
u
,
e on
a
p
35
ph
i p t
0 , n ote 1
Th e
.
ch
,
on
e o
oo
er
e
ree
e
sa
u
a
es
u
P ag
c.
e,
i ly id th G k
f
ith
t
d
f
f
l
b
t
B
T th
lt f t thy f ll w k
T h e F ri w it b y d
P icl
i
t
r
n
Q
W
ll
th
or
u
see
,
.
es,
a
ua
P oems
s,
.
fi
rst person
a n g e to th e
111
th i
s
v y lik ly d t
h t i t d c d ft th
m
f th
y w w itt
d
t m
th t
M Em
t t h h i w vi w I thi d wh t
f ll w h
t b
m thpi c f
ly c ti
f
th vi w
with wh
f ith h
th
child
dmit
ymp thy
b t it i
m
ed
W
P g 35 0
f
m
t
d
lt
S
v
t 2
L
d
e
g
Q
a ra g ra
a n
ar
r.
o o
s
er
o
of
and
as
ere
e on
on
n ues
r en
,
an
no e
n ote 1
35 4
’
T h e P oet,
,
Solit u de
.
a
r
s o
o
s ee
en
n
e a
e
a
oes
ean
s.
no
n
e e
ou
a
n ro u e
er
e
a
s an
or
e
a
e
s a s
e a
s o
a
,
on e .
d Asp a sia
e
o
ose
ea sur
e
P er icl es
P ag
essa
s a es
s a
a
ue
erson
ese
u
e
e
.
uo e
ro
a
er
a
an
a
’
or s
.
.
i ity pp
T h is T r
n
a
Essay s, Secon d Ser ies,
ea rs
a n d in
in
th e
fi tpg
Art,
rs
”
a
es
Society
NO
ES
T
4
P g e 35 6 n te 1
S m tim wh
w y f d li g
with p pl
ch c d i h i v l i ity
tc i c m
i th J
l t l t y t with t ch f h m
d lw y
b i f ki d
th
“
l 1 84 2
J
C ld th y t di ?
c d?
h lp th m lv ? d w th ? d w m ? fl d
h
m ?i
m
t
w
I
c
c
ld
t
y
h
t
b
d
i
y
p d f d c t h g th i th h iz
t tl d
pp
c t g t t b g l ct d d t g t
h
g
f
m
i
t
t b
f
c
m
t
thi
t
c
vi
h
ity
d
g
g
y
Th
b v p g i g d m pl
t 1
P g 35 8
lig ht h d i d l i g with m v m t
f M Em
th t ly h d b d p ct b t m th t pp ch d th
blim
J
l
Sh ll it b
id f th h th t h pp d ll
t g
c t mp y g d b c
it w
d
I thi k it b t
h
t
d
t g t th i h mbl
d
t
c
tch
t
ld
b
g
g
f p ity
d t mp
c
d m cy fim th
p
f
p
ch
m
d
!
!
M Em
p hp h dh i
P g 35 9
t
1
f th
mi d
m li
fJ v
l which d c ib d th S
f
M i g
w tch
c mi g h w v
wh
th
q
i
t
b
i
g
J
Et m li
l t fi it p c di T it
h t th g d f D y
Bl t y th th g h f w wh
F h i d with l i g h d d f m bl cl y
0
5
a
eo
n
as s o
ase
ea s
a
en
a
ea r
”
n san
s se era
e
,
ou
ou
,
o
o
ea
r es
or an
u
n
a
e,
a
s
a
us
ou
.
,
es,
e
n
n ess, as
n
ourn a
o
.
e ea
ourn a
e
a
o
,
no
e
e
or
su
cee
or
'
e
e
e
n
o se
o
o
a
ease
an
e o
e,
oo
e
a
erson
sure
su
’
e
o
e
an
sur
as e
s,
e
a ssa
s
an
,
e
en o u
u
a
oo
ex a
a
o e
an
roa
a
s
u n se
n
a
en
e
r ea
n
ore
u
o
no
no
ra
rea
ea
on
an
,
or
e
or
e
n
e
ou
e
s
ra
,
n
o
e a
.
or
o
ne
or
s
a
a
e
o
o
no e
,
ers
ere
an
o
or
o
a re n o
rea
a
an
r.
o
ra
or
a n n er,
an
ea ra n
a
es
se
e
en
e
e
e.
ourn a
ora r
on e
er
o
.
o
er
e
ur
an
rea
a
n
oo
e a u se
u
era n
no e
orn n
or
u
o
as
ou
erson
o
o
e
oo n
en
oor
ese
en
nx
e
,
an
s
er a
e
ere
a
on s o
e
as e er on
e
n
ov n
on e
e
'
es r
u o
ou
a
.
ue s a r e
s,
o se
n
a
er
an
en a
e ore
es
e
e o
a
ra n
o
an
,
r.
ose
u ven es
as n o
.
n es o
e
ers
ero
e
o
oo
e
re or
,
so
e sa
e
ers an
e
a
e
n
e
a
n a
a
an
ea r s
e
ra e or
ose
an
a no
ro
.
o
er
Y O U N G A M E RI C A N
M c til Lib y A ci ti b f
o
a
”
a
.
T HE
Con cern in g
hi Add
t
s
ress
th e
wa s g
er an
iv
en
,
W
e
i
n sor,
rar
sso
in h is
a
on
,
e ore
w
Hist or ic Boston
,
hich
y
sa
s
NO T ES
1
45
f u d d i 18
t d ti g th t f N w Y k
th t it w
th t it w fl t d f m y by th m t p p l y
i t w
cc mb d i
f p b lic l ct
d th t it
t em
th
dv ci g P blic Lib y b c mi g th
1 8 77 b f
S th E d B ch f th t i tit ti
w
h
m
A
ic
p
i
t
d
t
A
p
il
Th Y
m
i
g
Tw p
f
l 84 4
i
t
h
fi
t
p
be f th D i l f
g
g
A dd
th p i t d which M Em
ch t
th
h p i t d it m g th M i ll i
hv
mit w h
w
hi t ic i t t which med t j tify th p i ti g f th
m
i
t
p
t
f
th
t
b
l
h
t
f
th
t
h
w
T
fi
g
t l l f th
di g f th y g ch l i th fi t th i d f
c t y Th
c d d c ib th dditi w f m
th
f
B t
d th b il di g
f
t
i
t
th
t
h
w
p
city th m ki g f th
ly il d th c mi g f th I i h
m
lb
d c d h fil
d
i
d th i
h p f l p ph cy f th i f t
fil t km t
d g iv
as
a
e
ou
ra n
n
r o
e
s or
rea er
ar
en u r
e
n
ura n
e 36
o
n
t
e
I
,
3
P ag
itt d
i p
Th
.
ro a
c
o
s
e
es
ra
rs
a a er,
.
o ars
n
e an
es a
a s ers, an
as
om
e ea r
o
e
n
e
rs
o
e
er
or
pi td
in
rn e
assa g e,
a
o
e
ese
o
ro
n o
n
eer i n ess u n
e
no
r
o
o
ro
o
on
n
e u
o
ose
o
rs
on s
e
s,
es o
e
n
e
a
u
nu
a
a
e re r n
e o
u
e
r
erson
us
es r
e
n
rt e
e
s
n
n
e
r.
ou n
an
e r en
o rers an
l
e
e
u
e o
,
n
es
,
o
u ar s s
.
a ssa
on
se on
e
a
o
or
o
su
a
rn e
e n o es
o
o s on
e
,
a
n
.
or
e sea
n
on
e
os
rar
as
a
e
o
an
,
u
see
e rea
e s o
ns
rn e
rn e
”
o
e
u
.
eres
n
n
an
ere
e
en
o
a
or
a
ress as
e
o
er
o
n
an
a
n
ears
e
n
a
ou n
e
an e a
,
or so
ures
e
e ore
20
n
oa e
u
o
e
n
o
as
a
rs
e
ere
nu
u u re .
er
th e
a
D ia l, is
e
b k
O ur
oo s
E
a re
p
u ro
ean
W
.
b
were
e
orn
w
ithi
n
th e
f Sh k p
ph
f Bc
D y
d Milt
d P p
O
f
c ll g t t b k
d
th
w iti g
P l y Bl ck t
B tl
L ck
d St w t ;
d
r
d m tic di g h b C l d
A ddi
d H m
d J h
Y g d C wp Edg w th d Sc tt
S th y C l idg
dW
d w th d th Edi o g / d
W
t
w
f
i
t
d
l
ch
l
l
t
R
t
ly
Q
d m c cy
t 2
F m th D i l v i
P g 363
T h i ll g d ff ct t
m
t
di
p
p
ti
t
ly
iz
h
t
g
f citi i i
f filfi
pid c
l m t i thi m t p li
f
fa m e
an
en
an
,
d
ere
s
o
u
er,
o
o
es
rea
an
n son
o
e
ou
a a r er
e
a
e
es
e,
a e
n
o
as
a
ex - oo s
s on e,
an
aren
on
ee n
an
or s
or
e are sen
r.
,
o a
ar
e
an
an
u
or
e
eu
r
e
e
on
a
o
,
are
er,
o
e , an
on
ea re an
e e
,
ou n
,
s
a
n
an
r
s o
ou
e,
son
an
o
a
s
,
oo
ar
,
z an
o
earn
.
,
e r a
o
ur
ev e
o ra
a
e.
o er
,
o
s
n
no e
e e
ra
ro
.
e
e
e
o au
ou rse o
a
s ro
en
l
ers on
en
n
or on a e
s
e ro o
e s
s o
e
NO T ES
4 53
d c t d emfl ym t d bi d th em f t in n e
h ly imil tio g o f w d d th i d
w b
b
th
t
l
l
p
c
l
i
r
iti
h
tiliti
h
ld
p
v
d
d
g
tic bl i it l ti
Th
w p w i h dly l
immig r t p p l ti chi fly t th p ople f I l d
t th
h vi g g iv m pl ym t t h d d of th a d f th
tiv f th t c t y wh
c n ti lly r ivin g i v y
l ti m G t B it i
v
I
n
v c t y th ilr d i a fie bj ct i th
m ki g
It h i tr d ced a m ltit d f pict r q t it
i t o
p t l
y T h t lli g f m t i th
b idg i g f t
m th b ld m l c i d
b d
t i t th
il t m d w il t d u vi it d by y b t it w ig h
th
co t
i c th pl ti g f th e r g i
t h rt
b
l g th e t k f g g f l b r ; th en g y with
di t c
c i f th e v
t th i t k ; th
whi h th y t i
h a t r f th e wo k it lf whi h vi l t
60
d
th
p im l d h m mori l f m f n a t r th e
r v l tio iz s th
f th b a tiful l k
f h ti
edg
vil la g
t th
un til
w
di t b d h
t f th wild d ck a d in th m st e
th
f
f
t
t
d
k
t
d
w
hi
c
h
h
iv
t
h
w
e
d
q
child e f th I i h re see th mb f f ig
m en
d w m
wh m
w th w d m
t i g ly i
e
f est p th ; th
bl wi g f ock pl i n ll d y
th
with th
cc i l l m of fiig h tfil ccid t d th i d fi
it p mi f wha t th e w ch
l f t de m y d d d
f th
l t wn keep th
ctiv
d im g i ti
d th v i d pect
f th
t p is m k it th t pi f
i c s an d bo t
ll c mp i
d b y fie id
T hi pict
i a littl s dd n d wh n t
ly s en
by th w g th t are d i th c t ct th t
m de
wi th th e l b e
O ur h o pit l ity t th poor I i hm
h as
na
ti
on a
e
l
an
,
a
esse
'
n
n o
rea
s re a
ea
ors s n
o
,
e
e
c
1:
e o u
e un
n
an
ar c e
e
s ur
e
n oo s
e
an
o
en
,
e o
ro
or
an
e
o
o
o
e
r s
a
o
no
a s on a
a ar
as
a n es,
n
s
a or rs .
a
arr e
ou
e er
se
a
e
ore s
o
c
so
or
s o
r
o
n
i
ore
os o
en
a
,
ra
a e
a s, a n
on e
s
e e
n
a
o
r s
e
,
on ra
e
o
s
s
an
n ers ,
n
e
a
e
,
e
n
o an
na
o
un
on
a
e
e
o
c o
es.
oo
s
s a
an
a
e en e r r e
a
no
n coun ers s n
a
e
u e
e
sen ses a n
e
or
o a es a n
a es,
s, ex
an n e o
,
s o
o erseer
er o
an
oo s
e
roa
e
e nu
n
e
er
o
aroun
,
s
n ne
e
n
,
ra
un er a
e u
u
e
n
e
s o
u
r es
e
e
n o
ore s
a
e
ou n a n s,
e en
e
ar
s
e
u es u e
o
on
e o
o
o
n
s o
an
s o
ure
,
s o
n
n
an
as s
s,
o
ar e
r on
an
ne
se o
s
e
aun
e
e
s
e
e
e
e rura
n
r
s
a
or
o e
o
es a
s an
o
o
a
u
un n e
e
er
r
e
re a n
a r
s
oa
u
o
rac
e c
r n o
a
an
s ra n a
ues ere
e
en
e
n
e o
n
e
es a on
s an
e
s
e ra
.
s,
on
.
u
scen er
o
ous n
n ua
o
.
s re a
e
e
re s
un
o
o a re
,
o
o
e
,
n
e
an
reser e
e
ea
no
ess
o
s no
ere
es s o u
os
ou n r
n
a s ora
o
s en
en
r a n
as
.
n
o
u n e en
a
ur
r
on
as
an
ar
or
ar
u a
ou n r
a
o
n
a
s
en e
n
es o
n a
er
o
an
e
as
es a n
o
e ne
o
a
n
an
,
es
n
a
e u
oca
en
o
a ss
our
a
er
an
e s en
n ea r
a
r s
e
are
an
a
,
NO T ES
4 54
t
v y ill T
i ty o eve fift y c t d y
w k f m d k t d k f
f
m ri d m
I t i pitt
i b t pitif l w g
h
p id in c h b t wh
lly
h
pp
th
wh
g
g
t m wan t f th
p ty m t by th h w d
th
d f d
f th
th h d w hi p y i cloth
d i
th rticles of c ity h i c i till w ; h b y
v ythi g a t dis dv t g
dvi
p t ct
d h
n
l b d i c iv
d th
ig ht f it
B id
th
-d ivi
m
d
G
d
t
dy
l
b
mi d
f
f
e
g
g
th
t
th
y
h
v
v
m
ch
k
t
w
t
f
g
y
f ll w ! H
m
i
P
th ir t i f th i
d y
w
d f m th old c
t y d th ir l di g i th
d
th i f t
pp
littl d th i w c t l th
th
l v of th f t
d th m A
hip th t
b g ht th m i ch d
i whi l d ff t Alb y
b
t
d
O hi
dig t th l v t N w O l
d c y
id th e w t wh l
m f tch
t L w ll
f
th
wh ve f N w Y k
m i h w d
d B t
Th y h v t
Mi
littl m y d t littl k wl dg
f wh i th
ll w th m th
ci f m ch m
l cti
t
wh t t d th
t g
th
l f th t i b l w i t thi
dik
th t b k t p i h
m
A d y et th i plig ht i
t
i
v
it
T
h
e
g
c p f m th q lid d p i f th i c diti
t h m i t
th
limit d pp t iti f th i i t c h m t b
ck d g i T h I i h f th
ve y ill
d m th
p id d
victim f f d d p iv t pp i
b t
th i
chil d
i t tly c iv d i t th ch l f t h
c t y th y g w p i p rfec t c mm ic ti
d q l
ity with th tiv child
d w t o th
p t vig
of c
tit ti
which p mis s th em a t least an v
ch c
mu ch meri in
n ot
s
ar
ro
or
as
o
er,
e o
o
s on e o
a
ro
us
es
oun r
ar
o a
o
o
es a
e
on e
a
,
a
ren
ou n r
e
e na
on s
u
on
ro
e
re
or
ea r
e
s or es o
an
ou
as
e
as
e
os on , so
e
n
ore e e
ea
,
on e
on e
e
an
a rr
on
t
oo
e
on
s
a
a
an
no
e
oo
an
e
s
o
e
a
an
,
on ro
o
or
o
e ne
n
s
e r ex o
r ean s, a n
so
,
a
o
n
er o
e
a
re e
ren
er
e
e,
er
n
o
s o
o
,
an
e
ous as
see
on
a
r
an
n o
s
s.
e
a e
o
e
un
a
e
e
r
ress on
o
e
us
are
er
n o
e
o
ere,
e
o
n o
e
o
on
ex s en
er an
e
n
r
so
er
ra u
ro
n
u
s ur
u
r e
o
n s an
u
s
rs an
ar
e
.
r s
s o
are
o
s
e
es
e
.
are
an
er
a n
e
e, a n
es a r o
or un
o
e
e un
or .
s soon
s no
e s ua
ro
ro e
u
an
er
n
ser or
on e
se o
er s
o
a
e
e
o,
roo
a
o
.
an
oo
e ex er
a
e or
e
a
e
o , or
o
or
e
e
o
n
as
e ee a
ee s a
s o
a n e.
on e
,
e
s a
a er-
e
ore
an
,
orse
er
e
oo
n e ss
s
e
e un
r ou
s re
e
so
an
,
arou n
s an
o , on e
e
s
ea r a s
ores
e
e
o
e o
en s,
es a n
oo
.
e n e er seen
oor
.
n
an ce
s
s ex ess
r
a
e
rou
re
on e
or un es a
er
s
or
e
n a
an
an a
a
a se
e, an
a
n e ro
a
ers sa
ea
a
e
s
,
a
n
a
s a
.
e
,
o
.
en s
en era
ar
er
n
an
as
,
a
s
n e ess
es,
n
en
s
r
a r e
e on e
ra
n
es
a
u
,
e
er a
e er
or
l
fel ow
or
o
p
sx
or
s o
e
e ex re
t
h
e
a
p y
e
ar
a es
a
en
W
.
o
u
u
it
oo s
s
on
u
o
an
e
e
ua
a r en s a
e en
or
an
e
NO T ES
4 55
W h th it i th i
f th
c mp titi
ti
wg
c fid c th t p t d p f w t
i th i
p
th
b y t pi it t l t th c it i c t i
w h th
th t th y m t h v lm t m p ly f th viv city d
i
d
t
t
w
c
t
t
b
dly
th
t
i
d
r
g
p
wi th th
tiv p
pl I th vill g wh I id
ti l
th g h which il d i b i g b ilt th ch it bl l di
m v d by
f th e
p t f th w g d di t
wh
wly
iv d l b
pl d th h ti with fi f
li f w
p i d t fid th m t civil c pti
d th
m t b
di g p tfil
f m th
ld t t th y g t
d ll h v l
f v t f
P h p th y m y th k th
d th i g im d y w k f fi
p cc t h m
i
ft
t h
th g h d pl d by ll th h m ity f th ig h
b h d i
b tt p lic th th h ifi d h i d p
ti
P g 364
M Em
t I
w lif
d hi i fl
hi c
c
t ym w g tly ff ct d b y th pid
p di g f th b ch f th R il d t th
c tly
pl t d by th Atl tic c t T h v t wi t f ll w
i g th d liv y f thi
dd
c pti g th t f 84 7 p t
i E gl d w
p di d
p i g t v l gi
d
i
i g l ct
w t c ll f m citi
vill g
d c t
ttl m t f m M i t th Mi i ippi d fi lly b y d
th t t m th d g
h
i
i
t
w
g
F m th M d f E ipid
P g 3 64
t 2
I th J
Em
l f 8 38 M
P g 366
t I
th ck wl dg d h i w d bt
I f my g d
ly m d m cq i t d with th
h d
m ck w m th b g
f
d
t
h
m
p
pl
ty
th
w
g
i A g t I h ld wil li g ly p y
f
t iti
B t ve y
p c i l c tiv t m f b y d it c my
in th e
en
on
e
e
uo
e
e
see
our
e
eo
roa
on
n
e.
u
ron
e
n
ar
a
res
ere
ar a
e
,
an
a
,
e
a
e
e n
o
ro a
or
,
er a n
s
e
o
o
on ra s
cu
ra e,
s
s
er
n
e
o
er
e
.
ee n ess
on o
a
s
a re or
o e
o,
os
n s, a n
o
a ra
rou
s
o
s n a ura
e a
e na
c u a r,
r
s
a
en era
ro
a
an
o
n
na u e
oo
e ne
u s
a
er
a
on s o
e
o
e
e,
a
es,
s resses o
s an
'
arr
n e
e
re
orers,
a
ere sur r se
,
os
ou n
er a
e
e
e
s
an
een
o
s or
n
n
ro
s
e
r
’
a
ore
es
o
o
s o e s
u
on
re e
e
s
or
e
u
a
ers
o
es
os
ese
an
ou
e s an
e
an
ors
our s,
ore
i n ess
a
u
ex
ou n
.
or
or
een
an
es
en s
sa e
o
e
an
,
e
as
o
s x
e ne
o
'
o r oo
es
a
e
o
e
an e
n
an
s er
e
n
e
u res
s r ea
an s
e
,
no e
.
a
e
,
no e
.
no
e
u
ro ess
or
us
s
e
,
,
a
an
ou
u ra
e
on
e
s,
n
o
e
ar
e
s
e an
e u
n
e
ro
s
ex
ss ss
a
,
n
ourn a
o
o
s en
,
ra
e
v
,
e s, a n
re en
na
e on
an
n er .
e ea o
e
1
os n
es,
re en
en
o
u
ra
e
n ers
a
n
s
ree
roa
u ous an
ar
e
n
a
ex e
e
n
n
e se en een
.
ro
a
u
s
o
s o
e
ar en
-
o
s o
a
erou s en ou
an
a
us a
n
a n e
en
,
er
e
ress,
a sse
’
rea
es o
s a
ro
en s
e
n
erson
as
oa s
o
ere
,
en
an
er
e
n
n
an
r.
ran
e
e
u
e
.
oun r
s
n
n
no e
,
on
s rea
a
o
.
e
se
er
e
”
a
en
s
,
es.
ur
1
o
r.
erson
e
a
e
e
a
ra sses, an
a
e on
a
ree
ua n e
e s
a
u
on
s e on o
e
o
.
.
u
en
e
r
NO T ES
4 57
I di
p th thr g h
t wit h my h tch t
d
ft
oo
t
h
e
d
fi
b
ld
h
p
t
pic
t
h
th
th ick t ll l
g
t
p m
My G d
d c ib thi p t
Th
f
d th e It w cl t th
w
w
d wh t it
F tchb g R il d d l t h w t h w h i w d
i
B
h
p
d
b
y
th
t
i
t
h
h
i
m
t
d
p
w
th
Th
d y wh th f ct
t 2
P g 368
f v y iv
i i i g l g th c
i N w E gl d
t mpti g th b y d g irl w y f m th i w k b id
w
th i f th i th fild d thei m th i th f m-h us
fi t w v f th immig ti f th I i h p try t
Th
b ild th w il d m d thi p ibl f m t f th
il d w b ilt g ht mpl y m t i th c
th
wh
t y t w
,
an
e
a
n
ern
a
e
an
a
i
ur
roac
e
a
e
a
ere
e
e r
a
e ne
e ra roa
en
r
s
oo s re
ere
e
a
s
en
e
ourse o
e er
r
er
e
n
s an
s a
e
s, an
ra
s
ers n
o
on
er
ro
a
r
n
o
a
e
s
oss
u
,
sou
e
o
o
a
an
,
es
ar
e
o
e
e.
ea san
os
or
e,
.
or
rs
e
,
ne
e
os on
ere
s
o
o
s o
en
o
o
ese ,
e
n
oun
n s.
o
P ag
369,
e
P ag
e
1
37
h is
e to
n ot e I
I
An d
tim
id
roa
ra
o se
~
s
o
e
e o
a
es
ra n
e
e
ro e
n es
e
es r
,
ou
a
o en
as
n
ese
o
e
an
n
.
e
asse
e
n
a er
.
a on
ers
u
e
n
er
an
no e
,
a r en
o un
,
as
rs
e
roa
an
s ore, a n
,
n er
o
s
r es , r s n
o
oe
e
e
a
a on
”
u res.
cu
a
.
firm my a ction s
In
a
fiien d
in
n ote I
,
un seen
.
'
l
sma
ck
il
of th e so
Hama trey a
En g la
”
P oet/u
,
.
itt h tly bef thi
d J h St li g h h d
wr
etter
.
n
s or
en
n
o
,
ore
er n
s
a
e
,
sa
It
seems to
th t
me
y g m f th i g
vl
p bl m
Th
ct i ch ct
p tic
oun
en
a ue
se
ara
ar an
e
ro
on
en era
s
e
.
oe
o
t t k i i mp d
ti th t li f d h l th h v
f m
l i g th i l c l
f
p f d
d b c mi g g
er,
as
s
e an
a
a re
ea
e a
n ew
o a
an d
a
os n
th e
on
ose
er
en erou s,
n
e o
an
a
re or
o
s
a
e
r
g
so
a
ro ou n
an d
,
.
Emerson
ptimi m w f
p ti t ki d H ft
tic th m ll b l c t th
c t f g d I h i Hi t ic l D i c
c d
t C
“
ll
i
i
h
l
h
i
i
M
d
th
t
t
w
ti
t
m
i
h
f
t
g
g
)
(
i
d
c
l
p
v
il
d
h
k
c
l
did
il
t
f
t
t
b
g
g
d
i
f
m
f
t
d
d
i
t
th
y
t
i
ph
d
t
i
ph
d
m
m
;
gg
P ag
a
e
en
o un
n
o
ree
oo
su
2
37
e o
.
oo
a a er
o u n se
es e
n ote I
,
Mr
.
en
n
.
e
re a
ree o
.
es
no
s or
s
s
a
e
an
,
e
a
n
e sn ea
v r u e,
s
o
a
s
a
s
as
e
a an
o
s o urse a
e
n
’
o
n
oun se
e
r u
no
e
e
on
n
ee
,
o
a
ac
or
s
e
a
r u
e
o
e
N O T ES
8
45
in
fi ld
fair
a
a n d so
e
mu
v
o ern men
g
And
.
ch g
t
d
roun
it
be
so
v l ti g t tim y f th
c fm
c p city f
n
a n e er as
of assuran
es
an
e o
’
on
a
s
or
or
a
em ,
self
.
p i ipl f fi t
c g ized
by L m ck th g h idic l d d mi p t d f m
h lf c t y ft h
c d it w
c g iz d by
th
c
t with th l w which th g r t
M Em
mi d
tiq ity h d
cd
f
W
T h l t p t f th
t I
ld S l
P g 373
m
d
i
f
thi
p
i
v
P
h
D
T
g
g
(
)
wi i
d ct i f th S viv l f th F tt t pp h
I th
t I
y N t r (E y S
P g 379
d S i ) h
p k f m i g ity wh
v y
ft
f li h d y w
l p f th fim
f it h
d fu i
th
f th littl bl
l
lf he l th t g w b th h i
t dy wi d w
t I
P g 38 0
T h th
C mm iti i M
h
tt h
ll d d t
I B k F m f which h t ll i Hi t ic N t f
Lif
in N w E g l d
d L tt
d Bi
i L t
l
i
l
i
S
l
M
m
C
h
l
c
t
i
b
t
d
p
p
L
g p
th
bj ct t th D i l J y 1 84 4 T h m g zi
c t i v l ticl
k F m t bly th
B
t ib t d by m mb f th c mm ity M G g P B d
‘
S dg wick
f d M
H wth
w
Ki by
d M
d m y m i g c mm t
m mb
th
lif th
f
d i h i p b li h d j
G g W illi m C ti l
l
P ag
an
e
2
7
3
a
ar
a
a
r.
oe
e
a
oa
oo
a
s
as
esso n o
e
s u
n
a
e
ra
roo
e
e
or
n
R
I
s
.
P 394
3
A Vi i
es
of
s t to
on
e
’
,
a
- ou
or
erse .
es
i
a
e
ssa
r es o
ro
a
ee
s,
er e
a
,
ar
ere .
e ars
en
,
o
es
un
Si
o
e
,
n
s
er
ours ,
en ea
s
s
n
assa c
u
s or
o es
o
a n u ar
,
roo
un
o
a
o
en s on
e
ourn a s.
eo r e
a
r
at
Brook Farm ,
Brook Fa rm,
Ov er la n d
.
Cen tu ry
ra
as a
ur s ,
M a n ta/y ,
vol .
vol . v.
co n
ere
e
p
.
9
.
er
n es
orn e
vol
M on ti /y ,
a
.
M aga zin e,
A tla n tic
a
o se
eor e
r.
,
3
rs .
a
no a
,
o
a
u e
e
.
ar
an
es ur es
on r
an e
f Brook Farm ,
xt een
n
s
an
an
us n
s e
emin iscen ces
A G irl
n
a
ar es
a
ers o
u
x4 x
3
e
an
n
r.
e
er, a n
ou n
e
s an
-
e
e
ar
e
,
ea
e
a u e
ree
o
o
se era
rs.
e
,
ers
e
u e
e
r
e
.
ies.
su
on a n
r
ar
z ea
on
s
e
sa n
u e se
e
e
o are
e
u
an
o
e
e
a
o
a ssa
orn n
o
no e
,
ere a
.
s o
ore
a s re o n
,
e essa
n
or
s.
o
e
s
se
a
re o n
.
ar
s
ur
.
e
as
o
e
e s ee
,
e
e
e
e s ea
er es
e a n n oun
.
no e
,
er
or
sre resen e
an
a n n oun
rne o
o
n an
u e
er n
ren
e
e o
r
a
no e
is a
r nc
on so n an
u
,
s
a
as
an
e
a
.
en ur
s o
The
.
ou
,
erson
n
p
n ote 2
,
'
.
a re
a so
xxiii
.
lxxxv
.
mem
a
b
t ld
h is
of
o
er,
ex
NO T ES
pe i n c i
re
4 59
lette s
h is
n
e
Mr
to
r
J
.
oh n
i ht
II F itl d M Alc tt c mm ity t H v d M
cc t f which i g iv n in th ve y i t ti g M m i
W
B
b
y
F
S
b
H
i
T
d
A
l
tt
B
A
y
ffi
ci l c mm ic ti fim F itl d by M Alc tt d
i th
Ch l L
pp
h i E g li h c dj t
Di l
I t llig c i J l y 1 84 3 d M Em
cc t
d f h i f b di g
iv
i
M
of h i
i it th
g
i C
C b t M m i ( l ii p g 4 3
d i Em
Em
p
d by E W
(
III H p d l
Milf d i W c t C ty
It
d d by R Adi B ll
p
p
c
d
w
ll
f
g
d P
th
N R it t
t i l Cl i ti
T h H p ed le
H m Sch l w t bli h d by thi c mm ity
A ll f th C mm iti w h t lived
t I
F c i M i Ch l F i ( 1 77
P g 382
1
F chm f rti tic t mp m t d phil
h
i
m
f
i
d
w
ith
b
d
h
m
ty
A
t
h
t
m
c
t
il
i
p
p i ce which g v h im th pp t ity f i g oth
c t i y t di g t d h im with th lfi h
f t d
d
th
ci l g iz ti h w w pt in t th F ch R v
l ti
d ft
wly e c pi g th g ill ti
vd
tr p
til di q lifid by ill h lth I 1 8 8 h p bli h d
S Dwg
.
.
ru
.
an a
c
n
s
en
’
cor
s
on -
a
o
ese
e
,
n
s0
c
ex
er en
a
on
an
e
,
a
a
o
ar e
an
a
on
s a
e
2
o
er a n
see n
ra
e an
e o
o n e, ser e
0
n
e
er
ren
e
u
.
a
an
en
o
o
e
ea
o
s n ess o
e
n
,
e
a
our er
or u n
o
as s
er
a
er a s or
e se
e
oun
.
era
.
e
,
n
r.
.
e
an
u
er n arro
s ua
un
ar es
s
e
on
erson
e
ere s or -
s us e
or an
,
ou n
s a
n
as a
o
s
o s
roa
a
er u n
oo
an
’
en
an .
xr s
ca
es
ran
.
a
e so
,
no e
a
e
or es er
s or an
e
s
un
n
,
ou .
ra c
o
,
ou n r es,
u
an
ren
a
or
a
as es a
n
an
.
n ear
n
n
erson
an
n
o
s, are
n
e
a
.
ears
,
or
arr s .
.
r.
ore o
s
erson
es s a n
oo
e
o
.
ev.
e
e
vo
o e a e,
.
o
e
r.
a
an
,
,
.
s,
an e ,
ass.
,
n eres n
an
an
ar es
ar ar
a
r
orn
ru
o
u
.
.
ou n
n
or
e
,
on
ere , a n
v s
s
o
e,
an
'
u or,
”
un
o
e
.
.
a
oa
s
n e
,
un
o
a
a
co
3
e
s
r on son
o
o
r.
o
oun
"
s,
an
’
e
as a
u
s
e
h is T h eor ies der qua t r es M ow emen ts, et D est in ées g én ér a les,
’
w i , a f er six ea rs n eg e , a ra e g en era n ot ce His
h ch t
l t imm t
ser es
1
l ct tt ct d
k
(
v t
di trib t
es on e
s
were
u es
th e
by G eorg e W illis Cooke,
an
ns r
d th e
e
h a rmon ics
H
e
i
.
8 2 2 ) wa s th e T r a ité de l Associa
i c ib d
Ea r ly Letter s of Georg
l
’
1
domestique-a g r icole,
h is g ra
i
wor
r an t
a er
t ion
y
j
h is
h
p
p i cipl
w ld ( i
of th e
8: Bros
.
, 1
.
t ree
W illia m Cur tis
a r er
de P lza la n st ire
our n a l
to
8 98
rn
or
j
.
oi n
I
es :
.
3 D wig nt
.
The
.
all
c.
.
On
th e
Edited
NO T ES
6
1
4
C v ly h
hwd g i
p w f d i g th
d g i
pp tly imp ibl H h d h i t i g th fl d
f di t
t C d
C k
d di d i th m m t f vic
t y
a r
a
e
,
o ss
a ren
a
sa s er
o
or
e
s o
e
a a n
an
e
a
.
ree
e ar
a
a a n
a s are
an
,
o
a
n
o n
urn n
e
e
n
e
er o
o
e
oo
o
en
.
P ag
8
3 9,
e
n ote 2
.
imperi p p l
ti
b
i
t
t
H
) p
(
P c
bj ti t d b ll
Tu
re ere
g
crun
ae
ar ere su
u os,
o
o
morem ,
on ere
q
o,
e e are sup erbo s.
s e
ec
im p
a cis u e
a r es
t
R oma n e , m emen
V irg il E n eid VI
,
,
.
m
d
k
d
i
ly
h
p
l
g
39
p i d f th g it ti g i t l v y it m d t m y
b liti i t th t if th y f il d t d w y with it ch ck
it mig ht b com th d ty f th N th St t
it dv c
p di t th i h i th ti l c im by c i
t
T hi l ct
w
d liv d d i g th
t I
P g 392
p i d f fl mg i E g l d i c d
t y b y th
b f th t i mph f th A ti c
f mi
d tw y
L w L g
l d b y C bd
I hi
c d vi it t E g l d lth g h
t I
P g 394
it m d t M Em
th t th p p ct f bett ci l
c di ti w i c i g d l g t y th p h p
m di fid
littl th vi w h
p d h did t f il t
b v ly p k h i p blic w d v i th f c f m t e
m
d f
t c g i tfl
l ri t c cy
P ag
er o
n ot e I
,
e
o
a
o re u
a
on
,
e r s a re
no e
,
ar
o
e
e
e na
n
e
s
.
an
er
s a
e
a
e
a e
e
th e
a a ns
e
e,
an
s a
At
.
a
a
on s s
o
a
1
e
see
see
,
o a
,
e
r
on a
or
an
or
e
ern
a es
se ess on
e
as
ure
o
e
a
o
u
o e ess
n
ere
e
.
e
ur n
'
er o
o
n e,
a
ea
a
a
e
see
e
ue
,
r
rease
n
rea s n
n ex
ru
e
e
ear
o
n
e
- orn
.
erson
n
,
s se on
n
.
.
ere
on s
on
no e
o
en
o
e
an
e ore
ears
o
an
n
n
er
su
e
a
an
,
s
ros e
on
a
o
an
n
s
a
,
or
er s a
ou
er so
ere
er a
a
s
.
o
ra
e
e
a
s ea
on s ran
e, a
e
e
s
a ns
u
e
ere ex
s
or
a se, an
,
resse
e en
or rea
n
a
e
,
e
a
s o ra
no
e
o
.
so
a
e
o